Dr.

Divakarla Venkctovodhont

esh Sahitya Akademi

Saifabad : : Hyderabad-s

~.;).;)~oJQ

L,

OS~.oeJgs ~eJJKJ
N»"

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~

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: ?i'·"ec)0"l~~_4
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004

gp blP-gJ"15J, -~"it5U"~15J_eOO q.._. 0....,.,.-...,..

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Lcs tEl cj~ (:!,t5:l

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e:9;:S.Jf\o~;:sa.

30 6'rIleJ'el~
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Q

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e:9~Y",~i'\"tD
O)J"'>

~Gl:; e)'~ Lo:J'>~;S~ 5og'~o~;jas-06:l. g e»

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o:J"S;;5;S-G6tf g€).)t1-)

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e>J

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r\) ~

g)

~)":).3
~ ~ o').p

OJ":::3@
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o:D-o~.l.,:5a~

e:9~o:'DJ

:dO).:srs~~:;i)..)
e:9;;l tf

l0'045
~~

l!J"Cfu-Oa3:6o:'DJ.

e:9~ Q" g) 7\"t\)

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;J 0 ;:"0'<>

cJ -cpr_)).

~t:Y"'Se)®.;).),)e:r1i rrCSscJ;iJw7\"

V"1Pe)v1l e:B1.T"6.iS'cWY" ;;:)~)el~.~k0?~

r1"~oi:)i;:P:i).

;;Sc5~~6.;,)_lCd

~5§

~Jo;;J6-~·1Bl"'o §-tic3J
GO"

~:,r-..~S;;:'0Je)J
p;?~~ ~o~ ~

~6o:feJ"~e)5·~.C')J c5.:J~S:\.)J.
~~
gv,_)«)

Elo6:l~)
-B1f;5.).)e')vll

5\0 (~~

e:9;;:)t;r";JT'i""5

6;;;:);:;:roS;j~e.D OJ>6)o~tD.
e:9S"" c:t;

e:B;00[jo,:sg) i::J"rDo~tD.

OJ"b 6,:s<;S~\J ..:5c5~~

~WX:J

;;Jcc!~e>e5'-a

~":X)

e:!l0KC'"~Se.\).
()JJ'"C

bJ srs 5!f,;i) e:s 0 A tf 8 0 {)

e:9S-OQ~,\J 50

~.E.~~ ~~
6l'~eJ,). ~ ~

o,» ~J;0
-'"

CC". e:9~Y"~7\"M

;;:)(AA";0 S' \~ es
eJ
'-

;;:l-g-o ~§
"---

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0~

rrscr-o~
q;))

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sJ-o t~ I OJO~ "y"t\) .

;;ltDJ

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So:'DJeo

srs ;;5Co_'" ~§

I oJ" ~ L
o..l._,-O ~

~ ~l ~);j
~

tf;;:))J

..:5tfo-IT" 5o;5~X;j~Xelc5l~

~~.~~J~lN"d.;0J.

~ C0 '" ~ [)

0"" ~

c5.J es e= <0

s-oo!J6 eti

fOR.EWORD
This book is intended for non- Telugu people to learn literary Telugu in about thirty days. Spoken dialect or Vyavaharika Bhasha, as far as Telugu is concerned, differs from region to region and sometimes fcrm District to District also. Non- Telugu people who learn the spoken Telugu may get confused when they find different forms of the same word used in different places. Moreover they may not be able to follow and understand the literary dialect found in some books and in poetical work.s. Literary Telugu on the contrary, does not change whenever and by whomsoever it is written. By learning it non- Telugu people can read and enjoy classical works including poetry also, if they so desire. It is not easy for anybody to understand literary Telugu if they learn the spoken dialect alone but people who learn literary Telugu do not find it difficult to follow the spoken tongue. Non- Telugu people do not have th e occasion of speaking to the Telugu people frequently as they live in non- Telugu areas. They have entirely to depend upon the books for improving their knowledge of Telugu. Of course there are now many newspapers, stories, novels and other books that are written in the spoken language but even in them the forms of words will be varying and confuse the non- Telugu readers. This difficulty will not be felt when they read books written in literary Telugu which are numerous. There is a mistaken idea among some people that spoken dialect is easier than the literary One. The easiness or difficulty of a language depends upon the choice 9f words and not entirely on the terminations. That is

11 why more care has to bo taken in introducing words and roots that are easiiy understood and essential for a working knowledge of Telugu. Afterwards the reader can improve his knowledge gradually if he has real interest and can approach even classics. I have taken the two books of Sanskrit written by Dr. Bhandarkar as models while writing this book. lioots, terminations and words are introduced in the beginning of each lesson and thse alone are used in the sentences given as exercises in the end. Gradually all types of sentences and important rules of grammar have been introduced and when one completes reading the book thorughly one will be acquainted with literary ielugu completely. I have taken care in acquainting the' reader with most basic roots and words that are essential for him for attaining a working knowledge of Telugu. I know that certain verbal forms are out of use now and some types of sentences also are not very common. Such forms and sentences are very few and are intentinally given so that readers may not feel confused when they come across such forms and sentences even rarely. The main idea in giving such sentences in the book is merely to t ell the reader that there is possibility for such sentences in the language. He need not make use of them if he does not like them. I have removed the "Sakatarepha," =Ar asunna" and -Sar alades a' in this book and allowed "Visandhi as far as possible. THe reader is requested at the outset to make himself acquainted with the roots, words and the rules of grammar that are given in the beginning of each lesson and then he will be able to translate the Telugu and English sentences into English and Telugu respectively. I am confident that this book will be very useful even to Telugu readers who may know the language but not the intrieacies of it. Some general excercises both in English and Telugu are given in the end and easy verses in Telugu are also included.

iii
In the beginning of the book some symbols are given and the reader is requested to be thorought with them before starting to read the book. He is also requested to learn the Telugu alphabet and its pronounciation at the outset and a chart for learning the pronounciation is given immediately after this foreword. A list of words and roots used in the book is given in the end in alphabetical order for ready reference. The readers are requested to learn the usage of new roots and words that are not used in the book by frequent reading of stories, novels, journals and other books and improve their vocabulary. I am of the opinion that for people living outside Andhra Pradesh to learn literary Telugu will be easier than to learn the spoken dialect as they are not expected to have frequent contact with Telugu speaking people and they have to improve their knowledge of Telugu only by reading books and Readers many of which have been written in literary Telugu. There may be SOme defects in the method of writing this book. I shall try to rectify them in the second edition if it is intimated to me. I express my heartfelt gratitute to the President and Secretary of Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi for giving me a chance for writing this book intended for learning literary Telugu. I thank the members of the Dakshina Bharat Press for having printed this book neatly and without many mistakes.

Hyderabad, 18-1-197t;i.

0, Ve:NK,4TAVA0f14NJ

A key to the correct pronunciation

~_ae:!J_Ei-

of Telugu letters.

as in that

e!_ja ~jha

car
this sweet
put

~_i~_-ee
~_u-

e.; _ta

~_ta
d_da
c)_dba

t!iri_u-

truth Prakrt

Ea_na
c0_eget gate ~_tIla

t6_tba
l$_'da-mother-th

mine
&_0-

obey old

~-.r.
0-

<:s_d "ha
:\)_ua

["_au-

out c;5_pb~

8_'11
~_ka ~ _kba-kh
Ei n

2:l_ba

4S'_bb~ c,5:)_ma db_ya

~_gha

O_fa
e:l_la

,:S_cba

:is_va
I(_s'a

~_cl:a

ii
~ os ~ l:52r 6 q) l:5
(\

-sha
.sa _ha _rka
_rkba

iS~

_rma
_f3'a

6g

L~
(Y)

_kra

_tla
_fva

iSS

_rga
_rgba _rja

6J
{5

_rs'a
_fsba

l:5
es

ql)

.,...
l:5~

l:5
l.S
0:0

_fsa
_rha
_tam

rjha _jlia
_fda

{5
oS"

es
Q

0"0
l:;52

"" {)
-"

_Tab
_kthra

-rtha
_rtha
_rd'a _rd'ha

6
(ll {)
CJ

~S
~g ~g

_rghya _thrya
_rjya _tbsna
_rthma

{)
1;1

U'cl
lS.,j

_thna
_rpa

e3.:Jcl E,,~
~

c§,'J
lSiJ lS~

_thpha
_rba _rbha

_stbree

~JclS

_rthsnya

SyJ.nbols
1.
2. Telugu is the language country. spoken

(~O~eJJ)
by the people
of the Telugu

It is also called Tenugu or Andhramu, letters, terminations, is a letter makes or group a sentence words and sentences. of letters termination

Language contains A word A group (~~~) of words some meaning

conveying
at the end. Sometimes

and having a Vibhakti

(O!"~S;;5::0).

a single word becomes a sentence. 3. Telugu contains five kinds of words, viz. Tatsama, Tadbhava, Desya, Anyadesya and Gramya. Tatsama means equal to Sanskrit. Here Tat stands for Sanskrit. Sanskrit words 'have Sanskrit case terminations at their end. Wben Telugu case terminations are substituted for the Sanskrit case terminations Sanskrit words become Telugu words which are called Tatsamas. Tatsamas are Sanskrit words with Telugu

case terminations. 4.
Tadbhavas are Telugu words derived from Sanskrit. Sanskrit words undergo some change or Vikrit! when they become Tadbhavas. That is why they are called Vikritis as against Prakritis which are original Sanskrit words. Desya words are native words that are current in the ullage of the people of the Telugu country even before Tatsamas and Tadbhavas entered the language.

S.

2
6. Anyadesya words are t h ose that are borrow ed .from the languages spoken in other countries. They have mixe d with the Desya words and are frequently used by the people, and Desyas are used is called "Achsha Tenugu" or Pure Telugu. Tatsama words are not found in this language. Alphabet contains 55 letters. Of these and 16 are
3

7. The language in which only Tadbhavas

8.

The Telugu vowels

(e:5lW':lJal).
Vowels

36 are

consonants

(oJ-e~a».
~, ~.

are

both vowels and consonants

(elt~dS:rol6o:ma». ~,
e:!J, ~.

(e:!)~Ja»

6t.

Consonants
~. e3,

(;r.~a»_
tl, (5. lJ.

S'.

!p,

K. ;;$3, e, is.

is,
(:$.

es, lX.o,

<?

tJ. ea, c5, 4$'. lS. t:i.

Some consider

!Sa

(Sakararepha)

as a separate of r:5 and

consonot ..

nant; but it is another separate letter. The above consonants

(e:!)e.?q:m) form
are combined Strictly

with the vowel u speakil'lg pur.

for the sake of easy pronunciation.

consonants are letters without e:9. When they are pronouneed without es they are called [roe;oa> (mere consonants)
M

written

with the symbol ~

over them

r,

S, cEJ.

s,
Or

f"

etc,

Ubhayaksharamulu
Q

- ( (Ardhanuswara
8

Arasunaa);

(P.'ornanuswara

Or

Nindu Sunna);

Visarga -~.

The~Q

are called Ubhayaksbaramulu became they have the characteristic features of both the vowels and the Consonants. ,. Of the 55 letters
DOW

in the

Telugu
~,,,<),

Alphabet
"(J",

the following

6 letters are

out of use.

is, es, c , The

first three rarely occur in ordinary speech and the last three have been given up in writing. The use of Sakatarepha also has now become rare. It is found only in words where double repha occurs. 10. Achcha Telugu contains
;J, ~, OJ.

36 letters - ~,

e3, Sl,
0

~,

<!t, &-a. 14

a., !.. tr, ( (Arasunna)

(Nindusunna)

e;

e, ';5, <6, o;r., ~. - 22

The other 19 letters - em, ~.
"<), "(J",

a (Visarga)
~.;$. are

apt i.;), ~.

45, ;;5, ;;5.;, 6J.J, ti. ~, ¢5.

in the Tatsama words. The

~.

ll?

found only anyone

words

containing

of these letters may be considered into two kinds"(2),

as Tatsamas, The
;J,

fl , The vowels are divided

sbort

vowels

(l;S-w~SW':l~c:o) The
"(J", ~.

c:;S),

Sl. <!t. ern,

e..
6C, mr'.

long

vowels

(~£;W':l~c:o) _
called

e3. ~.

OJ,

e:

e:;"

oJ, ~.
g;' are called

a., !.. are ::5~~:S~c:o.

are

::5l!:mc:o.

and

GO

and

12. The

consonants

divided

into

three

kinds:
2:3,

Mutes
rQ', ~. ~,

(<6..)6~~c:o)
($,

s.

lP, X, ;;5;l, ~, ~,i$~

is, es,
10,

6J.J

tit ~, ~, cl5, lS,

Q, ~, ;$. q5,

45, ~ - 27

4
Semi-vowels Sibilao(s (~o~~~e;:::,) ~. ~,

e,

:;S -

(~~J,~O?) ~. ~, ~.

~-4

;.r..

is a1';0 called an aspirate

(:;s:'0J-8l~~~)
()

13. Mutes are divided into five classes or :;S6~a>.

Ka vargamu+g ,
Cha vargamu+cj

tj).

X, q5:J, ~
es, es, ~

, l:S,~.

Ta vargamu-~,
Tha vargamu-s-g',

ri, ~. ($. es
~. ~.

s,

0, <$

Pa vargamu-05,
14, In Telugu the Consonants kinds. Parushamulu

ro, ~'- :;S:,

are further divided into three

(;5t:l:l;$.~tX»

s, ~, e:" a.
X.
t3, ~.
(;$,

;;$

Saralamulu
Sthiramulu

(C:S6i1~~) (:'J6~0?)
(j)

ro q5:J. ~.

~.~,~,~.~. ~.

~, 0. /$, e,

Zl'. E'&.

<$,:».

6. e, ::5. ~. ~, ~.

15. The letters are classified into the following to the organs of pronunciation origin

classes

according of their

(cli6.J ~
Gutturals Palatals

t::s ~U))
(~o~

which are the places

£~U)) ~, e, lS',
~.

tj).

l),

(8"c:I;;Sb~e:o)

*. is, iSi

:;5:>, e. o5ireo ~. sr.

5
Linguals

(~~<5gome;o)
(~otS"g~e::c)
"Zl.

8:0:),

em->.

eJ.

ri.

a,

($,

~. 6

(00).
es,

;$., ii.
'"'(J",

Dentals
C:S.

eSt 45,

es,

<:),

<5.0.

is.

Labials
ll!i. ~,

(!.~g~e;o)
:!if.

~.
0

c!W. ;5~ are nasals

~s

2:).

i$, ~.

ea. cS. c ,
SJ

(e;$JN'~s'o5:oCl)

~.

