9, FILOSOFIA MORALEI

"Fie -PL LHUWDW  GHVFRSHULUHD F  vQWUHDJD

ILORVRILH PRUDO  GH SkQ  DFXP D IRVW SOLFWLFRDV 

üL D I FXW SDUWH GLQWUH VRPQLIHUH - üL F  SULQ

n im ic "v irt u t e a" n -D IRVW PDL FRPSURPLV  vQ

RFKLL PHL GHFkW SULQ DFHDVW  SOLFWLFRüHQLH D

DYRFD LORU HL FHHD FH QX vQVHDPQ  F  Dü

QHVRFRWL XWLOLWDWHD JHQHUDO  D DFHVWXL FDUDFWHU

plic t is it o r".
(Frie dric h Nie t z s c h e )

7HUPHQXO PRUDO  DUH RULJLQH ODWLQ  PRV -mores" (cu

derivatul adjectival "moralis") referindu-se la obiceiuri,
RELúQXLQ H PRUDYXUL ,QL LDO úL WHUPHQXO HWLF  FX HWLPRORJLH

JUHDF  HWKRV VXEVW  WKLNRV  DGM GHVHPQD DFHOHDúL OXFUXUL

- -
6SHFLDOL] ULOH XOWHULRDUH DOH VHQVXULORU SHUPLW FD DVW ]L V 

vQ HOHJHP SULQ HWLF  WHRULD ILORVRILF  úLVDX úWLLQ LILF  DVXSUD

PRUDOHL DGLF  DQVDPEOXO FRQVWUXFWHORU FRQFHSWXDOH SULQ FDUH VH

H[SOLF  VWUXFWXUD WHPHLXO úL ULJRULOH H[SHULHQ HORU SUDFWLFR -

VSLULWXDOH FH FRQVWLWXLH SODQXO PRUDOLW LL WU LWH UHDOH 5LJXURV

YRUELQG PRUDOD HVWH RELHFWXO GH VWXGLX DO HWLFLL FKLDU GDF  vQ

vQWUHEXLQ DUHD FRWLGLDQ  FHL GRL WHUPHQL SDU D DYHD DFHOHDúL

VHPQLILFD LL ) U  vQGRLDO  vQFHUF ULOH GH WHRUHWL]DUH DVXSUD

IHQRPHQXOXL PRUDO DSDU GLQ QHYRLD XQHL MXVWLILF UL FRQVLVWHQWH D

XQXL DQXPH VWLO GH YLD  úL SHQWUX D IXQGDPHQWD R SUDFWLF 

SRUQLQG GH OD H[SOLFD LD GDW  RPXOXL úL URVWXOXL V X vQ OXPH 6H

tinde, astfel, spre clarificarea problemelor nemijlocite într-o

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

XQLWDWH FRQFHSWXDO  vQ YHGHUHD SURLHFW ULL XQXL PRGHO H[HPSODU

F UXLD V  L VH DGDSWH]H UHDOLWDWHD XPDQ  (WLFD WHRUHWL]HD]  SHQWUX

DUHYHQLvQYLD DQHPLMORFLW FXXQVSRUGHFXQRDúWHUHFXXQVSLULW

DO QXDQ HORU úL HFKLOLEUXOXL DSW V  GLUHF LRQH]H VXELHFWLYLWDWHD

XPDQ  vQ HIRUWXO GH D FRQIHUL YLH LL URWXQMLPH úL VHQV SULQWU -o
XQLILFDUHYDORULF DVLWXD LLORUGHYLD 

*HQHUDOLW LLQWURGXFWLYH

0RUDOD FXSULQGH YDORUL QRUPH HWLFKHWH WLSXUL LGHDOH úL

modele exemplare SULQ FDUH VH XUP UHúWH UHJOHPHQWDUHD

UDSRUWXULORU LQWHUXPDQH &RQFHS LLOH úL FRGXULOH PRUDOH

SUHILJXUHD]  FULWHULL úL PRGHOH YDORULFH HWDORDQH DOH RPHQHVFXOXL

FH VH LPSXQ FD H[LJHQ H vQ ID D DFWHORU LPHGLDWH 9DORULOH PRUDOH

H[SULP  DVSLUD LL YDOLGDWH VRFLDO DGLF  FHHD FH R VRFLHWDWH

FRQVLGHU  GH]LUDELO VHPQLILFD LL vQ HOHVXUL VHQVXUL SH FDUH OH

DWULEXLPDQXPLWRUSHUVRDQHFRPSRUWDPHQWHVDXDF LXQL$FWHOHGH

YDORUL]DUH SUHVXSXQ WRWGHDXQD UDSRUWDUHD UHDOLW LL vQFRQMXU WRDUH

OD DQXPLWH WUHEXLQ H QHYRL DVSLUD LL GRULQ H XPDQH 9DORUL]DUHD

FRQVW  vQ SUHFL]DUHD XQRU SUHIHULQ H FRPSRUWDPHQWH GHPQH GH

VWLP  (D SUHVXSXQH vQWRWGHDXQD SRODUL]DUHD úL LHUDUKL]DUHD

UHDOLW LORU LPHGLDWH D F URU H[LVWHQ  HVWH SXU úL VLPSOX OLSVLW  GH

atribute valorice intrinseci. Lucrurile nu sunt nici bune, nici rele,

QLFL IUXPRDVH QLFL XUkWH QXPDL SULQ UDSRUWDUH OD VIHUD WUHEXLQ HL

XPDQH DSDU GLIHUHQ H GH UDQJ úL UDSRUWXUL GH RSR]L LH vQWUH

GLIHULWHOH LSRVWD]H DOH UHDOLW LL VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH YDORUL SR]LWLYH

acele acte, obLHFWH FRPSRUWDPHQWH HWF FDUH SULQ vQVXúLULOH ORU

FRQFUHWH VDWLVIDF WUHEXLQ HOH XPDQH úL GH DFHHD VXQW SUH XLWH

SUHIHUDWH F XWDWH úL GRULWH 9DORULOH FD UH]XOWDWH DOH DFWHORU GH

YDORUL]DUH QX DX SUH]HQ  QHPLMORFLW FLFRQVWLWXLH R VIHU  LGHDO 

SiPEROXULOH FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH H[LJHQ HOH úL QRUPHOH PRUDOH

H[SULP  FRQ LQXWXUL YDORULFH SURSXVH VSUH UHDOL]DUH 'HVHRUL vQV 

DFHVWHDQXVHPXO XPHVFV UHFRPDQGHFLIRUPXOHD] LPSHUDWLYH

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

WUHEXLH V  HVWH QHFHVDU FD V  &RGXULOH YDORULFR -normative

sunt DFHOH FRQYHQ LL SULQ FDUH R FROHFWLYLWDWH vúL IRUPXOHD]  úL vúL

FRQVWUXLHúWH LGHDOXULOH I FkQG SRVLELO  FRQYLH XLUHD LQWHUXPDQ 

(OH LQWURGXF DXWRFRQVWUkQJHUL WXWXURU UHDF LLORU SVLKRVRFLDOH 3ULQ

DFHDVWD GLVFLSOLQHD]  úL RULHQWHD]  LQYHVWHVF FX VHQV HQ ergiile

LQVWLQFWXDOHúLSVLKLFH

În mod nemijlocit, raporturile dintre oameni, la nivel de

LQGLYLGXDOLW L úLVDX JUXSXUL DX WHQGLQ D GH D VH PDQLIHVWD FD

UDSRUWXUL GH IRU  GH GRPLQD LH )LHFDUH LQV VDX JUXS WLQGH V -úL
afirme puterile, energiile (indiIHUHQW GH PRGXO V X FRQFUHW GH D úL

OH PDQLIHVWD SHQWUX D RE LQH DYDQWDMH HILFLHQ  VXFFHV 0LKDLO

5DOHD FRQVWDW  F  RULFH SXWHUH VH VXSXQH HIHFWXOXL GH SDQW 

DGLF WLQGHVSUHRDILUPDUHFkWPDLHQHUJLF úLGRPLQDWRDUH)RU D

SULQ HD vQV úL UHIX]  RULFH UHVWULF LL GHYHQLQG LPSHULDOLVW 

WLUDQLF  5DSRUWXULOH GH IRU  LQWHUYLQ RUL GH FkWH RUL

FRPSRUWDPHQWHOHRPHQHúWLVHODV VW SkQLWHGHvQFOLQD LLWHQGLQ H

LQVWLQFWH GH DXWRFRQVHUYDUH HJRLVP LQWHUHVH P UXQWH 6H SRW

deosebi mai multe tipuri de fRU  FI0LKDL 5DOHD IRU D IL]LF  -

F UHLD GLQFROR GH HUHGLWDWHD ELRVRPDWLF  L VH SRDWH DWDúD WHKQLFD

IRU DSVLKLF W ULDGHFDUDFWHUYRLQ DFDSDFLWDWHDGHDXWRFRQWURO

SXWHUHD HFRQRPLF  GDW  GH SURSULHWDWHD LQGLYLGXDO  FH FRQIHU 

insului în cauz  DYDQWDMHOH H[LVWHQ LDOH ID  GH FHLODO L SXWHUHD

FXOWXUDO  GDW  GH DSWLWXGLQLOH LQWHOHFWXDOH GH SUHJ WLUHD JHQHUDO 

úL GH VSHFLDOLWDWH GH HUXGL LH H[SHULHQ  SURIHVLRQDO  SXWHUHD

SROLWLF  - SURFXU  SULYLOHJLL úL SUHVWLJLX SRVHVRULORU HL LQGLYL]L ,

HOLWH DOH SXWHULL SXEOLFH SDUWLGH PL]D DFHVWHL SXWHUL FRQVW  vQ

VSHFLDO vQ RFXSDUHD LQVWLWX LLORU - acele puncte strategice din care
SRW IL OXDWH GHFL]LL PHQLWH V  GHFODQúH]H SURFHVHOH SVLKRVRFLDOH SH

WHUPHQ PHGLX VDX OXQJ WRW vQ DFHVW GRPHQLX LQWU  úL HOLWHOH GH

LQIOXHQ  FDUH MXVWLILF  IDF FUHGLELOH P VXULOH OXDWH GH SRVHVRULL

DXWRULW LL SXEOLFH GHFL RSHUHD]  vQ SODQ SVLKRVRFLDO SXWHUHD

WDOHQWXOXL úLVDX D IUXPXVH LL ÌQ WRDWH LSRVWD]HOH HL IRU D SRDWH IL

FRQFHSXW FDXQFDSLWDOvQVHQVODUJ care este investit nemijlocit

vQ DFWH FRWLGLHQH vQ UDSRUWXULOH FX FHLODO L SHQWUX D SURGXFH
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

avantaje posesorilor (avere, rang social, popularitate, succes).

