Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MARCH 2001
Copyright 2001
American Bureau of Shipping
ABS Plaza
16855 Northchase Drive
Houston, TX 77060 USA
Foreword
This Guide applies to Classification of design, construction and installation of offshore pipelines and
connected risers made of metallic materials, as well as the periodic surveys required for maintenance
of classification. Serviceability of pipelines and risers is also addressed, but only to the extent that
proper functioning of the pipe and its components affects safety. This Guide may also be used for
Certification or Verification of either design, construction or installation of pipelines and risers. ABS
will Certify or Verify design, construction and installation of offshore pipelines and connected risers
when requested by the owner or mandated by government regulations to verify compliance with this
Guide, a set of specific requirements, national standards or other applicable industry standards. If
ABS’s Certification or Verification is in accordance with this Guide and covers design, construction
and installation, then the pipeline or riser is also eligible for ABS Classification.
This Guide has been written for worldwide application, and as such, the satisfaction of individual
requirements may require comprehensive data, analyses and plans to demonstrate adequacy. This
especially applies for pipelines and risers located in frontier areas, such as those characterized by
relatively great water depth or areas with little or no previous operating experience. Conversely, many
provisions of this Guide often can be satisfied merely on a comparative basis of local conditions or
past successful practices. The Bureau acknowledges that a wide latitude exists as to the extent and
type of documentation which is required for submission to satisfy this Guide. It is not the intention of
this Guide to impose requirements or practices in addition to those that have previously proven
satisfactory in similar situations.
Where available, design requirements in this Guide have been posed in terms of existing
methodologies and their attendant safety factors, load factors or permissible stresses that are deemed
to provide an adequate level of safety. Primarily, the Bureau's use of such methods and limits in this
Guide reflects what is considered to be the current state of practice in offshore pipeline and riser
design. At the same time, it is acknowledged that new methods of design, construction and installation
are constantly evolving. In recognition of these facts, the Guide specifically allows for such
innovations and the appendices are intended to reflect this. The application of this Guide by the
Bureau will not seek to inhibit the use of any technological approach that can be shown to produce an
acceptable level of safety.
This ABS Guide supersedes the ABS Guide for Building and Classing Undersea Pipeline Systems
and Risers (1991) and is effective 1 March 2001
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 i
GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING
SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification .................. 1
Section 1 Applicability........................................................ 3
Section 2 Suspension and Cancellation of Class .............. 9
Section 3 Classification Symbols and Notations ............. 13
Section 4 Rules for Classification .................................... 15
Section 5 Other Regulations............................................ 29
Section 6 IACS Audit ....................................................... 21
Section 7 Documents to be Submitted ............................ 23
Section 8 Conditions for Surveys After Construction....... 31
Section 9 Fees ................................................................. 41
Section 10 Disagreement .................................................. 43
Section 11 Limitation of Liability ........................................ 45
Section 12 Definitions ........................................................ 47
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding ............................................ 51
Section 1 Metallic Pipe .................................................... 53
Section 2 Piping Components and Pipe Coating............. 59
Section 3 Welding of Pipes and Piping Components ...... 65
Section 4 Corrosion Control............................................. 67
CHAPTER 3 Design...................................................................... 71
Section 1 Design Loads................................................... 73
Section 2 Geotechnical Conditions.................................. 77
Section 3 Environmental Effects...................................... 79
Section 4 Strength Criteria............................................... 89
Section 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention
Design.............................................................. 97
Section 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and
Testing ........................................................... 105
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic
Risers............................................................. 113
Section 8 Special Considerations for Pipe in Pipe
Design............................................................ 123
Section 9 Special Considerations for Pipeline Bundle
Design............................................................ 125
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 iii
CHAPTER 4 Inspection and Maintenance.................................131
Section 1 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair ............. 133
Section 2 extension of Use ............................................ 139
iv ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Applicability............................................................... 3
1 Process .................................................................... 5
3 Certificates and Reports........................................... 6
5 Representations as to Classification ........................ 6
7 Scope of Classification............................................. 6
SECTION 2 Suspension and Cancellation of Class.................... 9
1 Termination of Classification .................................. 11
3 Notice of Surveys ................................................... 11
5 Special Notations ................................................... 11
7 Suspension of Class .............................................. 11
9 Lifting of Suspension.............................................. 12
11 Cancellation of Class ............................................. 12
SECTION 3 Classification Symbols and Notations .................. 13
1 Pipelines or Risers Built under Survey................... 13
3 Pipelines and Risers not Built under Survey.......... 13
5 Classification Data.................................................. 13
SECTION 4 Rules for Classification .......................................... 15
1 Application.............................................................. 17
3 Alternatives............................................................. 17
5 Novel Features ....................................................... 17
7 Effective Date of Change in Requirement.............. 17
SECTION 5 Other Regulations ................................................... 19
1 International and Other Regulations ...................... 19
3 Governmental Regulations..................................... 19
SECTION 6 IACS Audit ............................................................... 21
SECTION 7 Documents to be Submitted................................... 23
1 General................................................................... 25
3 Plans and Specifications ........................................ 25
5 Information Memorandum ...................................... 25
7 Site-specific Conditions.......................................... 26
9 Material Specifications ........................................... 26
11 Design Data and Calculations................................ 27
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 1
13 Installation Manual ................................................. 28
15 Pressure Test Report ............................................. 29
17 Operations Manual ................................................. 29
19 Maintenance Manual .............................................. 29
21 As-built Documents ................................................ 29
SECTION 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing ..............................31
1 General................................................................... 33
3 Inspection and Testing in Fabrication Phase ......... 34
5 Inspection and Testing during Installation.............. 37
7 Conditions for Surveys after Construction.............. 38
8 In-service Inspection and Survey ........................... 39
9 Inspection for Extension of Use ............................. 39
SECTION 9 Fees ..........................................................................41
SECTION 10 Disagreement...........................................................43
1 Guide ...................................................................... 43
3 Surveyors ............................................................... 43
SECTION 11 Limitation of Liability...............................................45
SECTION 12 Definitions................................................................47
1 Classification .......................................................... 49
3 Constructor or Contractor....................................... 49
5 Extension of Use .................................................... 49
7 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure ............... 49
9 Offshore.................................................................. 49
11 Operator ................................................................. 49
13 Owner ..................................................................... 49
15 Pipeline................................................................... 50
17 Pipeline System...................................................... 50
19 Recurrence Period or Return Period...................... 50
21 Riser ....................................................................... 50
2 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
SECTION 1 Applicability
CONTENTS
1 Process .................................................................................... 5
3 Certificates and Reports ......................................................... 6
5 Representations as to Classification ..................................... 6
7 Scope of Classification ........................................................... 6
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 3
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
SECTION 1 Applicability
The intention of this Guide is to serve as a technical documentation for design, fabrication, installation
and maintenance of offshore production, transfer and export pipelines and connected risers made of
metallic materials. The principal objectives are to specify the minimum requirements for Classing,
Continuance of Classing, Certification and Verification by the Bureau.
In addition to the requirements of this Guide, the design of a marine system requires consideration of
all relevant factors related to its functional requirements and long term integrity, such as:
Compliance with local Laws, Acts and Regulations;
Functional requirements;
Physical site information;
Operational requirements.
1 Process
The classification process consists of:
a) Development of Rules, Guides, standards and other criteria for the design, construction,
installation and maintenance of offshore pipelines and metallic risers,
b) Review of the design and survey during and after construction to verify compliance with such
Rules and Guides, standards and other criteria,
c) Assignment and registration of class when such compliance has been verified, and
d) Issuance of a renewable Classification Certificate.
The Rules, Guides and standards are developed by Bureau staff and passed upon by committees made
up of naval architects, marine engineers, shipbuilders, engine builders, steel makers and by other
technical, operating and scientific personnel associated with the worldwide maritime and offshore
industries. Theoretical research and development, established engineering disciplines, as well as
satisfactory service experience are utilized in their development and promulgation. The Bureau and its
committees can act only upon such theoretical and practical considerations in developing Rules,
Guides and standards.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 5
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 1 Applicability 1-1
3.1
Plan review and surveys during and after construction are conducted by the Bureau to verify to itself
and its committees that the pipeline, riser, attachments, item of material and other elements thereof are
in compliance with the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of the Bureau and to the satisfaction
of the attending surveyor. All reports and certificates are issued solely for the use of the Bureau, its
committees, its clients and other authorized entities.
3.3
The Bureau will release certain information to the pipeline and riser underwriters for underwriting
purposes. Such information includes text of overdue conditions of classification, survey due dates and
certificate expiration dates. The Owner will be advised of any request and/or release of information.
In the case of overdue conditions of classification, the Owner will be given the opportunity to verify
the accuracy of the information prior to release.
5 Representations as to Classification
Classification is a representation by the Bureau as to the structural and mechanical fitness for a
particular use or service in accordance with its Rules, Guides and standards. The Rules, Guides and
standards of the American Bureau of Shipping are not meant as a substitute for independent
judgement of professional designers, naval architects, marine engineers, owners, operators, masters
and crew nor as a substitute for the quality control procedures of ship, platform, pipeline and riser
constructors, engine builders, steel makers, suppliers, manufacturers and sellers of marine vessels and
structures, materials, machinery or equipment. The Bureau, being a technical society, can only act
through Surveyors or others who are believed by it to be skilled and competent.
The Bureau represents solely to the Owner of the pipeline and riser or client of the Bureau that when
assigning class it will use due diligence in the development of Rules, Guides and standards, and in
using normally applied testing standards, procedures and techniques as called for by the Rules, Guides
and standards or other criteria of the Bureau for the purpose of assigning and maintaining class. The
Bureau further represents to the Owner of the pipeline and riser or other client of the Bureau that its
certificates and reports evidence compliance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides and
standards or other criteria of the Bureau in accordance with the terms of such certificate or report.
Under no circumstances are these representations to be deemed to relate to any third party.
The user of this document is responsible for ensuring compliance with all applicable laws, regulations
and other governmental directives and orders related to a vessel, its machinery and equipment, or their
operation. Nothing contained in any Rule, Guide, standard, certificate or report issued by the Bureau
shall be deemed to relieve any other entity of its duty or responsibility to comply with all applicable
laws, including those related to the environment.
7 Scope of Classification
Nothing contained in any certificate or report is to be deemed to relieve any designer, builder, Owner,
manufacturer, seller, supplier, repairer, operator, other entity or person of any warranty express or
implied. Any certificate or report evidences compliance only with one or more of the Rules, Guides,
standards or other criteria of the American Bureau of Shipping and is issued solely for the use of the
Bureau, its committees, its clients or other authorized entities. Nothing contained in any certificate,
report, plan or document review or approval is to be deemed to be in any way a representation or
statement beyond those contained in 1-1/5. The validity, applicability and interpretation of any
6 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 1 Applicability 1-1
certificate, report, plan or document review or approval are governed by the Rules, Guides and
standards of the American Bureau of Shipping who shall remain the sole judge thereof. The Bureau is
not responsible for the consequences arising from the use by other parties of the Rules, Guides,
standards or other criteria of the American Bureau of Shipping, without review, plan approval and
survey by the Bureau.
The term “approved” shall be interpreted to mean that the plans, reports or documents have been
reviewed for compliance with one or more of the Rules, Guides, standards or other criteria of the
Bureau.
This Guide is published on the understanding that responsibility for operation, reasonable handling
and loading, as well as avoidance of distributions of loads which are likely to set up abnormally
severe stresses in pipelines or risers does not rest upon the Committee.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 7
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
CONTENTS
1 Termination of Classification................................................ 11
3 Notice of Surveys .................................................................. 11
5 Special Notations .................................................................. 11
7 Suspension of Class ............................................................. 11
9 Lifting of Suspension............................................................ 12
11 Cancellation of Class ............................................................ 12
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 9
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
1 Termination of Classification
The continuance of the Classification of any pipeline or riser is conditional upon the Guide
requirements for periodical survey, damage survey and other surveys being duly carried out. The
Committee reserves the right to reconsider, withhold, suspend, or cancel the class of any pipeline or
riser for noncompliance with the agreed Rules and Guides, for defects reported by the Surveyors
which have not been rectified in accordance with their recommendations, or for nonpayment of fees
which are due on account of Classification, Statutory and other Surveys. Suspension or cancellation of
class may take effect immediately or after a specified period of time.
3 Notice of Surveys
It is the responsibility of the Owner to ensure that all surveys necessary for the maintenance of class
are carried out at the proper time. The Bureau will notify an Owner of upcoming surveys and
outstanding recommendations. This may be done by means of a letter, a quarterly status or other
communication. The non-receipt of such notice, however, does not absolve the Owner from his
responsibility to comply with survey requirements for maintenance of class.
5 Special Notations
If the survey requirements related to maintenance of special notations are not carried out as required,
the suspension or cancellation may be limited to those notations only.
7 Suspension of Class
7.1
Class will be suspended and the Certificate of Classification will become invalid, from the date of any
use, operation, loading condition or other application of any pipeline or riser for which it has not been
approved and which affects or may affect classification or the structural integrity, quality or fitness for
a particular use or service.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 11
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 2 Suspension and Cancellation of Class 1-2
7.3
Class will be suspended and the Certificate of Classification will become invalid in any of the
following circumstances:
i) If recommendations issued by the Surveyor are not carried out by their due dates and no
extension has been granted;
ii) If the periodical surveys required for maintenance of class, are not carried out by the due date
and no Rule allowed extension has been granted;
iii) If any damage, failure, deterioration, or repair has not been completed as recommended.
7.5
Class may be suspended, in which case the Certificate of Classification will become invalid, if
proposed repairs as referred to in 1-8/7.1 on “Damage, Failure and Repair” have not been submitted to
the Bureau and agreed upon prior to commencement.
9 Lifting of Suspension
9.1
Class will be reinstated after suspension for overdue surveys, upon satisfactory completion of the
overdue surveys. Such surveys will be credited as of the original due date.
9.3
Class will be reinstated after suspension for overdue recommendations, upon satisfactory completion
of the overdue recommendation.
9.5
Class will be reinstated after suspension for overdue continuous survey items, upon satisfactory
completion of the overdue items.
11 Cancellation of Class
11.1
If the circumstances leading to suspension of class are not corrected within the time specified, the
pipeline or riser’s class will be canceled.
11.3
A pipeline or riser’s class is canceled immediately when a pipeline or riser resumes operation without
having completed recommendations which were required to be dealt with before resuming operations.
