Projectionand Transformation Calculations

ProjectionandTransformationCalculations.xls v3.
35 12-December-2007
This spreadsheet which will carry out common calculations with coordinates. All of the concepts and formulae given in "A guide to co
the user manual for these calculations, are detailed in this spreadsheet. "A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain" is available fro
(www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/gps). The guide gives some important warnings about the use of its formulae, which you should be aware
such as scale factors, convergence and t-T in this spreadsheet that are not in the guide.
The Constants sheet is where ellipsoid, projection and Helmert transformation parameters are entered.
The Enter coordinates here sheet is for user input of coordinates to the calculations.
Use the buttons at the bottom left of the screen to scroll through the other sheets.
Each sheet carries out a different calculation. The calculations are shown in "step by step" format where all the intermediate calculatio
results in single cells computed by user defined functions written in Visual Basic. The code for the user defined functions can be view
applications.
The calculation sheets are as follows:-

Lat & Long Format Conversions converts between DMS format, decimal degrees and degrees & decimal minutes.
Helmert Transformation transforms the user entered cartesian coordinates to cartesian coordinates on a new datum using the transfor
XYZ to lat,long,H converts the user entered cartesian coordinates to geodetic coordinates in DMS format using the ellipsoidal parame
lat,long to E,N projects the user entered geodetic coordinates to easting and northings using a Transverse Mercator projection and the
Constants.
E,N to lat,long is the reverse of lat,long to E,N.
lat,long,H to XYZ is the reverse of XYZ to lat,long,H.
UD Funcs Transformation Example shows how a complete Helmert transformation from WGS84 geodetic coordinates to OSGB36 E
carried out using the user defined functions.
convergence from lat & long computes the convergence at the geodetic coordinate entered by the user.
convergence from E,N computes the convergence at the easting, northing entered by the user.
local scale factor from lat,lon computes the local scale factor at the geodetic coordinate entered by the user.
local & line sf from E,N computes the local scale factor at the easting, northing entered by the user and also the line scale factor betw
t-T correction from E,N computes the t-T (difference between true and projected directions) between easting, northing and easting2,
true azimuth from E,N computes the true direction (after allowing for t-T and convergence) between easting, northing and easting2, n
Cells for user data entry are coloured Cells giving calculation results are coloured Cells showing intermediate c
Cells which repeat the user inputted data are coloured
and formulae given in "A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain", which is
ems in Great Britain" is available from the Ordnance Survey GPS web site
formulae, which you should be aware of. There are also other projection functions
ered.
where all the intermediate calculation results are given and they are also shown as
e user defined functions can be viewed and if required copied to other
& decimal minutes.

es on a new datum using the transformation parameters from Constants.
S format using the ellipsoidal parameters from Constants.
nsverse Mercator projection and the ellipsoid and projection parameters from
84 geodetic coordinates to OSGB36 Eastings and Northings and vice versa can be
e user.
by the user.
er and also the line scale factor between easting, northing and easting2, northing2.
ween easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered by the user.
ween easting, northing and easting2, northing2 entered by the user.
Cells showing intermediate calculation steps are coloured

Constants
ELLIPSOID AND PROJECTION CONSTANTS
° ' "
Semi-major axis, a 6377563.396 True origin latitude, ϕ0 N 49 0 0
Semi-minor axis, b 6356256.910 True origin longitude, λ0 W 2 0 0
Central Meridan Scale, F0 0.999601271700 a for OSGB36 =
True origin Easting, E0 400000.000 b for OSGB36 =
True origin Northing, N0 -100000.000 a for GRS80 & WGS84 =
aF0 6375020.48098897 b for GRS80 =
bF0 6353722.49048791 b for WGS84 =
All other parameters same
Projection Notes
1. The constants above are correct for working with the Ordnance Survey National Grid.
If you want to work with OS National Grid, do not change anything in the above box.
2. It is also possible to use this spreadsheet to work with Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grids.
The constants that must be entered in the yellow boxes if you want to work with UTM are given in Annex A of
'A Guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain', available from the OS GPS website www.gps.gov.uk.
HELMERT TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS

ETRS89 (WGS84) to OS
translation parallel to X -446.45 metres
translation parallel to Y 125.16 metres
translation parallel to Z -542.060 metres
scale change 20.49 parts per million
rotation about X -0.15 seconds of arc
rotation about Y -0.2470 seconds of arc
rotation about Z -0.84 seconds of arc
reverse signs to go from OSGB36
Transformation Notes
1. It is very important to understand the limitations of simple datum transformations.
This method does not take account of the local distortions present in coordinate reference frames (TRFs)
This is especially important when one or both of the coordinate systems involved is based on a traditional triangulation net
For instance, transforming between WGS84 GPS coordinates and OSGB36 National Grid will incur transformation errors
of up to five metres, depending on location.
Also, this method cannot convert ellipsoid heights to heights above mean sea level.
For full details on the limitations of the method coded here, see the OS publication 'A guide to coordinate systems in
Great Britain', available free from our GPS Website (www.gps.gov.uk) or OS customer helpline.
2. The constants in the table above are suitable for transforming from WGS84 GPS coordinates to OSGB36 National Grid
By changing the constants above, this spreadsheet may be used to convert between any two geodetic datums
Some ellipsoid constants are given in 'A guide to coordinate systems in Great Britain'
Page 3
Constants
Ordnance Survey cannot supply suitable transformation parameters for the geodetic systems of other countries -
please make enquiries for these parameters to the national mapping agencies of the country concerned.
Page 4
Constants
Dec Degs Rads

49.00000000 0.855211333
-2.00000000 -0.03
6377563.3960
6356256.9100
6378137.0000
6356752.3141 Slight difference in b is due to
different flattening values
6356752.3142
other parameters same
in Annex A of
S
ETRS89 (WGS84) to OSGB36
-446.448
125.157
-542.060
20.4894
-0.1502
-0.2470
-0.8421
gns to go from OSGB36 to ETRS89
aditional triangulation network

cur transformation errors
ordinate systems in
o OSGB36 National Grid.
Page 5
Constants
her countries -
Page 6
Enter coordinates here
Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes
° ' " Decimal Deg Radians

latitude N 52 39 27.253085 52.65757030139 0.92
longitude E 1 43 4.517692 1.7179215810 0.03
Ellipsoidal height 24.700 metres
Easting 651409.903 metres
Northing 313177.270 metres
Easting 2 626238.249 metres
Northing 2 302646.415 metres
Cartesian X 3909833.018 metres
Cartesian Y -147097.138 metres
Cartesian Z 5020322.478 metres
Notes
1. Type your input data in the yellow boxes only on this page.
Enter either Latitude, Longitude and optional Ellipsoidal height, Easting and Northing or Earth centred Cartesian coordina
To convert from decimal latitude and longitude or degrees lat / long and decimal minutes to the degrees, minutes and secon
see the "Lat & Long Format Conversions " sheet.
Ellipsoidal height is only required for the Cartesian XYZ coordiante conversions.
The Earth centred Cartesian coordinates are used as input to the Helmert datum transformation calculations.
Look at the following sheets to see the results of the calculations.
2. Check that the appropriate parameters are set on the "Constants" sheet.
3. For two of the calculations (t-T correction and true azimuth), the eastings and northings of two points are required.
For these calculations only, you must enter Eastings 2 and Northings 2 in addition to Easting and Northing
4. For background information on the calculations contained in this spreadsheet, download 'A Guide to Coordinate System
in Great Britain' from our GPS website www.gps.gov.uk, or see any textbook on map projections or surveying computatio
Page 7
Enter coordinates here
Enter either latitude and longitude
Ellipsoidal height is optional (see notes)

or easting and northing
2nd pair of coordinates is optional (see notes)
or Earth centred Cartesian XYZ coordinates
Earth centred Cartesian coordinates.

o the degrees, minutes and seconds format
ation calculations.
s of two points are required.

ting and Northing
d 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems

ections or surveying computations.
Page 8
Latitude & Longitude Format Conversions (Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes)
Degrees, Minutes & Seconds to Decimal Degrees and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Input Data Output Data
Degrees (°) Minutes (') Seconds (") Decimal Degrees Degrees & Decim
latitude N 52 39 27.253100 52.657570305556 N
longitude E 1 43 4.517700 1.717921583333 E
Decimal Degrees to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Degrees & Decimal Minutes
Output Data Input Data Output D
latitude N 52 39 27.253100 52.657570305556 N
longitude E 1 43 4.517700 1.717921583333 E
Degrees & Decimal Minutes to Degrees, Minutes & Seconds and Decimal Degrees
Output Data
latitude N 52 39 27.253100 52.657570305556 N
longitude E 1 43 4.517700 1.717921583333 E
n the yellow boxes)
Decimal Minutes
Output Data
Degrees & Decimal Minutes
52 39.454218333
1 43.075295000
Decimal Minutes
Output Data
52 39.454218333
1 43.075295000
Decimal Degrees
Input Data
52 39.454218333
1 43.075295000
Helmert Datum Transformation
X 3909833.018 This is the input data