~ and

are both Gutturals

and Palatals. and Labials.

e... !.

and ii:" are both Gutturals and a Labial.

;5 is both a Dental

16. Th:ere are no words in Achcha Telugu that begin

with yakara

(~)~. ~,

S. and

:Jf
verbs after terminations (Roots). All roots

17. The basic forms which become

added to them are called Telugu end in &.

are
in

zy~~e;o

18. Bases which are meaningful,

and which do not

which are different terminations

from

roots are

have: any

in the: end

l!r-a;5~~;$;nc::o.

These are also called

N'~~C::O.

19. A letter or group of letters added

bases are-called terminations non-words

to the roots

or Nominal These are

(l;5i:S"S~o5:oc::o)·
though

(~;5~;mc::o).
~
eQl

They can not be used independently independently ~ l5' ~

eQl '

and do not convey any meaning They are also called 20. Vibhakt!

used.

lj'!S~c::o

as against

a Ietter, Nominal

(case) indicates

the nature

(<';)O,s.)

of the

bases and tbe roots.

It indicates the number and gender of

6
the Nominal bases, There are separate nnd the person and tense of the case terminations for ~~). are applied is geneNominal roots. bases

(N'~~1i5 ~~)

and for roots (~~:Ji$ rules

21. The manner in which grammatical rally of three kinds ;-

i.

~(jg~

Compulsory. (Optional) (Comprehensive) This is also called

:;)11;)"0$..

ii. ~ ~l).)~~

iii. 2:)oJ-to~~

This is variously not applicable in some

appliin

cable- compulsory

in some cases,

applicable

some cases and differently 22. Agama

cases.

(~X':s:,~)
Adesa

is additional

letter or letters af another Jetter,

(~~~o:m)

is subtitution

letters or a word.

Samslesha
consonant. Amreditha

(;::So~~o:m)

is union with the

following

(~l'£o~(j~)

is the second member

when

a word is doubled or repeated. Upadha

(aoS4S)

is the last but one letter.

is remaining with the original form.

Prakritbibhava 23. San.lhi

is euphonic junction or coalition. The word is derived from the root Dha with the Prefix Sam (to join togetharj. In Sanskrit tbe wsrd Sambita derived from the

same root is defined as extreme contiguity

of letters

(~ts';;S.:J

7
_~d.~~05.J0~-a-} It means tbe coalescence con tact or combination with each other. of two letters coming in immediate

On e of the prominent grammarians in Telugu Chinnaya Suri- defined Sandhi as substitution of the follow"ing vowel for both the following and precec lng vowels.
It speaks of vowel sandhi (combination -But it may occur between two vowels, of vowels) alone. two e onsc nants or is classified and Lopa,

a consonant and a vowel. _Generally Sandhi into four kindsAdesa, Agama, Samslesha (omission of a letter.) Sandhi is compulsory in the case

of letters of the (05~;:S).

s-~me word, prepositions

and roots anda

compound

It is optional in the case of the finals and the initial letters of

differen t words in a sen tence, 24. All the words in Telugu are classified into two categories--Kalas and Drutaprakritikas. S. _~or :::> is called Druta which disappears without hampering the meaning. Words
are

having a Druta Kalas_

at the end

are Drutaprakritikas

: others

2~. Vowels are represented

by the following

symbols

whea tll.~y

are combined. with consonants.

w~

,.'"
,

~ '.

.;)

~ ~
Q.....

"3

~ ~ 4t
Q'

--C
,Ql

s-

~
I:J

"!
'! ...._

s
~ ~

a,
-;)

e,

~ ~

r
.~

8
~ ~
am'

s=
~

~ l!i;
l!;)
0

S" ~o

0
0 0

s
v-

~.

Consonants consonants.

assume the following

forms in .double or conjunct

~
aJ

6&-

l!bl!
<,l

~
{.;5

-D

~
()

rs ~
()

Cj)

tS tS cp tS
0

e;
is cp
CS
'«!S
0 0

K
<,SJ

rs rs
q))

()

CS t$ <5

q))

q))

tS

e is

:z

rs
is;J
is;)

cl
..)

iScl
b'..) 6_) lS~ lS~ lS~

i5.l
;5.)

,J
~ es
0:.0

tS;J tS~
6 es 6
0:.0

;5

is
t;3

;;5
iO
,~

_)

.;$_)
iO.)

es

re
0:.0

tto
'''l'

es

1$ ~

~
-d

iO~

2l'
c:l

e qze:>

~.e
&g
~

~ ~
't$

c:l

tl

'Ofl
{)

~
\,_,I

·lSt ;l_l!
"~

~
(;3

lS
tS
(;3

iI

ro
e$
(;3

ea
(\')

._
5il

1$

""

tS
'c;>

d
40

iQ

,6

C"?

9
€a S9

(5

ea

.~ Q

;,$

S
.:;--

o'S
~
($

oS,S

~ ~ ~

6~
(5 0:<.

~~ ~

~ ~

~ ~

::l.
;S

::l.

~
a

6~

..

6;)

c:5.J
consonants having

6.
two mem-

There are conjunct bers. Ktra Rghya

more than

'dI

!f

Tsna
Rtma Rsva Stree

~J~
~~

~g

Rjya 'rrya

~g

6~S
~

l~b
Rtsnya

~.Jclg

1st Bay
PRONOUNS

l;5<iS~ ~~~
Third Person

Singular

~s~iS'<,)~
o:l"~

III

(M)=He
(F) She

076:3 (M - F) They

~~

!)~ (M) = This man

b~ (M-F)
Persons

= These
(M-F)

~e. (F)
~Q

This woman

(N) It
(M-F-N) Thou

~:l (N) They el:l

~~ (N) This ~~b~

~~;S,
II

(N)

These

t~

bJ~ (M-F-N) You

Second Person

-.II

U'~ ~~;S,
I

~<S.:l (M-F-N) I

~~

(M-F-N)

We

First Person Present Tense

= ;s 6~<5

'5"e)::lxI

S
III

~r:i"d.oo M
~~d.6 F. N.
W;N"l~ i:$':;i\l"l;:$)

~N"l~

M-F

~<5d..:l N

II I

~N"d.6:J W:lN"l~
F= F~:mininc=~ S=Siogulur ()ox::m.

M=Masculine=~c/Dot"~J:). N=Neuter=;S~o;;5§" /!)o<".fu.

P=Plural.

12
All roots in Telugu end in tlrr. The terminations given above are directly added to the roots to form verbs in the person number and gender indicated. In the III person the same termination Masculine and Feminine genders same termination in the plural and
W)i\J"~ 6J for

both the in

number Neuter

and genders

W);:).l t) for Feminine

the singular number are added to the roots. The terminations in the I and 11 persons are common to all genders both in the Singular and Plural numbers. Roots

!r"e:v
e;)

= to beat

~l'i~

= to

walk

-6~~ = to read
~~ IZ:

:tr'l~

= to go
come

to see

;;SW':J.:J = to
~~~::::

a~=
e;)

to abuse

g)~iS:l = to leave
to go

l)CSJ = to eat
Qj"~

(!J~)

e<5J~07~~

~~
e:,9~

~tU~~N"d.. ~ (rQg)) ~~iS:l;;5d..g)

(~t») ~~.:J is:l~d.. a ~~ (!J~) a~iS:lN"d.. ~

~t)

~~
~~

t$'l:i'l~iS";)N".l ~
~~W)W)N'.l~

'j~ :l~ is:lis:l07.1<6:l

Qj"~ (

!J~) ~

is:liS:lN"d..~

~~

8"" e:v is";) N"d..~

ec

He is going They are reading Thou art seeing I am walking They are beating

She is abusing It is coming

We are eating
You are leaving

We are going

13
~~ the singular. (F) She-is used for an elderly and respectable lady in

~e5~

(M) He

and

::Q~~

(M) This gentleman

- are used

for elderly men in the singular.

e:5dX:li\5(M)

He, and

.e:so~(;5 (M) men in the

8"~

This

gentleman

- are

used for elderly and respectable

8"~

(M.F.N.) He, She, It and

(M. F. N,) They-are

and plural will be illustr-

generally used after a Noun or Pronoun numbers respectively. The use of these ated in future lessons.
8"~

in the singular
Pl'OtlOUDS

and

~;;$:)i);)

are used

for

elderly

and

respectable

men and women in the H person singularalso,

Though r.;;)"6a (They)
!li);)

(These) and ~OJ

men and

are

plural

forms they are used for elderly singular to indicate respect.

women even in the

~~.

~i5:li5:l~d.

She is seeing

~dXl~ is ~~W':lN".l6':l* e:5dXlCS iSc::5:l~W':l'i\J'.l~

€3~~

I..

i K.

.1.

IS l ..aorag

G5i5:l~W':lN"cl~ ~i;6~W::J'i\J'.l

He is coming
He is (Lhey are) going

c:?co
U" ~

co
cl
i);)

~ i);) ;5 C;W':lW':l~

;5 eJ W':lW':lN" .1i);)

You are walking

~ ~ Q)

CS W':lW':l'i\J'.l t$
~c.\5:l<5

co
IS

*When plural also.

or

~sc.\5:l<5

the subject the vet b may be in the

14
The respect. pronouns used in the following sentences indicate

tI":n ~W)..:J~cSd. e:,

~dSJi$ 6~~ ~~ ~~~N'd. g)~~~N'.l g-o~~N'd.~
eo

~~ ~ 13c5:>~N'd. ~
~ ~
is"~
OJ" 6:l

is l):) ~tS"J N'cl ~ ~~ ~N'cl 6:l ~tm-w':lN'd.~

e;)

~dSJcS
Roots

ao~ = to

be

~ e:.ol\J
roots have peculiar

= to

be in the present Tense.

These

forms

They are given below.

III

&N-d.~

c)N'd,6:l ocScl
g)

M. F. N

ttcScla F. N. ttN'd_ ~ M. F. N. &N-cl c5:> M. F. N.

C)N'd,_6:l M. F. N. ON-d.~ M. F. N.
have been

The forms of the root &0 ~ III

should naturally

~O~~N'd.~ e.oc:).j~cSd.e

M F. N.

c!.-o~-w':lN"cl6:l M. F. &oc:).ji$cSd.~ N <!io~i$N"d. OJ

II I

ao~~N'cl~ &o~~N'cl
c5:>

<!io~i$N"d.~

But the root

eo~ and the initial

.s of the

terminati-

ons are omitted i 0 the forms of the present Tense of this root.

ao~
omission

+ .s + aN"d.~'
and

~N"cl ~

remains

after the

of e.o~

.s.

15
The forms of the root

~UltO

should

naturally M. F.

have been

III

~ UltOi):)03"cl~ ~UltOi):);5clt!l

M F. N.

~ UltOi):)03"clcl:l

~ UltO i):);5cl::> N

S' co ro i):) N".)_ ~ S'co X':l i):) N"cl ~

But and

S' eo to i):) N"clcl:l !! co ro i):) 03"cl~

for the root are omitted. terminations ~ ~

S' 0 is substituted
and ::> of the

c:lOro
and

and

~N"cl

i):)OScl of the terminations

for a

Oil

are subperson

stituted

of the III

singular and plural respectively.

III

l!o~ S'o~ S' o;;$:)

!focl:l M. F.

S'o~ F. N.

~o~
~ .,cl:l
~e:>~

Translate
;;? ~

the following

into English.

S'e:>cl:l

~~6:l
~;5::)

~03"cl 6:l ~03"cl;S:,

&i 03"cl ;;m

h~ ~e:>~ hJ~ ~t.')cl:l

e:5~ U"~

".&~
YdD;5
e:>g:) ~ e:>e5 ~ e:>e

!!e:>~
~C\l"d_.cl:l ~;5d.a
6:f 'i\l"clcl:l

~N"d_. ~

(&N"cl 6:J )

~i$:> ~ 0;5::)
e,)~

~~

hJ 6:l
;:;"~

e,)~

O'N"d_.~

S'e,)~

As in Sanskrit \beriO are eight cases

The terminations given below. ,hat Nouns and Pronouns

(:J~~ e.:o)

in Telugu

take in each case are

L;:S~~
e-3~~

g)~

~_Nomin3tive

case-~.

~.

~.

ex>

g:;~ ~._Objt.'ctive case-~.

!l&t8,:;. K:lOo~

e§~~di.'" ;Je;) ~_InSirUme!ltal t5"e'Sa :Jf$.§ _Dative

<il __"

case-~~. S
Q..-.

u'~

(with)

case-§""06~. case-

(For, For the

sake of)
--"

;;5ct5"~

gje;) ~ ~Ablative

:.$~(:$.

(From, Than)

. ;5.g~" ~Q' g _Genitive case-~.

e, -"

d:h:>~'- .• eJi;;$e:>
r.r

(To, of, Among) :6 ;:5 ~

__"

g),J$ ~ _
-"

Locative case-~o&.
g:)e;)_!_Vocative Masculine

<5 (In, On)

case-e.,

:6o~~<5 L;:5<iS~

&"8, &..~.
Noun s

e..e

and

e..~ are

used before

and

Feminine

respectively.
Of the terminations mentioned above ~. ~, ~.

c5

are used only in the singular number.

eo is used only in the pl ural Dum her.

The remaining terminations are used both in the ~. ~ Singular

and plural numbers. "j~. ~ ~ and ~;;5E:1

respectively. assume the forms

and q'

17
All the above terminations except those of the Vocative Case are used immediately after Nouns and Pronouns. Terminations of the Vocative case are used before Nouns only.

~ is used only after Nouns and

the Masculine gender and ~

Pronouns

belonging

to

and ~ are used only ofter

Nouns

of the Neuter gender. The forms that the pronouns take in the Singular and Plural Numbers in tbe first two cases are given below

III Person-Nominative
~,. >-

case Plural

Sing.

~~

M. (He)

03'~

(They) M. F.

!).~. M. {This maa)

~6:l (These Persons) 03"6:l (They) ~6:l (These men)

e;9ZJ N. (They)

M. F.

~es~ M. ~es~ M.
(';!)~

(Tbat

man)

(This man)

F. N. (She, It) F. (Sbe) F (This lady)

~~ -6s~
U"r$:)

03'6:l (They) !l6:l (These ladies)

U"~

II Person-Nominative

case ~~ case (You)

~:$) (Thou)
I Person=-Nomir-ative
jr$:)

(1) The Pronoun

-&~ (We)
~~0:5:0
is used in the sense of you cases and I.

when the terminations ab ove pronouns

of the remaining bases.

are added the

take the following

18
III person.

OJ'~ M ~~M
€;;9~~

o:l"8 M. F.

~e
OJ'8

Zles~
l:3"~
€;;9~

!)e
OJ':> (N)
OJ'8
(F) (F)

(F. N.)

~~ For i3"~

!)e
tr~ tbe bases in the objective are case in

and

Singular and Plural Numbers In other cases the bases are

~~d.

and

a~~
cases

respectively. in Plural.

U'C$ in Singular and U'~

II person Objective and Instrumental

:J~d.. (obj) b
(Instrumental and other cases) cases

I person Objective and Instrumental

;S~.l (obj)
r3" (Instrumental

and other cases)

The forms that they assume after taking the case terminations are given below III person - objective case

o:l":J:>*
*The terminations ;s;, and ~ of the Objective and Genitive cases become ~ and ~ respectively after bases ~nQiD' in I!ij.

19
!l~:l
e:9iS~~
~~~~
C"~~