12 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
5 Classification Data
Data on pipeline or risers will be published in the Record as to the latitude and longitude of its
location, type, dimensions and depth of water at the site.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 13
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
CONTENTS
1 Application............................................................................. 17
3 Alternatives............................................................................ 17
5 Novel Features....................................................................... 17
7 Effective Date of Change in Requirement............................ 17
7.1 Effective Date ......................................................................... 17
7.3 Implementation of Rule Changes ........................................... 18
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 15
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
1 Application
These requirements are applicable to those features that are permanent in nature and can be verified
by plan review, calculation, physical survey or other appropriate means. Any statement in the Guide
regarding other features is to be considered as guidance to the designer, builder, owner, et al.
3 Alternatives
The committee is at all times ready to consider alternative arrangements and designs which can be
shown, through either satisfactory service experience or a systematic analysis based on sound
engineering principles, to meet the overall safety, serviceability and strength standards of the Rules
and Guides.
The committee will consider special arrangements or design for details of pipelines and risers which
can be shown to comply with standards recognized in the country in which the pipeline or riser is
registered or built, provided these are not less effective.
5 Novel Features
Pipelines and risers which contain novel features of design to which the provisions of this Guide are
not directly applicable may be classed, when approved by the Committee, on the basis that this Guide,
insofar as applicable, has been complied with and that special consideration has been given to the
novel features based on the best information available at that time.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 17
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 4 Rules for Classification 1-4
18 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
3 Governmental Regulations
Where authorized by a government agency and upon request of the Owners of a new or existing
offshore pipeline or riser, the Bureau will survey and certify a classed system or one intended to be
classed for compliance with particular regulations of that government on their behalf.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 19
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 21
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 25
3 Plans and Specifications ...................................................... 25
5 Information Memorandum .................................................... 25
7 Site-specific Conditions........................................................ 26
9 Material Specifications.......................................................... 26
11 Design Data and Calculations .............................................. 27
11.1 Structural Strength and On-bottom Stability Analysis ............ 27
11.3 Installation Analysis ................................................................ 27
11.5 Safety Devices........................................................................ 27
13 Installation Manual ................................................................ 28
15 Pressure Test Report ............................................................ 29
17 Operations Manual ................................................................ 29
19 Maintenance Manual ............................................................. 29
21 As-built Documents............................................................... 29
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 23
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
1 General
For classing pipelines and risers according to this Guide, the documentation that is to be submitted to
the Bureau is to include reports, calculations, drawings and other documentation necessary to
demonstrate the adequacy of the design of the pipelines and risers. Specifically, required
documentation is to include the items listed in this Chapter.
5 Information Memorandum
An information memorandum on pipelines and risers is to be prepared and submitted to the Bureau.
The Bureau will review the contents of the memorandum to establish consistency with other data
submitted for the purpose of obtaining classification or certification.
An information memorandum is to contain, as appropriate to the pipelines and risers, the following:
A site plan indicating the general features at the site, and the field location of the pipelines
and risers;
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 25
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 7 Documents to be Submitted 1-7
Environmental design criteria, including the recurrence interval used to assess environmental
phenomena;
Plans showing the general arrangement of the pipelines and risers;
Description of the safety and protective systems provided;
Listing of governmental authorities having authority over the pipelines and risers;
Brief description of any monitoring proposed for use on the pipelines and risers;
Description of manufacturing, transportation and installation procedures.
7 Site-specific Conditions
An environmental condition report is to be submitted describing anticipated environmental conditions
during pipe laying, as well as environmental conditions associated with normal operating conditions
and design environmental condition. Items to be assessed are to include, as appropriate, wind, waves,
current, temperature, tide, marine growth, chemical components of air and water, ice conditions,
earthquakes and other pertinent phenomena.
A route investigation report is to be submitted addressing, with respect to the proposed route of the
pipeline or riser system, the topics of seafloor topography and geotechnical properties. In the
bathymetric survey, the width of the survey along the proposed pipeline or riser route is to be based
on consideration of the expected variation in the final route in comparison with its planned position,
and the accuracy of positioning devices used on the vessels employed in the survey and in the pipe
laying operation. The survey is to identify, in addition to bottom slopes, the presence of any rocks or
other obstructions that might require removal, gullies, ledges, unstable slopes, and permanent
obstructions, such as existing man-made structures. The geotechnical properties of the soil are to be
established to determine the adequacy of its bearing capacity and stability along the route. The
methods of determining the necessary properties are to include a suitable combination of in-situ
testing, seismic survey, and boring and sampling techniques. As appropriate, soil testing procedures
are to adequately assess sea floor instability, scour or erosion, and the possibility that soil properties
may be altered due to the presence of the pipe, including reductions in soil strength induced by cyclic
soil loading or liquefaction. The feasibility of performing various operations relative to the burial and
covering of the pipe is to be assessed with respect to the established soil properties.
Where appropriate, data established for a previous installation in the vicinity of the pipeline or riser
proposed for classification may be utilized, if acceptable to the Bureau.
9 Material Specifications
Documentation for all materials of the major components of pipelines and risers is to indicate that the
materials satisfy the requirements of the pertinent specification.
For linepipes, specifications are to identify the standard with which the product is in complete
compliance, the size and weight designations, material grade and class, process of manufacture, heat
number, and joint number. Where applicable, procedures for storage and transportation of the
linepipes from the fabrication and coating yards to the offshore destination are to be given.
Material tests, if required, are to be performed to the satisfaction of the Bureau.
26 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 7 Documents to be Submitted 1-7
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 27
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 7 Documents to be Submitted 1-7
Shortly after the pipelines and risers are installed, all safety systems are to be checked in order to
verify that each device has been properly installed and calibrated and is operational and performing as
prescribed.
In the post-installation phase, the safety devices are to be tested at specified regular intervals and
periodically operated so that they don’t become fixed by remaining in the same position for extended
periods of time.
13 Installation Manual
A manual is to be submitted describing procedures to be employed during the installation of pipelines
and risers, and is as a minimum to include:
List of the tolerable limits of the environmental conditions under which pipe laying may
proceed;
Procedures to be followed should abandonment and retrieval be necessary;
Repair procedures to be followed should any component of pipelines or risers be damaged
during installation;
Contingency plan.
An installation manual is to be prepared to demonstrate that the methods and equipment used by the
contractor meet the specified requirements. As a minimum, the qualification of the installation manual
is to include procedures related to:
Quality assurance plan and procedures;
Welding procedures and standards;
Welder qualification;
Non-destructive testing procedures;
Repair procedures for field joints, internal and external coating repair, as well as repair of
weld defects, including precautions to be taken during repairs to prevent overstressing the
repair joints;
Qualification of pipe-lay facilities, such as tensioner and winch;
Start and finish procedure;
Laying and tensioning procedures;
Abandonment and retrieval procedures;
Subsea tie-in procedures;
Intervention procedures for crossing design, specification and construction, bagging,
permanent and temporary support design, specification and construction, etc.;
Trenching procedures;
Burying procedures;
Field joint coating & testing procedures;
Drying procedures;
System Pressure Test procedures and acceptance criteria.
Full details of the lay vessel, including all cranes, abandonment and recovery winches, stinger
capacities and angles, welding and non-destructive testing gear, firing line layout and capacity and
vessel motion data are to be provided together with general arrangement drawings showing plans,
28 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 7 Documents to be Submitted 1-7
elevations, and diagrams of the pipeline assembly, welding, non-destructive testing, joint coating, and
lay operations. Full details of any trenching and burying equipment is to be provided.
17 Operations Manual
An operations manual is to be prepared to provide a detailed description of the operating procedures
to be followed for expected conditions. The operations manual is to include procedures to be followed
during start-up, operations, shutdown conditions, and anticipated emergency conditions. This manual
is to be submitted to the Bureau for record and file.
19 Maintenance Manual
A maintenance manual providing detailed procedures for how to ensure the continued operating
suitability of the pipeline and riser system is to be submitted to the Bureau for approval.
The manual is, as a minimum, to include provisions for the performance of the following items:
Visually inspection of non-buried parts of pipelines and risers to verify that no damages have
occurred to the systems, and that the systems are not being corroded. Particular attention is to
be paid to corrosion in the splash zone of risers;
Evaluation of the cathodic protection system performance by potential measurements;
Detection of dents and buckles by caliper pigging;
Inspection and testing of safety and control devices.
Additionally, the Bureau may require gauging of pipe thickness, should it be ascertained that pipelines
and risers are undergoing erosion or corrosion.
Complete records of inspections, maintenance and repairs of pipelines and risers are to be provided
for the Bureau.
21 As-built Documents
The results of surveys and inspections of the pipelines and risers are to be given in a report which, as a
minimum, is to include the following details:
For pipelines, plot of the final pipeline position, superimposed on the proposed route
including pipeline spans and crossings;
Description and location of any major damage to the pipelines and risers alongside
information regarding how such damage was repaired;
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 29
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 7 Documents to be Submitted 1-7
30 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 33
1.1 Scope ..................................................................................... 33
1.3 Quality Control and Assurance Program................................ 33
1.5 Access and Notification .......................................................... 34
1.7 Identification of Materials........................................................ 34
3 Inspection and Testing in Fabrication Phase ...................... 34
3.1 Material Quality....................................................................... 34
3.3 Manufacturing Procedure Specification and Qualification ..... 34
3.5 Welder Qualification and Records.......................................... 35
3.7 Pre-Welding Inspection .......................................................... 35
3.9 Welding Procedure Specifications and Qualifications............ 35
3.11 Weld Inspection ...................................................................... 35
3.13 Tolerances and Alignments.................................................... 36
3.15 Corrosion Control Systems .................................................... 36
3.17 Concrete Weight Coatings ..................................................... 36
3.19 Non-destructive Testing ......................................................... 36
3.21 Fabrication Records ............................................................... 36
5 Inspection and Testing during Installation .......................... 37
5.1 Specifications and Drawings for Installation........................... 37
5.3 Installation Manual ................................................................. 37
5.5 Inspection and Survey During Pipe laying ............................. 37
5.7 Final Inspection and Pressure Testing................................... 37
5.9 Inspection for Special Cases.................................................. 38
5.11 Notification.............................................................................. 38
7 Conditions for Surveys after Construction.......................... 38
7.1 Damage, Failure and Repair .................................................. 38
7.3 Notification and Availability for Survey ................................... 39
9 In-service Inspection and Survey......................................... 39
11 Inspection for Extension of Use ........................................... 39
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 31
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
1 General
1.1 Scope
This section pertains to inspection and survey of pipelines and risers at different phases including:
Fabrication;
Installation:
Testing after installation.
The phases of fabrication and construction covered by this section include pipe and coating
manufacture, fabrication, assembly, and linepipe pressure test. The phases of installation include route
survey of the pipelines and risers, preparation, transportation, field installation, construction, system
pressure test and survey of the as-built installation. The post-installation phase includes survey for
continuance of classification accounting for damage, failure and repair.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 33
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing 1-8
34 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing 1-8
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 35
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing 1-8
36 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing 1-8
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 37
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing 1-8
5.11 Notification
The Operator is to notify the Bureau on all occasions when parts of pipelines and risers not ordinarily
accessible, are to be examined. If at any visit a Surveyor should find occasion to recommend repairs
or further examination, this is to be made known to the Operator immediately in order that appropriate
action may be taken.
7.1.2 Repairs
Where repairs to pipelines or risers or connected elements thereto, which may affect
classification, are planned in advance to be carried out, a complete repair procedure including
the extent of the proposed repair and the need for Surveyor’s attendance is to be submitted to
and agreed upon by the Surveyor reasonably in advance. Failure to notify the Bureau, in
advance of the repairs, may result in suspension of classification until such time as the repair
is redone or evidence submitted to satisfy the Surveyor that the repair was properly carried
out.
The above is not intended to include maintenance and overhaul in accordance with
recommended manufacturer’s procedures and established practice and which does not require
Bureau approval; however, any repair as a result of such maintenance and overhauls which
affects or may affect classification is to be noted in the unit’s log and submitted to the
Surveyors as required.
7.1.3 Representation
Nothing contained in this Section or in a rule or regulation of any government or other
administration, or the issuance of any report or certificate pursuant to this section or such a
rule or regulation, is to be deemed to enlarge upon the representations expressed in 1-1/1
through 1-1/7 hereof and the issuance and use of any such reports or certificates are to be
governed in all respects by 1-1/1 through 1-1/7 hereof.
38 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 1 Scope and Condition of Classification
Section 8 Survey, Inspection and Testing 1-8
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 39
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
SECTION 9 Fees
Fees in accordance with normal ABS practice will be charged for all services rendered by the Bureau.
Expenses incurred by the Bureau in connection with these services will be charged in addition to the
fees. Fees and expenses will be billed to the party requesting that particular service.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 41
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
SECTION 10 Disagreement
1 Guide
Any disagreement regarding either the proper interpretation of the Guide, or translation of the Guide
from the English language edition, is to be referred to the Bureau for resolution.
3 Surveyors
In case of disagreement between the Owners or builders and the Surveyors regarding the material,
workmanship, extent of repairs, or application of the Guide relating to any system classed or proposed
to be classed by the Bureau, an appeal may be made in writing to the Committee, who will order a
special survey to be held. Should the opinion of the Surveyor be confirmed, expense of this special
survey is to be paid by the party attending.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 43
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
The combined liability of the American Bureau of Shipping, its committees, officers, employees,
agents or subcontractors for any loss, claim, or damage arising from its negligent performance or
nonperformance of any of its services or from breach of any implied or express warranty of
workmanlike performance in connection with those services, or from any other reason, to any person,
corporation, partnership, business entity, sovereign, country or nation, will be limited to the greater of
a) $100,000 or b) an amount equal to ten times the sum actually paid for the services alleged to the
deficient.
The limitation of liability may be increased up to an amount twenty-five times that sum paid for
services upon receipt of Client’s written request at or before the time of performance of services and
upon payment by Client of an additional fee of $10.00 for every $1,000.00 increase in the limitation.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 45
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
SECTION 12 Definitions
CONTENTS
1 Classification ......................................................................... 49
3 Constructor or Contractor .................................................... 49
5 Extension of Use ................................................................... 49
7 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure ............................ 49
9 Offshore ................................................................................. 49
11 Operator ................................................................................. 49
13 Owner ..................................................................................... 49
15 Pipeline .................................................................................. 50
17 Pipeline System ..................................................................... 50
19 Recurrence Period or Return Period.................................... 50
21 Riser ....................................................................................... 50
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 47
CHAPTER 1 Scope and Conditions of
Classification
SECTION 12 Definitions
1 Classification
The term Classification, as used herein, indicates that an offshore installation has been designed,
constructed, installed and surveyed in compliance with accepted Rules and Guides.