Y -147097.14
Z 5020322.48
X 3909460.068 This is the result of the calculation
Y -146987.301
Z 5019888.070
Rotation and Scale Matrix (H) These values are intermediate calcula
1.0000204894 4.08261601E-06 -1.19748979E-06 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coord
-4.08261601E-06 1.0000204894 7.28190149E-07
1.19748979E-06 -7.28190149E-07 1.0000204894 See the Transformation Notes on th
"Constants" page for information on
Translation Matrix (T) Parameters (see "Constants" sheet) limitations and accuracy of this trans
-446.45 translation parallel to X -446.448 m
125.16 translation parallel to Y 125.157 m
-542.06 translation parallel to Z -542.060 m
scale change 20.4894 ppm
H * Input Cartesian coords rotation about X -0.1502 secs
3909906.52 rotation about Y -0.2470 secs
-147112.46 rotation about Z -0.8421 secs
5020430.13
X #VALUE! This is the result of the calculation us

Y #VALUE! To see the Visual Basic code of the f
Z #VALUE! Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic E
then view the code in "Module 1".
result of the calculation
ues are intermediate calculation steps for the

given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
ransformation Notes on the

s" page for information on the
s and accuracy of this transformation.
result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Visual Basic code of the functions -
ools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
the code in "Module 1".
XYZ to lat,long,H
Cartesian XYZ to Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height
X 3909833.02
Y -147097.14
Z 5020322.48
° ' " Decimal Deg
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE!
longitude W 2 9 16.510138 -2.154586149489
Ellipsoidal height #VALUE! m
p 3912599.110
e2 6.6705397616E-03
Initial ϕ N 52 15 16.6721 52.25
ν #VALUE!
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE!

longitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE!
Page 13
XYZ to lat,long,H
soidal height
This is the input data
Radians
#VALUE! This is the result of the calculation
-0.0376046223
These values are intermediate calculation steps for the

formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
0.9120153629 The radians value of latitude is computed using a user defined function
To see the Visual Basic code of the function -
Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

To see the Visual Basic code of the functions -
Page 14
lat,long to E,N
Latitude and longitude to easting and northing
latitude N 52 39 27.253085 This is the input data

longitude E 1 43 4.517692
Easting 651409.903 m This is the result of the calculation
Northing #VALUE! m
e2 6.67053976E-03 These values are intermediate calculation steps for the
n 1.67322025E-03 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in G
ν 6.38850233E+06
ρ 6.37275644E+06 The value of M is computed using a user defined functi
η2 2.47081362E-03 To see the Visual Basic code of the function -
P 6.48899729E-02 Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
M #VALUE! then view the code in "Module 1".
I #VALUE!
II 1.54040791E+06
III 1.56068754E+05
IIIA -2.06711230E+04
IV 3.87512058E+06
V -1.70000782E+05
VI -1.01344704E+05
Easting #VALUE! m This is the result of the calculation using user defined f
Northing #VALUE! m To see the Visual Basic code of the functions -
Page 15
lat,long to E,N

The value of M is computed using a user defined function


Page 16
E,N to lat,long
Easting and Northing to Latitude and Longitude
Easting 651409.903 This is the input data

Northing 313177.270
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! This is the result of the ca
longitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
ϕ' #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! These values are intermed
e2 6.67053976E-03 formulae given in 'A Guid
ν #VALUE!
ρ #VALUE! The radians value of
η2 #VALUE! To see the Visual Basic co
Μ #VALUE! Menu = Tools, Macro, Vi
Et 2.51409903E+05 then view the code in "Mo
VII #VALUE!
VIII #VALUE!
IX #VALUE!
X #VALUE!
XI #VALUE!
XII #VALUE!
XIIA #VALUE!
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! This is the result of the ca
longitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! To see the Visual Basic co
Menu = Tools, Macro, Vi
then view the code in "Mo
Page 17
E,N to lat,long
This is the result of the calculation