~5~

!:l8~
F. N. F F

o:r~~ N.
~8~

~~~

*~<5:l

!:le~
~~~<5:l

~f50d.. <5:l (obj)

11 Person-Objective case

1 Person-obj.
;$ f50d.. <5:l

case

us The termination droppcdafter ~ of the objective

= you

and me.

case is optionally

~f50~,

~~6'

C$~d..'

~~~,

~f50d..

and

:»~e·
Translate into English:
~~($:)

o:r~
~~
~~

~~i$)tV"d..~
e.:l

iJ"8~ 15~i$)C$d..
C"~<O <6($:)d..

e, ~

~i$)i$)tV"d..

bJ6J ~~ ~ !l6J

g)~i5:l i$) tV"d..6J

t$:) W':l tV" ..~ d

~ C$e:>f50 ~

iJ" 6J <6($:)d.. §"" e» ~ eo o$)~~

tV" .. 6J d

ll~~N'd..~

20
{5j~~

~~d. §'""~~~d.~
:l~iil~<3'd.~ c-~~ ~W':liil~d.~
;;y~~

!)~ -lH~~ ~~~

~~

~l$)~~<3'd.~

Translate into Telugu: They are seeing me He is beating us You are abusing her Thou art leaving him lam seeing it We are beating them She is abusing me We are leaving her They are seeing both of us I am seeing her These (ladies) are eating them

(N).
take Tlrev are' like to

There are some nouns in Telugu that do not any termination do not take other genders. in the Nominative Singular. called Stree-sarnarnulu. Nouns of the Feminine

They are so called because they Singular termination they belong gender though Nouns

the Nominative

~~o-F.
~e;

Elder Sister

er~ N
;5:';)

Thigh Work

F. Mother-in-law

~r::icl M. Elder brother

~~cl F Mother's younger sister

21
~~~ F. Mother
F. Father
&j"~

Brother-in-law Sister's husband

~~g
§'""~~

g)~
C3

M. F. Child M. Husband's younger uncle

M_ Son

~~a
~~

~~o

UOl6 M. Father

brother
1

F. Daughter

M. Father-in-law,

~~o- N. Nose
6""om~ N. Chest
;S'a;:52

~o N. Head
is!> F. Mother U"lJ M. Grand father

F. Elder brother's

wife

The forms that some of the Nouns

and Plural Numbers Sing. Nom. ~;:5cl ~~.l;:$:>

take in the Singular

in the first two cases are given below.

PI.
~;:$clal 3 ~;:5.l c;>;:$:> e§ale:o
(Y)

Sing.

PI.

~olt\
~o~~
;S~ ;S~~

i$°l~e:o'
ao~o;:$:> ;S;:$:>al ;$;:$:>e;:$:)

Obj.
Nom.

eS!>

(Y)

Obj.
1. 2. 3. 4.

60 ~
M

C'ale:l;:$:)
M

The correct
tfo05Jo "0 •
-"

form

is

§""05Jod •
-"

But it is generally used as

The correct form is :Se,~. But the form 056i5 is frequently used. e) is added to the Nouns before the terminations in all the 'casesin the Plural Number. Before this c and the OJ of tile Nom. Plural the ending ~ of Nouns is changed into e. olOI a-os'0lZfJe:o ; <§{J.;)e:oel;;i).
\..: M M

22
Roots

~~W)

to weep

;;3o:m to do

rrs~ to seratch
iS~iS;) to clap

es~~
~e;tl

to touch
is;)

to call

~~e ;S~*~~iS;)~d.a
~ _es !J~~ Q
~o~

§"'~iS;)c5d.a e:l l3~iS;)~d.~

U-~~~~
;)0

~j:$d.

es~:$;W':l~d.~

~~b ~~~W':lN"d. ~ ~~d. ;S~<S~ ~W':l~<Sl

~tS8
M

€r~ iS6W':liS;)N"l~
~

«'() ~~o

~ ~~W'::lW':l<Sd.8

~~ c-;S

<Sel' i$:l!~~ ~ N"l

~~o-~~c:cW'::lW)N"d.~
is leaving the work thighs

The son is calling the mother Grandfather

Uncle is clapping the

The child is weeping Brother-In-law is scratching the nose

*The Nom. forms of Neuter Nouns and Pronouns give the meaning of the objective case also. To use the Nom. form of Neuter Nouns and Pronouns for the objective form is more idiomatic in Telugu.

23
Sister is ; brother is going The Pather-In-Iaw The sons are going Sister-in-law is seeing (her) daughter Mothers are leaving the children Sons are reading is calling the mother-in_law The daughters are doing work

3rll

.Day
and Pronouns take in the

The forms that some Nouns Instrumental, Dative and Ablative

cases in both the. numbers are

given belowInstrumental

o:l"~~ۤ' C$ -er' ~~~_er' ",~~~-er' ~~iLer'

~;sj_gS
N'j_~

OS'B t:3eS -o:l"a3"~

QY'~t:Ler' OJ"ej-er' o:l"aj_er' eS~j_er'

~'i3-gi

~tLgS ~;s.l ~-er' 6o~t:Ler'

Dative

~;s'i3_eT ~j-er'
~;S.l

o'i3-&""

eS°l~ot:Ler'

~ ;$ §'"" tS t§j -

;SiSo~6~_ S

Ablative ~~ ~e);S-~
0~

25

~;Sc<5_~

ro

~~;Sc<5_~oro

Roots ~ e.l:lro_to occur S"'~_to cut ~d5il.to

~~_iO

throw bear write

l.1~J-to tell

~~_to

Nouns
~~~_N-Hunger 'S"~_N-Nllt g~_N-Evil-harm

<5J'o~_N-Oil ~stXJ_M·Servant ~D _N-Cat

("")

~~o--N-Dog i:?~€l-M·Washerman i:?~_N-Knife l.1:J_N-Ear a-e:Jj-N-Letter

;Sl~o1\-M-Carpenter

~(5JKl- N-lnscct
ll:lot\_N-Cart

Il:lb_N·Cloth
Q

0'5J-e:-,- N - W crd
e)w,j-F-Name of a person

~o:Dg ~~~gs
~ ~ 6:l i:? ~

~tJe;c

~;:5jW':l(\J'.).~
§.-B ~

gs ~ c\).) eo

t5:l ;:J" ~ ~
cc,

;S l~ 01\ Il:lol\ 'jd5:J:)iSJN".). ~

i:?s'~ Il:l~e;lt.

~W:l,JW:li\?J..~;)

26
~ ~ 2r- ~ ~ t5~2r:$:)~~ tS"'e))

t. i:S'r> i5J W:l;)d_

lW"o::l:J:l-w.)'":ll L~~~?5d_C7l

C)

~~~er~~~N"d_~
§~

C)~,J

!;;lot;

~~.l <w~S"6~
~b':lroe,)~e:I~

[r£~i:DlC7l sO)?\)i:D'::$d_8

The dog is going with the servant. Elder brother is cutting a nut with the knife. Sister-in-law is coming with a letter. They are bearing with (their) ears. The carpenter is calling the washerrnan. Brother-in-law is touching the bead. Mother is seeing for the Sister-in-law. Evil is occurring from words. Lachchi is going for work. The ehild is weeping from (on account of) hunger. Genitive, Locative and Vocative cases. The forms that some Nouns and Pronouns take Gentive, Locaitive and Vocative cases are given below. Genitive - ~~ gJe;5 .§ - HI e in the

~ ~ .§-o::l:o s2r

W"M-Cfu::> ~ 0-

~~§-o:m ~0e;9~~§O"~~-

~M-a:n5?r
o.1"M-

o:m~2r

om 13er
o:m"i&~;)- o:m

a:m J 0-

W":;)§-abJ

~o-

~M-o:m.!l'o~~~
~~r$

~~§-abJ5o-

07M-a:m~o~M-abJ~&c.i"M-abJ~D-

~~~.o:m5?r

~o-

27
Locative

OJ"~ctS':lo~*
W"~d$':,o~

OJ''8 d$':,o~ OJ''~~o~

Q:JO ad$':, 0~

;S ;5hJ ~~ _. ~
-JJ

~~c5S:>o~
~Ole.Q$)o~

~Ol~e.?C~
e:§ 0

;5~~otS:> d'S::l o~

e I l~ <S:J e) tS:> I ;5~e)d'S::lo&

QS
0

OJ.:; 0 tS:>

e:5 ~

C3"a~o~

II I

~~-~~oN"~_am~o~r:S~-am~o-

h,~_hJ

~~oam~o-

~~-~

;;$:);$~-~r:Sam~2r e§'~J~_e)~am~~

Vocative

~;;$:)~ !
~ l)
M

e.. ~;;$:)~!
M

;SoerB~r:S

I e.,e)[Jl
I

S""~ !t

e.,

§'"'& ~!t I

€;;l6 is added to the plural forms in the Vocative case.

e:;l~~e..j'06
I

e..
!

e;9~~e;roeS

§'""" 6J ~ e:f" 6

e..

S"" 6J ~

e:f" 6 !

*Wben a vowel is followed by the initial vowel of a non-word like ~o6:l tbere will be sandhi or not according to usage (i.e.) sometimes sandhi occurs opt ionally and sometimes there is DO sandhi at all. When there is no sandhi the consonant cIi> is added between the ,'NO vowels. When there is sandhi the first vowel is dropped and the second vowel lakes its place. OJ''~ ~O~ N o San d h i OJ''~ &ii ~o~ = OJ''~QS;,o6:l ~oL~~ +~o& Sane hi ~oL':;o s <:;iolS:l=<lO~~e)o~ When there is no sandhi ~Olw~<:lQS;,Q~.

28
The lengthened final vowels of the Vocative forms are optionally

Nouns ~~, N. N. Dust ~iS~ ~o~ N. N. Spot Fair

1Pl'l

School

Roots ~~$
§"'~

to sell
to buy

tJ:r..rn
;5~

to en ter to fall

e;l;5J~

Then

~~J~ bJcs
on

Now

..J;;:5J~
~15:b

when

~ol:5:l~ why

what

~~ why

~ (6'3X>~u-)*
~U"~

f.§'"~

~g)J

~~~N"cl~

e;l;:$d.~!S""~
~;;S i'3gj~

lO?o:m~N"cl~
CSs-6:.w);;Scl~
1 ?

~;;S

~6;)XJ

~~g
~

~o ~~W) ~0J'd. ~ (~::Sd. 5)

ZJ~d. ..Joc.5J~ €~W);;Scl5

e;l~~

*The Genitive termination

Bmt2r is optionally

dropped.

Sometimes plural forms of pronouns of the I and II persons are used even for singular forms in the Genitive case.

29 ~
i3"~!)

;se<s ~ot\~

~i$":)~tfl;.5d.5

~~Og' ~W':l~W':lC3"cl ~ &<6d. &

e:ll:s:,~ ;S~~
<$r-~~o~

~;;:m~ ;S~tfl~d.a
iSJ;.7cl~

~~ ~~6" ;s~jo5:o
(;l"($l

<T~~tb~

~W'~ &;;)la

When is your son coming. ? Our children are reading in the school. What is there in the cart? Wbat is your father buying in the fair '! The servant is hearing the words of the carpenter. The washerman is bringing the clothes in a cart. Dust is falling on the head. There is a spot on his ear. Why is your elder brother coming now'! My husband's younger brother is selling oil in the fair.

4tlt Bay
There are two sets of terminations III ~~
~N'~ :?;l<$~

in the past Tense.

(M.F.N)

:?;l3
gJ~

M.F N

M
F.N

::QN"<:Xl M.F :?;l<$g)

II

Sla:>
q;:3'~

::Q!3 ::QN"6J ::Q®~ qN"~

qe~ ::Q;:3'C$;)

Roots

~ 6 il:I to bite
~dfl:I
<$.)

~C$;)d. to kick

to pour
o:5J;)

is substituted for the ending

~~l

of roots before termi-

nations beginning with a vowel.

~~ +
~dill

~o5J

+ ::Q{9g);

+ ~<$:) = j~i6:l
§'""~~

~o5J

+ ::Q®g)=~~eg).
(§'""~;$8*-§'""<$d.~) (~.t:J,j;$~)
SI

e:ll~e
~!lo-

N"~

eJ~e:xl

~~<5J !l6~<5J (SO.t:J;::)8)

~~,:)~?

~ !l~.l~;5J~

*Ihe initial eoof the terminations is optionally roots ending in ;5:)which loses its &;. wi:en the S";5:)+e;;~t:l=S"'~ +;St:l= S"';$J.t:l. S"~+e;;;;:,~=5"""S +;;:'oo=S";;:'.)_oo.

dropped after is dropped.