3 Constructor or Contractor
A Constructor or Contractor is any person or organization having the responsibility to perform any or
all of the following: analysis, design, fabrication, inspection, testing, load-out, transportation and
installation.
5 Extension of Use
An existing pipeline or riser used at the same location beyond its original design life.
9 Offshore
Offshore is the area seaward of the established coastline that is in direct contact with the open sea.
11 Operator
An Operator is any person or organization empowered to conduct commissioning and operations on
behalf of the Owners of pipelines and risers.
13 Owner
An Owner is any person or organization who owns pipelines and risers/facilities.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 49
Chapter 1 Scope and Conditions of Classification
Section 12 Definitions 1-12
15 Pipeline
A Pipeline is a primarily horizontal pipe lying on, near or beneath the seabed, normally used for the
transportation of hydrocarbon products.
17 Pipeline System
A Pipeline System is an integrated set of sub-sea flowlines and pipelines including pertinent
instrumentation, foundations, coatings, anchors, etc.
21 Riser
A Riser is a conducting pipe connecting sub-sea wellheads, templates or pipelines to equipment
located on a buoyant or fixed offshore structure.
50 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Metallic Pipe ............................................................ 53
1 General................................................................... 55
3 Selection of Materials ............................................. 55
5 Steel Linepipe......................................................... 56
7 Linepipe Materials for Special Applications ........... 57
9 Marking, Documentation and Transportation......... 57
SECTION 2 Piping Components and Pipe Coating .................. 59
1 General................................................................... 61
3 Piping Components ................................................ 61
5 Pipe Coating........................................................... 62
7 Buoyancy Modules ................................................. 64
SECTION 3 Welding of Pipes and Piping Components............ 65
SECTION 4 Corrosion Control ................................................... 67
1 General................................................................... 69
3 Corrosion Control ................................................... 69
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 51
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 55
3 Selection of Materials............................................................ 55
5 Steel Linepipe ........................................................................ 56
5.1 Chemical Composition ........................................................... 56
5.3 Weldability .............................................................................. 56
5.5 Pipe Manufacture Procedure.................................................. 56
5.7 Fabrication Tolerance............................................................. 56
5.9 Fracture Arrest Toughness..................................................... 57
5.11 Mill Pressure Test................................................................... 57
7 Linepipe Materials for Special Applications ........................ 57
7.1 Sour Service ........................................................................... 57
7.3 Stainless, Duplex, and Super Duplex Stainless Steel Pipes.. 57
7.5 Clad Pipe ................................................................................ 57
7.7 Titanium Pipe.......................................................................... 57
9 Marking, Documentation and Transportation...................... 57
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 53
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
1 General
This Chapter specifies the linepipe material requirements, including steel pipes and other special
metallic pipes used for pipeline and riser applications. Material and dimensional standards for metallic
pipe are to be in accordance with this Guide with respect to chemical composition, material
manufacture, tolerance, strength and testing requirements. A specification is to be prepared stating the
requirements for materials and for manufacture, fabrication and testing of linepipes, including their
physical properties.
3 Selection of Materials
The linepipe materials used under this Guide are to be carbon steels, alloy steels, or other special
materials, such as titanium, manufactured according to a recognized standard. The materials are to be
able to maintain the structural integrity of pipelines and risers for hydrocarbon transportation under
the effects of service temperature and anticipated loading conditions. Materials in near vicinity are to
be qualified in accordance with applicable specifications for chemically compatibility.
The following aspects are to be considered in the selection of material grades:
Mechanical properties;
Internal fluid properties and service temperature;
Resistance to corrosion effects;
Environmental and loading conditions;
Installation methods and procedure;
Weight requirement;
Weldability;
Fatigue and fracture resistance.
Documentation for items such as formability, welding procedure, hardness, fatigue, fracture and
corrosion characteristics is to be submitted for Bureau review to substantiate the applicability of the
proposed materials.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 55
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 1 Metallic Pipe 2-1
5 Steel Linepipe
Material, dimensional standards and manufacturing process of steel pipe are to be in accordance with
API SPEC 5L, ISO 3183-1~3 or other recognized standards. Approval by the Bureau is required for
the intended application, with respect to chemical composition, material manufacture, tolerances,
strength and testing requirements.
5.3 Weldability
The carbon equivalent (Ceq) and the cold cracking susceptibility (Pcm) for evaluating the weldability
of steel pipes may be calculated from the ladle analysis in accordance with the following equations
(percentage of weight):
Mn Cr + Mo + V Ni + Cu
Ceq = C + + +
6 5 15
Si Mn + Cu + Cr Ni Mo V
Pcm = C + + + + + + 5B
30 20 60 15 10
Selection of Ceq and Pcm, as well as their maximum values, is to be agreed between the Operator and
the steel mill when the steel is ordered to ensure weldability. When low carbon content is used for
sour service, the value of the cold cracking susceptibility (Pcm) is to be limited. However, the behavior
of steel pipe during and after welding is dependent on the steel, the filler metals used and the
conditions of the welding process. Unless it can be documented otherwise, a testing program is to be
performed to qualify candidate linepipe materials and filler metals.
56 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 1 Metallic Pipe 2-1
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 57
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 1 Metallic Pipe 2-1
Pipe storage arrangements are to preclude possible damage, such as indentations of the surface and
edges of pipes. Materials are to be adequately protected from deleterious influences during storage.
The temperature and humidity conditions for storing weld filler material and coating are to be in
compliance with those specified in their controlling material specification or manufacturer’s supplied
information.
Documentation for all materials of the major components of pipelines and risers is to indicate that the
materials satisfy the requirements of the pertinent specification. Material tests are to be performed to
the satisfaction of the Bureau. Procedure for the transportation of the linepipes from the fabrication
and coating yards to the offshore destination is to be established. Transportation of the pipes is to
follow the guidelines of API RP 5L1 and API RP 5LW.
58 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 61
3 Piping Components............................................................... 61
3.1 Flanges................................................................................... 61
3.3 Pipe Fittings............................................................................ 61
3.5 Gaskets .................................................................................. 61
3.7 Bolting..................................................................................... 61
3.9 Valves..................................................................................... 61
3.11 Piping Supports and Foundations .......................................... 62
5 Pipe Coating .......................................................................... 62
5.1 Weight Coating ....................................................................... 62
5.3 Insulation Coating................................................................... 62
5.5 Corrosion Coating .................................................................. 63
5.7 Field Joint Coating.................................................................. 63
7 Buoyancy Modules................................................................ 64
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 59
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
1 General
The design of the pipeline and riser includes various piping components. Specifications for each
piping component and coating material used on a pipeline system are to be identified. The
specifications are to be submitted to the Bureau for approval if the components have special service
conditions or deviate from the standards indicated in this Guide or other comparable codes.
3 Piping Components
The piping components are to be suitable for the pipeline design conditions and be compatible with
the linepipes in material, corrosion and welding.
3.1 Flanges
Pipe flanges used for offshore pipelines and risers vary depending on the connection requirement sub-
sea and at the surface to the platforms. Typical flange materials and dimensions are to follow ASME
B16.5, API SPEC 17D, and MSS SP-44 where applicable. The flange design may be determined by
calculations in accordance with Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
3.5 Gaskets
Gaskets are to match the design of the flanges. Typical materials and dimensions are to follow ASME
B16.20 and API SPEC 6A where applicable.
3.7 Bolting
The bolting is to match the design of the flanges. Typical materials, dimensions, and bolting torque
are to follow ASME B16.5 and API SPEC 6A where applicable.
3.9 Valves
The valves are to match the linepipes and flanges. Typical materials, dimensions are to follow ASME
B16.34, API STD 600, and API SPEC 6D.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 61
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 2 Piping Components and Pipe Coating 2-2
5 Pipe Coating
Specifications for corrosion coatings and concrete weight coating are to be submitted to the Bureau
for approval if special service conditions exist. The weight coating specification is as a minimum to
include:
Chemical composition;
Physical and strength properties;
Quality control procedures and verifying tests for manufacturing or production.
62 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 2 Piping Components and Pipe Coating 2-2
Abrasion resistance;
Service pressure and temperature;
Impact resistance;
Creep;
Durability against chemical, physical or biological attack;
Water absorption;
Degradation during service.
Inspection is to be conducted both during surface preparation and after coating application.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 63
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 2 Piping Components and Pipe Coating 2-2
7 Buoyancy Modules
Buoyancy modules, which may be of lightweight materials or steel tanks, are to be rated to a
maximum allowable water depth and are to withstand normal handling, transportation, installation and
environmental loads and in the same time be reliable and easy to operate. The module size is to be
determined based on the lift requirements together with considerations to handling and installation
requirements. Reaction rings, strapping, bolting etc. are to be corrosion resistant and able to transfer
the lift force without damage to the structure under extreme operating conditions.
The buoyancy material is to provide the required buoyant lift over the intended service life,
accounting for time dependent degradation of buoyancy.
As a minimum, the following parameters are to be considered in selection of buoyancy coating:
Maximum water depth of application;
Environmental conditions;
Service life;
Density of the buoyancy;
Dry weight (mass) in air;
Submerged weight (mass) in the water;
Lift force in water;
Loads acting through all operating phases.
64 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
The welding of metallic pipes is to be performed in accordance with approved welding procedures
that have been qualified to produce sound, ductile welds of adequate strength and toughness. Welding
standards comparable to API STD 1104 and Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code are to be employed in association with this Guide. For special pipe materials, the applicability of
the API STD 1104 is to be examined and verified at all stages of welding, and any alternative methods
are to be submitted for review.
Welders are to be tested in accordance with the welder qualification tests specified in recognized
national codes, such as API STD 1104. Certificates of qualification are to be prepared to cover each
welder when they are qualified by standards other than those of the Bureau, and such certificates are
to be available for the reference of the Surveyors.
Before construction begins, details of the welding procedures and sequences are to be submitted for
review. The details are to include:
Base metal and thickness range;
Types of electrode;
Edge preparation;
Electrical characteristics;
Welding technique;
Proposed position and speed;
Preheating and post-weld heat treatment practices.
Welding procedures conforming to the provisions of an acceptable code may be qualified in the
presence of the Surveyor in accordance with the pertinent code. A written description of all pre-
qualified procedures employed in the pipeline’s construction is to be prepared and made available to
the Surveyors.
When it is necessary to qualify a welding procedure, this is to be accomplished by employing the
methods specified in an acceptable code, and in the presence of the Surveyor.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 65
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 69
3 Corrosion Control.................................................................. 69
3.1 External Corrosion Control ..................................................... 69
3.3 Internal Corrosion Control ...................................................... 69
3.5 Corrosion Rate and Corrosion Allowance .............................. 70
3.7 Monitoring and Maintenance of Corrosion Control
Systems.................................................................................. 70
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 67
CHAPTER 2 Materials and Welding
1 General
A corrosion control system analysis is to be performed to determine necessary protection measures
and to provide in-service performance criteria and procedure for maintaining the system. The analysis
is to be submitted to the Bureau for review and approval.
This Chapter recommends guidelines for the establishment of corrosion mitigation procedures for
offshore pipelines and risers. The following publications are incorporated by reference for the
detection and mitigation of external and internal corrosion:
ASME B31.4, Chapter IX, Section A460- A463;
ASME B31.8, Chapter VIII, Section A860-A863.
3 Corrosion Control
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 69
Chapter 2 Materials and Welding
Section 4 Corrosion Control 2-4
70 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Design Loads .......................................................... 73
1 General................................................................... 75
3 Definitions of Design Loads ................................... 75
SECTION 2 Geotechnical Conditions ........................................ 77
1 General................................................................... 77
3 Pipe Penetration in Soil.......................................... 77
5 Soil Friction............................................................. 77
7 Breakout Force....................................................... 77
9 Soil Surveys ........................................................... 77
SECTION 3 Environmental Effects ............................................ 79
1 General................................................................... 81
3 Wind ....................................................................... 81
5 Current ................................................................... 82
7 Waves .................................................................... 83
9 Combinations of Wind, Current and Waves........... 83
11 Tides....................................................................... 85
13 Marine Growth........................................................ 85
15 Subsidence............................................................. 85
17 Scours .................................................................... 86
19 Seafloor Instability.................................................. 86
21 Seismic................................................................... 86
23 Sea Ice ................................................................... 86
25 Environmental Design Conditions .......................... 87
SECTION 4 Strength Criteria...................................................... 89
1 General................................................................... 91
3 Stress Criteria......................................................... 91
5 Global Buckling ...................................................... 93
7 Local Buckling/Collapse Under External
Pressure and Bending............................................ 93
9 Propagating Buckles .............................................. 94
11 Fatigue ................................................................... 95
13 Out-of-roundness ................................................... 95
15 Allowable Stresses for Supports and Restraints.... 96
17 Installation .............................................................. 96
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 71
SECTION 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention Design .....97
1 General................................................................... 99
3 In-place Analysis .................................................... 99
5 On-bottom Stability............................................... 101
7 Free Spanning Pipeline ........................................ 102
9 Upheaval and Lateral Buckling ............................ 103
11 Design for Impact Loads ...................................... 104
SECTION 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and
Testing....................................................................105
1 Route Selection .................................................... 107
3 Installation Analysis.............................................. 108
5 Construction ......................................................... 110
7 System Pressure Testing and Preparation for
Operation.............................................................. 111
SECTION 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic
Risers .....................................................................113
1 Scope and Objectives .......................................... 115
3 Descriptions of Riser System ............................... 115
5 Design Conditions and Loads .............................. 116
7 Design Criteria...................................................... 116
9 Global Response Analysis ................................... 116
11 Riser Components Design ................................... 120
SECTION 8 Special Considerations for Pipe in Pipe
Design ....................................................................123
1 General................................................................. 123
3 Design Criteria...................................................... 123
SECTION 9 Special Considerations for Pipeline Bundle
Design ....................................................................125
1 General................................................................. 127
3 Functional Requirements ..................................... 127
5 Design Criteria for Bundle Systems ..................... 128
72 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 75
3 Definitions of Design Loads ................................................. 75
3.1 Environmental Loads.............................................................. 75
3.3 Functional Loads .................................................................... 75
3.5 Accidental Loads .................................................................... 76
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 73
CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
This Chapter pertains to the identification, definition and determination of loads that are to be
considered in the design of pipelines and risers. Loads generally acting on pipelines and risers are
categorizes into load classes and followed by more detailed descriptions in subsequent Chapters,
together with acceptance criteria for the utilization of the pipe strength. The criteria cover only the
plane pipe and for flanges and other connectors, other recognized standards such as the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Code should be used.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 75
Chapter 3 Design
Section 1 Design Loads 3-1
The functional loads are to be determined for each specific operation expected to occur during the
pipeline and riser life cycle and are to include the dynamic effects of such loads as necessary. Load
and load effects are further described in Chapter 3, Sections 2 and 5. In addition, extreme values of
temperatures expressed in terms of recurrence periods and associated highest and lowest values are to
be used in the evaluation of pipe materials.