The radians value of ϕ' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions

Page 18
Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to Cartesian XYZ

Ellipsoidal height 24.700 m
X 3874938.850 m This is the result of the calculation
Y 116218.624 m
Z 5047168.208 m
e2 6.6705397616E-03 These values are intermediate calculation
ν 6.3910506260E+06 formulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinat
X #VALUE! m This is the result of the calculation using

Y #VALUE! m To see the Visual Basic code of the func
Z #VALUE! m Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Edit
s the input data
s the result of the calculation
e values are intermediate calculation steps for the

ulae given in 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain'
s the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

e the Visual Basic code of the functions -
= Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor,
view the code in "Module 1".
This sheet gives an example of how the user defined functions stored in this workbook can be used.
To see the Visual Basic code of the functions, menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Editor, then view the code in "Module 1".
A WGS84 lat, long and height (e.g. from a handheld GPS receiver) is converted and transformed in stages to an OSGB36 easting, north
The reverse transformation from OSGB36 to WGS84 is then performed.
The results of each stage are all produced by user defined functions in single cells (i.e. there are no intermediate steps done in other cell
The outputs of the previous stage are passed as inputs to the next stage. Other parameters used are on the right of each stage.
Note : be aware when changing the layout of this sheet that all cell references are ABSOLUTE. This is so that function inputs can be ea
WGS 84 to OSGB36
WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height to WGS84 Cartesian XYZ
° ' " Dec Degs
latitude N 52 39 28.723003 52.65797861194 Input
longitude E 1 42 57.787253 1.71605201472
Ellipsoidal height 69.391 m
X #VALUE! m Output
Y #VALUE! m
Z #VALUE! m
Helmert Datum Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)
X #VALUE! m Input
Y #VALUE! m See the Transformation Notes on the
Z #VALUE! m "Constants" page for information on the
X #VALUE! m Output limitations and accuracy of this
Y #VALUE! m transformation.
Z #VALUE! m
OSGB36 Cartesian XYZ to OSGB36 Latitude, longitude and approx ODN height
X #VALUE! m Input
Y #VALUE! m
Z #VALUE! m
° ' " Dec Degs
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! Output
~ODN height #VALUE! m
OSGB36 Latitude and longitude to OSGB36 easting and northing

° ' " Dec Degs
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! Input
Easting #VALUE! m Output
Northing #VALUE! m
OSGB36 to WGS84
OSGB36 easting and northing to OSGB36 latitude and longitude
easting 651409.903 m Input

northing 313177.270 m
° ' " Dec Degs
~ODN height 24.700 m
OSGB36 latitude, longitude and approx ODN height to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ
° ' " Dec Degs
latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE! Input
~ODN height 24.700 m
X #VALUE! m Output
Y #VALUE! m
Z #VALUE! m
Helmert Datum Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)
X #VALUE! m Input
Y #VALUE! m See the Transformation Notes on the
Z #VALUE! m "Constants" page for information on the
X #VALUE! m Output limitations and accuracy of this
Y #VALUE! m transformation.
Z #VALUE! m
WGS84 Cartesian XYZ to WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height
X #VALUE! m Input
Y #VALUE! m
Z #VALUE! m
° ' " Dec Degs
sed.
view the code in "Module 1".
d in stages to an OSGB36 easting, northing and approx ODN height.
no intermediate steps done in other cells).

are on the right of each stage.
This is so that function inputs can be easily identified.
B36
ght to WGS84 Cartesian XYZ
User inputs DMS and Height. Decimal degrees and
height are the input to the user defined functions.
The DMS values are converted to decimal using
standard Excel functions
Ellipsoid parameters (WGS84)
a= 6378137.000
b= 6356752.314
GS84 to OSGB36)
Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)
translation parallel to X = -446.448
translation parallel to Y = 125.157
translation parallel to Z = -542.060
scale change = 20.4894
rotation about X = -0.1502
rotation about Y = -0.2470
rotation about Z = -0.8421
ngitude and approx ODN height

The decimal degrees and height are the output of
the user defined functions.
The decimal values are converted to DMS using
Ellipsoid parameters (OSGB36)
a= 6377563.396
b= 6356256.910
36 easting and northing