31
~{$.) ~(~~

~t.l~~

~Lt;GA

~o&

;3i);$J

(W'so=.;o:ns) C3~.>N'~)
~~~
~O~81?

~:6::l

1b~ eo~ l;;J'~,)~:';) (~~r:i'~)

(~~;6El)

e=>~o-- (;J"-;,;sgJer ~-;e

~tXl
~~

;0oe§er

~:J.:l

(~N'd.~) (g:,N'.L~)
~~;SEl (~~~)

S"<lS~C:l0':l

~oe3g)J
W'~~

e=>'S"'?r! ~~l 'S"'Q5:)co

Why did the dog bite the child? The servant beat the dog.
2

The child cried The sister-in-law

OUf

then. called the brother of her husband.

servant

wenl3 to the fair.

was in the cart. touch his bead?

Then our brother-In-law Mother Why did your brother The washerrnan
1. o~

abused the elder sister,

An insect fell on his head. kicked the dog. for :0& of the roots ending in :::0 in the

is substituted I and I I persons.

§'""l'J,flg)

= §'""o~g);

~~@g)J

= ::lo~g)J.

2. Before terminations beginning with vowels (l!l.~) the penultimale a of the roots is changed into 31.
~C;jW:l+.:l<;Sj= ~Ci1jW:l+l!lCig)=

~Cl;;;;<;)j. ::JCl,~D~.

3. o-::m is substituted for ~ of the root U£~ before terminations beginning with a vowel. sJ"S~+l!l;$e= u£OJJ;$e; U£~+~<5J= ~03J~.

32
Tatsama Noun

e;JO'3.r-~g ~~~60
S!3 F ~ S":6os F

F.

The capital of Dasaratba.

S011.

M.

Third wife of Dasaratha. Eldest wife of Dasaratha, House.

K~:;.r..~ N
~?(t5~6J
~c;I~

King of Ayodhya.
Result. Brother of Rama.

Fruit;

tSt5 ~& M Son of Kaika;

tS lS M
....J:l

Husband . Wife M Eldest son of Dasaratha,

P;j" t5

O"'~~

o&d~6;) M Younger brother of Rama.

~;:S~

N N

Forest. Boon. Tree. M Younger brother (If Rama and Bharata,

~t5~

~~<lll..;$:x) N

?{l~qmcl &
~~ F

WIfe of Rarna. F Second wife of Dasaratha.

CSJ8:b~
~~ N

Service. the base is

O""~

In the word Nominative Nominative added Plural

O"~~

Singular termination. ~ in the of she

+ ec
0

O"~

and

is the are

is the form in the in the Plural

Singular and

to all the bases

Masculfne Nouns ending in ~

before ~1Ithe other case terminations.

33
Obj Ins. Loc.
O"'~~~

0'"~~i3~
O'"~g)6$:)c~ Nouns and for all Streethe base to which all the them in the Plural before Nominative.

For all Feminine and Neuter samamulu the Nominative Singular is terminations are added. e is added to the terminations of all cases except the

Nom.
Obj.

~6g F.

~6gO) ~6ge:J($)

"'~ g;:$J
;Sc5~
~<$~($.)

Nom.
Obj Streesamamu Nom. Obj.

N.

~~:ixle.:c

Adverbs &;5:,

Adjectives C,C6d_. youngest, small

= (Conjunction)And
X:r-8.::J

~~ = Also
(~)
~o~

i.Jc:5 Eldest, Big

Q

= About

Numerals

= Under

e..~~*

(N.) One Two

oo~ = (N.)
* t!3 of
e..S't!3 is dropped
bOOD.

when

it is used as an adjective,

e.!f

;;S6o:m=one

34
Roots
e.;ji:$;)-.:,
~8

to give

~oiS:l to feel sorry to live to die

~~~oiS:l :i:J~~oiS:l

~~6~~

e5c3'3.i>~S~
r:5,)~~.

O'f:l>.

S"c:5e:>g.
O"'~~

L~e:96:J

!C"6ge.xl.

S"c:5e:>£ ~g~;N5£;
fS6~& S

!_~ iJ;:$.l s>og.

~tSfl'~ ~~6:~.

¥ §'""&~.
r:5,)~L?

O~~€OO6:l;:$:J ~l~~l6:l(:$.J
C""~~

~~6:le.:lJ.

s>o'g

~e).

c:5t'6 ~~

o:?~es
Rarna,

S $'~ Oo~ ~6~e.xl ...... e..~ o.-S6;m;;$or5 O"~~

~($

~~~~
~~~8.

o.-Sr5~;:$~l ~f~(:$.J.

~i5 dfu eJ~a€OO~;:$:J

Lakshmana

e:9~t.l~

and Sita ate nuts and fruits in the forest.

Lakshmana pluckedthe fruits of the trees.

They lived under the trees. Lakshmana did service to Rama and Sita, Why did Rama go to the forest? Dasaraiba felt sorry far his eldest son. He died in Ayodhya. Bharata and Satrughna came froms the house uncle Kaika told her son about the boons. Bharata felt sorry; He abused her.

of

their

1. Before ~ of the Genitive-and to Nouns ending in &i and

~;:S:::5::c;:So~.

~o~
;:fu.

of the Locative <5 is added

1.

~oa. (<!toa.) is used as a termination the sense of from,

of the Ablative case in

5tll nay
The fellowing Future Tense. terminations are added to the roots in the

e:lXe;,t)J M. F e;>Xe)~ N e;sXe;,t)J

HI
~Xe:l;$:,)

e;JXe~ He

j~Xc~ l§~xe:>~ lS~Xe:>~

will do

~~Xoo':l lS~Xe;,~ 1:§~Kelt)J ~~XO~

They will do You will do You wlll do

She or It will do Thou will do

lScl:XlXe:>rSJ I shall do

We shall do
capability

These forms are now generally used to denote and Taddharma forms are used to denote He carl do futurity.

-a~Xo6;) jcl:XlX j~Xo~

j~XelcS:l
t:.J~

jcl:Xlrle:><$S They can do j~x

He or She can do
Thou canst do I can do ROOTS

o~ They can do
You can do We can do

j~Xe;,6:>
jo;s:,Xel~

e:!I6;) to play .;J~, ~6;)

0-

[:,ro

to descend

10 climb

to sing

36
NOUNS ~~ N.

=
N.

Wood, Stick

~6c:o

Vegetables

~ 4S N. story

S'"'~
~t$

N. Monkey N. Wall Darkness

t1~~
c:sr-6~

N. Song

N. Distance
N. Sanskrit

t~~ N.
e;)

<so<6o-~6~

\:3tD N. Tree
~CI

N Floor ~o6

ADVERB How much

eJo13 N Ball ~
~l)

~;$d. <6o<62r~~~
M

~~~l\o~;

lo:T'd5:JXo~.

as:~~

~'5,-Xe;)~. v6:Xo~~ eJoe~ \:3~

e;)

~~X()~.

~oc§

c:5:r-tS~

;$t}'cSl\e;)~ 1 ~~Xo~.

~~

~t$~o&

~a ~d~~C:C
~<S:l
O'"~~

~~o-Xe;)~. ~4S \:3;;5.jl\t;)~.

100&

axxe;)~.

:Sl~o{\ ~~gB

~~X~~.

as:~

:St!l~ ~~~

t1~~c:c
~~

i'P~XeJ~.

ll9;;5.j Xotri:J.

How much distance can your grand-father walk? My younger brother can tell a story. My children can pluck the fruits of the tree. Your mother can read a letter. We can hear in darkness also. Monkeys can jump from tree to tree.

37
T can buy vegetables

in the fair.

The servant can walk with the cart. My wife can do work in the house. The dog can bite a cat. Some times verbs ending with ~KeJ~
bability also.

etc.

denote

pro-

~.~ ~~ b;S;.§"'ag' b;S; ~~~~

..

.;J~2r~N".l~; ~;S;~N".l~;
~~~<3"d.~;
e.:J

~~Kf;?~. ~tS~XeJ~.
~~Ke)~.

Brother-in-law

is gettin g up the tree, he may fall.

You ale going with the monkey; it may bite.

OJ"~

You are abusing younger brother; he may hear. OUPAVIBHAKTIKAS

(g;';$~4S! ~~c:x»
there are some which ate

Among

Telugu

Nouns

called oupavi bhaktikas. They (substitute) take ~. ~ (o~) or ~ as Agama or Ad esa

to the final syllable

before case terminations

and when they form the first member of a compound. ~, ~. o~. ~ are called the oupavibhaktika nations. Some oupavibhakttkas ~ either as Agama or Adesa and some as both, ~ is optionally but this change of a Noun. changed into o~ after short vowels termi-

take ~. some e5 and some

is compulsory

after the first short vowel

Toe following Nouns are ouparibhaktikas.

W6J_nail-et. ~_rr'8. rrBtj

~6J-village-Sl_~8 L'O"~-rope-~-LtJ"~
~~-well-~-($r-6

~~d..-eye-oe!l-~ oe!l
~e;o-leg-Sl-S"(l j~-hand-e-j6 tr cm-pit-6-tr6
oo~ and Adesa. oo&o~~ ooe.~:J ~~o~:J

~~-mouth-e!l_:s-'e!l ;;5o;-toothM,

o~-;;5o~

L~e:o-finger-Sl-L~~ take

(Two) and ~~(Tp.ree.)

e3 bath

as

Aga ma

Agama

Oo~:;)

Adesa

~e.~i\)
Oupavihhaktika

Adesa
Nouns will be indicated by

(it")

in

brackets in future lessons.

~ ~;;5

6-8M ~]~i$l.
;5'Qi$l (;;5~::5e

~[) ~6e' M
~~~6.:l

1.
,

::5<6:ld..5o~g6 ;
~6~

~~Q~.

~~6:l

8ro~N'd..~.
~~~ ;5c5::58.

~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~
:;:):)tS~

sce!le'

~ ~(,-<6:l l'6'e!lO" &"" ~ ~. ~J~e' ~~g'I ;5i\)'tidS':xliXl::5d..i:>.

i,'3g)

~~iXlN"d..~.

l~~g4 LU'~:J hdS':xliXlN"l~.

§"'~e.x.l ooc5o~~

j~

~u6~.

39
Rama is coming from the village. The dog entered the house.
What is there

in Your mouth? with her hand. to the house from the

Sita called her mother

My younger brother came

school.

Father kicked the ball with his leg. The washerman beat the dog with two hands; The crow sees with one eye. The letter is falling from your hand. the monkey is biting the nut with its tooth.

*;3=
0.:0

.s.r-= and other oupavibhaktika Nouns ending in substitute e for = even before the e:o of the Nominative Plural and the e of the plural forms in other cases ti~_
~~e:o i ;3~e.lo:P i ~~e.l~et9·

~=

6tl, Bag
TADDHARMA VERBS

The following terminations to form a Taddharma verb. A Tadd harma verb indicates 1. Essential feature quality

are added to the

root

or nature,

2. Characteristic 6 Perrna-,

3 Supposition.

Fancy

4 lnterrogathn,

nence B Present Tense 7 Futurity Generally Taddharrna forms

8 Blessing etc. alone are used to

denote Future Tense.

III ($) .:J~. .:J~

l$)ts':l
($)

M.F.
N

II

l$)~
")l5~

~ts':l .;;~ts':l

I .:Jl5($)
e$)~

~~ I
.:J~~

III

III

<S~~'\" <S~~~~\
~a~~~
iSa~~g) iSa~~~

Taddharma forms of the root tS~~ ~~~l$)~

~~~!$)

are given below.

M. F.
N.

w'a~~6:J

~~~~6;)1

41
I

NOUNS ~o~
~;;$)~a

(N) Pot (M) Potter (N) East (M) God

esOS,;~
Ci~ ([")
~:-:5J~
--"

eN) Fear
Tomorrow

~~oJ
tl~~
Q

as' 6- (N) Sum

(N) Article

5'"8. (N) Yard

;:)~;;$)t} (N) ([")

C3"~

(N) Rain (N) Good

West

~i!$Q$:x)

l;:)e3C::O (M. F) People

e=>~~ ([")

(Pronoun)

All.

8:)lS:l ([")

Five (Numeral)

ROOTS e=>~ .tA:loiil

-.IJ

to set
to rise
t} ~o~

~805:0 ;:)o~

= = to

to shower
become ripe; to grow

~60J:)o~

= to protect

~;;$)J.8

~o~e.:o

~~S~
~;:).'J~
';:j~
~~~

ii~~. ~6:loJ~ &~OJ:)o6:l~.

~o~d5:lo~
&io~~. \B~(y-(X) j~~N'
t

!!J'~

:;So;:Sb-~~~
e9t-)~
-Jil

i:S'~~~N'.*
~

~;dJ~e)o~

&O~~.

N'~

i!$o"5J~

~l)n8.:J (s'c::o~6:l~~e,).

*~ is

added

to the verbs to express interrogation

lQj'~6:>~ _ lO?~6:>Qj'
1

44
S"tU~ _ S"tU,) ~tJ:)Qj_§'"'lf.ll

§'"'e:s _
VII

crores

The ending

rS:l of Nouns

(tree) and of Nouns kind

c3iS:l(a kind
p

§'""~C$)

(Lake)

and

~~
(A

of tree) and ~<5J

of plant) is changed to ~ and

ro

respectively. termination

This eo-

change is compulsory before the Plural

~eJ~

~~~I
o/)J
-a:s,j eJ"coOS
~~~rS:l

§"~~~

Lakes

L~iS:lJ L~~ ~~J ~ro

&~e>C
~roco orot:;l:)
S"~U)

Trees

kind of plants

kind of trees

gs~~N"d.~'
ec:)~:::J ~~6J

~~~~~~

(e9~Ol~)'

l3M rotS:l l~~~ eo~C$). hJ~ eJ"co6~ l8'1f~ff' §'""~aa.

eJ"e:cOS ~dl:og6U'
~~ ~tU~

~&!'l

~~~~N"d..~.

~8J:>G~'
;5'3~.
~~!

hJ~ ~~
§"~~

lri~~ ~-D!8.

e)0L~ S"i1~~ 'S"'~~

l:!to~N"1

;r.,~c:)~

~llS~~

~05r0~~ ~!tl~

45
The boys are getting up the trees. They are counting the fruits with their fingers. A cow has four legs*. Tho washermen are washing the clothes in the water (s), The number of the Telugu people is four crores, Did you see a Gogu plant? There will be water in our wells even in summer. The Rakshasas bound Hanuman with ropes. The boys are playing in the water (s). The servants are counting the fruits.

*This may be translated

as

e:l;:j);$~

l':l'~

S"t6~ (c!i;$J.~)'

Some 0l~

NOl.ilJS

ending in ~ IikeKQ~.~o~~rtc.

take

instead of eo in the Pll,lral Numbee., XolS~ 8JJolS~ -_' A strong marl _ A paramour in
5""~
;', "U
i"

';,::,i

X'olSol~

~olSo~

Nouns ending in the Plural.

:l<!Xl5""~ _-

also take either g)~S"o~ ~tJS"0l~ -

(e&)) ~

or o~

A bowman _ A bunter ~ _

,_....g)<!X.)S"~.
~e:JS-O~.

~e:J'S"~

The from ending in take o~

M

is rarely used. Nouns like

o~

in the Plural Number' A King _

d~ _

"dG~
M

The Plural form of the word forms like ~~~~(~). used. ~~oJ a daughter
~~isD~_ ~~iU~.

~~~

ill

~~€l).