2ULFH PRUDO  UHVSLQJH GLQ SULQFLSLX FXOWXO IRU HL úL HJRLVPXO

calificându-le ca vicii, defecte SHUVRQDOH 0RUDOD XUP UHúWH

VLVWHPDWLF vQWRWGHDXQD U VWXUQDUHD UDSRUWXULORU GH IRU H GLQWUH

RDPHQL FRUHF LD H[SDQVLXQLL IRU HL UHVHPQLILFDUHD FRQGXLWHORU

SULQ DSHO OD LGHDOXUL QRUPH PRGHOH 0RUDOD FXOWLY  FRPSRQHQWD

XPDQ  D YLH LL DU WkQG FH úL FXP WUHEXLH I FXW SHQWUX FD SULQ

DF LXQLOH QRDVWUH V  ILP GHPQL GH FDOLWDWHD GH RP ÌQWHPHLHUHD

YDORULL PRUDOH HVWH I FXW  GLIHULW GH OD R FRQFHS LH PRUDO  OD DOWD

FRGXULOH PRUDOH VH GHRVHEHVF vQWUH HOH SULQ PRGXO vQ FDUH vQ HOHJ

DXWHQWLFLWDWHDXPDQ úLSURSXQDQXPLWHFRQ LQXWXULFDIXQGDPHQWH

DOHRULF URUJHVWXULXPDQH

Urmând analizele lui Mihail Ralea, putem sugera o

WLSRORJLH JHQHUDO  0RUDOHOH VLPSDWLHL LGHQWLILF  VXUVD YLH LL

PRUDOH vQ DWDúDPHQWXO VSRQWDQ DO RPXOXL ID  GH VHPHQXO V X

Accentul cade pe ILUHVFXO vQWkPSLQ ULL RPXOXL GH F WUH RP SH

DWUDF LD UHFLSURF  PLO  FRPSDVLXQH LPSXOVXO VSUH D IL XWLO

celuilalt, întrajutorare, generozitate, iubirea omenescului din

FHO ODOW 'HVFKLGHUHD RPXOXL F WUH VHPHQL VH GDWRUHD]  vQWU-o

asemenea viziune asupra moralei, instinctului de conservare. Prin

LQWHJUDUHD VRFLDO  VH RE LQH R VWDUH GH VHFXULWDWH LQWHULRDU  DO WXUL

de avantajele civilizatorii. În categoria moralelor fundamentate pe

VLPSDWLH VH vQVFULX YL]LXQLOH PRUDOH DUKDLFH GLQ VRFLHW LOH

WUDGL LRQDO e, în care raporturile dintre oameni sunt directe,

OHJLWLPDWH SULQ WUDGL LH LDU LPSHUDWLYHOH VXQW LPSOLFLWH PXOWH DFWH

QXVXQWI FXWHGLQWHDP MHQ UXúLQH0RUDOHOHFDUHSUHVXSXQF 

YLD D GH UHOD LH VH ED]HD]  SH VSRQWDQHLWDWH VXIOHWHDVF  úL VSLULW

cRPXQLWDU ULVF  V  WUDQVIRUPH VHQWLPHQWHOH PRUDOH vQ FULWHULL GH

YDOLGDUH PRUDO  ÌQ JHQHUDO VHQWLPHQWHOH PRUDOH HPR LL DIHFWH

VW UL GH VSLULW vQVR HVF DFWHOH PRUDOH GDU YDORDUHD PRUDO  D

DFHVWRU DFWH QX GHSLQGH GH SDUWLFLSDUHD VXIOHWHDVF  'H DFHHD în

PRUDOHOH VLPSDWLHL H[LVW  ULVFXO XQRU FRQIX]LL FRPSDVLXQHD SRDWH

IL VLPXODW  VLPSDWLD SRDWH IL LQWHUHVDW  LDU GH RELFHL HVWH

SUHIHUHQ LDO  úL FRQMXQFWXUDO  'DWRULW  DFHVWRU QHDMXQVXUL PRUDOHOH

UHOLJLRDVH WUDQVIRUP  LXELUHD VHPHQXOXL vQWU-un imperativ,

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

refuzându-L VLPSOD LSRVWD]  VHQWLPHQWDO  LXEHúWL úL UHVSHF L vQ

SULPXO UkQG FDOLWDWHD GH RP RPHQHVFXO GLQ WLQH vQVX L úL vQ

VHPHQXO W X 'UDJRVWHD ID  GH XPDQLWDWH HVWH LPEROGXO VXIOHWHVF

pentru a participa efectiv la ceea ce este sacru în fiecare om.

0RUDOHOH KHGRQLVWH FRQVLGHU  F  LPSXOVXO VXUVD YDORULORU

PRUDOH VH DIO  vQ F XWDUHD SO FHULL D VDWLVIDF LHL $FHVWH VLVWHPH

PRUDOHDSUHFLD] F WRWFHHDFH LQHGHQDWXUDXPDQ SRDWHILVXUV 

GH IHULFLUH SO FHUH úL EXFXULH GH DFHHD RPXO QX WUHEXLH V -úL
LQKLEH QLFL R SRUQLUH 5LVFXO HVWH GH D UHGXFH VDWLVIDF LD LQWHULRDU 

OD VLPSOH SO FHUL vQWkPSO WRDUH LQFRQVLVWHQWH ÌQ DFHVW VHQV

HSLFXUHLVPXO UHFRPDQG  FXPS WDUHD P VXUD vQ HOHSFLXQHD FKLDU

úL YLFLLOH SUDFWLFDWH FX P VXU  SXWkQG IL FRQVLGHUDWH YLUWX L

([FHVXO GH YLUWXWH REVHVLD SHUPDQHQW  GH D IL YLUWXRV HVWH XQ

mare viciu.
Moralele eudemoniste, în prelungirea celor hedoniste,
FRQVLGHU  F  VFRSXO YLH LL FRQVW  vQ F XWDUHDIHULFLULL )HULFLUHD FD

ideal,este acea starea în care majoritDWHD WUHEXLQ HORU QRDVWUH VDX

P FDUFHOHPDLLPSRUWDQWHGLQWUHHOHVXQWVDWLVI FXWHODPD[LPXP

SH R GXUDW FkW PDL vQGHOXQJDW  QHGHWHUPLQDW  ÌQ HOHDV vQDFHúWL

WHUPHQL IHULFLUHD QX SRDWH IL DWLQV  vQWUXFkW VH IDFH DEVWUDF LH vQ

mod sistematic, de liPLWHOH ILLQ HL XPDQH úL GH VXUVHOH VXIHULQ HL
&DVWDUHUHDO IHULFLUHDFRQVW vQWU RVDWLVIDF LHLQWHULRDU PD[LP 
-
FDUH HVWH SRVLELO  QXPDL GDF  VXVSHQG P VLP XO FULWLF IDFHP

DEVWUDF LH GH WRDWH VXUVHOH O XQWULFH SHUWXUEDWRDUH úL GLQ DIDU 

astfel încâWDWHQ LDQRDVWU V ILHIL[DW QXPDLDVXSUDDFHORUVWLPXOL

FDUH SURGXF VDWLVIDF LH 7RWXúL IHULFLUHD QX SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW 

VFRS H[SUHV DO YLH LL úL DO DFWHORU QRDVWUH (D HVWH R FRQVHFLQ 

psihologico-VSLULWXDO  FH VH DWDúHD]  QHSURJUDPDW DF LXQLORU vQ úL

SULQ FDUH XUP ULP VFRSXUL úL YDORUL GH R FX WRWXO DOW  QDWXU  0DL

PXOW FD WU LUH IHULFLUHD LQFOXGH WRWGHDXQD VHQWLPHQWXO XQHL

IUDJLOLW L QHOLQLúWL LQFHUWLWXGLQL $WXQFL FkQG DYHP FHUWLWXGLQHD

XQRU UH]XOWDWH DúWHSWDWH úL D XQRU VDWLVIDF LL IHULFL rea se

DXWRVXVSHQG  'HFL VLWXD LD GH IHULFLUH H[LVW  QXPDL DWkW WLPS FkW

HVWH SUH]HQW  LQWXL LD LQWHQ LD úLVDX FRQV LLQ D SURYL]RUDWXOXL D

HYLGHQ HL F  VXUVHOH IHULFLULL VXQW PXOW PDL SX LQH GHFkW FHOH DOH
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

QHIHULFLULLúLDOHVXIHULQ HL

Aristotel concepea fericirea nu ca stare, ci ca una din

DFWLYLW LOH VXIOHWXOXL FRQIRUP  FX YLUWXWHD 3UDFWLFDUHD YLUWX LORU

HVWH FDOHD SULQ FDUH RPXO vúL vPSOLQHúWH DGHY UDWD VD QDWXU 

GHVFRSHU  vúL DVXP  úL HODERUHD]  FDOLWDWHD GH RP FDUH HVWH R

VDUFLQ  LQGLYLGXDO  6SLULWXO LQWURGXFH UHVWULF LL SHQWUX ]HVWUHD

WHPSHUDPHQWDO  úL ELRORJLF  9LFLXO UH]XOW  GLQWU -un exces sau o

OLSV  GLQ SUHD PXOW VDX SUHD SX LQ 9LUWXWHD HVWH R FDOH GH PLMORF

DGLF  HVWH MXVWD P VXU  GLQWUH H[FHV úL LQVXILFLHQ  'H H[HPSOX

GHY UDWD modestie ar consta în a- LFXQRDúWHvQPRGOXFLGYDORDUHD

úLD L RDILUPDI U RVWHQWD LH2UJROLXOFDH[FHVDOLXELULLGHVLQH
-
FD úL XPLOLQ D
- opusul la fel de excesiv al orgoliului - sunt vicii.
Curajul este calea de mijloc dintre simpla temeritate úL IULF  VDX
ODúLWDWH FXUDMXO SUHVXSXQH R MXVW  HYDOXDUH D FRQVHFLQ HORU FH

UH]XOW  GLQ ULVFXO DVXPDW 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY FXUDMXO QX H[FOXGH

WHPHUHDvQID DSHULFROXOXLFLRLQFOXGH

0RUDOHOH YLUWX LL SOHDF  GH OD FRQVLGHUD LD F  YLUWXWHD HVWH

LGHQWLF FXvQ HOHSFLXQHDSUDFWLF vQV FRPSRUW úLQHDMXQVXUL/D

DQWLFLGHSLOG YLUWXWHDPRUDO HVWHXUP ULW SULQWU ROXSW WRWDO D

-
UD LXQLL vPSRWULYD LQVWLQFWHORU úL D XQRU SUHGLVSR]L LL SVLKRORJLFH D

F URUH[WLUSDUHHUDGRULW $VWIHOYLUWX LOHSRWILVLPXODWHHúXkQGvQ

PHGLRFULWDWH &XPS QLUHD H[FHVLY  SRDWH SURGXFH RPXO IDOV

vQ HOHSW

0RUDOHOH YLWDOLVWH FRQVLGHU  F  DGHY UDWHOH YDORUL XPDQH

UH]XOW  ILUHVF VSRQWDQ GLQ H[FHVXO GH YLWDOLWDWH 6H XUP UHúWH

YDORULILFDUHD WXWXURU VXUVHORU GH HQHUJLH XPDQ  În acest sens,

1LHW]VFKHFRQVLGHUDFXOWXOYLUWX LLGLQILORVRILDDQWLF JUHDF GUHSW

VXUV  GH FDVWUDUH D RPXOXL GHYLWDOL]DUH D ILLQ HL XPDQH SULQ

GLVSUH XO VXUVHORU GH SXWHUH SULQ FDUH YLD D SRDWH IL DILUPDW 

&XOWXUD LQWHQ LRQHD]  V GLVFLSOLQH]H úL V  GRPHVWLFHDVF LQVWLQFWH

úL SXWHUL ELR SVLKLFH 0RUDOD vQ RSLQLD OXL 1LHW]VFKH FRPSRUW 
-
ULVFXO GH D GHYLWDOL]D LQWHULRUXO XPDQ 1LHW]VFKH FRQVLGHUD F 

VLVWHPHOH PRUDOH VXQW EHQHILFH GRDU vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH LPSXQ

ILHF UXL RP R GLVFLSOLQ  D YRLQ HL 0RUDOD HV te întotdeauna

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

FRQVWLWXLW  GLQ FRQYHQ LL FROHFWLYH GRWDWH FX MXGHF L MXVWLILFDWLYH

FDUH PRWLYHD]  vQWHPHLD]  DQXPLWH VWLOXUL GH YLD  GRULQ H

FDOLW L úL GHIHFWH SVLKRORJLFH 'LQ DFHVWH PRWLYH PRUDOD WLQGH

VSUH XQLIRUPL]DUHD ILLQ HL XPDQH DGLF  VROLFLW  LQWHJUDUHD vQ

úDEORDQH RELúQXLQ H GHSULQGHUL PHQLWH V  DGXF  RDPHQLL OD

DFHODúL QXPLWRU 5H]XOWDWXO FRQVW  vQ JHQHUDOL]DUHD XQXL WLS XPDQ

PHGLRFUX 0RUDOHOH VXQW YLFLDWH GLQ SULQFLSLX vQWUXFkW HOLPLQ 

LQGLYLGXDOLWDWHD VWULFW  D RPXOXL vL FHU UHQXQ UL úL IDF DEVWUDF LH

GH LQHJDOLWDWHD IXQFLDU  GLQWUH LQGLYL]L 'H DFHHD PDL DOHV vQ

VRFLHWDWHD PRGHUQ  V D
- LPSXV PRUDOD VFODYLORU DGLF 

HJDOLWDULVPXO XPDQ LQGLVWLQF LD PHGLRFULWDWHD FD HWDORQ VRFLDO

JXVWXO PHGLX JRDQD GXS  FRQIRUW úL SO FHUH UHIX]XO VXIHULQ HORU

ILUHúWL OLSVD GH SUREOHPH VSLULWXDOH PLWXO HJDOL] ULL úDQVHORU úL

GHFUHWDUHD HJDOLW LL WRWDOH vQ GUHSWXUL $FHDVW  PRUDO  FRQYLQH

gloatei, turmei. Ea are ca scop domesticirea instinctelor umane,

YO JXLUHD HQHUJLLORU YLWDOH ÌQV  - considHU  1LHW]VFKH - DGHY UDWD

PRUDO  HVWH FHD GH VW SkQ vQWRWGHDXQD LQGLYLGXDOL]DW  DIOkQGX-se

GLQFROR GH FRQYHQ LLOH FROHFWLYH FRQIRUWDELOH GHVSUH ELQH úL U X

$GHY UDWD PRUDO  WLQGH VSUH DILUPDUHD YLH LL OXkQG FKLDU IRUPD

YRLQ HLGHSXWHUH - în sens larg. Elanul vital tinde spre afirmarea de

VLQH VSUH SURJUHV LQWHULRU úL FUHDWLYLWDWH DYkQG PL]H vQDOWH úL

capacitatea de a-úL DVXPD WRDWH ULVFXULOH UHDOH úL SRVLELOH 0RUDOD

GH VW SkQ YL]HD]  GHS úLUHD PHGLRFULW LL FXUHQWH SULQ LGHDOXO

supraomului. Supraomul este, la Nietzsche, un proiect umanist:

HVWH RPXO DGHY UDW FDUH vúL DVXP  RPHQHVFXO GUHSW VDUFLQ 

SHUVRQDO  HVWH RPXO DIODW GLQFROR GH PHGLRFULWDWHD

FRQWHPSRUDQLORU RPXO FDUH XUPHD]  RPXOXL DFWXDO DGLF 

XOWUDRPXO RPXO QRELO FX R YRLQ  SXWHUQLF  úL DVSU  'H DFHHD

VXSUDRPXO vúL UHIX]  VHQWLPHQWDOLVPHOH X]XDOH SUHFXP PLOD

DXWRMXVWLILFDUHD FDUH VXQW VHPQH GH VO ELFLXQH 'DF  PRUDOHOH

RELúQXLWH H[SULP  OD QLYHOXO YDORULORU úL QRUPHORU LQVWLQFWXO GH

DXWRFRQVHUYDUH PRUDOD VXSUDRPXOXL UHIX]  SUHFDX LD LQGHFL]LD

DVSLUD LD P UXQW  MXVWLILFDULOH DFFHSWkQG vQ VFKLPE ULVFXO WRWDO DO

ULVLSHLGHHQHUJLHúLYLD SULQFDUHRPXOVHSURGXFHSHVLQHvQVXúL
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

ÌQ YL]LXQHD OXL 1LHW]VFKH RPXO HVWH R ILLQ  QHvQFKHLDW 

LQGHFLV  3XWHP VSXQH F  vQVXúLUHD GH R m este un risc permanent,

WUDJLFXO úL VXIHULQ HOH QX WUHEXLH H[WLUSDWH GHRDUHFH IRUPHD]  FX

DGHY UDW LQWHULRUXO XPDQ úL VXQW REVWDFROH FDUH REOLJ  YRLQ D úL

YLD D OD SUREH FX DGHY UDW VHPQLILFDWLYH 'LQFROR GH LHUDUKLLOH

FRQYHQ LRQDOH MXVWLILFDWLYH DOH PRUDOHL FXUHQWH VH DIO  DGHY UDWD

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PRWLYHOH úL VFRSXULOH QRDVWUe nu ar exprima fidel actele pe care le

întreprindem; ele sunt simple simptome verbale ale unor impulsuri
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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

ILH SHQWUX F  XUP UHVF SUHVWLJLXO FkúWLJDUHD SUH XLULL UHVSHFWXOXL

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absurdului. Aceste morale sunt individualiste. Societatea pare a fi
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încât nu se poate face orice, oricând sau oricum.

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necesitateD LQWHJU ULL VRFLDOH $FHVW WLS GH PRUDO  GHILQHúWH

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înzestrat FX úL SUDFWLF  vQWRFPDL YDORULOH FROHFWLYH HVWH LQWHJUDW

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orLFH FRQ LQXW RFD]LRQDO SHUVRQDO VDX H[WHULRU 3ULQFLSLLOH

ipotetice sunt cele practicate în mod curent de oameni atunci când
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SHUVRQDOH 0L]D HVWH RE LQHUHD IHULFLULL vQV  YRLQ D FX DGHY rat
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úL DF LRQHD]  vQ DúD IHO vQFkW RPXO V  ILH FRQVLGHUDW úL WUDWDW

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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

SRUQHDVF GHODWUDWDUHDRPHQHVFXOXLDFDOLW LLGH om) ca valoare

VXSUHP  $FWXO PRUDO QX HVWH GRDU FRQILUPDUH D GDWRULHL FL HVWH

I FXWGLQGDWRULHDGLF HVWHXQLPEROGLQWHULRUvQúLSULQFDUHRPXO

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FDWHJRULF FRQVLGHU  SDUWLFLSDUHD VXELHFWLY  SULQ WU LUL

VHQWLPHQWH HPR LL FD ILLQG QHVHPQLILFDWLY  GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH

moral, ca pe un simplu accesoriu.

3XWHP VSXQH F  SLYRWXO RULF UHL UHIOHF LL WHRUHWLFH DVXSUD

UHDOLW LORU PRUDOH vO FRQVWLWXLH IRQGXO LQWHURJDWLY úL GHVWLQD LD

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ethos comunitar, deci prin idealizarea acestuia, sau printr-un

DSULRULVP VSHFXODWLY D XQHL SDUDGLJPH LPSHUDWLYLVWH JHORDV  GH

RELFHL ID  GH SRVLELOLL FRQFXUHQ L REWX]  OD GLDORJ úL

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(VWH DLFL XQ PRWLY VHULRV SHQWUX FDUH 1LHW]VFKH UHIX]  GXKXO

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XPDQXOXL I U  D vQGU ]QL VWUXFWXUDUHD FRQVHFLQ HORU

comportamentale în formula unei etici propriu-zise. Abia atunci

când accentul este pus pe deschiderea unor orizonturi interogative,
SUREOHPDWL]DWRDUH ILORVRILD PRUDOHL vQFHSH V -úL LD vQ SRVHVLH

UHIOH[LY  vQWUHDJD DULH GH FRPSHWHQ   HOXO HWLFLL - QRWHD] 

N.Hartmann, nu-l constituie punerea sub LQWHUGLF LH úL vQFKLVWDUHD

omului într-R VFKHP  FL ULGLFDUHD OXL OD GHSOLQD PDWXULWDWH úL
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RPXOXL HVWH DGHY UDWD LQIRUPDUH SH FDUH HD R SURGXFH vQ RP 

(DQXUHSUH]LQW IRUPDUHDYLH LLR mului peste capul omului, ci mai

GHJUDE DWUDJHUHDRPXOXLVSUHIRUPDUHDOLEHU DSURSULHLYLH L>@

3UHPLVD XQXL DVHPHQHD GHPHUV FRQVW  vQ DFFHSWDUHD QDWXULL

deschise, contradictorii - UH]LVWHQWH OD RULFH GHWHUPLQ UL VXPDUH D

ILLQ HL XPDQH 0RUDOD úL HWLca sunt dispuse tocmai la punerea în
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

RUGLQH YDORULF  D DFHVWHL FRPSOH[LW L LPSUHYL]LELOH 2PXO HVWH R

ILLQ  FRQúWLHQW  GH SURYL]RUDWXO FRQGL LHL VDOH 'H DFHHD HVWH

QHYRLW V-úL DVXPH XQ GH]HFKLOLEUX VWUXFWXUDO ID  GH VLQH SULQ

GUDPDWL]DUHD H[SHULHQ Hlor interioare; în raport cu lumea,
DFFHSWkQG PLVWHUXO FD SRYDU  LQWHOHFWXDO  UHIX]kQGX-L vQV 

WHQGLQ HOHGRPLQDWRDUHvQWHQVLXQLOHFXLVWRULDFDUHvOIDVFLQHD] úL

IRORVHúWHI U D O SUH XLFkW PHULW  SULQ LPSOLFDUH vQ YLD D SURSULH

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úL vQ UHOD LL FX VHPHQLL SkQGLQG úDQVD GH D RFROL vQVHULHUHD

DQRQLPDWXO QLYHODUHD FKLSXOXL VSLULWXDO GDF  QX ULVLSLUHD I U 

SULFLQL úL WHPHL 1DWXUD XPDQ  HVWH GDU PDL PXOW R SRVLELOLWDWH

GHFkW R FHUWLWXGLQH PDL PXOW R FKHVWLXQH GH RUJROLX H[LVWHQ LDO

decât o împlinire; un imperativ difuz, chiar confuz, care, privit

PDL vQGHDSURDSH DUH GRDU FRQILJXUD LH SLYRWDO  úL QX FRQ LQXWXUL

limpezi. Invocându-VH DFHHDúL LPDJLQH GHVSUH FH DU WUHEXL V  ILH

RPXO VH SRW MXVWLILFD GHRSRWULY  FULPH úL DVSLUD LL GH

îndumnezeire. Marginile omenescului sunt vagi. Omul este mereu

vQ FXUV GH LQVWLWXLUH úL FRQVWLWXLUH F FL XPDQL]DUHD QX SRDWH IL

UHGXV ODKRPLQL]DUH

ÌQWUH (PLQHVFX úL XQLL FRQWHPSRUDQL GH SLOG  H[LVW  R

GLVWDQ  PXOW PDL PDUH GHFkW vQWUH DFHúWLD úL DOWH DQWURSRLGH

supeULRDUH &DOLWDWHD GH RP HVWH R VDUFLQ  LQGLYLGXDO  DGLF 

LSRWH]  vQ DFHODúL WLPS SURYL]RULH úL GHILQLWLY  SULQ FDUH LQVXO

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omenescului. Generalitatea speciei, mai bine zis genericitatea, nu

este doaU H[HPSOLILFDW  FL H[SHULPHQWDW  vQ SRVLELOHOH HL DúH] UL
)LHFDUH H FDSWLYXO SURSULLORU GLK QLL FHQWUX GH LQGHWHPLQDUH úL

LPSUHYL]LELO LUDGLHUH VSLULWXDO  vQWUX vQWUXFKLS ULOH URVWXLULL

)LHFDUH VH SHUFHSH FD ILLQ  GHVSLFDW  LUHYHUVLELO úL LUH]ROYDELO în

FHHD FH HVWH SDUH VDX FUHGH D IL úL DP JLUHD SOLQLW WLL RPHQHúWL

GLQ FHO SO VPXLW GH úL SULQ H[SHULHQ H LQWHULRDUH FD PHQLW V 

vQO WXUH PDUHD DEVHQ  QHSHUPLV  OLSV  DFWLY  $JRQLD XPDQXOXL

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H[HUFL LX FROHFWLY I U  DFHVW SULPDW IXQF LRQDO YLD D GH UHOD LH VH

reduce la simplele reflexe pavloviene.