The decimal degrees are the input to the
user defined functions.
Ellipsoid and projection parameters (OSGB36)
a= 6377563.396
b= 6356256.910
f0 = 1
e0 = 400000
n0 = -100000
ϕ0 = 49.00000
λ0 = -2.00000
S84
6 latitude and longitude
The eastings, northings and approx ODN height are
input by the user. User defined functions convert
them to dec degrees. The decimal degrees are
converted to DMS using standard Excel functions
Ellipsoid and projection parameters (OSGB36)
a= 6377563.396
b= 6356256.910
f0 = 1
e0 = 400000
n0 = -100000
ϕ0 = 49.00000
λ0 = -2.00000
ight to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ

Decimal degrees and height are the input to the
user defined functions.
The DMS values are converted to decimal using
Ellipsoid parameters (OSGB36)
a= 6377563.396
b= 6356256.910
SGB36 to WGS84)
Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)
translation parallel to X = 446.448
translation parallel to Y = -125.157
translation parallel to Z = 542.060
scale change = -20.4894
rotation about X = 0.1502
rotation about Y = 0.2470
rotation about Z = 0.8421
ngitude and Ellipsoidal height

The decimal degrees and height are the output of
the user defined functions.
Ellipsoid parameters (WGS84)
a= 6378137.000
b= 6356752.314
convergence from lat & long
Grid convergence from Latitude and Longitude

convergence 2 57 26.556114 2.95737669840 0.05 This is the result of the calc
ν 6.38850233E+06 These values are intermedia
ρ 6.37275644E+06
η2 2.47081362E-03
XIII 7.95024505E-01
XIV 9.82300034E-02
XV 2.02438381E-03
convergence #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! This is the result of the calc
To see the Visual Basic cod
Menu = Tools, Macro, Visu
then view the code in "Mod
Notes
Grid convergence is the angle FROM the meridian line through a point TO the North-South grid line at the same point. A
Page 27
convergence from lat & long

These values are intermediate calculation steps
This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.

grid line at the same point. A positive angle is clockwise.
Page 28
convergence from E,N
Grid convergence from Easting and Northing
Easting 651409.903
Northing 313177.270
convergence #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
ϕ' #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
ν #VALUE!
ρ #VALUE!
η2 #VALUE!
Et 2.51409903E+05
XVI #VALUE!
XVII #VALUE!
XVIII #VALUE!
convergence #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE!
Notes
Grid convergence is the angle FROM the meridian line through a point TO the North-South grid line at the same point. A
Page 29
convergence from E,N

The radians value of ϕ' is computed using a user defined function


North-South grid line at the same point. A positive angle is clockwise.
Page 30
local scale factor from lat,lon
Local scale factor from Latitude and Longitude

factor 1.00037733 This is the result of the calculation
ν 6.38850233E+06 These values are intermediate calculation steps
ρ 6.37275644E+06
η2 2.47081362E-03
XIX 1.84422569E-01
XX -1.03620198E-02
factor #VALUE! This is the result of the calculation using a user defined functio
Notes
Local scale factor is the scale distortion inherent in the map projection at a point
Page 31
local scale factor from lat,lon
culation steps
on using a user defined function.

he function -
Page 32
local & line sf from E,N
Local scale factor from Easting and Northing
Easting 651409.903 This is the input data

Northing 313177.270
factor #VALUE! This is the result of the calculation
° ' " Decimal Deg Radians These values are intermediate calculation
ϕ' #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
ν #VALUE! The radians value of ϕ
ρ #VALUE! To see the Visual Basic code of the functio
η2 #VALUE! Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Edito
XXI #VALUE! then view the code in "Module 1".
XXII #VALUE!
factor #VALUE! This is the result of the calculation using a

To see the Visual Basic code of the functio
Menu = Tools, Macro, Visual Basic Edito
Notes
Local scale factor is the scale distortion inherent in the map projection at a point
For a long line the scale factor at the mid point should be calculated. For lines up to 30km in length this will give a result with
If still greater accuracy is required compute a line scale factor using Simpson's Rule as shown below.
The line scale factor between Point 1 (East1, North1) and Point 2 (East2, North2)
is the projected distance between the points divided by the true (geodesic) distance.
Line scale factor = (1/6)(F1 + 4Fm + F2)
Where F1 = scale factor at Point 1; F2 = scale factor at Point 2 and Fm = scale factor at mid point between Point 1 and Point 2
e.g.: - #VALUE! = Scale factor at Point 1 (East1,North1)
#VALUE! = Scale factor at Point 2 (East2,North2)
#VALUE! = Scale factor at mid point of Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
#VALUE! = Line scale factor for line between Point 1 (East1,North1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
Page 33
local & line sf from E,N
e result of the calculation

ues are intermediate calculation steps
ns value of ϕ' is computed using a user defined function

Visual Basic code of the function -
e result of the calculation using a user defined function.