But

~~ol~
•••

are frequently ~~ol~ •••

••• ~~c.:o
~~~.

Feminine Nouns ending in c.:o take in the Plural Nu.nber

e::9<!x') _

0l~

instead of

eo

drop the fina! ~oL~

ell

before it

wife -

wives

~e$c.:o _

Davghter-in-Iaw

~~cil~

47
~o Ul
M

•• , younger

~c't$e.:o sister :5':lO't$o~

i:3C!O!~ ~L wife of the younger brother

sister -

or wife's younger

The forms §"'~~~,

l:l~~)~, and :$)6Qi15~ are also used. and ~

OJ

Telugu words ending in ~ final vowels when the plural

optionally
is

drop

the

termination

added

to them. (0) is

When the final vowels are dropped a purnanuswara inserted behind the conjunct consonants
e;,;:$~ -

e:o and ~.
M
M

Plantain tree -

€;;;\l;S~a;.

~~

Year -

~~e.l)

~oCb
M

~i15~ e::o
(Y)

also is used. optionally t) or eo

Oupavibhaktika take o~

nouns ending in

t> and

instead of co in rhe plural number

and drop

when they take ir. ~~t> - Poun ding rod - ~~!;6e.:o_5"'si15~_ersito~ - Sickle _ ~ d;Si15e;o-S"d~i15~-S"d~o~ _ N"l'IC~

,....,

§,""d~t)

N"l'It) _ Plough _ N"6i15,~ _ N"X~~

1:Q0:> _
(y)

House _ 2'l~e;o - 2'lc~

M
(Y)

- 2'lo~e;o.
~

;;50:>
M

Tooth _ ;5~e;o
M

;;$0 ~
M

05o~e;o.
M

~~
M

;_ Thorn _
_

~~Ul
tV}

~o~

~O~Ul.

g)c;o
,'0

Bow -

~Ula:l
M

_ g):)~
M

_ g)')~e.:o.

. I F orms lik e

,.(.. ~w~ <Qw~ _ -<'><=.

-c ~ _ oJ.:O~)~

are

frequently

beard •

48
When the plural ~~ ~~ ~~ field louse Fish Night Stone termination co is added ~c:o some words ending in ~ and ceo drop them.

~c::o ~c::o

COO)
O"~

-ae:o
O"CO

(O'"iU~ is also

used) before

The following words drop the final letters optionally the plural termination e:o.

~~

(cow) three bours (relation)

~~c::o, ~c::o

e~
~eJ~
e:J

e~c:o,
W":leJ~C:O,
e.J

e'C:O

WJ~C::O
e;)

or ~t:lCO eo

bJcs~
WORDS
M

~~~c:o,
DENOTING

1h:>~c:o. h>(Sc:o

TIME

;'e:ootl day after tomorrow

~<S.l ~<Sd.

yesterday day before yesterday" NOUNS

~~

today

~~;$).J
Pronouns

N Age

:li$ ;:$o5:J,) N Seed

......

;':>d_ How many

el:>~

So many

~~~

Some

49
~~ ~eOjOt5~. iXl~a; ~iXl,y:~:nfu.
0j08~6~

:::iJ... ::Qo~S
~ 25~a~;$:>

iS~o~;$:>
~c~(6).J

~W':lW':lN"d..C)S'

e.s:., 6~~~ ..... ~

(Y)

e:l6l ~o~.

iSCl [) e£ e:>eT' ~O)

.;)~d.~e;>;)

cl>;$d..::>.
::QW':J.j;$:>?

Z::b I:::l~a;
, ~g)

<6:r-® 1bii'6~ l'6"i'<"urJ"?

g)~~~e;Q

g);$d.. ~:je:>eT'

~!2:N'6:l.
~O~! cSW':l,J~.

~
e:5~~

~~g OO~ 1S"'~e:>~

'5"l>~
~tU~

gJ8l\~::l.

Tomorrow is Monday. The monkey bit my younger sister with its teeth. My uncle has two houses in the village. There were nine thousand bowmen in the Kakatiya army. Day before yesterday I saw two hunters. There were two bows in their hands. How many wooden pounding rods are there in your house? My sister-in-law and the wives of my younger brothers are taking out stones in the rice. My father bought three sickles yesterday.

THE IMPERATiVE

MOOD command, reqand

A verb in the Imperative Mood expresses uest or prayer.

~ and ~ are added to the roots in the Singular Plural Numbersrespectively in the l mperar ive Mood. When request i~ denoted ~. ~.~.
and

~c1Dg or t:30'i:0~~g.

e;;\l~~

are added to ~

j~~~~.

~of,S and

~,a~~. ~~a are optionally

~•

.;J. ~,

a., 8.., t:3dS::oA,

added

to them in the Masculine and Feminine Genders respectively' ~ and ~ are optionally changed into ~ and ~ respectively when ~~)~ or €;9c:-ibg are added. This change is compulsary when ~ or ~ is added. Before ~ and ~ (he final into ~ jdDJo$~ j ci5:1:> CS:ro,
jdS:J~

of

the roots

is changed

jo±oL§:;

'3 dfu ~

jdi:oA ;3dS:l"B jc~6d»g j~~~s ;3~tl~~

;3ctn;;Sc'(;::lg j o5J:) ~:ffi.g

j@;<5~~

joS:o;;D~e

j&:ot&~~

""

51
The ~ of roots ~e.:oW) and g:)~-W':J is optionally dropped before ~ and ~. When tills change does nOL occur ~ is changed into ~,
~aJ~+ ~aJW) lOaJ~+

+ ~:= ~e.::o~+~
~

= ~o)~-~aJ~~ ~m;;$)~

.::. lOaJ~;J_~e;;J~~

lOe:oW':l

~c:D~-~e.:o~~
before ~ and ~.

The is of f3W':l is dropped f3i:S::l+~=~~; f3W':l

+~

= -a60
and ~ the preceding long vowels are shortend is doubled.

Before ~ and the ~ of ~

-a~~
~ becomes 000 after the first short vowel.

The changes that some roots undergo are shown below.

e)f:)W)_iS

before

and ~

is changed into 0$,

~e)~~.

~e)~~.

~~_~ According ~~i:5:>-W':l

is dropped _ to_.,[r~~; is optionally

~~_g'r'\~~o.

~~=
dropped

~ctlo. -;,~~~ ~6J~ or ~~~~.

or ~~~~.

~ro_~

is optionally

substituted

for

~ro.

52
~~J-O'"
is substituted for

~i$)J.

O'"~

0"00

~~~
~i$)_iSJ'o~
is substituted is substituted is substituted is substituted fer ~i$).

6o~
~~~ iSJ'o~oo

~W'J,:)_~~
iSi$)J-W"~

for S"'i$)j. -SCm;;$.'"0 -SC6:~

for i5'W':J~. W"~~

for :r'i5J~.

W";;;b~

:r-W'J:J-Z'~

~<$;~

ZS~~
1l~

"6iD,:)-"ij or"6~

is substituted

for ·~.h~)J'

a~

=B~~
11~~

Bo~
e~oo. ~~
6jo~

~iD~-* or

~~

is substituted

for ~W':l,:).
~~~

~~

~~~

~~~
~~
§"o~

§""cs:>

(to take) §"" is substituted

for §",,;:$J.
=§""~~

~~

Roots

~ro

to become

~i5':l,:)

= to enter

~~csaoi$)

= to follow

6 e:>W':l = to think

e:3oo
~W':l,:)

= to play

Du:lW':J ~6Ji$) :r'W':lJ

to give

= to stand = to learn

S"'W'J = to protect
~j:$j

=- to fee! pain
to get up

= to take; to "buy.

-ai5J =
;:S06

t:S'i5J,:) = to die

~oi$)

= to protect.

Nouns

~~d..~
~~

(N)

= Food

;;5tS~~ (N)
~~~ (N)

(N) = Play (M)

= lotus = Lesson =
Time

~~S~~
!36:J~ (N)
1iS""~~
l:?

= God
Kindness Knowledge in distress

~es ~es~~

(N) =- W ors hip (N)

=
=

Dinner

(N)

~'l1 (N) _ <fu!p~

(N)

!~6;) (M) == Man

t;,r5~"f:ttJ (N)
~~ (N)

=
(N)

Happiness

= Righteousness

~d..~~~ ~eJtSO$':)~

(N) ~ Friend

= sleep

= =

Heart

.;)~ ;;5.J~(adverb)

Always.

!3~~1

~~~o~

~:6»~. ~ ~ l3~..)tS<5.J gJ~~. 'S"~~

~~~ ~~~;5:l.).

~e:l~e:r"~1
~~1

~~StSl
N'~

~tSJS9 <6or5~oi5).

~ISS~I ~.1gy.6Je:l~

rQ~e..
OJ"agil eseaeo N"~!>~

e:s~~.
~~ ~~~.

~<SJ 6-S5~ ~t6~~N"d..~'

e;)~~

~i;6~~.

~~~e,1)

j6:J~~.
~~~

cJooeJ~O$':)~~
i3e»
eJ

0VC~~ ~e:l~~.
;;)e:l:6»Ul
~al~~.

:O~d..

r.S

~oiS:l~.

.;)~2r~'

~~~. ~~~.

hltSJ ~i$"..Je>

~e:l~

54
Kaika said to Dasaradha "give me two bOODS" Enter the lake; bring the lotuses. Offer (do) worship to God' He will protect you. Call your friend for dinner. See the boys; they are playing games. Sister ! come here. sing a song':'. Sumitra said to Laxmana "My son ! go to the forest with Rama and live there with happiness". Take food; it is time for school. Follow Dharma always", Protect the people in distress.

The ~ of the Imperative

.:fro~~

Mood

is optionally

dropped

at the end of a sentence or when it is. followed by a consonant .

;&;5:,J. or .:fro:;:J ;;)<S:lJ..
®

>1<

= Before ~ and

:o~.

~<S:l;:saOtJ:l+~=e;l~;;S80::l:l~

the c of ~O::l:l is optionally or e;l<S:l<sao~~.

changed

VERBAL Tbe present participle

DERIVATiVES (~~

o~::$:;u) is formed

by adding

~S to the root.

II

Toe Infinitive

of purpose

(~~g;;:m)

isf'ormed

by adding

f'.;£IS to the root.

Tc e following IHe irregular Inificitive of purpose. ~~ ... _ r::;o$ ~"'" to come. )

forms of some roots in the

~~-~dS
eW)~ _

= to see.

~S or 7;0$, = to br.ng.

tT~.:J - tTO,~
~W)~ -

to enter.

~S

or

~OSJS

= to

give.

~ro _ -g'"$'

= to become.

~~ _ ~~S or~S
III The gerund Negative to the root. /~~6~~)
\ CiJ

= to go.
is formed by adding ~ and the
~g):)

gerund

(~g8-a5~03"~5;S;p)

by

adding

56 1305:l:ltl - doing 1305:l:l ~8JJ = ;3dXlgn

Not doing.

Irregular

Negative

Forms
o-g);j. ~g);j.

;,S~..J - ~~Jtl ~ro _ ~rotl a~~ et~~ ~~~ i$':ro~ _

a~..Jtl

e8JJ.
~~,

21~~Q -

~dXl~.

W"'~~Q_~~g);j.

w~~ _
!e;croQ
_

~c&gJ,;.

~.e;cK:l -

Og),).

Generally the meaning of tbe Infinitive is expressed by using the ~ OS' o!! in {he genitive case. o i§o'5JS tl~ro~. IV i§15os~
c;J

((he form that conveys

the sense of 'if' In

Sanskrit
root.

135

means if) is formed by adding Sj<5S to the

~~+ 21~S = fr~;5$. jc:rm + ~<sS == t3~<SS*

€.) e;J

Sometimes same sense.

WS or .;J~eJ

are added to ~~ to convey

the

w~ - -wJ..tJ;sS
*
Roots ending in

- -wJ..tJ<S-S _ -wJ-otl<S~deJ.

i3d$:o - l§~;s,~ _ l§~<s-s _ j~<S~e$e>.

dID

nations

beginning

change the with a vowel

c5:fu

into ;S when termiare added to them.

i§:,,;s~; 8JB:"::S~ etc.

57
RONS

~ tlSru

to go

~ l5:J

=
=

to wish

1~:;HSo(lo~ = to begin

Qa~Oiil = to see

~<S:>
Nouns ~;;S~I'$~ e;6'S""6'~

to give up

= N. =

Harm

= N. Help
M. Friend of Krishna M. The incarnation (AdD Sweet of Vishnu

~j<:.:Ooo ~~05;:>~
E'aI

@~gg)

=
=

I!S~

= N'Kindness
N. The abode of Krishna

t3"\:t5~ ',.J

~ Z6~f~
-D

N. Book

'"tQ
~e;o

= (Adj) Poor ::;L .....1rb = N. Ea,th

_

N. Geod

?froB -

A devotee of Rama 05oe;OJ 05ooo<5J.

dropped

03"i'Sc::.o ~a~;5*

'*

S at the end of i:S:JS,~S and e);5S is optionally

before the words beginning with consonants. When S is dropped n, », u, 6, III are optionally substituted for
~1l~:;SS

=~a~;s.
or ;:)dD,,,\"o~. wished to do.

;3 c>5:J ,'5" +~o;;D=;;§o':O~o:il

58
(\j";:$cl ~~al

aW':l..J~~il <6c~~
~Q

~ "i~~.

e;~~~
~

N"eJ~~

(615"Rt5:l.
~o~~.

::Qo~§

~W':ll)W':l ~~W':l
roa§

e3!)6~'3 a~~6~

i3~f!l)

~i.Ul~ ~~(6I:l.
e,;l>5'S""6~ ~~~~.