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

3HQWUX KRW UQLFLUHD DFHVWXL VSD LX GHILQLELO SULQ

H[SHULPHQWDUHD RPHQHVFXOXL GLQ RP PRUDOD HVWH WUHEXLQFLRDV 

GDU QX úL VXILFLHQW  HD RIHU  DOJRULWPXO RPHQHVFXOXL VFKL kQG

QXFOHXO DVSLUD LHL OHJLWLPH GDU QX -i poate stabili definitiv

PDUJLQLOHvQWUXFkWDFHVWHDVXQWvQFHUFDWHúLGLQFRDFHúLGLQFRORGH

imperative valorico-QRUPDWLYH FRQYHQ LRQDOH FH UkYQHVF OD

stabilirea unei ordini accidentale -LVWRULFHDGLF 0DUJLQHDGHVXV
D UkQGXLHOLL XPDQH HVWH IRU DW  SULQ GHYR LXQHD ID  GH VDFUX

RUL]RQWXUL VLPEROLFH RELHFWLYH DXWRQRPH DEVROXWH SO VPXLUL

FXOWXUDOHFHLQL LD] RPXOvQWDLQHOHVWUDWXOXLRULJLQDULQFRUXSWLELO

VXILFHQW VLHúL DO H[LVWHQ HL 2ULFH FXOWXU  vúL SURGXFH RUGLQHD

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SHGHSVHÌQWHPHLHUHDPLWLF úLUHOLJLRDV DOLPLWHORUVXSHULRDUHDOH

RPHQHVFXOXL FRQVILQ HúWH FHUWLWXGLQL YDORULFH úL FD VW UL SVLKR -

VSLULWXDOH vQVR LWRDUH VSHUDQ D WHDPD LXELUHD VDWLVIDF LD

smHUHQLD DGPLUD LD FRSOHúLUHD SURVWHUQDUHD FXWUHPXUDUHD

úDPG (UR]LXQHD VLPEROXULORU úL PDL DOHV D IXQGDPHQW ULL

FRQGL LHLXPDQHSULQUHFXUVODWUDQVFHGHQWvQJ GXLHRH[SDQVLXQHD

LQFHUWLWXGLQLL D[LRORJLFH vQGRLDOD I U  RUL]RQW GLVSHUDUHD

angoaseOH LQGLYLGXO ILLQG QXPDL FHHD FH HO vQVXúL IDFH GLQ VLQH
vQWUXFkW GLIHUHQ D VSHFLILF  D VSHFLHL HVWH QHIL[DW  GHILQLWLY úL

SURWHLF  VXE UDSRUW VLPEROLF ÌQ JHQHUDO SURGXFWLYLWDWHD

H[LVWHQ LDO  GLQVSUH PDUJLQLOH GH VXV DOH RPXOXL HVWH vQ OHJ WXU 

GLUHFW cu profilul valorico-normativ al modelului cultural, care

KRW U úWH VWDWXWXO RQWRORJLF DO WHULWRULLORU PHWD XPDQH DIODWH vQV 
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vQ DWLQJHUHD QHPLMORFLW  FX XPDQXO vQWUXFkW vO VHGXFH HQHUJL]HD] 

úLREOLJ ODGLVFLSOLQDUHDPDQLIHVW ULORU

Marginile de jos ale omenescului - DVXSUD F URUD VH

SURQXQ  SVLKDQDOL]D úL HWRORJLD - VXQW vQFHUFDWH vQ VSD LXO GH

WROHUDQ  DO WHQGLQ HORU QDWXUDOH UH]LVWHQWH OD vQFDSVXODUH FXOWXUDO 

'HVSLFDUHD vQ ELRORJLH úL VSLULWXDOLWDWH HVWH VXUVD XQRU ULVFXUL GH
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

SULP  LQVWDQ  'DF  QX FRQúWLHQW VLJXU LQWXLWLY LQVXO HVWH PHUHX

vQID DXQHLDPELJXLW LLQGHFL]LLSkQ XQGHHVWHRPXOúLGHXQGH

vQFHSH EHVWLD" 6IHUD LQVWLQFWXDO  VH LQILOWUHD]  vQ DUWLFXOD LD

YDORULORU PRUDOH SH FDUH FKLDU GDF  QX OH VWUXFWXUHD]  OH

YLWDOL]HD]  OH WRQLILF  2 SUHD PLF  HODERUDUH D ]HVWUHL QDWXUDO -

ELRORJLFHDOLPHQWHD] DJUHVLYLWDWHDDWRPL]DUHDGH]DJUHJDUHDVDX

vQ IXQF LH GH vQFOLQD LD GRPLQDQW  SURGXFH VRFLHW L DQHPLFH

GXLRDVHYO JXLWHDGRUPLWHvQWU -un cod cultural elementar, dispuse

la tâQJXLUH 6SLULWXDOL]DUHD LQWHQV  VXSULP  VXUVH SULPDUH GH

HQHUJLH HúXkQG vQ FXOWXO HWLFKHWHL FRPSRUWDPHQWDOH 'H DFHHD

ILLQ D XPDQ  úL VRFLHW LOH PHULW  D IL vQ HOHVH FD XQ FRPSURPLV

GLQDPLF vQWUH ORJLFDLQLPLL úL ORJLFD LQWHUHVXOXL SH GH R SDUWH LDU

SH GH DOW  SDUWH FD R MXVW  HFKLOLEUDUH vQWUH UH]HUYRDUHOH SVLKLFH

ce-úL WUDJ VHYD GLQ VROXO GLVSR]L LLORU LQVWLQFWXDOH úL LPSHUDWLYHOH
DXWHQWLFLW LL IRUPXODWH GH VSLULW PDL DOHV vQ LSRVWD]D VD PRUDO 

ÌQWUH FHOH GRX  KRWDUH GLIX]H DOH RPHQHVFXOXL - cel de sus, marcat
de paradigme filosofice, mitico-UHOLJLRDVHúDDOHDXWHQWLFLW LLLDU

FHOGHMRVLQVLQXDWvQXUJHQ DFRQYHUVLXQLLWHQVLXQLLWHQGLQ HORUQH -

, pre- úL HYHQWXDO DQWL-culturale - HVWH SRWHQ LDO SUH]HQW vQWUHJ
VSHFWUXO VXIHULQ HL GLQVSUH OLPLWH SUHFDULW L GDU PDL DOHV FD

vQVR LWRUDOLVSLWLULLvQFHUF ULWHQWD LLDGHPHQLULVHGXF LLSULQFDUH

RPXO vúL vQFHDUF  GHVWLQXO &DOLWDWHD GH RP HVWH PDL WRWGHDXQD

ULVFDW  VXE VHPQXO LVSLWHL VSUH D RE LQH VDWLVIDF LL YDORULFH OD

marginea superioar  EXFXULLOH ILUHúWL vQ VSD LXO PHGLDQ VDX

vPSOLQLUHD SO FHULORU vQVSUH JUDQL D FX HUHGLWDWHD ELR SVLKLF 

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1X vQWkPSO WRU FHO PDL H[SUHVLY VLPERO PHWDIL]LF DO F XW ULL úL

ascensiuniL RPXOXL VSUH XQ ILUHVF DO FRQGL LHL VDOH HVWH *ROJRWD
6XIHULQ D HVWH H[SHULHQ D LQWHULRDU  FDUH O PXUHúWH PDUJLQLOH

RPHQHVFXOXL )LORVRILD PRUDOHL SRDWH GRDU V  vQFHUFH DGLF  V 

SURSXQ  YHFWRUL D[LRORJLFL FDUH SULQ DWUDF LD VSRQWDQ  D

VXELHFWLYLW LL FRQFUHWH SULQ VWLPXODUHD FUHDWLYLW LL úL D UHVXUVHORU

GHDXWRGHWHUPLQDUHLQGLYLGXDO SULQLQVWLWXLUHDXQXLFRQWDFWYLXDO

RPXOXL FX DOWHUQDWLYHOH QHPLMORFLWH GH vQQRELODUH VXIOHWHDVF  úL

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

VSLULWXDOL]DUH D YLH LL LQL LD]  SURFHVH GH VWUXFWXUDUH D UHJLVWUHOR r

omenescului.
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SOXULGLPHQVLRQDOLWDWHD SURWHLF  D QDWXULL XPDQH SHVWH UHDOLWDWHD

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GH LQGHWHUPLQDUH HVWH SURSXV  úL LPSXV  R UHDOLWDWH LGHDO ,
YDORULF  vQ FDUH úL SULQ FDUH VH FRQGHQVHD]  ILQDOLWDWHD GH VSHFLH

ILLQGSRVLELO RULFkQGvQWkOQLUHDVDXFRQYHUJHQ DLQVXOXLFXLQVXOúL

FX VLQH  vQVXúL 6SD LLOH GH PDQLIHVWDUH XPDQ  VXQW DFRSHULWH SULQ

GLVWLQF LD GLQWUH PRUDO FDUH VH UHIHU  OD WRW F

eea ce este
susceptibil de calificare/valorizare dintr-un punct de vedere moral,
DGLF  SRDWH IL DSUHFLDW FD EXQ VDX U X úL DPRUDO DGLF  FHHD

FHQXFDGHVXELQFLGHQ DXQHLDSUHFLHULPRUDOHVHVLWXHD] GLQFROR

GH VIHUD PRUDOLW LL vQ DIDUD DFHVWHLD FD FHYD QHXWUX úL LQGLIHUHQW

la valorizare; într-un sens mai restrâns, prin "moral" se poate

desemna doar ceea ce este dezirabil, conform unui ideal de
FRQGXLW  RSXQkQGX-i-VH GH DFHDVW  GDW  LPRUDOXO FD VIHU  D

FHHD FH VH vQI LúHD]  FD ILLQG FRQWUDU OHJLORU úL YDORULORU PRUDOH

SR]LWLYH 'H IDSW SULQ FRQ LQXWXULOH FX FDUH VXQW LQYHVWLWH FHOH

GRX SRODUL] ULPRUDO - "amoral", "moral"-LPRUDOPRUDODúLOD

XQ DOW QLYHO ILORVRILD PRUDOHL VFKL HD]  DUWLFXOD LLOH YDORULFH úL

ILQDOLWDWHDVLPEROLF D riscului de a fi om. Dincolo de modelele de

DXWHQWLFLWDWH GLQFROR GH XWRSLL VSHUDQ H vQGHS UWDWH úL YL]LXQL

HVFDWRORJLFH U PkQH WRWGHDXQD úL VH DILUP  R UHDOLWDWH XPDQ 

FRPSOH[  D F UHL DPELJXLWDWH QX SRDWH IL VXSULPDW  FL GRDU

RFXOWDW  VDX GLVSUH XLW  6H SRDWH VSXQH F  FHHD FH HVWH DSURDSH

XQLYRF vQ ELQH VDX vQ U X VH GHWDúHD]  GLQ FkQG vQ FkQG GH

DPELYDOHQ D XPDQ  FRPXQ  úL DWXQFL GHSULQGHP H[SHULHQ D

VILQ LORU úL D PRQúWULORU XPDQLW LL >@ GDU D JkQGL úLVDX D FUHGH

F  vL SXWHP DYHD SH XQLL I U  SRVLELOLWDWHD FHORUODO L GH D IL HVWH R

LOX]LH vQWUH LQXW  GH FRPRGLWDWH GRULQ  XWRSLH DUELWUDUXO ORJLF DO

LQLPLLDXWRLOX]LRQDUHVDXPDQLSXODUHFXOWXUDO 
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

2. Binele moral

9DORULOH úL QRQ YDORULOH PRUDOH VH UHIHU  OD SHUVRDQH úL
-
DFWH SUHFXP úL OD VHQWLPHQWH LQWHQ LL PRWLYD LL úL DWLWXGLQL OHJDWH

de acestea. Prin cupluri conceptuale (generozitate - egoism;

sinceritate -I UQLFLHLSRFUL]LHPRGHVWLH- îngâmfare; demnitate -
XPLOLQ VOXJ UQLFLH HWF GHVHPQ P FHHD FH HVWH VDX SRDWH IL

valoURV úL OD SROXO RSXV QHJDWLY GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH PRUDO
%LQHOH RFXS  XQ ORF DSDUWH SULYLOHJLDW vQ VLVWHPXO DFHVWRU

categorii. Într-XQ VHQV PXOW PDL ODUJ ELQHOH VH UHIHU  OD PXOWLSOH

DOWH VIHUH DOH H[LVWHQ HL XWLOLW L DYDQWDMH RELHFWHOH VDWLVIDF LL lor,
EXQ VWDUHD PDWHULDO  ELQHOH VSLULWXDO SR]L LD úL SUHVWLJLXO vQ

VRFLHWDWH VLWXD LLOH FRQYHQDELOH VWDUHD GH V Q WDWH úD 3RW IL

FRQVLGHUDWH EXQH VDX FD DSDU LQkQG ELQHOXL DFHOH IHQRPHQH

FRQGL LL UDSRUWXUL vQWkPSO UL - naturale sau sociale, materiale sau
spirituale - HYHQLPHQWH LVWRULFH DF LXQL úD FDUH - în virtutea
vQVXúLULORU úL D HIHFWHORU EHQHILFH SH FDUH OH SRW DYHD - satisfac