76 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
The seabed stiffness and soil friction definition where the contact pressure between pipes and seabed
governs the friction force can generally describe the interaction between the seabed and the
pipeline/riser. The geotechnical conditions are an important part of establishing the pipe/soil
interaction model for in-place analysis, which is further discussed in Chapter 3, Section 5.
5 Soil Friction
Bi-axial soil friction data are to, when applicable, be used for in-place analysis. Both pipeline
penetration of the seabed and build up of loose sediments due to lateral movement may lead to extra
lateral soil resistance. The degree of penetration/build up is dependent on the soil type and stiffness
and is to be considered in the friction model.
7 Breakout Force
The breakout force is the maximum force needed to move a pipe from its stable position on the
seabed. This force can be significantly higher than the force needed to maintain the movement after
breakout, depending on the soil type and degree of penetration. Reasonable breakout forces are to be
used in in-place analyses.
9 Soil Surveys
Seabed soil is to be sampled at appropriate intervals and locations along with the bathymetrical
surveys. Normally only the upper 2 m are of interest for pipelines and risers, with special attention
paid to the top 10 cm, where accurate data will improve the stability evaluation.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 77
CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 81
3 Wind ....................................................................................... 81
5 Current ................................................................................... 82
7 Waves..................................................................................... 83
9 Combinations of Wind, Current and Waves ........................ 83
11 Tides....................................................................................... 85
13 Marine Growth ....................................................................... 85
15 Subsidence ............................................................................ 85
17 Scours .................................................................................... 86
19 Seafloor Instability ................................................................ 86
21 Seismic................................................................................... 86
23 Sea Ice.................................................................................... 86
25 Environmental Design Conditions ....................................... 87
25.1 Normal Operating Condition with Pipeline or Riser in the
Normal Intact Status ............................................................... 87
25.3 Temporary Condition.............................................................. 87
25.5 Abnormal/Accidental Operating Condition ............................. 88
25.7 Fatigue.................................................................................... 88
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 79
CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
Design environmental conditions are to be defined by the operator together with oceanographic
specialists and approved by the Bureau. All foreseeable environmental phenomena that may influence
the pipeline and/or riser integrity are to be described in terms of their characteristic parameters
relevant to operational and strength evaluations.
Field and model generated data are to be analyzed by statistical and mathematical models to establish
the range of pertinent variations of environmental conditions to be employed in the design. Methods
employed in developing available data into design criteria are to be described and submitted in
accordance with Chapter 1, Section 2. Probabilistic methods for short-term, long-term and extreme-
value predictions employing statistical distributions are to be evidenced by relevant statistical tests,
confidence limits and other measures of statistical significance. Hindcasting methods and models are
to be fully documented. Due to the uncertainty associated with the definition of some environmental
processes, studies based on a parametric approach may be helpful in the development of design
criteria.
Generally, suitable environmental data and analyses will be accepted as the basis for design when
fully documented with sources, date and estimated reliability noted. For pipelines and risers in areas
where published design standards and data exist, such standards and data may be cited as reference.
3 Wind
Wind forces are exerted upon parts of risers that are above the water surface and marine structures to
which risers might be attached. Statistical wind data is normally to include information on the
frequency of occurrence, duration and direction of various wind speeds. For design cases where the
riser is attached to a floating installation, it might also be necessary to establish the spectrum of wind
speed fluctuation for comparison with the structure’s natural sway periods.
Long-term and extreme-value predictions for winds are to be based on recognized techniques and
clearly described. Vertical profiles of horizontal wind are to be determined based on recognized
statistical or mathematical models. Published data and data from nearby land and sea stations may be
used if available. Wind data are in general to refer to a specified reference level and averaging time.
During design, the wind data may be adjusted to any specified averaging time and elevation based on
standard profiles and gust factors, such as given in API RP 2A-WSD.
Wind loads and local wind pressures are to be determined based on analytical methods or wind tunnel
tests on a representative model of the riser system. In general, gust wind loads, which are loads based
on wind speeds averaged over one-minute or less are to be used in the riser design combined with
other simultaneous environmental loads acting on the riser and floating installation to which the riser
may be attached. When appropriate, dynamic effects due to the cyclic nature of gust wind and cyclic
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 81
Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
loads due to vortex induced vibrations, including both drag and lift components, are to be
investigated. For risers with negligible dynamic response to wind, a one-hour sustained wind speed
may be used to calculate the wind loads.
For winds normal to the riser axis, the following relation may be used to calculate the wind load:
c
Fw = a ⋅ C s ⋅ V y2 ⋅ A
2⋅ g
where
Fw = wind load
g = gravitational acceleration
ca = weight density of air
Cs = shape coefficient (dimensionless, = 0.50 for cylindrical sections)
Vy = wind speed at altitude y
A = projected area of pipe on a plane normal to the direction of the considered force
As an alternative to applying wind loads, the effect of wind can be accounted for indirectly through
the modeling of floating installation offset and slow drift movement.
5 Current
Current may be a major contributor to both static and dynamic loading on pipelines and risers
installed at any depth. The current velocity and direction profile at a given location may have several
contributions of which the most common are:
Oceanic scale circulation patterns;
Lunar/astronomical tides;
Wind and pressure differential generated storm surge;
River outflow.
The vector sum of all current components at specified elevations from the seafloor to the water
surface describes the current velocity and direction profile for the given location. The current profile
might be seasonally dependent, in which case this is to be accounted for in the design.
For riser design, the total current profile associated with the sea state producing extreme waves is to
be used in design analyses, while for pipelines, it will be enough to know the current profile
associated with extreme waves at a level near the seafloor. The current velocity and direction does
normally not change rapidly with time and may be treated as time invariant for each sea state.
On-site data collection may be required for previously unstudied areas and/or areas expected to have
unusual or severe current conditions. If the current profile is not known from on-location
measurements, but is judged not to be severe for the design, the current velocity at a given depth may
be established using a velocity profile formulation. Current velocity profiles are to be based on site-
specific data or recognized empirical relationships and the worst design direction is to be assumed.
82 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
7 Waves
Waves are a major source of dynamic loads acting on risers and pipelines located in shallow waters
(normally less than 150 m.), and their description is therefore of high importance. Statistical site-
specific wave data, from which design parameters are to be determined, are normally to include the
frequency of occurrence for various wave height groups and associated wave periods and directions.
For areas where prior knowledge of oceanographic conditions is insufficient, the development of
wave-dependent design parameters is to be performed in corporation with experienced specialists in
the fields of meteorology, oceanography and hydrodynamics.
For a fully developed sea, waves may be represented using the Pierson-Moskovitz spectrum, while the
JONSWAP spectrum normally will be applicable for less developed seas. In the calculation of
spectrum moments, a proper cut-off frequency based on a project defined confidence level is to be
applied. Wave scatter diagrams can be applied to describe the joint probability of occurrence of the
significant wave height and the mean zero crossing period. Where appropriate, alternative traditional
regular wave approaches may be used.
When dealing with extreme response estimations, the regular design wave heights are to be based on
the maximum wave height of a given return period, e.g. 1, 10 or 100 years, found from long term
wave statistics. The estimation of the corresponding extreme wave period is in general more uncertain
due to lack of reliable data, and it is consequently recommended that the wave period is varied over a
realistic interval in order to ensure that all extreme wave case have been considered. For systems with
obvious unfavorable wavelengths and periods due to geometry or eigen-frequencies, the design wave
period can be identified based on such criteria, while the wave height follows from breaking wave
criteria or statistical considerations.
Long term response statistics are to be applied in fatigue damage assessment, whereby the wave
climate is represented by a scatter diagram of the joint probability of the sea state vector and the wave
spectrum, defined by significant wave height, peak period, and main wave direction. A simplified
representation of the long-term distribution for the response may be based on the frequency domain
method consisting of:
Establishing an approximate long-term response distribution based on stochastic dynamic
analyses;
Calculation of an approximate lifetime extreme response;
Identification of the design storm;
Estimation of lifetime maximum response based on time domain simulations.
In analysis, a sufficient range of realistic wave periods and wave crest positions relative to pipelines
and risers are to be investigated to ensure an accurate determination of the maximum wave loads.
Consideration is also to be given to other wave-induced effects, such as wave impact loads, dynamic
amplification and fatigue. The need for analysis of these effects is to be assessed on the basis of the
configuration and behavioral characteristics of pipelines and risers, the wave climate and past
experience.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
For pipelines and risers having small diameters compared to the wave lengths being considered, semi-
empirical formulations such as Morison's equation are considered to be an acceptable basis for
determining the hydrodynamic force acting on a pipe:
F = FD + Fi
where
F = hydrodynamic force vector per unit length along pipes
FD = hydrodynamic drag force vector per unit length
Fi = hydrodynamic inertia force vector per unit length
The drag force vector for a stationary pipe is given by:
c
FD = ⋅ OD ⋅ C D ⋅ un ⋅ un
2⋅ g
where
c = weight density of water
g = gravitational acceleration
OD = total external diameter of pipe including coating etc.
CD = drag coefficient (dimensionless)
un = component of the total fluid velocity vector normal to the axis of pipes
The inertia force vector for a stationary pipe is given by:
c π ⋅ OD 2
⋅ CM ⋅ an
Fi = ⋅
g 4
where
CM = inertia coefficient based on the displaced mass of fluid per unit length
(dimensionless)
an = component of the total fluid acceleration vector normal to the axis of pipes
The lift force vector for a stationary pipe located on or close to the seabed is given by:
c 2
FL = CL ⋅ ⋅ un ⋅ A"
2⋅ g
where
FL = lift force per unit length
CL = lift coefficient (dimensionless)
A" = projected area per unit length in a plane normal to the direction of the force
For risers that exhibit substantial rigid body oscillations due to the wave action, the modified form of
Morison's equation given below may be used to determine the hydrodynamic force:
84 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
c c π ⋅ OD2 2
F = FD + F" = ⋅ OD⋅ CD ⋅ (un − un )⋅ un − un + ⋅ ⋅ an + c ⋅ π ⋅ OD ⋅ Cm ⋅ (an − an )
g 4
2⋅ g g 4
where
u n = component of the velocity vector of riser normal to its axis
Cm = added mass coefficient, i.e., Cm = CM – 1
a n = component of the acceleration vector of the riser normal to its axis
The values of un and an are to be determined using recognized wave theory appropriate to the wave
heights, wave periods, and water depth at the installation location, as well as the elevation at which
the load is calculated.
For pipelines located on or close to the seabed, the hydrodynamic force coefficients CD, CM and CL
will vary as a function of the gap.
11 Tides
Tides, when relevant, are to be considered in the design of pipelines and risers. Tides may be
classified as lunar or astronomical tides, wind tides and pressure differential tides. The combination of
the latter two is defined as storm surge and the combination of all three, storm tide. The water depth at
any location consists of the mean depth, defined as the vertical distance between the seabed and an
appropriate near-surface datum, and a fluctuating component due to astronomical tides and storm
surges. The highest and the lowest astronomical tide bound the astronomical tide variation. Still water
level is to be taken as the sum of the highest astronomical level plus the storm surge. Storm surge is to
be estimated from available statistics or by mathematical storm surge modeling.
13 Marine Growth
Marine growth may accumulate and is to be considered in the design of pipelines and risers. The
highest concentrations of marine growth will generally be seen near the mean water level with an
upper bound given by the variation of the daily astronomical tide and a lower bound, dependent on
location, of more than 80 meters. Estimates of the rate and extent of marine growth may be based on
past experience and available field data. Particular attention is to be paid to increases in hydrodynamic
loading due to the change of:
External pipe diameter;
Surface roughness;
Inertial mass;
Added weight.
Consideration is also to be given to the fouling effects likely on corrosion protection coatings.
15 Subsidence
The effects of seafloor subsidence are to be considered in the overall design when pipelines and risers
are installed in areas where unique geological conditions exist. This will be an area where, for
example, significant seafloor subsidence could be expected to occur as a result of depletion of the
subsurface reservoir. The magnitude and time scale of subsidence are in such cases to be estimated
based on geologic studies.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
17 Scours
The seafloor contours in installation areas may change considerable over time due to scour erosion,
which is removal of soil due to current and waves caused either by natural geological processes or by
structural elements interrupting the flow regime near the seafloor. When applicable, the magnitude
and time scale of scour erosion is to be estimated based on geologic studies and its impact on design
appropriately accounted for. When the magnitude of scour erosion makes it difficult to account for in
design, a proper survey program and routines for evaluating observed seafloor changes is to be
established.
19 Seafloor Instability
Seafloor instability may be seen under negligible slope angles in areas with weak, under-consolidated
sediments. Movements of the seafloor may be activated as a result of loads imposed on the soil due to
pipeline installation, change in pipeline operating conditions, wave pressure, soil self weight,
earthquakes or combinations of these phenomena. When applicable, such areas are to be localized by
proper surveys and precautions such as rerouting taken in the design.
21 Seismic
The seismic activity level for the pipeline and riser installation area is to be evaluated based on
previous records or detailed geological investigations. For pipelines and risers located in areas that are
considered seismically active, the effects of earthquakes are to be considered in the design. An
earthquake of magnitude that has a reasonable likelihood of not being exceeded during the design life
is to be used to determine the risk of damage, and a rare intense earthquake is to be used to evaluate
the risk of structural failure. These earthquake events are referred to as the Strength Level and
Ductility Level Earthquakes respectively. The magnitudes of the parameters characterizing these
earthquakes, having recurrence periods appropriate to the design life of the pipelines and risers, are to
be determined. The effects of earthquakes are to be accounted for in design but, generally, need not be
taken in combination with other environmental factors.
The strength level and ductility level earthquake-induced ground motions are to be determined on the
basis of seismic data applicable to the installation location. Earthquake ground motions are to be
described by either applicable ground motion records or response spectra consistent with the
recurrence period appropriate to the design life of pipelines and risers. Available standardized spectra
applicable to the region of the installation site are acceptable provided such spectra reflect site-
specific conditions affecting frequency content, energy distribution, and duration. These conditions
include the type of active faults in the region, the proximity to the potential source faults, the
attenuation or amplification of ground motion, and the soil conditions.