Visual Basic code of the function -
ength this will give a result with an error not exceeding 1 to 2 ppm.
oint between Point 1 and Point 2.
int 2 (East2,North2)
1) and Point 2 (East2,North2)
Page 34
t-T correction from E,N
t-T correction from Eastings and Northings
Easting 651409.903
Northing 313177.270
Easting 2 626238.249
Northing 2 302646.415
(t1 - T1) #VALUE!### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
(t2 - T2) #VALUE!### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Nm 307911.84
M #VALUE!
ϕ' #VALUE!### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
ν #VALUE!
ρ #VALUE!
XXIII #VALUE!
(t1 - T1) #VALUE!### #VALUE! #VALUE!

(t2 - T2) #VALUE!### #VALUE! #VALUE!
Notes
t-T correction is the difference between true direction and projected direction due to the curving of straight lines on the pro
Page 35
t-T correction from E,N
The radians value of ϕ' and the value of M are computed using user defined functions

e curving of straight lines on the projection
Page 36
true azimuth from E,N
True Azimuth from eastings and northings
Easting 651409.903
Northing 313177.270
Easting 2 626238.249
Northing 2 302646.415
True Azimuth(1 to 2) #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Grid Bearing(1 to 2) 247 17 50.766311 247.3 4.32
C1 #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
(t1 - T1) #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
True Azimuth(1 to 2) #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE!
Notes
The true azimuth from one point (easting, northing) to a second point (easting 2, northing 2)
is computed by applying the convergence and t-T corrections to the grid bearing.
Page 37
true azimuth from E,N


Page 38

Projectionand Transformation Calculations

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ProjectionandTransformationCalculations.xls v3.

The calculation sheets are as follows:-

& decimal minutes.

Cells showing intermediate calculation steps are coloured

ELLIPSOID AND PROJECTION CONSTANTS

HELMERT TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS

Dec Degs Rads

aditional triangulation network

o OSGB36 National Grid.

Enter your coordinates in the yellow boxes

° ' " Decimal Deg Radians

Enter either latitude and longitude

Ellipsoidal height is optional (see notes)

2nd pair of coordinates is optional (see notes)

or Earth centred Cartesian XYZ coordinates

Earth centred Cartesian coordinates.

s of two points are required.

d 'A Guide to Coordinate Systems

X 3909833.018 This is the input data

X #VALUE! This is the result of the calculation us

ues are intermediate calculation steps for the

ransformation Notes on the

result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Cartesian XYZ to Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height

latitude #VALUE! ### ### #VALUE! #VALUE!

This is the input data

These values are intermediate calculation steps for the

This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Latitude and longitude to easting and northing

latitude N 52 39 27.253085 This is the input data

These values are intermediate calculation steps for the

The value of M is computed using a user defined function

This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Easting and Northing to Latitude and Longitude

Easting 651409.903 This is the input data

This is the input data

This is the result of the calculation

These values are intermediate calculation steps for the

This is the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

latitude N 52 39 27.253085 This is the input data

X #VALUE! m This is the result of the calculation using

s the result of the calculation

e values are intermediate calculation steps for the

s the result of the calculation using user defined functions.

Helmert Datum Transformation (WGS84 to OSGB36)

OSGB36 Latitude and longitude to OSGB36 easting and northing

easting 651409.903 m Input

Helmert Datum Transformation (OSGB36 to WGS84)

WGS84 Cartesian XYZ to WGS84 Latitude, longitude and Ellipsoidal height

no intermediate steps done in other cells).

ngitude and approx ODN height

36 easting and northing

ight to OSGB36 cartesian XYZ

ngitude and Ellipsoidal height

Grid convergence from Latitude and Longitude

latitude N 52 39 27.253085 This is the input data

This is the input data

This is the result of the calculation

This is the result of the calculation using a user defined function.

grid line at the same point. A positive angle is clockwise.

Grid convergence from Easting and Northing

convergence #VALUE! ### #VALUE! #VALUE!

This is the input data