DQXPLWH QHYRL WUHEXLQ H DVSLUD LL úL H[LJHQ H XPDQH 'HFL

FDWHJRULDD[LRORJLF JHQHUDO DELQHOXLLQGLF WRWFHHDFHPHULW V 

DLE XQVWDWXWSUHIHUHQ LDO

Binele moral are criterii specifice de valorizare, care îl

GHRVHEHVF GH WRDWH FHOHODOWH LSRVWD]H &kQG DILUP P vQ YLD D

FRWLGLDQ  GHVSUH R FRQGXLW  F  HVWH PRUDO  LPSOLFLW R DSUHFLHP

FD SR]LWLY  FD ILLQG FRQIRUP  ELQHOXL 'LQ DFHDVW  HFKLYDODUH

VSRQWDQ  D PRUDOLW LL SR]LWLYH FX ELQHOH GHFXUJ DOWH DVSHFWH

LPSRUWDQWH ÌQ SULPXO UkQG IDSWXO F  SHQWUX D úWL FH HVWH ELQHOH

WUHEXLH V  vQ HOHJHP WHPHLXULOH YLH LL PRUDOH úL URVWXULOH

imperativelor sale. În aOGRLOHDUkQGHVWHHYLGHQW FDOLWDWHDELQHOXL

GH FDWHJRULH IXQGDPHQWDO  OD DOH F UHL FRQ LQXWXUL SDUWLFLS 

VHQVXULOHSDUWLFXODUHDOHWXWXURUFHORUODOWHQR LXQLPRUDOHI U vQV 

FD VHPQLILFD LD ELQHOXL V  ILH RE LQXW  SULQ VLPSO  vQVXPDUH

ÌQ HOHVXULOHELQHOXLPRUDOQXSRWILHSXL]DWHSULQFRQFUHWL] ULOHVDOH

vQRQRDUHGHPQLWDWHPRGHVWLHJHQHUR]LWDWHúDPG)XQF LLOHVDOH

YDORULFH VXQW LQWHJUDWRDUH GH VLQWH]  úL OHJLWLPDUH JOREDO  ÌQ

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

VIkUúLW FULWHULLOH ELQHOXL DX R HYROX LH LVWRULF  úL YDULD]  GH la o
VRFLHWDWH OD DOWD 9DORULOH PRUDOH GHVHPQHD]  WLSXUL GH UDSRUWDUH

VRFLDO  QX GRDU LQGLYLGXDO  SUHIHUHQ LDO  UD LRQDO  YROLWLY  úL

HPR LRQDO ID GHYLD DUHDO vQYHGHUHDFRQVWLWXLULLXQRULGHDOXUL

úL FULWHULL HYDOXDWLYH DSWH V  PHQ LQ  úL V  RULHQWH]H R FRH]LXQH úL

ordine indispensabile traiului în comun. De aceea, sunt elemente

FRQVWLWXWLYH DOH FRQúWLLQ HL FROHFWLYH LPSXQkQGX-VH FD SURLHF LL

RELHFWLYH D F URU SUH]HQ  QX SRDWH IL LJQRUDW  FL DWUDJH VDX FKLDU

FRQVWUkQJH 9DORULOH SUHILJXUHD]  R RUGLQH LGHDO   VXV LQXW  SULQ

-
VHPQLILFD LL VLPEROXUL PRGHOH - FDUH DUH R H[LVWHQ  GH VLQH

VW W WRDUH DUDW  FXP WUHEXLH V  ILH H[SHULHQ HOH PRUDOH FRQFUHWH

úLSHQWUXDFHDVWDRIHU PRGHOHODWHQWHGHDF LXQH9DORULOHPRUDOH

LQWHJUD]  YLD D FRQWLGLDQ  úL DF LXQLOH FROHFWLYH vQWU-un

determinism instituit, întrucât faptele emiprice sunt coordonate de

VHQVXULPRWLYD LLFULWHULLúLLGHDOXULFHDSDU LQDVSLUD LLORUOHJLWLPH

DOH VRFLHW LL VDX JUXSXOXL VRFLDO 1XPDL SULQ DSHO OD DFHDVW 

RUGLQH  LGHDO  D %LQHOXL SRW IL DWULEXLWH VDX UHFXQRVFXWH FDOLW LOH

YDORULFHDOHSHUVRDQHORUúLDFWHORU

3ULQ IDSWH UHOD LL UHJOHPHQWDUH PRUDO  VH vPSOLQHVF

H[LJHQ HOH XQHL YLH L WU LWH vQ PRG XPDQ $F LXQHD GLUHF LRQDW  GH

YDORUL úL QRUPH QHFHVLW  R DQXPH UHQXQ DUH O a sine din partea
LQGLYLGXOXL GHS úLUHD vQFOLQD LLORU QDWXUDOH D VHQVLELOLW LL

VSRQWDQH úL D UDSRUWXULORU GH IRU  IL]LF  0RUDOD  PHQ LRQHD] 

-
Mihai Ralea - vQFHSH DFROR XQGH VH LQDXJXUHD]  OXSWD LQWHUQ  vQ

FRQúWLLQ  XQGH QHOLQLúWHD VWkUQLW  GH GRX  VROX LL SRVLELOH VH

UH]ROY  SULQWU R UHQXQ DUH OD FRQIRUWXO VXIOHWHVF SUH]HQW SHQWUX R

-
FDOH PDL GLILFLO  GDU PDL MXVW  5HIX]XO DJUHPHQWXOXL SUH]HQW

UHIXODUHDSO FHULLGHPRPHQWUH]LVWHQ DODFRPRGLWDWHDVXIOHWHDVF 

în schimbul unei perspective ce parePDLGUHDSW GDUFDUHSRDWHIL

SUREOHPDWLF vQUHXúLW LDW QDWXUDFRQIOLFWXOXLGHFRQúWLLQ FHVW 

OD ED]D JHVWXOXL HWLF >@ %LQHOH PRUDO H[SULP  R UHDOLWDWH GH DOW

RUGLQ GHFkW FHDD YLH LL ELRORJLFH úLD SVLKRORJLHLLQGLYLGXDOH 3ULQ

modele de condXLW úLFRQYLH XLUHVHLQL LD] úLvPSOLQHúWHRUGLQHD

XPDQ  D YLH LL 'DF  SULYLP ELQHOH PRUDO GLQ XQJKLXO QHFHVLW LL
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

VDOH VRFLDOH úL DO VHPQLILFD LHL XPDQLVWH QL VH SUH]LQW  FD ILLQG

VFRSXO VXSUHP FH WUHEXLH XUP ULW SHQWUX HO vQVXúL úL QX GRDU

pentru aYDQWDMHOH IRORDVHOH SHUVRQDOH SH FDUH QL OH SURFXU 

8UP P ELQHOH SHQWUX F  GRULP V  WU LP XPDQ RPHQHúWH vQ FHO

PDLvQDOWJUDGDWkWFkWQHVW vQSXWLQ 'DF vQV DERUG PELQHOH

GLQ SHUVSHFWLYD FRQVHFLQ HORU úL ILQDOLW LL VRFLDOH úLVDX

individuale, QL VH UHOHY  FD PLMORF LQGLVSHQVDELO RULF URU JHVWXUL

DFWH VXFFHVH úD SH FDUH OH GRULP FD V  ILH úL PRUDOLFHúWH SR]LWLY

MXVWLILFDWH 'HFL vQ WRDWH LSRVWD]HOH VDOH ELQHOH SUH]LQW FRQGL LLOH

úL FULWHULLOH XQHL FRQYLH XLUL GHPQH SHQWUX XPDQLWDWHD GLQ RP úL

folositoare pentru oamenii reali. "Omul - DUDW  ,PPDQXHO .DQW -

HVWH vQ DGHY U GHVWXO GH SURIDQ GDU XPDQLWDWHD GLQ SHUVRDQD OXL

WUHEXLH V -L ILH VIkQW  ÌQ vQWUHDJD FUHD LH WRW FH YUHP úL DVXSUD

F UXLDDYHPYUHRSXWHUHSRDWHILIRORVLWúLQXPDLFD mijloc; numai

RPXOúLvPSUHXQ FXHORULFHFUHDWXU UD LRQDO HVWHVFRSvQVLQH

>@ 7UDWDUHD ILLQ HL XPDQH WRWGHDXQD FD VFRS vQ VLQH úL QLFLRGDW 

ca mijloc, este obiectivul imperativului categoric de a urma

GDWRULD GLQ UHVSHFW SHQWUX OHJHD PRUDO  3ULQELQHFRQúWLHQWL] P

R YDORDUH PRUDO  SR]LWLY  GRULW  F XWDW  úL SUDFWLFDW  VHQVXULOH

VDOH DX GLPHQVLXQL LQGLFDWLYH SURLHFWLYH úL LPSHUDWLYH

solicitându-QH DWkW  SULQ RULHQWDUHD SH FDUH R SURSXQH FkW úL SULQ
REOLJD LHvQGDWRULUHDGHDQHPDQLIHVWD întocmai.

3. Normele morale

1RUPDUHD HVWH R FRPSRQHQW  LQGLVSHQVDELO  RULF UHL

DF LXQL VRFLDOH (D FRQVW  vQ SUHFL]DUHD DFHORU UHJXOL FDUH VDWLVIDF

QHYRLD GH RUJDQL]DUH VW SkQLUH UHJODUH úL GLULMDUH D RSHUD LLORU

prin care pot fi atinse anumite scRSXUL DWHQ LRQkQG vQ DFHODúL
WLPSDVXSUDXQRUIDFWRULúLDF LXQLFDUHSRWILVXUVHGHSHUWXUED LL

GHUHJO UL HúHFXUL úL VLWXD LL QHGRULWH &DSDFLWDWHD QRUPHORU GH D

UHJOHPHQWD DF LXQLOH LQGLYLGXDOH úL GH JUXS VH vQWHPHLD]  SH

YDORUL LGHDOXUL úL FULWHULL FROHFWLYH 1RUPHOH PRUDOH SURPRYHD] 

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

DQXPLWH GHWHUPLQD LL DOH ELQHOXL FLQVWHD JHQHUR]LWDWHD PRGHVWLD

HWFDWkWVXEDVSHFWXOFRQ LQXWXOXLYDORULFFDOLW LOHRPHQHúWLFH

WUHEXLH XUPDWH FkW úL DO GDWRULHL LQWHQ LRQkQG V  DUPRQL]H]H

universul a ceHD FH HVWH GH]LUDELO VHPQLILFD LLOH LGHDOH FX

VLWXD LLOHFRQFUHWH7RWRGDW DWUDJDWHQ LDDVXSUDWLSXULORUGHIDSWH

reprobabile, negative. Într-RDFFHS LXQHJHQHUDO QRUPHOHPRUDOH

VWDELOHVF OLPLWH vQWUH FDUH VXQW úL SRW IL DFFHSWDWH YDULD LXQL DOH

coPSRUWDPHQWHORU LQGLYLGXDOH DVWIHO vQFkW V  ILH PHQ LQXWH

FRH]LXQHD VWDELOLWDWHD úL RPRJHQLWDWHD VRFLHW LL VDX JUXSXOXL

VRFLDO (OH SURSXQ VSUH UHDOL]DUH úL LPSULP  DFWHORU SHUVRQDOH XQ

VFRS PRUDO FDUH H[SULP  FULWHULL FROHFWLYH GH HYDOXDUH úL DVSLUD LL

YDOLGDWH VRFLDO 'H DFHHD QRUPHOH PRUDOH UHFRPDQG  SUHVFULX

LQWHU]LFSHUPLWVDQF LRQHD] SUHYLQDQWLFLS úLDSUHFLD] JHVWXUL

conduite, atitudini, fapte ale unui subiect real sau posibil.