The ground motion description used in design is to consist of three components corresponding to two
orthogonal horizontal directions and the vertical direction. All three components are to be applied to
pipelines and risers simultaneously.
As appropriate, effects of soil liquefaction, shear failure of soft mud and loads due to acceleration of
the hydrodynamic added mass by the earthquake, mud slide, tsunami waves and earthquake generated
acoustic shock waves are to be accounted for in the design.
23 Sea Ice
For arctic and sub-arctic areas, sea ice may be experienced in form of first year sheet ice, multi-year
floes, first-year and multiyear pressure ridges, and/or ice islands. The strength of sea ice depends on
features such as composition, temperature, salinity and speed of load application. The effect of sea ice
on risers is to consider the frozen-in condition (winter), breakout in the spring and summer pack ice
invasion as applicable.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
Impact, both centric and eccentric, is to be considered where moving ice may impact risers. Impact
analysis is, as applicable, to consider both that of large masses (multi-year floes and icebergs) moving
under the action of current, wind, and Coriolis effect and that of smaller ice masses which are
accelerated by storm waves. The impact analysis is to consider mass, hydrodynamic added mass and
shape of the ice, its velocity and its direction relative to risers.
The mode of ice failure (tension, compression, shear, etc.) depends on the shape and roughness of the
surface and the presence of frozen ice, as well as the ice character, crystallization, temperature,
salinity, strain rate and contact area. The force exerted by the broken or crushed ice in moving past is
to be considered. Limiting force concepts may be employed if thoroughly justified by calculations.
More details about conditions that are to be addressed in design and construction for arctic and sub-
arctic offshore regions can be found in API RP 2N.
25.1 Normal Operating Condition with Pipeline or Riser in the Normal Intact Status
i) Worst combination of 1 years wind, wave, current and tide;
ii) Environmental condition of 100 years wave plus 10 years current;
iii) Environmental condition of 10 years wave plus 100 years current;
iv) Realistic values for marine growth;
v) Realistic values for loads due to sea ice;
vi) Realistic values for earthquakes.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 3 Environmental Effects 3-3
25.7 Fatigue
Adequate loading conditions are to be used for fatigue load effect analysis, including:
i) Significant wave;
ii) Vortex-induced vibrations;
iii) Cyclic loading induced during installation and operation.
88 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 91
3 Stress Criteria........................................................................ 91
3.1 Hoop stress criteria ................................................................ 91
3.3 Longitudinal Stress ................................................................. 92
3.5 Equivalent Stress ................................................................... 92
3.7 Usage Factors ........................................................................ 93
5 Global Buckling ..................................................................... 93
7 Local Buckling/Collapse Under External Pressure and
Bending.................................................................................. 93
9 Propagating Buckles............................................................. 94
11 Fatigue ................................................................................... 95
13 Out-of-roundness .................................................................. 95
15 Allowable Stresses for Supports and Restraints ................ 96
17 Installation ............................................................................. 96
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CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
This Chapter defines strength criteria, which are to be applied as limits for the design of pipelines and
risers. The criteria are applicable for wall-thickness design as well as installation and in-place
analyses. Alternative strength criteria based on recognized codes/standards, mechanical tests or
advanced analysis methods such as listed in the Appendices may be applied in the design based on
approval by the Bureau. If alternative strength criteria are applied in the design consistency is to be
maintained, e.g. are burst, local buckling and propagation buckling strength closely related.
The strength criteria listed in this Chapter follow a working stress design approach and cover the
following failure modes:
Yielding;
Local buckling;
Global buckling;
Fatigue;
Cross sectional out-of-roundness.
3 Stress Criteria
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 4 Strength Criteria 3-4
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 4 Strength Criteria 3-4
Alternatively to the factors in 3-4/Table 1, criteria based on ASME B31.4 and AMSE B31.8 may be
applied or for risers attached to a floating installation API RP 2RD.
5 Global Buckling
Internal overpressure and increased operating temperatures may aggravate build up of compressive
forces in a pipeline, which after start-up or after repeated start-up/shut-down cycles may lead to global
buckling of the pipeline. This effect is to be explicitly dealt with in the design either by advanced
analysis predicting the position and amplification of buckles or by demonstrating that the build up of
compressive force is less than the force needed to initiate global buckling.
where
ε = extreme fiber strain in the pipe
εb t
=
2⋅ D
pe = external pressure
pi = internal pressure
η = usage factor applied to bending strain
and pc is to be calculated based on:
D
pc3 − pe" ⋅ pc2 − p 2p + pe" ⋅ p p ⋅ f0 ⋅ pc + pe" ⋅ p 2p = 0
t
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 93
Chapter 3 Design
Section 4 Strength Criteria 3-4
where
3
2⋅ E t
pe" = ⋅
1−υ 2 D
2⋅t
pp = k fab ⋅ SMYS ⋅
D
f0 = out-of-roundness, (Dmax – Dmin)/D, not to be taken less than 0.5 %.
An out-of-roundness higher than 3% is not allowed in the pipe without further analysis considering
collapse under combined loads, propagating buckling and serviceability of the pipe.
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength
E = Young’s Module
ν = Poisson’s ratio
kfab = material resistance de-rating factor due to fabrication
Selection of usage factor η is to be based on uncertainties in load effects, available means to detect
and repair potential local buckles and the control of buckle propagation through use of buckle
arrestors and are to be approved by the Bureau. When available information on load effects is limited,
η is to be set to 0.6.
The material strength in the hoop direction will be influenced by the manufacturing process and if no
test data are available for the hoop strength the following values for the reduction factor are to be
used:
1.00 Seemless and annealed pipes
kfab = 0.93 Welded pipes not expanded, e.g. UO pipes
0.85 Welded and expanded pipes, e.g. UOE pipes
De-rating due UO or UOE may be compensated for by additional heat treatment.
9 Propagating Buckles
During installation or, in rare situations, shutdown of pipelines and risers, local buckles/collapse may
start propagating along the pipe with extreme speed driven by the hydrostatic pressure of seawater.
Buckle arrestors may be used to stop such propagating buckles by confining a buckle/collapse failure
to the interval between arrestors. Buckle arrestors may be designed as devices attached to or welded to
the pipe or they may be joints of thicker pipe. Buckle arrestors will normally be spaced at suitable
intervals along the pipeline for water depths where the external pressure exceeds the propagating
pressure level.
Buckle arrestors are to be used when:
pe – pi ≥ 0.72 ⋅ ppr
where
2.5
2⋅t
ppr = 6 ⋅ SMYS ⋅ , Buckle propagation pressure
D
Buckle arrestors are, when required, to be designed according to recognized codes, such as API RP
1111
94 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 4 Strength Criteria 3-4
11 Fatigue
Pipelines and risers may be subjected to fatigue damage throughout their entire life cycle. The main
causes to fatigue are normally effects of:
Installation;
Startup and shutdown cycles;
Wave and current conditions.
The fatigue life may be predicted using a S-N curve approach and is not to be less than ten times the
design life for the pipeline or riser. This implies for the fatigue equations listed in this Guide that the
maximum allowable damage ratio η is not to be taken higher than 0.1. A value higher than 0.1 may be
accepted if documentation for inspection, improvement in welding, workmanship etc is provided and
accepted by the Bureau.
Typical steps required for fatigue analysis using the S-N approach are outlined below.
i) Estimate long-term stress range distribution;
ii) Select appropriate S-N curve;
iii) Determine stress concentration factor;
iv) Estimate accumulated fatigue damage using Palmgren-Miner’s rule.
Mc
n
D fat = ∑ Nii ≤η
i =1
where
Dfat = accumulated fatigue damage
η = usage factor for allowable damage ratio
Ni = number of cycles to failure at the ith stress range defined by the S-N curve
ni = number of stress cycles with stress range in block i
The maximum allowable damage ratio may be relaxed if detailed analysis based on fracture
mechanics or reliability-based calibration demonstrates that the target safety level is fulfilled with a
higher allowable damage ratio. Also, documentation demonstrating detailed fatigue inspection and
planning may lead to the acceptance of a higher allowable damage ratio. The use of and
documentation for using a higher allowable damage ratio is to be submitted to and approved by the
Bureau.
Whenever possible, S-N curves based on HSE offshore installations: Guidance on Design,
Construction and Certification are to be applied.
Fatigue assessment may be based on nominal stress or hot-spot stress. When the hot spot stress
approach is selected, stress concentration factors due to e.g. misalignment, are to be estimated using
appropriate stress analysis or stress concentration factor equations.
Additional fatigue requirements for design of risers are given in 3-7/9.
13 Out-of-roundness
Out-of-roundness is in this Guide defined as: (Dmax – Dmin)/D. Out-of-roundness may occur in the
manufacturing phase, during transportation, storage installation and operation. Out-of-roundness may
aggravate local buckling or complicate pigging and is to be considered. If excessive cyclic loads is
expected during installation and operation, it is recommended that out-of-roundness due to through-
life cyclic loads be simulated if applicable.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 4 Strength Criteria 3-4
17 Installation
During installation when the pipe is fully supported on the lay vessel, relaxed criteria in form of
maximum allowable strain, e.g., may be applied when documentation for the criteria is submitted and
approved by the bureau.
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CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................... 99
3 In-place Analysis ................................................................... 99
3.1 Parameters and Procedures for In-place Analysis................. 99
3.3 Modal Analysis ..................................................................... 100
3.5 Location Fixity....................................................................... 100
3.7 High Pressure/High Temperature......................................... 100
5 On-bottom Stability ............................................................. 101
5.1 Static Stability Criteria .......................................................... 101
5.3 Dynamic Stability Analysis ................................................... 101
7 Free Spanning Pipeline ....................................................... 102
7.1 Evaluation of Free Spanning Pipelines ................................ 102
9 Upheaval and Lateral Buckling........................................... 103
9.1 Upheaval Buckling................................................................ 103
9.3 Lateral Buckling .................................................................... 104
11 Design for Impact Loads..................................................... 104
11.1 Fishing Gear Loads .............................................................. 104
11.3 Dropped Objects .................................................................. 104
11.5 Anchoring ............................................................................. 104
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CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
This Chapter covers on-bottom stability and global buckling requirements for seabed intervention
design related to pipes. The basic seabed intervention design may be performed using simple design
equations, while more challenging design scenarios often will require a more advanced approach,
such as the finite element method.
3 In-place Analysis
The in-place model is to be able to analyze the in-situ behavior of a pipeline or riser over the through-
life load history. The through-life load history consists of several sequential load cases, such as:
Installation;
Testing (water filling and system pressure test);
Operation (content filling, design pressure, and temperature);
Shut down and cool down cycles;
Storage.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 99
Chapter 3 Design
Section 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention Design 3-5
When applicable, geometrical non-linearity is to be accounted for in the model. The instantaneous
(deformed) state of the structure is to be updated through the analysis. This is especially important
when performing dynamic analysis of pipes subjected to wave loading. By including geometrical non-
linearity in the calculation, a finite element program will use the instantaneous coordinates (instead of
the initial) of the load integration points on the pipe elements when calculating water particle velocity
and acceleration. This ensures that even if some parts of the pipeline undergo extreme lateral
displacements, the correct drag and inertia forces will be calculated on each of the individual pipe
elements that make up the pipeline.
3.3.1
Flexural behavior of the pipeline is modeled considering the bending stiffness and the effect
of axial force.
3.3.2
Effective axial force that governs the bending behavior of the span is to be taken into account.
3.3.3
Interaction between a spanning pipe section and pipe lying on the seabed adjacent to the span
is to be considered.
Due consideration to points 3-5/3.3.1 and 3-5/3.3.2 above is to be given in both single span and
multiple-span modal analyses.
The axial effective force, i.e. the sum of the external forces acting on the pipe is also to be accounted
for. It is noted that the effective force may changes considerably during the various phases of the
design life.
It is important to ensure that a realistic load history is modeled prior to performing the modal
analyses.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention Design 3-5
5 On-bottom Stability
Unless accounted for in the design, pipelines and risers resting on the seabed, trenched or buried are
not to move from their as-installed position under even extreme environmental loads. The lateral
stability of pipelines and risers may in design be assessed using two-dimensional static or three-
dimensional dynamic analysis methods.
The submerged weight of the pipe is to be established based on the on-bottom stability calculations,
which will have a direct impact on the required pipe-lay tensions, installation stresses and pipe
configuration on the sea-bottom.
Properly performed stability analysis performed in accordance with e.g. AGA L51698 will in general
be acceptable to the Bureau.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention Design 3-5
The allowable lateral displacement of pipelines and risers is to be based on factors such as:
Distance from platform or other constraint;
Seabed obstructions;
Width of surveyed corridor;
Significant damage to external coating or anodes due to movement;
Interference with other pipelines or sub-sea installations due to movement;
Change in load condition due to movement;
Change in seabed features in adjacent areas.
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Section 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention Design 3-5
A multiple span analysis may be conducted to take into account the interaction between adjacent
vertical spans, i.e. several spans may respond as a system. The multiple span approach may be
necessary for the vertical mode of vibration where the seabed between adjacent spans form a fixed
point about which the pipeline pivots during the vibration. Alternative methods, such as finite element
analysis, can be employed to accurately estimate structural response due to vortex shedding.
The reduced velocity for vortex-shedding vibrations may be calculated as:
U max
VR =
fn D
where
D = outside diameter of pipe
Umax = maximum velocity determined based on a given return period
Based on the reduced velocity, onset of vortex induced vibrations is to be checked for the various
design conditions (installation, water-filled and operation). Those with the potential of experiencing
significant cross-flow vortex induced vibrations are identified and measures to prevent or limit fatigue
of the pipe are to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
For pipes installed in shallow waters, wave-induced in-line fatigue is to be evaluated. The in-line
motion for a free spanning pipe subjected to wave forces represented by the Morison force, damping
forces and axial forces may be determined using non-linear partial differential equations. The pipe
motion as a function of time and position may be obtained by solving the equation of in-line motion
using modal analysis.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 5 Pipeline Rectification and Intervention Design 3-5
11.5 Anchoring
Design for anchoring is to be conducted accounting for falling frequency, weight and velocity of the
dropped objects. The methods of analysis and acceptance criteria may be similar to those defined for
fishing gear hooking loads.