~~tJ
e;>~g.)~

~~;:5t5:l

:'6

is.!!.~

~Yf~~o~.
";&eot§~~.
~li~t5:l. ~~,jt5:l.
~~~f!l)

~~~~

es~gi
~~~f-)

iSr--tl;:5 ~~~

~~e.:o~

6eio~~, ts"S6~~
~
~f!l)~

b~

@~;:$SDese;l
eJ

O'"~~§

e:j~,je.J~

~ro8 G9d5":JS::l

'Bi3.:Jt5:l.

The boy began to read. I shall come if you write a letter. Climbing the tree, the monkey fell down. Vishnu came to protect the elephant. The woman sold the fruits singing. I go to school walking. He will sell the books if you buy? If you give a fruit the child stops weeping. The washerman began to wash the clothes. You will fall if you jump.

* is

of

l!IOLXlis

changed into

oS

before seeing.

eS

and

e8JJ

also.

~a~OLXl+ eS =~a~o;5S ~a~oWJ+e8JJ=e:5a~ooJ~

to see. Not

lfJtlt
VERBAL I

Bay
(Con tinued) is f'crmad by adding ~ to

DERIVATIVES verb)

S".st5'~~
-"

(Incomplete

the root.
~('l3tl~ ~?6~~ (!nc0Inplttc. e -JJ~Cj) by adding ~~ to the root. Irregular
e;;l

Cj)

II

verb-Negative)

is formed

forms:

ro-e;9 0:0- S'"~

~~_~o»-~S" ~i$":)~_~D~_CJ"~ "3i$":)~-a~,J_-a! ~i$":),J-~D~_~~; ~~-~O-i:SJ"o~~

~ e;oi·\L~{)f\ ...~~X~ or

~~dS:.l~

a~
(;;S _~~;$

-s"iS:;;~_S-D,;--w"6~ is" i$":) C~_W" ~~ .:J-iS"

III The present participle

s-o~ ~~eg~£

ZJi;$.€S~)

is formed by adding

~;:$d. to the root.

~iD.J-\IV The past

W:);$cl =: ~i$":)..jWJ;:$.;tComing.

partic'ple

(~~;'S"'~

L~~e:J;:$g

~i;;$.€C)~)

is formed by adding

(Q;S to the root

60
V The future participle
is formed by adding

(~g:)~.SS'?r!D ~o~""'re05s g)i~E<>~)

~ne:l

to tbe root. That will come.

~W:>,:J+~neJ;;;: t;3o'$':c
VI

+ ~neJ = t:3o'5:lX'eJ
+ ~oo :"
for
forms

I:rne)

That will do.

Tne Taddharma Participle is formed by keeping the root as it is or by adding ';;O:l or .;;~ to the root.
jdi;?;

t:3~

j~~;

jdS':l:l

.;;tj = j~tj cr s[)7\~

S'e;;

is substituted

S e;of\J.

s[)7\~ s e;oro).

(Taddharma

of the root

To the two forms ending added b::foreifiords j~-l-~~~=j~S j~.~

in e;

(j~,

'3~~)

S is

beginning

with a vowel.

+ e;;l50:l=j~~S

e;;l~~=j~:$~Q~ e;;lj'~ = j~~05~~ e;;llSCiv

by adding

j~&+e;;l~~=j~& VII The Negative the root. j~ +~l'J=jo'S:J~

Paiticij le is formed

~~

to

~W:>

+ e;;l~ i:SPt&~ =
forms

Some irregular
~ ,"\:l- 'S'"::>
;;$~,:J_O"':()

:rrs~- :trJ

i:SP ~ - i:SP i:$~

£;) ; ~~ ;;$~

8w:>,j-

"8tl

..T'~J-5"6~
is'iS":l,:J - W";;$~

~ Ult\:l·S' e;on:J:~:J

61
Roots a.C"6~~ _ ~~ _ To console To vomit

"'S:J.:Jl::5Sro _
~()~ _

To bark To stop

li:J8JJo~

To love

Nouns X:l6j~ M.

= Teacher
= =
Intelligence

~ 8JJ& N. = Mango
~6£ N.

6ID~ N.

Cf"oX M.F. = Thief ;;5~~ M. Beast

fu"o~c9.

= Learning N. = Money
Peculiar

~oes Adj. =

ll'J"ID~ F. = Girl

~<5:> ~~~
~~ 2.lt.§

<V"~~~

iSJ'oC ~C~~~.

:rrsOO)6~1i.

OJ''~

~a~ ~()~~a.
~~S~ ~~;;:m.
;;~u-cl §""oeS8Jz ~o6 05~~.
II:l

~&SOO)o~i5:l~~
~~6C~;$

~ ~~~

ZJ6S e§8J~~

~1::5S B'" oK<5:> §"" e.J ~ 8J&{,)~a.

c;p~ ~ C) 8J;';$ §""

~tl e)

Sjc~§ ll3" ;';$ ~

el;'-

~{l~;;:;{,)~ ~

8.

;;SO M

eo X:> <5:>. ll'J"exJCi<5:> !Je;.;;~~.

e:Jt.§ ~~

(~~u~.

:J:rla5:>cl:l)

62
The boy went to school without reading" the lesson. The teachers love the boys having intelligence. Read the letter that came yesterday. The child is vomitting the milk that be drank.
Eat the mango fruits and go.

My father went without books. The washerman Stand up those He is consoling COUDt the boys

giving money

for buying

the

is beating the dog that is barking. that have Dot read the lessons. the girl that is weeping. that will come to school tomorrow.

>I<

The <l:l~gs of the root clJo~. (in) clJoa(S) is aptiona lly

added

to the ;;$SCl-a~'5"S1iS.i5'C5:0~-i:S'1:5:loS~;
_. Cj)

i5'~;;$~oc:i;

=c- ~o5:>S;

~~~oa.

I1tl" Bay
~g

(So~~O;SJe:o
VERBS Tense is formed by

NEGATlVE I The Negative

Verb in the Present

c;:l

adding e3lXl to the ZY03"6~~

(Gerund).

The same form is used in all the Persons Singular and Plural Numbers. ;;?~jdD:JeJ
~t$J.

bothi n the

03" J 6 ~6:l
~;;$:).)

i3 dD:J~
j~eJ joiJ:>~

e3t$:J . e3C0. ~lXl.

b~ ildD:J~ e3t$J.
~c6:l jdD:J~ ~lXl. 11

The Negative Verb: in the Past Tense is formed by adding at:» to the Infinitive of Purpose of the root. i3~c5:l _ i3d:Dat:» ~e:,~c5:liS~;;$al:b He did not do. He did not read.

The same form is used in all the Persons both in the Singular and Plural Numbers. III The Negative Verb in the Future Tense and the Taddharma is formed by adding e:9 and then the following terminations to the root,

64
~~ III
II I IV

e,)oJ-to
to _ t3dfl6J

~ - i105J~
~-~o5J~

6J_jo5:>6J ~
Imperative ~.

~-~~~
The Nesative form in the adding

_ ~05:>~
by

Mood is formed

e;SI!(obefore 0X0 and

~.

~;

a;j,

~;

e;SI~£ (Masculive)
and ~

and ~~~ equest,

(Feminine) Prayer or

are added to ~ entreaty.

to indicate

~d5J!(o~

~~~~

~~~:A
~d5J~~~g
Some irregular

~~~~~£
l3~~:J~;$~ forms.

a~~_1iaC5.)* s~~_ -

8!(o~-1~

..s~~-~ a6_~!(Oo::ro-~~~-~~
e;SIro_~a6-~"'~~_"S"~~_"S"~

~~-~~-a~-~~.~~-~!l~~-~~~
is i:D'\-W"~a6\oJ
W"~~ :5J:l_W";;S~'l~_W";S~

----_.----------,---_.

'" give-didnot bring-do not bring- He, she r.r it will not bring ~~_'(;)6 (I: Person, Neg. forms)
-B

__ _..

<;>r5:l_

-"

( ",;;fuI Penon.

Neg. forms).

65
Nouns Adverbs

= Year n"'~ = Honorific affix frOlilrI::J = Umbrella ~:Scru~ = Hindu festival

~lil
in honour of Siva e..oe:>8*
1

~~ = Also
'S'"tTOl~

Perhaps

~~6:l~

= (Pronoun)

other Per$on
Root

= Lonely

person

flK6 - Loud () ~B ~~

~dm

To shut
'S'"B"OJ~.

Q3"rSe-o ~a~Q~t$);
l5:l~~~~;
8)M
oJ

:5oe:>e.:o ;;5oe$~
g:)~ri

;;S~~o&
e~)

'S'"0l

Xe;&.

~;:$d.. ~~
e:98)~~
Q

~~~~&; ~~

~~

~~~~.

i:3;;5'\~~;
~~g:)~

"N"~

O"~::ix>" ~~
:5W':l~Q -a~j

i;;9eJ8 '"

j~~:$:c.
O"'~~

~~gs
E$~

~~.)cS.::l.

S'~

~e5 ~:6-at$) (~rS6~g($;).*2

is'e:Po:l

h <S:::.o&
O"g'~

'5"6

el)~&.

e:lQe.xl
e;J

~"O&; ~6J~~& '5"tTe:ocS.::l

eK:J. The

'" '5"fS' Initial

el

is the Infinitive of purpose of the root

1:l of tbis is generally cbanged into

~. The

long
xS.

of "S'S is optionally

shortened.

'5"S.

1:l S - T'i"S.

When used after Nouns and Adjectives it gives the adverbial meaning. El~~7\' =Loudly; e..o~IJT'i"= Alone. 2.

The Past Tense forns of to the Negative TaJdbarma of the

;;joS.j& g);;S~ __ -

ero

(e63:1gCSJ etc.) are ad~ed forms and give the meanmg

Past

Tense.

i;joS.jc:$63:1gO$). ~;;Se:l63:1SCSJ.

66
~OS ~o8 g
M

O""-a~;

~(>,
"

~OJoS ~ ~tl.
"--

~~W"agi
Q

~.l~~

jdD~~.

~glOJ"~OJ

~~~.

LOJ"dD~~;

i:3g~~O)

(~~~~)

;$(X)

Do not abuse others. I did not read the books that you gave me. I am not telling a lie; do not beat me. He will not sing if I ask. Today is Sivaratri; My father and mother do Dot take food. Younger brother is not bringing the umberella; Perhaps be did not buy it. Do not go alone in a forest. There are no mango fruits in the fair; I have Dot brought them. There is DO rain; close the umbrella. The teacher did not read loudly; I did Dot hear properly.

68
M.
Nom. Obj. lnst. Dat. Abl. Gen. Loc. Nom. Obj. Inst. Dat.
Abl,
'7.

F.
.;J~1} .;J;;S6~ ';):)'6t3 _ .;):)'ij§",,6~

M.F. Plural.
.;J;;S 6:l .;J;;S8:J ';);;S8t3
.;)~8g'6~

.;J~~_ .;J~:J:J .;);;$~t3_ .;);;$:J§",,6~

.;);;$:J;$e)(5 _ .;);$1};$e)iS .;JoS:J~ !lCr-.;);;$a~ ~ (;

';);;S8;;Se)i$ .;);;S80'3:l:l5 ';)~8oi:>o~

a-

.;)o$:Joi:>o~

-.;);;$eoJ':l o~

~~ N.
'O:J:J 'O:Jt3 '01J§",,6~ ~~;;$e)<5 'O:Ja:ro1!ot:Joi:>o~

~~
~~:J

~tl~
~:J··§",,6&b ~:J~e)i$

Gen. Loc.

~:J(5:h:fg tr ~:J~o~

Adverbs

~otS·_
~o~~ .;)0lS:lS
a.._

How much

For what; For what purpose .

_ Why; ;Jo~;,5e)iS ~~ _ Why ~gn~ _ What.

;JolS:l~~

~ _ What; Which;
~~§ _ Why.

_ What;

69
Roots ~~X':l _ to ask C"~ _ to cross; to violate

~:501'a80~

_ to steal

~cs~ _ to search

adlxl _ to take
Nouns

~~~N.
Q:l

c!t

= Meaning eStS ~N. = Letter

= Coffee

N'd»~~ M.

= Leader
of

~~g~N.=Verse
O?b~§N. = The author

~~N.

~6;)N'~N.=Address CS'o:>~N.

the Ramayana ~oN.

= Door
'£>&

= Price, Cost.

(Adj.) Hot. (N.) Heat. e;>~d.~ (;~aCS'7 7H)dlxliS':l~.lC"?

1l'3'e.:>:l~

~~~iS':lN'.).~o? ~~
~;:)~?

~~

W'l5:>~ill~d. ~~

~gjJ~? e;>~~

CSl(tS~g) ~~6;)e::o
tl~.l

o:l"a~6;)OJ ~gjJ?

~:>.l~~ ~~o:>
~~ ~ill,JN'1
~~

§""oe3~h O?:;) ~o ~o;S?

Q"'t:rz

N'~.l

~~

eJ& c:lIrC\S.). C"7

~~.l~S~

.;Jo~~

~~~al5:>?
L~~~O?? O?tl
~~N'~

tl~
~g)J~1

~~ tS~

~CS'rS::l CS!:f;:,€.J~ ~:5~ ~

~ OJ''~ ~~~
~e:l~~'l

~«'~5? 0?8 ~dD~~ !h:J,JN'~? a6J~N'?

.;J:56;)?

(~:5~)

C6~~N'~) ~~

:>e3~?

h>

ij"~€)

.;J:$~?

roeJa;J
e.J

r:se~

70
What is the meaning of this verse ? From which book did you take it 'l Did you read Ramayana

Who wrote it 'l Does he come now? Can yo believe leader asked

For whom are you seeing? Why is the dog barking? "Who call cross monkeys?

From whom did you hear this news? the ocean 7" The

it?
the

Who opened the door P

What do you know about him f':; To whose house are you going? Why? Why don't you buy the books to day?
Who stole Sita?

Why don't you drink that coffee?

Is it hot?

-x-

INTERROGATiVE

SENTENCES Adverbs (Vibhaku)

(Contd.)
use given below. case terminations

Some more interrogative , .:,Some of them take some like Nouns .

.;)oi)~oa

*=
.;)~,:J~§

How many. Wbere •

7= To where.

oJ~?r~ '.;)~.:Jeo __ ;::.

.;)~o-t\§ •
';);llr~($jO~.
.;)e:o

~~~eJ($j0a.

From when: .

= How . From when.

= When? ..)-;S.)e3~o& = ';);S.)e3§ = By when;

.;)-;S:J~ Roots

~gJot:i)
,,~6;,

-- to
M.

to live

l~1:JJot:i)

to love.

fight. Nouns

~1\d5:c

= to end,

§-6~~

= =

Brother of Sudeshna

wife of king Vi rata.

~6xaN.
;::J"~~

= Class:
N. Name.

;;$~oS

N.

==.

Boat.

oSdS:J~.J
are to be indicated

N.

Age. t9

When

persons
::!l0<5.

:5;Jol:l is added

.)0<5,_ ~o1§'.

72
vo~~ ~~2r~ F.

A Rakshasa

woman,

Presiding

over Lanka.

(Adj)

=, Much; great. = Sweet.

~dXl£ (Adj.)

h>& ~~2rd;$)o& ~~?r&§ :tr6~~N",l601 !l~ 1D&~od i;Qoe'3§ ~~.J~ ;;5-;3~~~ ~

vo§~ ~OJ

ez

e:l~

or-;$):»o~:J

i:S;ro-Cl

~:l.>15~til1
1

oJ--~;;5Jo ~~
~~ ;3~~;$,l

~~~§'"O6~
Q5~

~~o-e:1 ~&ss~
~b

~;;S.Je'3§ ~1\dfu<$:)?

N";$,l

6tM O~~6 ~tI&~;$;J?

~~g) ~g):J

eJo&Z;DdSN"?
(V)

;S~~~tS~

'l

oJ--;$;J;;5Jo~~
~llg)~

~~J~
~e.:no~Xe;l~
M

~eJO~~?

~;$;J~
l);$~

.~:oe§~o~~1
?

!)~

E:9;:Sd.~

~1i64$:)[O

~6&al

~;;56:l?

0,?8 "t6:lco

~.~.

1}J)~~

How many boys and girls are there in your class? Sita asked Hanuman, "Bow did you come to Lanka? When did you see Rama ? How b be? Does he think about me?" Whom did Kichaka love? Did she also love hrw? Bow did Kichaka die? With whom did he fight? With what did you cut the mango fruit? Is it sweet ? What is your name? What is your village? How many younger sisters have you*! What(HGi<V much) is your age? Since how many years have you been reading Sanskrit! What is the time now? Whom did Dasaratha love among his wives?

This must be translated

as ~<i1l

;ilq~~Q~

i3~o~

(a'~tO?).

14tl, Day
AUXILIAR
;6~~~~O?

Y VERBS

~~~, negative

~(?dXl:l~.

t;le.:o~.
M

~ro~, ~~~~
t;le:l
M

and

their ~c::5=i

forms

~clc::5=i.