1RUPD PRUDO  HVWH R JHQHUDOL]DUH D H[SHULHQ HL FROHFWLYH

FDUH vúL GRYHGHúWH HILFLHQ D vQ DVLJXUDUHD FRQYLH XLULL ILLQG GH

DFHHD WUDQVPLV  GH RELFHL VXE IRUPD XQHL UHJXOL SUDFWLFH

([SULP ULOH VDOH SRW IL LQVLVWHQW -recomandative ("fii generos"),

SUHSRQGHUHQW LPSHUDWLYH WUHEXLH V  ILL FLQVWLW VDX SURKLELW ive
QX IL HJRLVW QX WUHEXLH V  ILL QHFLQVWLW PLQFLQRV ÌQ

IRUPXO ULSUHFLVHDFHVWHQRUPHDUDW VXELHFWXOXLFHWUHEXLHV IDF 

úLFHQXWUHEXLHV IDF vQVLWXD LLFRQFUHWHGHYLD FXPWUHEXLHV 

ILH úL VH H[FOXGH V  ILH SHQWUX FD PDQLIHVW ULOH VDOH V  LQWUH vQ

FDWHJRULD FHORU EXQH DGPLVH úL SUH XLWH GH VHPHQL 6SUH

GHRVHELUH GH QRUPHOH MXULGLFH FDUH WUDQVPLW REOLJD LL FHW HQHVWL

HOHPHQWDUH UHJXOLOH PRUDOH RIHU  PRGHOH GH SHUIHFWLELOLWDWH

XPDQ  'HúL vQ PRG QHPLMORFLW HOH FHU úL vQ DFHODúL W imp, atribuie
DFWHORU úL DFWLYLW LORU XQ JUDG GH UD LRQDOL]DUH ULJRDUH

UHJXODULWDWH GLUHF LH úL VHQV DX PLVLXQHD GH D FRQWXUD PRGHOH

XPDQH FX WU V WXUL H[SOLFLWH úL GH D IRUPXOD LPEROGXUL VSUH

SUDFWLFDUHDFDOLW LORUSULQFDUHILLQ DRPHQHDVF vúLSRD te înnobila

SURSULDVDYLD 

Un ideal social este ansamblul coerent de laturi privitoare

OD PRGHOXO HYROX LHL LVWRULFH- asumat spontan sau deliberat - úL OD
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

LGHDOXUL GH YLD  (O HVWH R DOWHUQDWLY  OD YLD  VRFLDO  QHPLMORFLW 

'H DFHHD SUHILJXUHD]  úL XQ PRGHO GH YLD  PRUDO  D F UXL

DSOLFDUHHVWHREOLJD LHLPHGLDW 6FRSXULOHDQWLFLSDWHvQSODQVRFLDO

VROLFLW  DWLWXGLQL úL FRPSRUWDPHQWH DGHFYDWH VWLOXUL GH SDUWLFLSDUH

úL UHVSRQVDELOLW L GHFL R DVHPHQHD RULHQWDUH YDORULF  D

raporturilor interumane vQFkW V  ILH DVLJXUDWH FRQGL LLOH VXELHFWLYH

LQGLVSHQVDELOH UHDOL] ULL SURLHFWHORU FROHFWLYH 'H DFHHD QRUPHOH

PRUDOH DQWLFLS  XQ WLS XPDQ SUHVFULX úL SURSXQ VIDWXUL GH

FRQGXLW  'HúL GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL IXQF LLOH QRUPDWLYH VXQW

formulate apodictic (WUHEXLH V   HVWH REOLJDWRULX FD V 

PRUDOD QX SRDWH IL UHGXV  OD VLVWHPXO GDWRULLORU VRFLDOH FL WUHEXLH

V  LD vQ FRQVLGHUD LH úL RPXO LQGLYLGXDO FX DVSLUD LLOH F XW ULOH úL

vQFOLQD LLOH VDOH ÌQ SURFHVXO LQGLYLGXDOL] ULL PRUDOD vúL

completeD] FDUDFWHUXOFRQYHQ LRQDOGHLQVWDQ H[WHULRDU FXW ULD

VDX IUDJLOLWDWHD PRWLYD LLORU SH FDUH OH SULPHúWH vQ SVLKRORJLD

RDPHQLORU FRQFUH L 'LQ QRUPDUH H[WHULRDU  VRFLDOPHQWH SURSXV 

úL LPSXV  PRUDOD WUHEXLH V  VH FRQVWLWXLH FD QRUPDUH LQWHULRDU 

suUV  GH DXWRFRQVWUkQJHUL DVWIHO vQFkW FRQ LQXWXULOH VDOH V  GHYLQ 

PRELOXUL SHUVRQDOH GH DF LXQH $FFHQWXDUHD DVSHFWHORU

LQWHUGLF LRQDOH úL LPSHUDWLYH QX HVWH XQ DUJXPHQW SHQWUX

YDOLGLWDWHD úL H[HPSODULWDWHD XQXL FRG PRUDO FL PDL GHJUDE 

VHPQDOHD]  R OLSV  2 PRUDO  FDUH LQKLE  SULQ LQWHUGLF LL úL SULQ

LQYRFDUHDXQRUGDWRULLvQGDWRULULQHFRQGL LRQDWHGHPRQVWUHD] F 

YDORULOH úL LGHDOXULOH VDOH QX VXQW SUDFWLFDWH VSRQWDQ SULQ

DWDúDPHQW ILUHVF 0RUDOD IXQGDW  SUHSRQGHUHQW SH LGHHD GDWRULHL

UHXúHúWH vQ FHO PDL IHULFLW FD] GRDU LQRFXODUHD  VkUJXLQ HL D

FRUHFWLWXGLQLL IRUPDOH ID  GH QRUPH VIkUúLQG vQ FRPSRUWDPHQWH

QHSUREOHPDWLFH FH GRYHGHVF F  HVWH LQWHULRUL]DW  GLQ WHDP  GRDU

H[LJHQ D WUHEXLH V  IDF DVWIHO SHQWUX F  DOWIHO QX VH SRDWH QX H

permiV vQ WLPS FH IRQGXO YDORULF U PkQH H[WHULRU VXELHFWLYLW LL

individuale.
1X WRDWH YDORULOH PRUDOH VXQW úL SRW IL FRQFUHWL]DWH vQ

VWUXFWXUL QRUPDWLYH 'H SLOG  FRUHFWLWXGLQHD HVWH HGXFDELO  úL

SRDWH IL WUDQVPLV  SULQ UHJXOL GH DF LXQH GDU QX DFHODúL lucru se
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

vQWkPSO  FX QREOH HD PRUDO  FDUH - GLQFROR GH SUHGLVSR]L LL

LQWHULRDUH WHPSHUDPHQWDOH úL GH FDUDFWHU - DQWUHQHD]  RUL]RQWXUL

GHWU LUHPRUDO úLYLUWX LFDUHQXSRWILQRUPDWH$úDFXPUHPDUF 

N.Hartmann, "vitejia, dragostea, capacitatea de jertI VXQWJUHXGH

LQFXOFDW SULQ HGXFD LH YUHGQLFLD FRQVWDQ D GUDJRVWHD GH RUGLQH

VW SkQLUHD GH VLQH úL FRQWUROXO SURSULX SRW IL I U  vQGRLDO  DWLQVH

vQ PDUH P VXU  SH FDOHD vQGUXP ULL SHGDJRJLFH - în anumite

OLPLWH GHVLJXU úL VLP XO U VSXQGHULL ILGHOLW LL VLP XO GUHSW LL

HWF >@ 1RUPHOH DX R IRUP  DEVWUDFW  JHQHUDO  LPSHUVRQDO 

QXPDL SULQ LQWHULRUL]DUHD GLPHQVLXQLORU YDORULFH VH RE LQH R

DGHY UDW  UHJOHPHQWDUH D FRPSRUWDPHQWHORU GLQO XQWUXO WU LULORU

XPDQH úL QX SULQWU -un conformism plat. PeUVRQDOLWDWHD XPDQ  VH

FRQVWLWXLH SULQ DUPRQL]DUHD GDWRULHL VXELHFWLY UHVLP LW  DQWLFLSDWH

úL F XWDWH FX GDWRULD VRFLDO  RELHFWLY  LPSXV  GLQ H[WHULRU

5HVSHFWXO SHQWUX QRUPH QX SRDWH IL UHGXV OD VLPSOD PRUDO  D

corectitudinii, ci trebuie integrat într-o PRUDO  D FRQYLQJHULL

RULHQWDW VSUHVHPQLILFD LLúLWHPHLXULXPDQLVWHúLVLPXOWDQvQWU -

RPRUDO DUHVSRQVDELOLW LLID GHFRQVHFLQ HOHDFWHORUQRDVWUH

&RQYLQJHUHDPRUDO

ÌQ H[SHULHQ D PRUDO  LQWHUYLQ SUHVXSR]L LL DIHFWLYH IDFWRUL

prerefle[LYL FRQ LQXWXUL JUHX VRQGDELOH D[LRPH VXIOHWHúWL

QHFRQúWLHQWL]DWH LPSXOVXUL úL SDVLXQL SVLKR -sociale care devin

DFWLYH SULQ MXGHF L úL SUHMXGHF L PHQWDOLW L FRQYHQ LL

DSUHFLDWLYHúLUHSHUHLGHDOH(VWHVLPSWRPDWLFvQDFHVWVHQVIDSWXO

F GXUDWDúLHILFLHQ DXQXLFRG FDUHHVWHRSURLHF LHDVXSUDDFHHD

-
FH WUHEXLH V  ILH RPXO - VH vQWHPHLD]  SH VDFUDOL]DUHD DQXPLWRU

UHSHUHD[LRORJLFHVHPQLILFD LLPRWLYD LLFULWHULL HOXULúLQRUPH

DWDúDPHQWXO VSRQWDQ úL DFRUGDUHD XQXL FUHGLW QHFRQGL LRQDW

conferindu-OH VWDWXWXO GH UHDOLW L HWDORQ UHDOLW

- L -imperativ pentru
DILUPDUHD XPDQLW LL GLQ RP 2U VDFUDOL]DUHD YDORULORU PRUDOH

LPSOLF  VXE UDSRUW SVLKRORJLF FUHGLQ D vQ FHHD FH VH SURSXQH úL
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

impune ca fiind efectiv valoros, temeinic, original, autentic,

QHFRQGL LRQDWVDOYDWGHODHUR]LXQHWHPSRUDO (SRFLOHGHWUDQ]L LH

sunt dominate de incertitudini, relativism axiologic, individualism,

GH]DUWLFXODUH PRUDYXUL SUDJPDWLFH úL REVHVLD WU LULL FOLSHL WRFPDL

SHQWUX F  VXELHFWLYLWDWHD RDPHQLORU QX PDL HVWH UHFHSWLY  OD

PHVDMH úL H[LJHQ HOH WUDQVLQGLYLGXDOH GH RUGLQXO XPDQLW LL úLVDX

VRFLDOXOXL $VHPHQHD HSRFL GH FUL]  LVWRULF  SURGXF UHVWUXFWXU UL

vQ LQWHULRUXO FUHGLQ HL FUL]H GH IL[DUH RULHQWDUH úL OHJLWLPDUH

$VWIHOGHODFUHGLQ DFDUH - în condi LLQRUPDOH-SURPLWHúLDVLJXU 

SURWHF LH vPSOLQLUH VSHUDQ HOLPSH]L VH WUHFH ODFUHGLQ D SULQFDUH

VHFDXW VDOYDUHDúDQVHUHIXJLL

3UREOHPDWLFD PRUDOHL VH SUH]LQW  FD SUHRFXSDW  GH

UHGXFHUHD GLVWDQ HL úL WHQVLXQLORU GLQWUH FkPSXO UHDOLW LL PRUDOH

FHHD FH HVWH úL RUL]RQWXO YDORULORU FHHD FH PHULW  úL vQ

FRQVHFLQ  WUHEXLH V  ILH 'H DFHHD HILFLHQ D PRUDOHL VRFLDOH

GHSLQGHKRW UkWRUGHPRGXULOHvQFDUHYDORULOHúLQRUPHOHVDOHVXQW

vQ HOHVHúLSURPRYDWHGHF WUHúLSULQVXELHFWLYLWDWHDLQGLYL]LORUúL

JUXSXULORU 'H RELFHL WU LULOH SHUVRQDOH IX]LRQHD]  - SkQ  OD R

DQXPLW  YkUVW  SULQ IRU D HGXFRJHQ  D PHGLXOXL úL LQIOXHQ 

LPLWDWLY  DSRL úL SULQ DGH]LXQH GHOLEHUDW  - cu valorile, idealurile

úL LPSHUDWLYHOH FROHFWLYH SURGXFkQG FHUWLWXGLQL V ubiective, idei-
IRU  FH VWDX OD ED]D DWLWXGLQLORU úL GHFL]LHL vQ FHOH PDL IHOXULWH

vPSUHMXU UL &X DOWH FXYLQWH PRUDOD VRFLDO  HVWH LQWHULRUL]DW 

DVLPLODW  UHHODERUDW  GH F WUH VWUXFWXULOH VXIOHWHúWL PDQLIHVWkQGX -

VH vQ IRUPD XQXL VHW GH FUHGLQ H úLVD u convingeri personale. În
FDOLWDWH GH FHUWLWXGLQL DIHFWLYH DFHVWHD FRQWXUHD]  - firav sau