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CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 Route Selection ................................................................... 107
1.1 Route Survey........................................................................ 107
3 Installation Analysis............................................................ 108
3.1 S-Lay Installation .................................................................. 109
3.3 J-Lay Installation................................................................... 109
3.5 Reel Lay Installation ............................................................. 109
3.7 Installation by Towing........................................................... 109
3.9 Installation of Risers ............................................................. 109
5 Construction ........................................................................ 110
5.1 Construction Procedures...................................................... 110
5.3 Trenching.............................................................................. 110
5.5 Gravel Dumping.................................................................... 110
5.7 Pipeline Cover ...................................................................... 110
5.9 Pipeline Crossings................................................................ 111
5.11 Protection of Valves and Manifolds ...................................... 111
5.13 Shore Pull ............................................................................. 111
5.15 Tie-in..................................................................................... 111
7 System Pressure Testing and Preparation for
Operation ............................................................................. 111
7.1 Testing of Short Sections of Pipe and Fabricated
Components ......................................................................... 111
7.3 Testing After New Construction............................................ 111
7.5 System Pressure Testing ..................................................... 112
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 105
CHAPTER 3 Design
1 Route Selection
When selecting the pipeline route, consideration is to be given to the safety of all parties,
environmental protection, and the likelihood of damage to the pipe or other facilities. Any future
activities in the immediate region of the pipeline are to be accounted for when selecting the route.
In selecting a satisfactory route for an offshore pipeline, a field hazards survey may be performed to
identify potential hazards such as sunken vessels, pilings, wells, geologic and manmade structures,
and other pipelines. Appropriate regulations are to be applied for minimum requirements for
conducting hazard surveys.
The selection of the route is to account for applicable installation methods and is to minimize the
resulting in-place stresses. Special route surveys may be required at landfalls to determine:
Environmental conditions caused by adjacent coastal features;
Location of the landfall to facilitate installation;
Location to minimize environmental impact.
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and Testing 3-6
3 Installation Analysis
An analysis of the pipe-laying operation is to be performed taking into account the geometrical
restraints of the anticipated laying method and lay vessel, as well as the most unfavorable
environmental condition under which laying will proceed. The analysis is to include conditions of
starting and terminating the operation, normal laying, abandonment and retrieval operation, and
pipeline burial. The analysis is to ensure that excessive strain, fracture, local buckling, or damage to
coatings will not occur under the conditions anticipated during the pipe-laying operation.
Strength analysis is to be performed for the pipeline during laying and burial operations and for the
riser during installation. The strength analysis is to account for the combined action of the applied
tension, external pressure, bending and dynamic stresses due to laying motions, when applicable.
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Section 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and Testing 3-6
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Chapter 3 Design
Section 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and Testing 3-6
Requirements for riser installation, e.g. welding and non-destructive testing, are similar to those
described for pipelines.
Upon completion of installation, remotely operated vehicles or diver survey is to be conducted to
confirm the position of the riser relative to the platform and expansion loops.
5 Construction
Pipelines and risers are to be constructed in accordance with written specifications that are consistent
with this Guide. The lay methods described in 3-6/3 and other construction techniques are acceptable
provided the pipeline meets all the criteria defined in this Guide. Plans and specifications are to be
prepared to describe alignment of the pipeline, its design water depth, and trenching depth and other
parameters.
5.3 Trenching
Where trench excavation and mechanical back filling are applied, pipeline, coating and equipment are
to be installed, operated, and removed to prevent damaging.
The standard depth of trenching for pipelines is the depth that will provide 3 feet (0.9 meter) of
elevation differential between the top of the pipe and the average sea bottom. The hazards are to be
evaluated to determine the total depth of trenching in those situations where additional protection is
necessary or mandated.
A post-trenching survey is to be conducted to determine if the required depth has been achieved.
110 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and Testing 3-6
5.15 Tie-in
Tie-in procedures are to be prepared for the lifting of the pipeline/riser section, control of
configuration and alignment, as well as mechanical connector installation. Alignment and position of
the tie-in ends are to be within specified tolerances prior to the tie-in operation.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 111
Chapter 3 Design
Section 6 Routing, Installation, Construction and Testing 3-6
112 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 Scope and Objectives ......................................................... 115
3 Descriptions of Riser System ............................................. 115
5 Design Conditions and Loads ............................................ 116
7 Design Criteria..................................................................... 116
9 Global Response Analysis.................................................. 116
9.1 Analysis Methodology and Procedure.................................. 116
9.3 System Modeling .................................................................. 117
9.5 Static and Dynamic Analysis ................................................ 117
9.7 Fatigue.................................................................................. 118
9.9 Fatigue due to Vortex Induced Vibrations ............................ 119
9.11 First Order Wave Loading Induced Fatigue ......................... 119
9.13 Low Frequent Fatigue Induced by Motion of Floating
Installation ............................................................................ 120
9.15 Other Fatigue Causes .......................................................... 120
11 Riser Components Design.................................................. 120
11.1 Tapered Stress Joints .......................................................... 120
11.3 Flexible Joints....................................................................... 120
11.5 Bend Stiffener....................................................................... 120
11.7 Helical Strakes ..................................................................... 121
11.9 Buoyancy Modules ............................................................... 121
11.11 Riser Support Systems......................................................... 121
11.13 Collision of Risers................................................................. 121
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 113
CHAPTER 3 Design
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 115
Chapter 3 Design
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic Risers 3-7
7 Design Criteria
Additional acceptance criteria such as stated in API RP 2RD are to be considered for risers in addition
to those referenced in Chapter 3, Section 4.
116 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic Risers 3-7
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 117
Chapter 3 Design
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic Risers 3-7
9.7 Fatigue
Riser components may exceed fatigue limit damage, see 3/4.6, due to fluctuations in operational
conditions such as temperature and pressure and due to cyclic environmentally induced loading and
motions. The environmental loading and motions can generally be divided into:
Wave and current vortex induced vibrations;
1st order wave loading and associated motion of the floating installation;
2nd order motion of the floating installation.
118 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic Risers 3-7
In addition to the above causes of fatigue, fatigue analyses are to include all expected cyclic loads
imposed on the riser large enough to cause fatigue damage. The expected loads are to be quantified in
form of both magnitude and number of cycles.
Fatigue may be assessed by recognized analytical methods in conjunction with laboratory testing of
components.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 119
Chapter 3 Design
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic Risers 3-7
120 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 7 Special Considerations for Design of Metallic Risers 3-7
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 121
CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
This Chapter defines the design criteria that are specifically applied to pipe-in-pipe systems. Relevant
failure modes for pipelines, described in Chapter 3, Section 4, are to be considered in the design of
pipe-in-pipe systems.
3 Design Criteria
where
εp" = Longitudinal plastic strain
εph = Plastic hoop strain
εpr = Radial plastic strain
The maximum allowable accumulation of plastic strain is to be based on refined fracture calculations
and is to be submitted for approval by the Bureau.
The inner pipe burst capacity of the pipe-in-pipe system is determined based on the internal pressure,
and local buckling capacity is evaluated based on the outer pipe subjected to the full external pressure.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 123
CHAPTER 3 Design
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................. 127
3 Functional Requirements.................................................... 127
3.1 Design Temperature/pressure.............................................. 127
3.3 Pigging Requirements .......................................................... 127
3.5 Settlement/embedment ........................................................ 127
3.7 System Thermal Requirements............................................ 127
5 Design Criteria for Bundle Systems................................... 128
5.1 Carrier Pipe Design .............................................................. 128
5.3 Wall Thickness Design Criteria ............................................ 128
5.5 On-Bottom Stability Design .................................................. 129
5.7 Free Spans Design............................................................... 129
5.9 Bundle Expansion Design .................................................... 129
5.11 Bundle Protection Design..................................................... 129
5.13 Corrosion Protection Design ................................................ 129
5.15 Bulkheads and Towhead Structure Design.......................... 129
5.17 Bundle Appurtenances Design............................................. 129
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 125
CHAPTER 3 Design
1 General
This Chapter defines the design criteria that are specifically applied to pipeline bundle systems.
Relevant failure modes described in Chapter 3, Section 4, are to be considered in the design of
pipeline bundle system.
3 Functional Requirements
Pipeline bundle systems may be used in applications where pipe insulation is required to avoid
hydrate and wax formation. The product lines, umbilical and insulation are usually enclosed in a
single carrier pipe. The following functional requirements are to be considered:
3.5 Settlement/embedment
Settlement/embedment of the pipeline bundle system is to be taken into account where appropriate.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 127
Chapter 3 Design
Section 9 Special Considerations for Pipeline Bundle Design 3-9
128 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 3 Design
Section 9 Special Considerations for Pipeline Bundle Design 3-9
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 129
Chapter 3 Design
Section 9 Special Considerations for Pipeline Bundle Design 3-9
130 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 4 Inspection and Maintenance
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair ................... 133
1 Inspection ............................................................. 135
3 Maintenance......................................................... 136
5 Pipeline Damages and Repair ............................. 136
7 Pipeline Repair Methods ...................................... 138
SECTION 2 Extension of Use................................................... 139
1 General................................................................. 141
3 Extension of Use .................................................. 141
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 131
CHAPTER 4 Inspection and Maintenance
CONTENTS
1 Inspection ............................................................................ 135
1.1 Inspection and Monitoring Philosophy.................................. 135
1.3 Inspection by Intelligent Pigging........................................... 135
1.5 Monitoring and Control ......................................................... 136
3 Maintenance......................................................................... 136
5 Pipeline Damages and Repair............................................. 136
5.1 Categorization of Damages.................................................. 137
5.3 Damage Assessment ........................................................... 137
7 Pipeline Repair Methods ..................................................... 138
7.1 Conventional Repair Methods .............................................. 138
7.3 Maintenance Repair ............................................................. 138
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 133
CHAPTER 4 Inspection and Maintenance
1 Inspection
1.3.2 Intelligent Pigs for Purposes Other than Metal Loss Detection
Pipe inspection by intelligent pigging can be categorized into the following five groups of
inspection capability:
Crack detection;
Calipering;
Route surveying;
Free-span detection;
Leak detection.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 135
Chapter 4 Inspection and Maintenance
Section 1 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair 4-1
3 Maintenance
The principle function of maintenance is to ensure that the pipeline and riser continue to fulfill their
intended purpose in a safe and reliable way. Their functions and associated standards of performance
are to be the basis for the maintenance objectives.
Maintenance is to be carried out on all pipeline and riser systems, including associated equipment
(e.g. valves, actuators, pig traps, pig signalers and other attachments). Maintenance procedures and
routines may be developed accounting for previous equipment history and performance.
136 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Chapter 4 Inspection and Maintenance
Section 1 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair 4-1
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 137
Chapter 4 Inspection and Maintenance
Section 1 Inspection, Maintenance and Repair 4-1
138 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
CHAPTER 4 Inspection and Maintenance
CONTENTS
1 General................................................................................. 141
3 Extension of Use ................................................................. 141
3.1 Review of Design Documents .............................................. 142
3.3 Inspection ............................................................................. 142
3.5 Strength Analyses ................................................................ 142
3.7 Implementing Repairs/Re-inspection ................................... 142
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 139
CHAPTER 4 Inspection and Maintenance
1 General
This Chapter pertains to obtaining and continuance of classification/certification of existing pipelines
beyond the design life. The classification/certification requires special considerations with respect to
the review, surveys and strength analyses in order to verify the adequacy of the pipeline for its
intended services.
3 Extension of Use
To establish if an existing pipeline is suitable for extended service, the following is to be considered:
Review original design documentation, plans, structural modification records and survey
reports;
Survey pipeline, riser and structures to establish condition;
Review the results of the in-place analysis utilizing results of survey, original plans,
specialized geotechnical and oceanographic reports and proposed modifications which affect
the dead, live, environmental and earthquake loads, if applicable, on the pipeline;
Re-survey the pipeline utilizing results from strength analysis. Make any alterations necessary
for extending the service of the pipeline;
Review a program of continuing surveys to assure the continued adequacy of the pipeline.
The first two items are to assess the pipeline to determine the possibility of continued use. In-place
analyses may be utilized to identify the areas most critical for inspection at the re-survey.
Fatigue life is sensitive to the waves encountered during the past service and future prediction, and
long-term environmental data is to be properly represented. Should any area be found to be deficient,
then these areas require strengthening in order to achieve the required fatigue life. Otherwise,
inspection programs are to be developed in order to monitor these areas on a periodical basis.
Fatigue analysis will not be required if the following conditions are satisfied:
The original fatigue analysis indicates that the fatigue lives of all joints are sufficient to cover
the extension of use;
The fatigue environmental data used in the original fatigue analysis remain valid or deemed to
be more conservative;
Cracks are not found during the re-survey or damaged joints and members are being repaired;
Marine growth and corrosion is found to be within the allowable design limits.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 141
Chapter 4 Inspection and Maintenance
Section 2 Extension of Use 4-2
Surveys, as described in Chapter 1, Section 8, are to be undertaken on a periodic basis to ascertain the
satisfactory condition of the pipeline. Additional surveys may be required for pipe systems having
unique features.
3.3 Inspection
Inspection of an existing pipeline, witnessed and monitored by a Bureau Surveyor, is necessary to
determine a base condition upon which justification of continued service can be made. Reports of
previous inspection and maintenance will be reviewed, an inspection procedure developed, and a
complete underwater inspection required to assure that an accurate assessment of the pipeline's
condition is obtained.
The corrosion protection system is to be re-evaluated to ensure that existing anodes are capable of
serving the extended design life of the pipe system. If found necessary, replacement of the existing
anodes or installation of additional new anodes is to be carried out. If the increase in hydrodynamic
loads due to the addition of new anodes is significant, this additional load is to be taken into account
in the strength analysis. The condition of protective coatings for risers in the splash zone is to be
rectified in satisfactory condition.