~e:ll5:l,

01,

~Kt::S:i.

are added to the Infinitive several meanings. ~ df, X:f. ~ 15:> To do is proper ~~;SO~~ To do is necessary

forms of the roots to denote

To do is not proper
~~;Se:lc::5=i To do is not necess ar

~~6

K":l;$:)

t3~~K~
To do i~not proper
;:§~0"t::S:i To do is not proper

To do is proper
~~~~~;$:)

To do is proper May do II

Should not do

The above forms are used in all persons and numbers without any change.

in both the

~~ ;:§~~~.J~;
Qj"~

~;$:)

;:§~;S~~~. ;:§~0"t::S:i.

j~~W)~~;

b~
~~

C3"~

;:§~0"c::5=i;

j~O""t::S:i.

III

When ~e;JdXl:l;$:) is added roots denote request or command and when bition.
~~ ~~ O""~e:ldfu~ O""~e:l&

~e;Jt::S:i i'l ad.ied

they denote request

You should come.

or prohi-

You should not come.

10

74
IV
In these forms the gerund or W'0?6~
G:l

Infinitive
the subject

gives the meaning

by adding
t he

of the
the

which is formed of

ttl to

root

and it becomes

verb.

j~~x~;

1§~~ =j~ttl_~KlS:>
To do is not proper.

i:fro~~e;d'S:o~)_~"tS~

= iSJ"o~~-~e;dXDc5:l To see is necessary.

~e

is added

to tbe Infinitive for ~

forms to indicate capability. Their forms

-a

is substituted
P,':C'SOES

e in tbe Negative.

in

the three

and rhe two numbers are given below.

t):;:'~

~s
HI
H ~ e;Cil
~e;~

~s
~~ ~~ dc5:l
Roots

e:>oJ-<o

se.::o
so5J

'06;, '06;,

~ e.Jc5:l

Se.,;;S»

'O~

~~oiX:J
;;;Sec)
eJ

:::lIII

to worship.

s~K:l

= to occur
Nouns

~~d.o~

= to try.

ef';5:J N. = Wrong; Fault. ;;;Sa~N,

= Examinatton.

~K~N.
~o':i~~N. ~eJ~N.

= Speed; Quickness. = Help.

Holiday.

~2Xl'\N.

&.!

== Cloud.

75
S"'~;S
e.:l

Conj.

== Therefore.
-

~coe3 Adj. == Lame.

;;5a Adv,

1Se;,~ Adj. _ Thick.

e§:J~

Like,

Adv, = Otherwise. <J~L:s~ e:l<Ji5 S~

~;$ S'" 6 ~
;,:){:)~(:5tJ

"b~

;:::i"e;)~e.JdS:l::li5:J·· SS-ai5:J.
l:3 ~ ,y~ti G5:J •

€::9~

IWO~~o~~

~i5:J~o~[')
~;$J~;$:)

~1S e;)~

~ ~ ;5~'.H:l1:oi5:J.
~~;S ~~;:j~

"e3_s6oS:l:>
~ e:;Joi>~

ID8§
;$;) •

[rS~(;.I~"

e:;J[.)

13~.J;6~.
e:>;$;)
e.:l

02~
el

£ ec ro 6:J~

ct"~ ois' 0:5 e dSil

j~O"'OJ.

1Se;,~7?
l:3~03"a~ co

~2J:)eJ;:5eS;5Q;

"j~:J <.:r;S ~6ciS':1~~,)i5.J.

b~ (Q;')J~ :trnQ:)j<S~ 0" L'"'s ~iOr. ;:"1"l'\e.;03" 7 iO-"S~ 1 ;S<S;:;cl ~ ~ ;$ LS;$;)o 0 6 ~o :~~eJ~;$,).
;S(:$OSXeiW!

~cl ~~

~oe303"~

<$,~~~C$;).

My brother went to Banaras. He may come tomorrow. You should net forget the he lp done others. I have to rend well tonight; otherwise I can not write in the Examination tomorrow. It is not proper for you to abuse your friend, You can do this &U'::; if you try,
The boy asked his grand fa ther, good stoi y tc-day." It is proper for boy" and holidays. You should not serve <'I person faults. He is a lame boy; Therefore he You should love others as your "You read have good to tell me a books in the for

who always
C3:"', GOI

searches

walk quickly.

brothers

15tl. Day
Verbs denoting

e:l!~~.J

(blessing)

'i"~ ~

(curse)

and - Past

giving the meaning of used to - Past Perfect-would have and should have.
I

continuous to express

~~5

or e$$ is added to the root

blessing

or cursing.

;3dJ;o _ ~~~

- tl~~S.

tl~
II

_ e$$ - tl~~S.
or ~~~$ is added to the Taddharma

'S"s

verb

t()

express blessing or cursing.

tl~*

7'\"S _ -

tldS::07'\''~i6$.
jdS::o~6J7'\"~.
jo::m~~7'\"S.

t1~~~7\"S
jdD:l~~7?~ III

The Taddharma verb by itself denotes blessing or cursing.

IV

oo-ae., or

eo -a~

or eo~

followed by

Ci3"~.

c:l"6J. 1;98 is

el~ according

to the person,

gender,

or number

added to the Present Participle meaning fO'used to'

0:5'~ ~

ending in i5":J to give the

:;Qo~~

:;5W':l.jW':lo Qe.Qj"~;

o1W':l~W':loQ~c:l"~;

~W':l.JW':lo~ Qj"~.

He used to come to my house.

The

of

S"s and S"~e!S is

changed to

after the Taddharma

Verbs.

11
~~
OJ" 6J

or e::9~

~W':l.j~oo&~.*

~ is:l.j tS":l 0 3~ OJ" 6J.

is formed

Past Continuous He was Thy were comming coming

by adding the Past form of the W':l.:JW':l o<5:l. o

root to the Present

Participle of the root ell ding in -W':l.

OJ" ~ OJ" 6:l ~

~ t5:l.:J W':l0 & ~ • ~W':l.:Jt5:lo~~.

I was coming

~~

VI

Present and Past Perfect is formed by adding the Present and Past forms of the root t!ko~ according to the Person, gender or number in ~. to the
_.Q..:lGJ

'S"~~!5 form of the root ending

o-~~ o-~~
VII

~{l~

aN"~~ Rama

bas gone.

~~~

ao Q~

Rama bad gone.

Future Perfect is formed by adding the Taddharma forms of the root &..o~ according to the Person, gender or Number
O'"~~ ~~ ~(?~

to the S"stS~ from of the root ending in ~ •

......0 ~

~~~

clio~<5:l Rama

will have gone.

&..o~<5:l I shall have gone.

0&

VIII

The meaning of 'would have' is expressed by adding~o aOQ~ according or ao~ followed by OJ"~.

OY'OS.

e;l~

or

e::9~

to Person,

gender and Number

to the

!:S~!:l

form the root.

OJ"~ ~n~t!kO Q~03"~

= He

would have Come. after eo QQ.

The e of we, or wg) is dropped

eo -a 8. ::>. e.o-a 8, g)

78
IX The meaning of 'sh,:mJd have' or <mmt han' is experessed by adding a,oa~-a($:) or @o<l~e,)~;:5e1 to the form

~cSgs

of (he root

in all the

Persons, genders

and numbers.

I should have gone there

= -;e;:i;

e;;52r-~§ :;:.~~ 6o~:;~fa~;

~-t'~ a,oQ'Q5e.J~~Q.
You must have gone there ;,S-a~; ~i1~ c!l!o13~e>~~~.

= biJ)

e;5lc)

"M ~~~

e.o~

The meaning of have to, had to or shall have to is expressed by adding ~~~ a,;$d_E.. ~e;;~ e'l.-oC$:) or ~e>~ a c!l!o6:l~ respectively to the iafiuirivc
O"tJtl
~C$:) j~~e:>~

form of the root.

clP;;$d_E. have to do it I
~o '3<S:l I had to do it

O"iOtJ j i5:l jd:lO~e.;~ O"iOiO j~

jo::D~~)~ ~o~<S:l I shall have to do it Roots

,~o~

To excuse.

~(!;Oro

~W:J
Nouns ~~;5 ~ N.

= To sigh. = To protect. =

= =

Hospital Gandhi

~6s:;5;:p N.

Hell

~oee§M.

= Mahatma M.

cJ-.~ M.

::=

Sinner = Palace

~1:3

o-~

Name of a person

~~;;$;;:mN.
'0
(!;O Q.._

~o~~U)

M.F. = Couple

N.

Train

79
lScSS:J N.

Kindness Day

e~;;m N.

= =

~~~e.:o M.P.
~~ (Adv.)

Gods

In that manner = U nder; B~ck

~olS (Adv.)

w:,~ (Adv.)
GI;)

= Around

"5;$,)~

(Adv.)

==

Behind

(Adj) New

c:);$,) £~ M (Adj) Blessed man

~o6

(Adj) own

"G~~ ~ ~

(:)o;;56J~~

~w:,'S"'~

(i?~)
7?~.

~a

tfjt3 Cr-~ c:);:$;)g "j~6S.

e3;:$)e;l~

t~~e.:o

r.J.)S,)~e.:o Zil~ 6:J

-0

aOg)1:l. 05o;;5C$o. t6:l&P~ ea~gjeT

O"~~

-a~;j::l O"e.;>~~

~D~

l ....

gys~~S.

~~i ~<S:l~ ~~w:,w:,oat\o:;60.

I§o(:) j;:$)
i.....

;;5e e;;$~o

!l3"~<S:l ~ti

;;S8f\~~.

e;9:S.::r~ e;9e[~ ~ .. N";;$d_

e:lS6~gG

~e.:ol\::l
6.)
M

w:,o'Q<S:l.

e;9;;5.J~ 'S"'~§ ~~~

t\o&~)~
O~Ol

-a~o
~~j
'"

~~

~tI.zJ

~~

~oG},§

ao'Q&QjO~.
6l;;5.J~§

6l;5.J~ "5~~

;;5~ X

e;900);;se;

ea~~

u~;5l@g

ao?S;;5-a~.

80
~~ !J'~~

~D6~~;

e;!);S~

Zlo~§ ~~,)

~o~ii>.

~ ~$'~
--"

~~

i$'&0505e?~ e;;5cl~;

o~

!:o:>

KJ..8,) i3;5oJ~e?~ e;o~~.

May God protect the people. May the sinners go to hell. People used to flock round Gandhiji wherever he Kaika used to love Ramas as her own son. Rama went to his mother's palace; She was then thinking about him. went.

I bad seen you five yea rs back.

Sister-in-law would have certainly about the marriage. You should have gone there by 10 O'clock. The teacher would have seen you in the school. come if she had known

My brother might have come in the train.

I have to go to-day otherwise my father will abuse me. Kindly excuse me; I had to go away in that manner.

NEGATIVE

VERBAL
~QSjo~~~aJ

FORMS

05S('d$'

Negative May rain fall ~C$ ~edSJjn"~ May god protect the people May rain not fall
03";:)

~8dt~o~T\"~

May god not protect the wicked people.

'O~~

&~e?C$:) 6ct..o;;S
eJ

~o~n"~.

81
He used to read the verses ~~~ ;;:5~g;;$x,e;l~ ~~~ He never used to read
e:9i§~

the

verses

~-;5.1~~

;;:5~g~a>

is':loo&;j''~

W"~;$~oo&Qj"'~ W"&~W:l::>oe.:;y~

~~
'S"~

He was then reading

~6~ is':loo~

~;;:5:r~ ~&~

H~

wa-

then not reading

~~~ ~;S.1~ ~~~

~)~~~~.

Rema had gone

O'"~~ ~~~

Rama had not gone

ooo~

O"'~~

~f{~

e.o~-a~

He would have come ;r~

He would not have come ;:ra~

OJO~

oSw,j ooo~Oj"'~

O"'~oa&Qj"'~

~w,j

o&;j"~

'S"~

He may come tomorrow He may not come tomorrow He should have come

OJO~

07~ OJ'''~

-a~ O"'oSW:l,j~. -a~ O"~o~~~,j~.

~w,j

ao~05o~ ao~;So~;$tl.

o~

He should not have come

07~

O"'~o~05o~ O"'~c~05e,)~;:$tl
0'" ~

OJ'''~ 07~

§JS;s Zlc5:l

O"'oSe;l~;:$tl S"&.

I have to do it I have not to do it I bad to do it

-;ec5:l o-::J~ ~~oSo~ -;elS:>t5"~::J ii~05e,)~

~~ t5"~~ ti~oSe,)~

0;$.1

a.

-a~.
ao O~.

11

82
( bad not to do it
~;$J

l::)"~~

j~;s~~

ej~oO~. eo~ejlS':l. eo~~. eo/:$lS':l.

-;:e;5J
I shall have to do it I shall not have to do it
~~

l::)":O:O joiJ;S~~
t?~~ t?~i:)

jd5:l;Se)~

~;$J

j~;s~~

lSt/,

Buy

CLAUSES I ~~ or ~tl:l
M

is used for the 'tbat'

1S?)~.~e§

of the Noun Clause.

He told me tha t he read the Bhagavadgeeta.

~<iS~,

8';$)

~t:J:J{fj~
~Qg)<5~

e:9~ N".~ ~'1J..)~

N"~

~~.Ji6:l.

He asked me what

~~~

~';S~

~e~a~ e:9~ ~e.'R~. ~e~~~ ~~'R;$J.

is k no wn to all. ~:::l e:9oCSMo) 6ID~;$J.
e;5ItI:JeJ

I read.

Tba t he is a scholar
e;5I~~ e;5I~~

;So~~~ ;So~~~

e:9uCSO§~ a[)o'$':o(:$:).