SUHFLV vQ IXQF LH GH SHUVRQDOLWDWH - XQ RUL]RQW DO DúWHSW ULORU ID 

GH VLQH ID  GH VHPHQL H[SHULHQ H VLWXD LL GH YLD  SUH]HQWH úL

viitoare. Ele circumscriu, GHFL QLYHOXO GLVSRQLELOLW LORU GH

LQWHUSUHWDUHDSUHFLHUH D UDSRUWXULORU FX FHLODO L VIHUD FULWHULLORU GH

GLVFHUQ PkQW YDORULF SUHFXP úL WUDLHFWRULD DF LXQLORU FH SRW IL

vQWUHSULQVH $FHDVW  IL[DUH DIHFWLY  úL YROL LRQDO  DUH ORF QXPDL

GDF  YDORULOH úL normele satisfac sentimentul de securitate

LQWHULRDU  úL DOWH WUHEXLQ H VXELHFWLYH $VWIHO SHUVRDQD XPDQ  H
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

VDOYDW  GH OD UHODWLYLVP DWLWXGLQDO úL GH OD QHVLJXUDQ  LJQRUkQG vQ

P VXUL GLIHULWH vQGRLDOD SHQWUX VLPSOXO PRWLY F  vúL SRDWH

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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

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fa GHFHHDFHVROLFLW OLWHUDUHJXOLORUPRUDOH

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de motivarea conVLVWHQW  D RS LXQLL  úL JHVWXULORU PRUDOH 'HVLJXU

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(binele).
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

5. Omenia

,GHQWLWDWHDELQHOXLFXIUXPRVXOHVWHXQLGHDOSURSXVúLSULQ

ODUJD VD DXGLHQ  FXOWXUDO  LPSXV JkQGLULL HXURSHQH GH ILORVRILD

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DGkQFLPH YLEUD LH úL DSURSLHUH RPHQHDVFD DWXQFL FkQG SUREHD] 

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SXWLQ D GH D FRQVWDWD F  PXOWH GLQ HOH UHVSLU  SULQ PRGXO HIHFWLY

de a se prezenta - JHVWLF  WU LUH OLPEDM - R HYLGHQW  OLSV  GH

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úL GHIHFWH VDX DFWH vQGRLHOQLFH VXE UDSRUW PRUDO FDUH SRW V 

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FDQGRDUHD QDWXUDOH HD QHYLQRYDW  &X WRDWH DFHVWHD YLD D GH

fiecare zi ne antrenea]  VSUH VFRSXUL FODUH úL GH DFHHD QX QH

SHUPLWH R GHWDúDUH SHQWUX D UHFHSWD FRQGXLWHOH FHORUODO L UHOD LLOH

FXVHPHQLLDLGRPDXQRUSULYLWRULODWHDWUX'LPSRWULY QHVROLFLW 

OXFLG úLVDX JUDY UHVSRQVDELO DSUHFLHUL úL DWLWXGLQL PRUDOH 3ULQ

urmare, cKLDU GDF  vQWkOQLP DFWH PRUDOH FDUH QX SODF UHXúLP V 

WUHFHPGLQFRORGHDSDUHQ HGLQFRORGHFHHDFHQXHVWHFRQYHQDELO

úL V  OH FRQVLGHU P GHPQH GH UHVSHFWXO QRVWUX 3HUVLVW  WRWXúL

QRVWDOJLD vQF UF WXULL HVWHWLFH F FL GH RP EXQ  úL GH YUHPH EXQ 

nu te mai saturi".
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XQ PRGHO GH IUXPXVH H PRUDO  1X H YRUED vQV  GH DFHD RPHQLH

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RDPHQL VXQWHP FL PkQGULD GHPQ  úL WRQLF  

suntem oameni!",
deci nu e totul permis. Omenia - FD PRG GH D SUH XL úL vQWkPSLQD
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

ILLQ DXPDQ  vúLDUHRULJLQHDvQPHGLLOHDUKDLFHV WHúWLvQFDUHSH

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HYROX LHL úL RFXSD LLORU HVWH OHQW prezentul fiind o reeditare a
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SXWHUH GH vQUkXULUH D RDPHQLORU RIHULQG VFKHPH GH FRQGXLW 

UHDF LL PHQWDOLW L UHSHUH úL MXVWLILF UL YDORULFH *HQHUD LLOH VH

înscriu neproblematic în veFKLOH RELFHLXUL I U  vQQRLUL FDUH V 

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XQ FkPS YDORULF DúH]DW DF LRQkQG FD IDFWRU GH ILOWUDUH vQO WXU 

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RPXOXL vQ OXPH ÌQ DFHVW VSD LX VRFLDO UHOD LLOH VXQW GLUHFWH

VWDELOH FX R GLQDPLF  UHGXV  úL SRODULW L YDORULFH QHHFKLYRFH

Contactul cu natura - QHPLMORFLW $FHVWH FDUDFWHULVWLFLDOH UHDOLW LL

XPDQH SUHGLVSXQ OD FDOP OLULVP LPSOLFDUH DIHFWLY  FXOWLY 

VHQWLPHQWXO VLJXUDQ HL vQWUH RDPHQL VWDELOLWDWHD HWKRVXOXL

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ODUJ GH la naiva încredere în oameni ("omul este ca oaia, lesne se

LD GXS  DOWXO OD úLUHWHQLD VI WRDV  FDUH QX DWHQWHD]  OD SUH XLUHD

RPXOXL F FL úLUHW SH úLUHW FXQRDúWH )LLQ D XPDQ  vPELQ 

UREXVWH HDFXIUDJLOLWDWHD RPXO HPDL VODE FD RIORDUH úL PDL WDU e
FD R SLDWU  PDL WDUH FD ILHUXO úL VODE FD RXO  FHHD FH MXVWLILF 
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VXVSLFLXQH*HQHUR]LWDWHDHVWHILUHDVF QXILODQWURSLF $WLWXGLQHD

HPDQ  SURVSH LPH QX FDOFXO UHFH 'DWRULD PRUDO  HVWH O XQWULF 

QX LPLWDUH D XQHL REOLJD LL 5HVSHFWXO FHOXLODOW HVWH LPEROG

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QRXW LOH LPSURYL]DWH - QRUPHD]  UDSRUWXULOH PRUDOH DYkQG

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6SRQWDQHLWDWHD VH UDILQHD]  vQ IRUPH ULWXDOH FO GLQG SLWRUHVFXO

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

tLSXULORU XPDQH 8QLWDWHD GH YL]LXQH DVXSUD YLH LLHVWH S WUXQV  GH

DFXUDWH HDFXWXPHL

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vQGHSOLQLUHD GDWRULHL FRQVWUkQJHUHD PRUDO  D RPHQLHL HVWH GRDU R

UHFRPDQGDUHEOkQG $úDFXPREVHUY &1RLFD cuplul "se cade" -

QX VH FDGH QX DUH XQ VHQV QRUPDWLY H[SOLFLW ( R VLPSO 

LQYHVWLUHV IDFLDúDvQFHSkQGFXWUHFHUHDGHODFH LVHFDGHFHvúL

UHYLQHGLQDIDU FDSDUWHDúDGDUFH LVHFXYLQHODFH - LúDGHELQH

FH LVHSRWULYHúWHFH - LUHYLQHGLQ XQWUXOW XSkQ ODFH- LHGDWV 

IDFL DGLF  FH WUHEXLH FH QX SR L V  QX IDFL 6H FDGH VIkUúHúWH

DúDGDU úL HO OD GDWRULH >@ ÌQ DFHODúL VHQV 1,RUJD DSUHFLD]  F 

QR LXQH GH IUXPRV úL XUkW VXQW HOHPHQWH GH SHGDJRJLH SRSXODU 

întrucât "sunt lucruri pe care nu le interzice nici un regulament,

FDUH QX SRW DWUDJH QLFL R SHGHDSV  SHQWUX FDUH FRQúWLLQ D SXEOLF 

n-DUJ VLQLFLRFRQGDPQDUHúLFXWRDWHDFHVWHDOXFUXULOHFDUHVXQW

DVWIHO vQJ GXLWH QX VH IDF 1X VH IDF SHQWUX FH" SHQWUX F  QX VXQW

frumoase". [7]
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VHPQLILFD LLOH  SRDWH VXSUDYLH XL GRDU vQ P VXUD vQ FDUH RDPHQLL
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GHILQLWRULL DOH FLYLOL]D LHL FRQWHPSRUDQH YLWH]D FD GLPHQVLXQH

H[LVWHQ LDO  FRQFXUHQ D SURJUHVXO WHKQLF LQRYD LD FRQWLQX  vQ

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ecoQRPLFH >@ 5LWPXO WUHSLGDQW úL LUD LRQDOXO PXOWRU HYHQLPHQWH

H[SOLF  GDU QX MXVWLILF  JRDQD GXS  DJUHDELO JXVWXO SHQWUX

valori perisabile. Mediul urban, pe un asemenea fond, cuprinde

 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

UHOD LL PXOWLSOH IOXFWXDQWH DFFLGHQWDOH JU ELWH HWF úL vQ DIDU a
FROHFWLYXOXL GH PXQF  úL D FHUFXOXL GH SULHWHQL ED]DWH SH

DQRQLPDW 8QLWDWHD PRUDO  D LQGLYLGXDOLW LL VH GH]DJUHJ  SULQ

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LQIRUPDUH úL GHIRUPDUH PRUDO  $FHDVW  FRPSOH[LWDWH D YLH LL

DWUDJH GXS  VLQH PRELOLWDWHD VHQ]D LD GH YLWH]  OLSVD U JD]XOXL

DIHFWLY vQ UHOD LLOH I U  XUP UL JHVWXUL PRUDOH GLFWDWH GH DYDQWDMH

SURSULL úL HWLFKHWH $FHVWHD VXQW GRDU FkWHYD VLWXD LL FDUH IDF

SUREOHPDWLFGHVWLQXORPHQLHLF FLvQORFXOSOHQLWXGLQLLLQWHULRDUH ,
VH SRDWH LQVWDOD FRQIRUWXO VXIOHWHVF (VWH DFWXDO  UHPDUFD OXL

''5RúFD FX JkQGXO OD IRORVXO HYHQWXDO LQWHOLJHQ D FHD PDL

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LGHDOXULOH PRUDOH DSDU vQ DVHPHQHD RSWLFL GUHSW vQFXUF -OXPH úL
GHSORUDELOHVWULF -VRFRWHDO >@

6. Succesul

6XFFHVXOHVWHRYDOLGDUHH[SOLFLW SUH XLUHDDFRUGDW DFHORU

LGHLFUHD LLIDSWHúDPGFDUHVXQWSHUIRUPDQ HvQUDSRUWFXVIHUD

GLVSRQLELOLW LORU YDORULFH DOH FROHFWLYLW LL $úD FXP SUHFL]HD] 

MihDL 5DOHD VXFFHVXO HVWH R DSUHFLHUH IDYRUDELO  SR]LWLY  R

DSUREDUH vQWRWGHDXQD GHFL HO SUHVXSXQH XQ DQXPLW GLVFHUQ PkQW

R DQXPLW  DúH]DUH vQWU R LHUDUKLH D[LRORJLF  DGLF  R DQXPLW 

-
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fenoPHQSHUVRQDOSVLKRORJLF>@([LVW XQVXFFHVGLVFUHWFHVH

UHGXFH GH FHOH PDL PXOWH RUL OD UHFXQRDúWHUHD FRPSHWHQ HL úL

VHULR]LW LLSHFDUHFLQHYDOHGRYHGHúWHvQSURIHVLHVDXvQFKHVWLXQL

SUHFLVH FDUH LQ GH DFHDVWD GDU H[LVW  úL XQ VXFFHV ]JRPRWR s, în
FDUH PHULWHOH VXQW vQWkPSLQDWH FX HQWX]LDVP úL VW UL SDWHWLFH