142 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Limit State Design Principles ............................... 145
1 Limit State Design ................................................ 145
SECTION 2 Classes for Containment, Location, Material
Quality and Safety................................................. 147
1 Classification of Containment............................... 149
3 Classification of Location ..................................... 149
5 Classification of Material Quality .......................... 150
7 Classification of Safety......................................... 151
SECTION 3 Limit State for Bursting ........................................ 153
1 Hoop Stress Criteria ............................................. 153
3 System Pressure Test.......................................... 153
SECTION 4 Limit State for Local Buckling.............................. 155
1 Maximum Allowable Moment ............................... 157
3 Effects of Manufacturing Process ........................ 159
5 Usage Factors ...................................................... 159
7 Condition Load Factors ........................................ 159
SECTION 5 Limit State for Fracture of Girth Weld Crack-like
Defects................................................................... 161
1 Possible Cracks in Girth Weld.............................. 163
3 Fracture of Cracked Girth Welds ......................... 164
5 Fatigue Crack Propagation .................................. 165
SECTION 6 Limit State for Fatigue .......................................... 167
1 Fatigue Assessment Based on S-N Curves......... 169
3 Fatigue Assessment Based on ∆ε-N Curves ....... 170
5 Fatigue Assessment Based on Fracture
Mechanics ............................................................ 170
SECTION 7 Limit State for Ratcheting/Out-of-roundness...... 171
SECTION 8 Finite Element Analysis of Local Strength .......... 173
1 Modeling of Geometry and Boundary
Conditions ............................................................ 175
3 Mesh Density........................................................ 175
5 Material................................................................. 176
7 Loads and Load Sequence .................................. 176
9 Validation.............................................................. 176
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 143
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 145
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
CONTENTS
1 Classification of Containment ............................................ 149
3 Classification of Location ................................................... 149
5 Classification of Material Quality........................................ 150
7 Classification of Safety ....................................................... 151
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 147
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
This Appendix recommends Limit State design factors reflecting appropriate safety levels,
containment hazard levels, consequences of failure related to life, environment and business together
with uncertainties related to material resistance and loads acting on the pipe. The recommended
factors will be applicable for most pipeline and riser designs, but where this Appendix is deemed
inadequate, the establishment of alternative safety factors is to be verified by the Bureau.
1 Classification of Containment
The containment being transported is to be identified and categorized according to A1-2/Table 1.
TABLE 1
Classification of Containment
Category Description
A Contents in form of gases and/or liquids that at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure
are non-flammable and non-toxic. Examples: water, water-based fluids, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, argon and air.
B Contents in form of gases and/or liquids that at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure
are flammable, toxic and/or could lead to environmental pollution if released. Examples: oil,
petroleum products, toxic liquids, hydrogen, natural gas, ethane, ethylene, ammonia, chlorine,
liquefied petroleum gas (such as propane and butane), natural gas liquids etc.
If the containment being carried is not among the gases or liquids mentioned in A1-2/Table 1, it is to
be classified in the category containing substances most similar in hazard potential to those quoted. If
any doubt arises as to the contents being transported, hazardous classification B is to be assumed.
3 Classification of Location
The pipeline system is to be classified into location classes as defined in A1-2/Table 2.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 149
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 2 Classification of Containment, Location, Material Quality and Safety A1-2
TABLE 2
Classification of Location
Zone Description
1 Areas where infrequent human activity is anticipated (to be documented).
2 Areas adjacent to manned platforms and areas where frequent human activity is anticipated.
The tensile and Charpy V-notch impact properties are to be in accordance with relevant specifications,
such as API SPEC 5L or ISO3183 1~3. Tensile properties of the linepipe are to be tested in both
transverse and longitudinal directions, while Charpy V-notch samples are to be tested only in the
transverse direction.
Materials are to exhibit fracture toughness that is satisfactory for the intended application, as
supported by previous satisfactory service experience or appropriate toughness tests. Where the
presence of ice is judged as a significant environmental factor, material selection may require special
consideration.
The following requirements with respect to the definition of Specified Minimum Yield Strength and
Specified Minimum Tensile Strength in the circumferential direction are to be fulfilled:
SMYS < (mean – 2*Standard Deviations) of yield stress;
SMTS < (mean – 3*Standard Deviations) of tensile stress.
The material yield stress and tensile stress are to be obtained through testing at relevant temperatures
and test results submitted to the Bureau.
Material anisotropy is defined by the ratio between material properties in the transverse direction and
those in the longitudinal direction, and are, where appropriate, to be accounted for in the strength
calculations.
For pipelines and risers or sections of these to be operated at temperatures above 50°C (120°F),
appropriate material resistance de-rating factors are to be established and applied to the specified
minimum yield and tensile strength.
For linepipes manufactured by the UO or UOE method, the influence of the manufacturing process on
the yield stress is to be accounted for in the design. If the material’s specified minimum yield stress is
less than 70 ksi, the values given in 3-4/7 may be used, otherwise the influence of the manufacturing
process is to be based on testing.
150 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 2 Classification of Containment, Location, Material Quality and Safety A1-2
7 Classification of Safety
The definition of safety classes used in this Appendix is in accordance with A1-2/Table 4.
TABLE 4
Definition of Safety Classes
Safety Class Description
Low Failure implies no risk to human safety and only limited environmental damage and economic
losses.
Normal Failure implies negligible risk to human safety and only minor damage to the environment, but
may imply certain economic losses.
High Failure implies risk to the total safety of the system so as to human safety and environmental
pollution. High economic losses may apply.
For normal use, the safety classes in A1-2/Table 5 to A1-2/Table 7 apply. Other safety classification
may be justified based on the design target reliability level of the pipeline, but are in such cases to be
submitted for approval by the Bureau.
TABLE 5
Classification of Safety Classes
Pipelines and Risers Attached to Fixed Platforms
Content Category A Content Category B
Load Condition
Location Zone 1 Location Zone 2 Location Zone 1 Location Zone 2
Temporary Low Low Low Low
Operational Low Normal Normal High
Abnormal Low Normal Low Normal
TABLE 6
Classification of Riser Safety Classes
(Risers Connected to Floating Installations)
Content Category A Content Category B
Load Condition
Location Zone 1 Location Zone 2 Location Zone 1 Location Zone 2
Temporary N/A Low N/A Normal
Operational N/A Normal N/A High
Abnormal N/A Normal N/A Normal
TABLE 7
Classification of Safety Classes for Bundles
Pipes Launch & Installation Operation
Flowlines Low Normal
Heat-Up Lines Low Low
Carrier pipe and Sleeve Normal Low
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 151
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 153
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
CONTENTS
1 Maximum Allowable Moment.............................................. 157
3 Effects of Manufacturing Process...................................... 159
5 Usage Factors...................................................................... 159
7 Condition Load Factors ...................................................... 159
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 155
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Local buckling may occur due to excessive bending combined pressure and longitudinal force. The
failure mode will be a combination of local yielding and flattening/local buckling and mainly depends
on the diameter to wall thickness ratio, load condition, and local imperfections in material and
geometry. Initial out-of-roundness is the only local imperfection accounted for in the equations
presented in this Appendix. The formulas in this section are applicable to diameter to thickness ratios
between 10 and 60. For pipes of larger D/t ratio, the use of the moment criterion is subject to the
approval of the Bureau. The criteria will be applicable to steel pipes, but may be applied to titanium
pipes provided an equivalent SMYS is defined as the minimum of SMYS and SMTS/1.3.
D
M " = 1.05 − 0.0015 ⋅ ⋅ SMYS ⋅ D 2 ⋅ t
t
where
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength in longitudinal direction at design
temperature
D = average diameter
t = wall thickness
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 157
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 4 Limit State for Local Buckling A1-4
158 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 4 Limit State for Local Buckling A1-4
π ⋅ D 2 pc
α= ⋅ , for external overpressure;
4 F"
π ⋅ D 2 pb
α= ⋅ , for internal overpressure.
4 F"
5 Usage Factors
Usage factors ηR are listed in A1-4/Table 1
TABLE 1
Usage Factors
Usage Factors ηRP ηRF ηRM
Low 0.95 0.90 0.80
Normal 0.93 0.85 0.73
High 0.90 0.80 0.65
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 159
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
CONTENTS
1 Possible Cracks in Girth Weld............................................ 163
3 Fracture of Cracked Girth Welds........................................ 164
3.1 Level 1 Assessment – Workmanship Standards.................. 164
3.3 Level 2 Assessment – Alternative Acceptance
Standards ............................................................................. 164
3.5 Level 3 Assessment – Detailed Analysis ............................. 164
5 Fatigue Crack Propagation ................................................. 165
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 161
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Fracture in welds due to tensile strain is normally evaluated in accordance with a recognized
assessment method based on the failure assessment diagram, which combines the two potential failure
modes: brittle fracture and plastic collapse. This Section may be applied to define acceptance criteria
for inspection of girth welds.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 163
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 5 Limit State for Fracture of Girth Weld Crack-like Defects A1-5
164 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 5 Limit State for Fracture of Girth Weld Crack-like Defects A1-5
The critical stress levels with respect to failure (e.g. fracture, plastic collapse of remaining ligament)
can be obtained from Failure Assessment Diagram analysis, for the different pipelines as a function of
the degree of corrosion wall-thickness reduction. The corresponding critical strain level is estimated
using the Ramberg-Osgood curve for the stress-strain relationship.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 165
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
CONTENTS
1 Fatigue Assessment Based on S-N Curves....................... 169
3 Fatigue Assessment Based on ∆ε-N Curves ..................... 170
5 Fatigue Assessment Based on Fracture Mechanics......... 170
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 167
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Risers, unsupported pipeline spans, welds, J-lay collars, buckle arrestors, riser touchdown points and
flex-joints, are to be assessed for fatigue. Potential cyclic loading that can cause fatigue damage
includes vortex-induced-vibrations, wave-induced hydrodynamic loads, floating installation
movements and cyclic pressure and thermal expansion loads. The fatigue life is defined as the time it
takes to develop a through-wall-thickness crack.
Fatigue analysis and design can be conducted using:
S-N approach for high cycle fatigue (and low cycle fatigue of girth welds may be checked
based on ∆ε-N curves.);
Fracture mechanics approach;
Hybrid approach (Combination of S-N and fracture mechanics approaches).
It is recommended that S-N approach be prioritized for design purpose. The fracture mechanics
approach is recommended for assessments or reassessments and establishment of inspection criteria. It
should be noted that the S-N approach and fracture mechanics approach should produce very similar
results. Different acceptance criteria could be applied for different approach. In general, design life
criteria should be adopted when using the S-N approach, while through-thickness crack criteria are to
be applied for the fracture mechanics approach. In order to achieve a consistent safety level, it might
be necessary to calibrate the initial crack size in the fracture mechanics approach against the S-N
approach.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 169
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 6 Limit State for Fatigue A1-6
The S-N curves to be used for fatigue life calculation may be defined by the following formula:
log N – log a – m⋅log∆σ
where N is the allowable stress cycle numbers; a and m are parameters defining the curves, which are
dependant on the material and structural detail. ∆σ is the stress range including the effect of stress
concentration.
Multiple linear S-N curves in logarithmic scale may be applicable. Each linear curve may then be
expressed as the above equation.
The fatigue damage may be based on the accumulation law by Palmgren-Miner:
Mc
n
D fat = ∑ Nii ≤η
i =1
where
Dfat = accumulated fatigue damage
η = allowable damage ratio, to be taken in accordance to 3-4/11
Ni = number of cycles to failure at the ith stress range defined by the S-N curve
ni = number of stress cycles with stress range in block i
170 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
The pipeline out-of-roundness is related to the maximum and minimum pipe diameters (Dmax and
Dmin) measured from different positions around the sectional circumference according to:
Dmax − Dmin
f0 =
D
Out-of-roundness introduced during manufacturing, storage and transportation is generally not to
exceed 0.75%. For design the initial out-of-roundness is not to be assumed less than 0.50%.
The out-of-roundness of the pipe may increase where the pipe is subject to reverse bending and the
effect of this on subsequent straining is to be considered. For a typical pipeline the following
scenarios will influence the out-of-roundness:
Reverse inelastic bending during installation;
Cyclic bending due to shutdowns in operation if global buckling is allowed to relieve
temperature and pressure induced compressive forces.
Critical point loads may arise at free-span shoulders, artificial supports and support settlement.
Out-of-roundness accumulative through the life cycle is, if applicable, to be found from ratcheting
analysis. Out-of-roundness is not to exceed 2% unless:
Effect of out-of-roundness on moment capacity and strain criteria is included;
Requirements for pigging and other pipe run tools are met.
Ratcheting is described in general terms as signifying incremental plastic deformation under cyclic
loads in pipelines subject to high pressure and high temperatures. The effect of ratcheting on out-of-
roundness and local buckling is to be considered.
A simplified code check of ratcheting is that the equivalent plastic strain is not to exceed 0.1%, as
defined based on elastic-perfectly-plastic material and assuming that the reference state for zero strain
is the as-built state after mill pressure testing.
The finite element method may be applied to quantify the amount of deformation induced by
ratcheting during the life cycle of a pipeline or riser.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 171
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
CONTENTS
1 Modeling of Geometry and Boundary Conditions............. 175
3 Mesh Density ....................................................................... 175
5 Material................................................................................. 176
7 Loads and Load Sequence ................................................. 176
9 Validation ............................................................................. 176
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 173
APPENDIX 1 Limit State Design Criteria
If adequate documentation is presented, alternative methods for estimating the strength capacity of
pipes subjected to combined loads may be accepted for installation and seabed intervention design.
An important tool is the finite element method, which allows the designer to model the geometry,
material properties and imperfections such as out-of-roundness, field joints, attachments and corrosion
defects and thereafter estimate the maximum strength for a given load scenario. Another important
issue is the effect of cyclic loads. Cyclic loads may aggravate/increase imperfections and fatigue
damage, which may end up reducing the design life.
3 Mesh Density
The mesh density generally depends on the selected element definition and detail level of the analysis.
Selection of element definition and mesh density/distribution is generally to be based on engineering
experience, but it is recommended that sensitivity studies be performed to demonstrate the adequacy
of the chosen mesh. This exercise will normally be a part of the verification procedure for the model.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 175
Appendix 1 Limit State Design Criteria
Section 8 Finite Element Analysis of Local Strength A1-8
5 Material
The material input to Finite Element Software is to be based on the software used and the problem to
be solved. For pure elastic analysis it will normally be enough to describe the material characteristic
in the form of the modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio, while for analysis including material non-
linearity it will be necessary to include a description of the material’s plastic behavior. It is here
important to notice that finite element programs might use either a true stress-strain or engineering
stress-strain relationship.
It is important to consider if residual stresses in the material are to be included in the model. For
pipelines, residual stresses in both longitudinal and hoop directions might be introduced through the
forming process or by seam welding. Effects of these residual stresses are in general considered
negligible for pipeline analysis, but practice has demonstrated that this is not always the case.
When cyclic inelastic loading is to be modeled, a nonlinear combined isotropic and kinematic material
model may be applied. This material model will also be applicable for low cycle fatigue studies.
9 Validation
Finite element models and other analysis models in general, are to be validated against appropriate
mechanical tests and the validation approved by the Bureau before they are used in design.