II

Who, which, that, where etc. that begin an adjectival clause in English are not found in Telugu. 10 translate them as ,;);56:>. ~e,. t_;d etc. is Dot idiomatic in

~s

Telugu The Verbs in the Adjectival clauses are generally substitutedby the Participles of the same roots He died in the V illage where he was born e:9~~

,;)~2r-e$ (~

I['"~~;$)

~~z« e

It\''~~r5
correct, this is

oS:l6~<J~~. not idiomatic

e;5I~~

Though

this is grammatically

in Telugu
~~;:)

8'~

L1'i"~~r5

oS:l6~;)~~.

is nausal

in

Telugu,

The boy who stocd on the wall fell down.

~~~c:s ~~,)~
N'~

Sj>~~

~oC:S ;:S'EtSJ.

I can not forget the help which he has done me.

~eS ~

:a~

e~d. ~dS:l~
"B~d$)~.

~~;,S~tSJ.

The time when he comes is not known.

~eS ~ ~WJ,)

(0~o:$)OSll

He forgot the verse that he bad read.

e;!l~~

s-tSJ ~ e~ eoe.;$

;SC:S£0S:lJ($:) :5:l6i:3CS:l. <

III (a)

Adverbial Clausss : When an adverbial clause begins with if or 'in case' its meanning can be expressed in Telugu by using the :aC:S6~
(j)

of the root or by adding ~ ple of the root.

or ~r$o to the past

Partici-

~;s~e~;s (!3ve~~~. ~e~~ ~~o) ~~

(b)

If rain falls I do not go to school

~&~ ~1f~tSJ.

When an Adverbial clause begins with 'when' the mean. in! can be expressed by using the Participle of the root followed by '~;:S"y~'. Please call me when you go to school

~~

~~~

~!il~~;SJ60

;$($:).1 ~el)~0S:lJ.

He called me when be went to school

~M
(c)

~~~;s~~ ~ef ~

~~.1

~~i3;$).

When the Adverbial clause begins with as, because or aQy. word giving the same meaning, the meaning can be expressed by the ~0J"6s' of the root followed by -;3 or :t:3e3'
(j)

(Taminination

of the Instrumental

case).

85
The boy was weeping because (as) the dog bit him.

~!lo(d)

~6~~~

~O)~

~~~~oa~.
is expressed
to the root.

The sense of though

iu Telugu

by adding

GOr5~

or

GOr5~.J~~~

The boy did not come though his friend called him. ~l~~ ~~,J~~ (~l).J;0;;S.J~~~) ~e;o~ O"e§~. (e) The sense of till or until is expressed by adding e;;!IO~~O~ to the participle, Search for the book until it is seen. ~~5~
(f)

~6~

or

5r5e:J~

(r5o~) :;:)O~

(;;i'~

!rO~

~~~~. eS6:J'OJ"6or

The sense of after

~;;$;)~~

is expressed by adding to the past participle of the root.

I shall tell him after be comes.

e;;!It§~ ~w,Jr5 t§6:i0J"e5

(~;;$:)~e:»

~e5~§

;;'l~.J~~' to the

The sense of before is expressed by adding ~o~ F;,\"03"O (Gerund) of the root in the Genitive case. 5
(j)

Drink milk before you sleep. b~ :J~o~~~ ~o~ ~al (g)

l~·ro;;$;);).

The sense of as (ad verbial clause of manner) is expressed by adding e;!I~ or g)4S~;S to the participle of the root.
M

Do as be .ays ~;§~ I did

~~~

;;'l;;Sj;5~

(i:l;;S,;r

g;~~<$)

tl~~

..

as he asked.
~e,I\;5~

(~&I\r5 g)4)~r5)

j~

tl~~~.

86
(b) The sense of unless of the root, followed is expressed by bv using the jl$O'~
Cil

'S""t:>.

I do not eat unless he comes.

~i§'~

~~~~"S"~

~c5:l ~~rS:l.
(Adverbial
Cil

(i)

The sense of that or so that is expressed Dative case. by using

clause of resulr) root in the

the iV' ;sO's

of the

The thief wept loudly

O""~

so tbat the king's

heart

might melt.

~~6o:):)~

~c:iro~t_ cror\
by adding
e;;l~

[l~6n'

~a0~'
verb.

It is expressed

to the Taddharma

Sometimes the meaning of tbe whole sentence by two separate sentences.

is expressed

Roots
S e.:JJ = To pay; to bind.

eS ro

to come down; to decrease,

~till
eJ

= To sew; to bite.
To pay

'aU) =
er£oci.:D

to float. = to teach.

3D oi.:D :,
M

~::Sf\o..::D ~o~

to

deceive.

to cook.

87
Nouns

e§5~

N.

=
N.

Salary; Fees.

~b~ N. = Cinema.

:e_ ;$g~
0""&(:5,)~

Humility;

w« tchedne

ss.

M. = Demon. (Numedcal)

ii5~N"e:xJj"O
~al~6J
eJ')7'i"6;>

Fourteen.

(PIO Noun) (Adj.)

Many.

Golden.

~~~d

~C$gJ§

~~<5:>

e=Jtl ~.)~

O""~~~

i3~J<5:> •
e:9&I"\~~.
C).

.;')~CrC$<5:>ol.\

~w).)i:S:J";J'd_ ~ ~~ (§'"'l';5d_) ~~ ~~,~ w

s» l~gJ

-£.,;;$;D

§""~;$
€.)

6~~J? a:6d_

<5($:)d_ S"~<5
O""~~

~6e;§oW)i"\"'~.

~~~.)ow~

~~gJcT

;;Sal~~

0"".!f<5:le.:c 6.0&8. ~b~~

e=J5"R.:s~.
O""~~~ ~.)~~

~
O""~~

g):)l~~ ~w,j<5.;)('$e:l
eJ07'i"clo-a~

"j($:)~~

§'""O~

~f,l~<5~J~

!.':9;joJ--

e ,,1:3 <5:>.
€.)

"8e.:c ~~~'3
~~ ~
eJ l';§

~N"~

oSJ-o e=J~~

~;$d_~

~o~e.J~~.

~50i::0i:S:J<5cl~
~ ~ e oi::o ($:)•

(~a~iS':ltScl~.Je3§~)

13<5:> ~~

~g~ 1l~~C$(:~~t)~~

* ;;5~g~~&~iS':lo~~.

88
Tell me the story after you read the book.

Do the sum as your teacher taught

in the school. Do not take food until fever cernes down. He fought so bravery that the enemies could not stand. Kalka told Raffia that fourteen years. he should live in the forest for

The school where I studied has now become a college. Tile friend whom I belived deceived me. If my father bad Dot written the letter, I would have gone to the village by now. Plesae tell me the news before I go to the college. He could not pay the fees as he was poor. You can not know the meaning of the verse unless read it twice.

you

-x-

ATMANEPA

DA. ';:i;.BD \PALLA VA AND

VERBS

COl\~POUND 1.

Atmane Is (he D rtive Singular of the word Arman and its meaning is 'for onself".
When the fruit of the action is enjoyed by the Agent himself the verb is said to be Atmanepada. In
l'OOTS

(~ ~)

Tdu5U Atrnanepada them.

are formed by adding

~c5:>

to

e.::>:§6J e.::>:§6"J

e.::>'S.l~

~rJ-a<6:l=He
~c~§'""~e~

Cooked foud (for others)

~:$l~

(e:36ij;;St5)

He cooked food (for himself) ii

Before ~<6:l the e nd ing

to 51

&.

of roots is optionally

changed

iii

Roots ending in o:5::D s·~,.b·tj:1.1(' <6J for d:Xl:l before here the change of e\i 1'1'0 I.'Q is compulsory. This change is n.it strictly
writers.

§'""~

and

observed

by

many

modern

90
vi Sometime's S"C$) is added to
r0()(S

in their

own

sense

2.

Roots

like

§",";:S. ~ooo, meaning.

CJ

:tr£dfu.

itrB~. ~~
are called their
~e:l

etc. are and give

CJ

adde d to oihe r Roots, Nouns, a modified

Verbal Derivatives and

Such forms

;;5c

:$~e:o.

So one I{ 2)

;;50:50S:c
(V)

(")

e,),)

meanings

are

~8w

+ ~oc}:) = ~~i:Xlo~;
i (

~~.:J0~
to stand

to sit

~tl,~ .t. """.:~ =~e:oW':lJ~)

:ae:o.:Jc~ )
;;53

+ e.~& == ;;5&0 ~
c..:5:l

to tie

dCW!1

e::9,~+S"C$)=~§"'";:S ~

"£0 (~) + §'C$)= -:&e;o + S"~( e~,

-&al~~.
~f.)(r~; to wake up;

to be hungry

g'l c'.D = t}F.§'"" C$) to agree

~§"'"~, 'S"o&)

~§""~

to agree

= -&~:dr'C$).

-;&8"" (,-;:Sj

~e.xJ~oi:5:l.

-&a-?r0W':l

to get IIp from sleep. to he accustomed. to become to ihitr1<;. clear, to farna ,

€:9e.:>~+;;5~=€:9::!)~oo
~6;)

:>.'l$;,

= ~':;;)~::al.:i. ~6.J~
= ~e.:>~o::i;Q

e$e.:>~+

~d'.b.J

91

t.+ l?"e;::l "= !_ lAl"Gl to

S
"--

~~ = ~e:o~~ +~~
Q._

to come out.

+ :n.dS:o = s ~dS:o
= ~OO':)~~
~~.

fall aside.

to adorn.
[0

<e;900':)+~;;$)
3. Smetimes

be over,

to be finished.

~05::0 sense of a way Or off.

Went away.

etc are added to roots in the

~(>~~db<5:l b~~~<5:l

Took off.
ROOTS

~ tx> _ e.) §'""tx>

eJ

to bind
_ to beat

to put on;

Nouns

to place on. N. _ Mad man.

~~~a~ N.
lEr~ N.
;;30;5 N.

Neetar,

~~~~~

Food. Cheek, Side.

eJd»e:c N. = Outside place.

~l!'or-~
~~ N. §'""vQ~

N. _ Idol. Back. = Little.

Adj.

-cTS"'b- N. = Shirt.

6x N.

= t:5ae~~

Creeper - Wire.

= Every day; j~
~<$J
<Q~
1

~'""~~~ 6,M ~~~~j

;5o~§'""oe3~. ~~cl§,",,~<5:l. g-o.::lK~-a~

?

~~:ie)~~
~~
t;li@;J

~~~S

<SJ-o 8lll6:l~

S'S"'b-

ff"~ro§'"":$Xe)o:J"
~cc5J

i;6)

O~i'J ~lK~~

Qo;51!.X) §,",,~§,",,~w)'\S~E!.

92
~~,J~~

~~.l d~

.§~§'""~~
e.:l

~~6:Je.~;:$:)

~~iilN"d.~'
eJ

~r5~e:a

~~~§'""~~~,J(6); ~~0"C6,)

rQ;;:J~

;;'O~§'"";:$:)~.

~CS.ld»g ;SeKo~e:>~
~~ ~~~~ ~OOJ~

:i36:>§",,:J~o~;:$:). ~o:>§'""(6)~o~;:$:).

Ko~e:>sb

O":Stm~

~6<6:l

e:>o~~

§'""t.J~a3:l(6). ;S~~e.;eT -~co;S~;:$:),

"j~ ;sa~e:> ~(Hj;;»,e:a

Why do you stand the re? As the washerman clothes myself. did

Come here and sit. not come 1 have t

0

wash roy

When the teacher does Protect yourself until

Dot

come

I shall read

myself.

The ele phant is throwing

dust on its back.

I come,
after the exami-

Hungry people think that the little food they get is nectar.

My friend agreed to give me his books

nations are over. Women adorn themselves The boy folded

when thy go out. and stood before the idol

his haeds

of God.
Do not touch the wire;

it is very hot.

18th Bay
CAUSAL VERBS
~~UI

L"'t($wg5
1. The Causal

verb implies that a person or thing makes another person or thing to perform the action denoted by the root.

;3~

;3~c5:> He did He made another to do

by adding ~oW) to

;3o:))ot:3c5:> (Causal)
2.

The Causal base is generally formed the root.

~o~ ~oe.oW) _ ~~~c~ow)

~~~OW)

3.

Tatsama

roots are formed by adding the termination

YOGts.

~"W) to Sanskrit causal termination

This

~oW) is different

from the

2'loW). ~~ to nourish the

~s

to speak ~~oW); Sanskrit

crs~ oW).
termination

The following instead

roots take

~c:o
M

of ~oW) to be pleased to shine to shine

P;l":Vex>

tSol"
r;l"~ iJ"§'

6dko
M

iJ"~C:O
(Y)

94
(lc5
!3o!;)
oS\Q
e!

to break

"£j~Ul !3o~Ul
(Y')

to shake

to prospar, to increase ;;S80'). When l14ow) is added

®M

to the above roots they

denot the to please

causal sense,

l5o~U) _
M

tSo~oW) ;;saoW) 0 e,j~OW)

;;Saw _
OM e,jElc.u _
M

to make one prosper. _ _

to break (Transitive) to make one shake also. 01'~

~O~U)
M

~o~oW)

~o~oW':> is used in e;;ll~6f:a \3<$:). He shook with feat.

4.

i$~~8"

!3o~o

Some roots optionally take the termination denote the Causal Sf-nse.

W) or

to

.~ ~
strive

to strive

~C6:lW)

cr

~-O~CW)

to

make

another

to
float

"4~

to float -e~W'J or a~).:W)

to make

anothrr

to

~K:l~ return ~~6:l

to return ~X:l~W':>

or ~f\e,oi5:l

to make another

to settle, to becourefit. settle; to cure.

~~6:lw).

~~acW'J

to

make something

~<$:) to hear g)<$:)i:S:> or g)~~ c W':I to make another to hear ~<S:l

desist. to desist ~<$:)~ or ~C6:li:S:> to make another to

~<S:l to Jive ~C6:lW':l or ~C6:l~

Roots ~~ and ~(5;)

to make

another

to

live.

do not take 2iloW':> in

the causal

sense.

95
5. Roots ~t$l\).
Q$rod$):).

~CiK1.

~e)rlJ.

~e;ij"\:)

etc. take ~ and roots to denote the

~ti~. ~~t&:l

etc take ~ optionally

causal sense.

f:5XJ takes ~, ~ and ::J6Jro takes W':l alone

(Q

yWj also

take ~ alone Before t&:l or ~ all the above roots drop the final letter.

estSXJ ~tSXJ i6oro

Q$ro~

to bend down

~tiW':l

or

~l$f\oW':l

to melt
to become

powder

~e,)W':l
dirty ~~

or _

(:$e,)f\oi$":) ~o;).")oi;):)

to fade, to become to pass ~ ti~

13~W':l ~~i;):)

to eat

~&~ _

~;)t\~cW':l

~i;):)

to see

~~

~6Ji;):) to learn

~6J~

-.&~

to greaz

-.&~

tl~

to get up

tl~

~~~

to become

wet~~~.