FROHFWLYH 1X LQWURGXFHP QLFL XQ IHO GH LHUDUKLH vQWUH FHOH GRX 

WLSXUL $PEHOH SRW IL DGkQFL FRQVLVWHQWH VDX GH VXSUDID 

&DOLWDWHDHGDW GHSHUIRUPDQ DDSUHFLDW úLGHFRQVHFLQ HOHV ocial-

XPDQH SH FDUH OH DUH ÌQ FD]XO VXFFHVXOXL DU WUHEXL GHVLJXU V 
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

FRQWH]H QXPDL PHULWHOH ÌQV  GH RELFHL vQFUHGHUHD LQYHVWLW  GH

RDPHQLL vQ YDORDUHD FXLYD HVWH VHFRQGDW  GH SUHVWLJLX RQRUXUL

SRSXODULWDWH  úL DOWH HIHFWH FH LQ GH SVLKRORJLD FROHFWLY  -XGHFDWD

GHYDORDUHLQHUHQW VXFFHVXOXLSURLHFWHD] ODVFDUDFROHFWLYLW LLR

nevoie de mitizare a valorilor ce-L VXQW SURSULL úL D SXWHULL GH

FUHD LH SH FDUH R DUH vQPDJD]LQDW  vQ PHPEULL V L ,QGLYLGXO

merituos este, poate, doar un pretext fericit pentru ca societatea

V -úL V UE WRUHDVF  LGHDOXULOH úL IRU D FXOWXUDO  2SLQLD SXEOLF  vúL

OHJLWLPHD]  DVWIHO GRULQ D GH VLJXUDQ  YDORULF  úL FLYLOL]DWRULH

J VHúWHDUJXPHQWHRSWLPLVWHSHQWUXWUDLHFWRULDLVWRULF DVXPDW ÌQ

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UHSOLFL DQHFGRWH úL V  L VH LPLWH JHVWXUL H[HPSODUH HVWH O XGDW 

FXUWDW  úDPG DVWIHO vQFkW DOXQHF  VSUH VW UL GHIHFWXRDVH

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- -
GH DFHHD SH FDUH úL D I FXW R RGDW  GHVSUH VHPHQXO V UE WRULW
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are impenetrabilitatea obiectelor solide". Dincolo de valorizare,

RSLQLD FROHFWLY  PDQLIHVW  úL R QHYRLH GH VSHFWDFRO R SUHGLVSR]L LH

spre facilitate, îmbinând seriozitatea cu gustul pentru divertisment

úL DJUHDELO 'UHSW XUPDUH VXFFHVXO HVWH RE LQXW PDL OHVQe atunci

FkQG SULQ FRHILFLHQW GH RULJLQDOLWDWH úL SURILO FRQFUHW SHUVRDQD

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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

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conform datoriei - FHHD FH LPSOLF  H[FOXGHUHD RULF URU PRWLYH

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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

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contradictorii. Deontologiile - QRWHD]  5REHUW 0LVUDKL - sunt

WDXWRORJLFH FRGLILF  LPSOLFD LLOH úL H[LJHQ HOH XQHL SURIHVLL

DQXPH vQV  DFHVWH LPSOLFD LL úL H[LJHQ H GHFXUJ QX GLQWU R UHOD LH -
ORJLF  vQWUH SURIHVLD GHMD FRQVWLWXLW  úL DF LXQLOH SH FDUH OH

presupune, ci dintr-o cRQFHS LH  SUH GHWHUPLQDW  DVXSUD

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socio-FXOWXUDO  D XQHL PHVHULL LDU DFHVWH SULQFLSLL GHS úHVF

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trebuie ele însele întemeiate prin apel la registre reflexive mai

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SULQFLSLLPHQLWHV RULHQWH]HDF LXQHDF WUHDFFHVXOODSOHQLWXGLQHD

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-
responsabilitate - HVWH DQWHULRDU  RULF UXL VLVWHP GH YDORUL úL

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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

fundamentale a sensului. "Preferabilul nu este nicidecum um ideal

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dimensiune a actelor, tonului, atitudinilor sau conduitelor care
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impune - nu atât din considerente morale, cât din nevoi vitale -

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 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

JHQHUDO DGLF  PLúFDUHD UHIOHFWDW  F WUH EXFXULH SH ED]D XQHL

DFWLYLW LFUHDWRDUHVLQJXODUH>@

În opinia lui Misrahi, bioetica nu poate fi decât una din

DSOLFD LLOH SRVLELOH DOH DFHVWHL HWLFL JHQHUDOH 0DL PXOW SUHWHQ LD -

P UWXULVLW VDXnu -GHúWLLQ LILFLWDWHDELR-HWLFLLHVWHUHVSLQV HVWH

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úWLLQ LILF  >@ 0DL SUHFLV GDF  ILORVRIXO VH SUHRFXS  GH

H[LVWHQ  FD DWDUH  ELRORJXO úL PHGLFXO VH RFXS  GH FRQGL LLOH

RUJDQLFH DOH DFHVWHL H[LVWHQ H DGLF  GH FRQGL LLOH RUJDQLFH DOH

HPHUJHQ HL FRUSXOXL VXELHFW HO vQVXúL FRQGL LH D FRQúWLLQ HL

- -
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YDORDUH VSHFLILFH YLD D vQ VHQV VWULFW HVWH FRQGL LD H[LVWHQ ei în
VHQVXO V X GHSOLQ >@ ÌQ FRQVHFLQ  XPDQLVPXO ELR -eticii
WUHEXLH V  ILH VWUXFWXUDW GH UHFXQRDúWHUHD RPXOXL FD VXELHFW FX XQ

OHJLWLP VHQWLPHQW GH VLQH úL GH XQ DQXPH HXGHPRQLVP - întrucât,
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8Q DVHPHQHD SURLHFW HWLF H[SULP  GH IDSW VHQVLELOLWDWHD

GH PDV  D HSRFLL DFWXDOH UHVSLQJkQG LQWHUSUHW ULOH GRORULVWH FDUH

QLVHSDUF WRWXúLDXDFFHVODDOWHUHJLVWUH - mai adânci, am spune

-DOHXPDQXOXL$FHDVW ILORVRILHDFRQúWLLQ HLDuto-)creatoare care
V  ILH VLPXOWDQ H[LVWHQ LDO  úL HXGHPRQLVW  SDUH V  OHJLWLPH]H

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úDPG SRW vQWHPHLD XQ UHDOLVP H[LVWHQ LDO PXOW PDL SURIXQG úL
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

VHPQLILFDWLY GHFkW FODXVWUDUHD XQLODWHUDO  vQWU R HWLF  D VDWLVIDF LHL

-
H[LVWHQ LDOH'LVFRQIRUWXOVXIOHWHVFúLUHIOH[LYSRDWHILFUHDWRUvQWU -
RPXOWPDLPDUHP VXU GHFkWvQFKLGHUHDvQWU -o fericire provizorie
úL PLRDS  OD HYLGHQ HOH RPHQHVFXOXL vQ FRWLGLDQ (WLFD OXL 5REHUW

0LVUDKL MXVWLILF  RELúQXLQ HOH úL DVSLUD LLOH FXUHQWH GH DFFHV

democratic lD PXO XPLUL GH VLQH SULQ FDUH YLD D SDUH D F S WD R
plenitudine a sensului.
Karl-2WWR $SHO FRQVWDW  XQ SDUDGR[ DO HSRFLL
contemporane: pe de o parte, "nevoia unei etici universale" (de
IDSW R PDFURHWLF  YDODELO  vQ VSD LXO OLPLWDW DO SODQHWHL SHQWUX

vQWUHDJD XPDQLWDWH úL SH GH DOW  SDUWH GLILFXOW LOH - chiar
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QRUPDWLY GH RULFH QRUP  VDX GH RULFH YDORDUH>@ ([SDQVLXQHD

SODQHWDU  D FLYLOL]D LHL úWLLQ LILFH úL WHKQLFH H[LOHD]  SXWHULOH

moralei într-R PLFURVIHU  IDPLOLD FXSOXO YHFLQ WDWHD vQ FDUH QX

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poate - QXPDL SULQ HD vQV úL - V  OHJLWLPH]H QRL YDORUL PRUDOH

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F WUH ORJLF  QX HVWH QXPDL R FRQGL LH GH SRVLELOLWDWH D MXVWLILF ULL

ORJLFH úL úWLLQ LILFH HPSLULFH D RSLQLLORU FL HVWH vQ P VXU  V 

VWDELOHDVF  IDSWXO F  DFHDVWD GLQ XUP  FRQVWLWXLH R HILFLHQ 

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RGDWRULHPRUDO 
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

(WLFD SUHVXSXV  GH F WUH ORJLF  GUHSW FRQGL LH GH

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explicative) presupun intercomprHKHQVLXQHD KHUPHQHQWLF  vQ

FRPXQLWDWHD FRPXQLFD LRQDO  D RDPHQLORU GH úWLLQ  LDU

intercomprehensiunea KHUPHQHXWLF  LPSOLF  OD UkQGXO V X

XWLOL]DUHD WXWXURU LQIRUPD LLORU GLVSRQLELOH UHIHULWRDUH OD IDSWH -

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YHQLW  GH OD úWLLQ D HPSLULFR DQDOLWLF  GH F WUH HWLFD SUHVXSXV 
-
>@ÌQDFHVWFRQWH[WGLVWLQF LDNDQWLDQ GLQWUHLSRWHWLFúLFDWHJRULF

QX PDL SRDWH IL XWLOL]DW  FD SURLHFW GH vQWHPHLHUH D HWLFLL vQWUXFkW

ipoteticul de care este vorba nu este motivat de un interes

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SUHVXSXV  GH ORJLF  SRVLELOLWDWHD vQV úL GH vQWHPHLHUH UD LRQDO  D

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logicii sau de fundarea eticii, se ajunge la un regres la infinit.

'LILFXOW LOH VXQW RFROLWH GH F WUH .-O.Apel printr-o precizare de

principiu: "în apriori-XODUJXPHQW ULLUH]LG Q ]XLQ DGHDMXVWLILFD

QX QXPDL WRDWH DVHU LXQLOH úWLLQ HL FL GLQFROR GH DFHVWHD RULFH

Q ]XLQ H XPDQH LQFOXVLY SUHWHQ LLOH LPSOLFLWH DOH RDPHQLORU ID 

de DO L RDPHQL FDUH VXQW FXSULQVH vQ DF LXQL úL LQVWLWX LL >@
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RELHFWXO vQ FDOLWDWH GH SUHWHQ LL Q ]XLQ H - n.n.) virtuale,

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D DFRUGXOXL >@ $FHDVW  P VXU  IXQGDPHQWDO  QX úL WUDJH IRU D -

QXPDL GLQ UHFXQRDúWHUHD IDFWXDO  D FHORU FDUHDX DGRSWDW XQ DFRUG
 FILOSOFIA MORALEI

- "modelul contractului" -, ci se impune ca imperativ tuturor celor

FDUH úL-DX DFKL]L LRQDW SULQ VRFLDOL]DUH R FRPSHWHQ 

FRPXQLFD LRQDO  - vQ VHQVXO F  LDX vQ HFXD LH DúWHSW ULOH -

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YRLQ HL 'HFL]LLOH VXELHFWLYH DOH FRQúWLLQ HL PRUDOH LQGLYLGXDOH

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H[LVWHQ LDOLVP VXQW DFXP PHGLDWH D SULRUL FX H[LJHQ D YDOLGLW LL

intersubiective - SULQ IDSWXO F  ILHFDUH LQGLYLG UHFXQRDúWH FX

XúXULQ  DUJXPHQWDUHD SXEOLF  GUHSW H[SOLFD LH D RULF UXL FULWHULX

SRVLELO GH YDOLGLWDWH úL GHRSRWULY  GH FRQVWLWXLUH UD LRQDO  D

YRLQ HL>@

6ROLSVLVPXO PHWRGLF HVWH DVWIHO GHS úLW úL vQ GRPHQLXO

HWLFLL ÌQV  GLQFROR GH VLPSOD IRUPXODUH D SULQFLSLXOXL VH DIO 

VDUFLQDPXOWPDLGLILFLO DLPSXQHULLúLvQGHSOLQLULLVDOHSHWHUPHQ

lung, ceea ce, în opinia lui K.-2 $SHO LPSOLF  PDL vQWkL V  VH

GH]YROWH PHWRGD GH]EDWHULL PRUDOH GHOLEHUDUHD SUDFWLF  vQ

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