176 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
APPENDIX 2 Structural Reliability Analysis
CONTENTS
1 Structural Reliability............................................................ 179
3 Reliability-Based Design..................................................... 179
5 Limit State Function ............................................................ 180
7 Calculation of Failure Probability....................................... 180
7.1 Analytical Approach.............................................................. 180
7.3 Simulation Methods .............................................................. 180
9 Uncertainty Measures ......................................................... 180
9.1 Classification of Uncertainties .............................................. 180
9.3 Selection of Distribution Functions ....................................... 181
9.5 Determination of Statistical Values ...................................... 181
11 Calibration of Safety Factors .............................................. 181
11.1 Target Reliability Levels ....................................................... 181
13 Reliability-based Inspection Planning ............................... 182
13.1 Inspection Planning for Corrosion Defects........................... 182
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 177
APPENDIX 2 Structural Reliability Analysis
This Appendix presents guidelines on reliability-based limit-state design, which are to be used in
design and re-qualification of pipelines. The methodology for reliability analysis, uncertainty
measures, target reliability levels, calibration of safety factors, inspection and updating are
summarized.
1 Structural Reliability
As an alternative to the Working Stress Design format specified and used in this Guide, a recognized
structural reliability-based design method may be applied provided that:
Approach is demonstrated to provide adequate safety for familiar cases;
Suitably competent and qualified engineers perform the structural reliability analysis and
extension into new areas of application is supported by technical verification.
Structural reliability methods consider limit-state functions in conjunction with available information
of the involved variables and their associated uncertainties. The reliability, as assessed by reliability
methods, is not an objective physical property of the pipeline in the given operational and
environmental conditions, but rather a nominal measure of the reliability and analysis procedure
applied.
A structural reliability analysis is only one part of a total safety concept, as gross errors are not
included.
Target reliabilities are to be met in reliability-based design to ensure that a required safety level is
achieved.
3 Reliability-Based Design
In principle, reliability-based design of offshore pipelines involves the following aspects:
Identification of failure modes for specified design scenarios;
Definition of design formats and Limit State Functions;
Uncertainty measurements of all random variables used in Limit State Functions;
Calculation of failure probability;
Determination of target reliability levels;
Calibration of safety factors for design;
Evaluation of design results.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 179
Appendix 2 Structural Reliability Analysis A2
9 Uncertainty Measures
Failure probability is evaluated based on uncertainties of the random variables used in Limit State
Functions. Uncertainty measures are a critical and fundamental step in structural reliability analysis.
The major steps involved in the uncertainty evaluation includes the following:
Classification of uncertainties;
Selection of distribution functions;
Determination of statistical values used to define the random variables.
180 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 2 Structural Reliability Analysis A2
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 181
Appendix 2 Structural Reliability Analysis A2
Target reliability levels may be specified by the Operator guided by authority requirements, design
philosophy and risk attitude.
182 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
APPENDIX 3 Risk Management
CONTENTS
1 Hazard Identification ........................................................... 185
3 Criticality Ranking ............................................................... 185
5 Risk Estimation ................................................................... 186
5.1 Frequency Analysis .............................................................. 186
5.3 Consequence Analysis......................................................... 186
7 Human and Organizational Factors.................................... 186
7.1 Quality Assurance ................................................................ 187
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 183
APPENDIX 3 Risk Management
The objectives of risk analysis are to identify and quantify all reasonably expected hazards to Health,
Safety and Environment in design, construction, installation and operation of a pipeline. Results of
risk analyses can be used in a decision-making process and can aid in localizing the most beneficial
risk-reduction measures.
Risk Management is a management decision making process that includes the identification and
analysis of risks, evaluation of alternative measures to control risks and subsequent assessment of
performance.
A risk analysis is to be performed, at least at an overall level, to identify critical scenarios that may
jeopardize the safety and reliability of a pipeline system. Other methodologies for identification of
potential hazards are failure mode and effect analysis, and hazard and operability studies.
Special attention is to be given to areas close to installations or shore approaches where there is
frequent human activity, and thus a greater likelihood for consequence and damage to the pipeline.
This also includes areas where pipelines are installed parallel to existing pipelines.
1 Hazard Identification
Any hazard that is found to introduce risk into the pipeline system, and is also deemed to be within
the stated outline of the risk analysis, is to be identified and discussed to the level of detail required by
the risk analysis.
Three methods can be used for the identification of hazards:
Reviewing historical data and past experience of similar circumstances;
Employing structured methods, such as hazard and operability studies and failure modes and
effects analysis;
Utilizing methods that provide a logical pathway to translate different release or initiating
events into possible outcomes, such as event tree analysis and fault tree analysis.
3 Criticality Ranking
By definition, risk is increased when either the probability of the event increases or when the
magnitude of the consequence increases. To provide an indication of the criticality ranking, the
following factors are assessed:
Annual probability and scale of release incidents;
Probability of casualty per release incident;
Number of potential casualties per release incident;
Potential extent of environmental damage per release incident.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 185
Appendix 3 Risk Management A3
5 Risk Estimation
Risk estimation involves combining the results of frequency and consequence analyses to produce a
measure of the risk. The appropriate method is dependent upon the objectives of the risk analysis.
Methods that can meet specific objectives include:
Risk matrix methods, in which frequency and consequences are expressed in qualitative terms
and combined in a two-dimensional matrix;
Risk index methods, in which points are assigned for specific characteristics related to
frequency and consequences and are combined according to arithmetical rules;
Quantitative risk analysis methods, in which frequency and consequences are estimated
quantitatively and combined on an arithmetical or statistical basis.
Outputs from matrix or index methods provide a relative measure of risk and can be used to provide a
qualitative or semi-qualitative analysis of risk. Quantitative risk estimates provide absolute measures
of risk by combining numerical estimates of frequencies, probabilities and consequence in a
mathematically rigorous fashion.
186 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 3 Risk Management A3
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 187
APPENDIX 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent
and Crack-like Defects
CONTENTS
SECTION 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment ............................. 191
1 Scope of the Assessment .................................... 193
3 Corrosion Defect Inspection................................. 193
5 Corrosion Defect Measurements ......................... 194
7 Corrosion Defect Growth...................................... 194
9 CO2 Corrosion Rate Estimate .............................. 195
11 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for
Corroded Pipes .................................................... 195
13 Maximum Allowable Moment ............................... 196
SECTION 2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for
Dented Pipes ......................................................... 201
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 189
APPENDIX 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent
and Crack-like Defects
CONTENTS
1 Scope of the Assessment ................................................... 193
3 Corrosion Defect Inspection............................................... 193
5 Corrosion Defect Measurements........................................ 194
7 Corrosion Defect Growth .................................................... 194
9 CO2 Corrosion Rate Estimate ............................................. 195
11 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Corroded
Pipes .................................................................................... 195
13 Maximum Allowable Moment.............................................. 196
13.1 Calculation 1:........................................................................ 197
13.3 Calculation 2:........................................................................ 197
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 191
APPENDIX 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent
and Crack-like Defects
This Appendix defines strength criteria that may be used for corrosion allowance design and
assessment of corroded and dented pipes and girth weld defects.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 193
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment A4-1
where L and L0 are defect lengths at the present time and the time T later.
The corrosion rate is to be based on relevant service data or laboratory tests.
194 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment A4-1
where the temperature Tmp is to be given in °C, and the partial pressure pCO2 of CO2 in bar. The
partial pressure pCO2 can be found by:
pCO2 = nCO2 ⋅ popr
where nCO2 is the fraction of CO2 in the gas phase, and popr is the operating pressure in bar.
The mass transfer rate Vm is approximated by:
U 0.8
V m = 2.45 ⋅ ⋅ pCO2
d 0.2
where U is the liquid flow velocity in m/s and d is the inner diameter in meters.
where
MAOP = maximum allowable operating pressure
pburst = internal overpressure at burst
D = average diameter
t = wall thickness measurement
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 195
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment A4-1
Note:
1 Safety classes are in accordance to Appendix 1, Section 3.
2 Load factors and condition load factors are in accordance to A1-2/3.
196 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment A4-1
π ⋅ D 2 p"
α= ⋅
4 F"
For extreme pressure and/or axial force conditions, it is advised that this factor be verified by finite
element analysis.
13.1 Calculation 1:
π (1 − ∆ )
If β ≥
1 + k1 (1 + ∆ )
then δ1 = 1, δ2 = -1, δ3 = 1, δ4 =1, δ5 = -1
else δ1 = k1, δ2 = 1, δ3 = -1, δ4 = k1, δ5 = -k1
13.3 Calculation 2:
π (1 + ∆ )
If β ≥
1 + k1 (1 − ∆ )
then δ1 = -1, δ2 = 1, δ3 = 1, δ4 =1, δ5 = 1
else δ1 = -k1, δ2 = -1, δ3 = -1, δ4 = k1, δ5 = k1
where
MAll = allowable bending moment
p = pressure acting on the pipe
F = longitudinal force acting on the pipe
D = average diameter
t = wall thickness
d = defect depth
ψ = angle from bending plane to plastic neutral axis
ki = constant
α = strength anisotropy factor
β = half the defect width
δi = constants
γC = condition load factor
ηR = strength usage factor, in accordance with A4/Table 2.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 197
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment A4-1
The moment M", which is the moment capacity in pure bending, may be calculated as:
D
M " = 1.05 − 0.0015 ⋅ ⋅ SMYS ⋅ D 2 ⋅ t
t
where
D = average diameter
t = wall thickness
SMYS = specified Minimum Yield Strength in longitudinal direction
The longitudinal force F" may be estimated as:
F" =0.5(SMYS + SMTS)(π – (1 – k1)β )Dt
where
D = average diameter
t = wall thickness
β = half of the corrosion defect angle
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength in longitudinal direction
SMTS = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength in longitudinal direction
k1 = constant given in A4-1/13
The pressure p" is for external overpressure conditions equal to the pipe collapse pressure and may be
calculated based on:
D
p"3 − pe" p"2 − p 2p + pe" p p f0 p" + pe" p 2p = 0
t
cor
where
3
2E t cor
pe" =
(1 − ν 2 ) D
2 t cor
pp = η fab SMYS
D
tcor = minimum measured wall thickness including proper reduction factor accounting
for inaccuracy in measurement method
f0 = initial out-of-roundness (1), (Dmax – Dmin)/D
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength in hoop direction
E = Young’s Module
ν = Poisson’s ratio
kfab = fabrication de-rating factor given in 3-4/7
Notes:
1 Out-of-roundness caused during the construction phase is to be included, but not flattening due to
external water pressure or bending in as-laid position. Increased out-of-roundness due to installation and
cyclic operating loads may aggravate local buckling and are to be considered. Here it is recommended
that out-of-roundness, due to through life loads, be simulated using finite element analysis.
198 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 1 Corrosion Defect Assessment A4-1
For internal overpressure conditions, the pressure p" is equal to the burst pressure, which may be
found as:
d
1−
2t t
p" = 0.5 (SMYS + SMTS )
D 1 − d
(
t 1 + 0.8 L Dt )
2
where
D = average diameter
t = wall thickness measurement
d = depth of corrosion defect, not to exceed 0.8 × t
L = measured length of corrosion depth
SMYS = Specified Minimum Yield Strength in hoop direction
SMTS = Specified Minimum Tensile Strength in hoop direction
Load factors and condition load factors are to be taken in accordance with A1-2/3, and resistance
factors ηR are listed in A1-4/Table 1.
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 199
APPENDIX 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent
and Crack-like Defects
The determination of maximum allowable operating pressure for a dented pipe with cracks is given in
the following.
Maximum allowable operating pressure may be calculated as:
t
P = 2 ⋅σ ⋅ ⋅η
D
where the usage factor η may be taken as 0.72 and the critical stress at failure σ is given by:
2⋅σp 2
π ⋅ K mat
σ= ⋅ cos−1 exp − 2
π Y ⋅ 8 ⋅ a ⋅ σ2p
The plastic failure stress σp of may be taken as:
t−a
σp = σ f ⋅
a
t−
1 + 0.8( L Dt ) 2
where
D = average pipe diameter
t = pipe wall thickness
L = length of dent
a = maximum depth of pipe wall thickness defect
and σf is the flow stress, here defined as the mean value of Specified Minimum Yield and Tensile
Strength.
Pipe toughness is measured in terms of the Charpy energy Cv. This measure is a qualitative measure
for pipe toughness and has no theoretical relation with the fracture toughness parameter, Kmat.
Therefore it is necessary to use an empirical relationship between Kmat and Cv which can be taken as:
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 201
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Dented Pipes A4-2
E
2
K mat = 1000 (CV − 17.6)
A
where
Kmat = material toughness (N/mm3/2)
Cv = Charpy energy (J)
where
a
M1 = 1.13 − 0.09
c
0.89
M2 = − 0.54 +
0.2 + (a / c )
24
1 a
M3 = 0.5 − + 141 −
0.65 + (a / c ) c
a
2
g = 1 + 0.1 + 0.35 (1 − sin φ)2
t
where
φ = parametric angle of the elliptical-crack
The function fφ, an angular function from the embedded elliptical-crack solution is:
1/ 4
a 2
f φ = cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ
c
202 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 4 Assessment of Corrosion, Dent and Crack-like Defects
Section 2 Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure for Dented Pipes A4-2
H = H1 + (H 2 − H1 )sin p φ
where
a a
p = 0.2 + + 0.6
c t
a a a
H1 = 1 − 0.34 − 0.11
t c t
2
a a
H2 = 1 + G1 + G2
t t
and
a
G1 = − 1.22 − 0.12
c
0.75 1.5
a a
G2 = 0.55 − 1.05 + 0.47
c c
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 203
APPENDIX 5 References by Organization
Standards/codes acceptable to the Bureau are not limited to the following references.
When updates of the referenced documents are available these are as far as possible to be used.
Which standards/codes to be followed during design, manufacturing, transportation, storage,
installation, system testing, operation, amendment, decommission etc. is generally to follow
international agreements and be agreed upon between Local Authorities, Owners, Operators, Clients
and Contractors.
The Bureau claims the right to reject documents, procedures etc. where standards/codes are judged
misused e.g. by “shopping around”.
ABS ABS Plaza, 16855 Northchase Drive,
American Bureau of Shipping Houston, TX 77060, USA
Code No. Year/Edition Title
1996 Rules for Building and Classing Single Point Moorings
1997 Rules for Building and Classing Offshore Installations
2000 Guide for Building and Classing Floating Production Installations
2001 Rules for Building and Classing Steel Vessels
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 205
Appendix 5 References by Organization A5
206 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001
Appendix 5 References by Organization A5
HSE
Health and Safety Executive UK
Code No. Year/Edition Title
Z662-99 1990 Offshore Installations: Guidance on Design, Construction and Certification
ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001 207
Appendix 5 References by Organization A5
208 ABS GUIDE FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING SUBSEA PIPELINE SYSTEMS AND RISERS 2001