Section 3.

4
C03S04.001: Write f (x) = 4x5/2 + 2x−1/2 to find

1 10x3 − 1
f  (x) = 10x3/2 − x−3/2 = 10x3/2 − = .
x3/2 x3/2

C03S04.002: Write g(t) = 9t4/3 − 3t−1/3 to find

1 12t5/3 + 1
g  (t) = 12t1/3 + t−4/3 = 12t1/3 + = .
t4/3 t4/3

C03S04.003: Write f (x) = (2x + 1)1/2 to find

1 1
f  (x) = (2x + 1)−1/2 · 2 = √ .
2 2x + 1

C03S04.004: Write h(z) = (7 − 6z)−1/3 to find that

1 2
h (z) = − (7 − 6z)−4/3 · (−6) = .
3 (7 − 6z)4/3

3 3(x2 + 2)
C03S04.005: Write f (x) = 6x−1/2 − x3/2 to find that f  (x) = −3x−3/2 − x1/2 = − .
2 2x3/2

C03S04.006: Write φ(u) = 7u−2/3 + 2u1/3 − 3u10/3 to find that

14 −5/3 2 −2/3 2(15u4 − u + 7)

φ (u) = − u + u − 10u7/3 = − .
3 3 3u5/3

3 √
C03S04.007: Dx (2x + 3)3/2 = (2x + 3)1/2 · 2 = 3 2x + 3.
2
4 √
C03S04.008: Dx (3x + 4)4/3 = (3x + 4)1/3 · 3 = 4(3x + 4)1/3 = 4 3 3x + 4.
3
3 6x
C03S04.009: Dx (3 − 2x2 )−3/2 = − (3 − 2x2 )−5/2 · (−4x) = .
2 (3 − 2x2 )5/2

2 6y 2
C03S04.010: Dy (4 − 3y 3 )−2/3 = − (4 − 3y 3 )−5/3 · (−9y 2 ) = .
3 (4 − 3y 3 )5/3

1 3 3x2
C03S04.011: Dx (x3 + 1)1/2 = (x + 1)−1/2 · (3x2 ) = √ .
2 2 x3 + 1

8z 3
C03S04.012: Dz (z 4 + 3)−2 = −2(z 4 + 3)−3 · 4z 3 = − .
(z 4 + 3)3

1 2x
C03S04.013: Dx (2x2 + 1)1/2 = (2x2 + 1)−1/2 · 4x = √ .
2 2x2 + 1
  1 1 2t4
C03S04.014: Dt t(1 + t4 )−1/2 = (1 + t4 )−1/2 − t(1 + t4 )−3/2 · 4t3 = 4 1/2
−
2 (1 + t ) (1 + t4 )3/2

123
 1 − t4
= .
(1 + t4 )3/2

 √
√  3 1/2 √ 3 t
C03S04.015: Dt t 3/2
2 = t 2= √ .
2 2

1 5 5
C03S04.016: Dt √ · t−5/2 = − √ · t−7/2 = − √ .
3 2 3 2t 7/2 3

3 3 
C03S04.017: Dx (2x2 − x + 7)3/2 = (2x2 − x + 7)1/2 · (4x − 1) = (4x − 1) 2x2 − x + 7.
2 2

C03S04.018: Dz (3z 2 − 4)97 = 97(3z 2 − 4)96 · 6z = 582z(3z 2 − 4)96 .

4 4(6x2 − 1)
C03S04.019: Dx (x − 2x3 )−4/3 = − (x − 2x3 )−7/3 · (1 − 6x2 ) = .
3 3(x − 2x3 )7/3
 5  4  
C03S04.020: Dt t2 + (1 + t)4 = 5 t2 + (1 + t)4 · Dt t2 + (1 + t)4
 4    4  
= 5 t2 + (1 + t)4 · 2t + 4(1 + t)3 · 1 = 5 t2 + (1 + t)4 · 2t + 4(1 + t)3 .

C03S04.021: If f (x) = x(1 − x2 )1/2 , then (by the product rule and the chain rule, among others)

1
f  (x) = 1 · (1 − x2 )1/2 + x · (1 − x2 )−1/2 · Dx (1 − x2 )
2
1  x2 1 − 2x2
= (1 − x2 )1/2 + x · (1 − x2 )−1/2 · (−2x) = 1 − x2 − √ =√ .
2 1 − x2 1 − x2

(2x + 1)1/2
C03S04.022: Write g(x) = to find
(x − 1)1/2

(x − 1)1/2 · 12 (2x + 1)−1/2 · 2 − 12 (x − 1)−1/2 · (2x + 1)1/2

g  (x) =  2
(x − 1)1/2

2(x − 1)1/2 (2x + 1)−1/2 − (x − 1)−1/2 (2x + 1)1/2

=
2(x − 1)

2(x − 1) − (2x + 1) 3
= =− √ .
2(x − 1)(x − 1)1/2 (2x + 1)1/2 2(x − 1)3/2 2x + 1

  1/2
t2 + 1 t2 + 1
C03S04.023: If f (t) = = , then
t2 − 1 t2 − 1
 −1/2  1/2
1 t2 + 1 (t2 − 1)(2t) − (t2 + 1)(2t) 1 t2 − 1 −4t 2t
f  (t) = · = · =− √ .
2 t2 − 1 (t − 1)
2 2 2 t2 + 1 − 1)
(t2 2
(t − 1)
2 3/2 t2 + 1

17 
y+1
C03S04.024: If h(y) = , then
y−1
 16  16
y+1 (y − 1) · 1 − (y + 1) · 1 y+1 −2 34(y + 1)16
h (y) = 17 · = 17 · =− .
y−1 (y − 1) 2 y−1 (y − 1)2 (y − 1)18

124
  3  2   2
1 1 1 x2 − 1 x2 + 1 3(x2 − 1)2 (x2 + 1)
C03S04.025: Dx x− =3 x− 1+ 2 =3 · = .
x x x x x2 x4

C03S04.026: Write g(z) = z 2 (1 + z 2 )−1/2 , then apply the product rule and the chain rule to obtain

 2 −1/2 1 2z z3 z 3 + 2z
g (z) = 2z(1 + z ) +z · −
2
(1 + z 2 )−3/2 · 2z = − = .
2 (1 + z 2 )1/2 (1 + z 2 )3/2 (1 + z 2 )3/2

(v + 1)1/2
C03S04.027: Write f (v) = . Then
v
v · 12 (v + 1)−1/2 − 1 · (v + 1)1/2 v · (v + 1)−1/2 − 2(v + 1)1/2 v − 2(v + 1) v+2
f  (v) = 2
= 2
= 2 1/2
=− 2 .
v 2v 2v (v + 1) 2v (v + 1)1/2

 2/3  2/3
5 x (1 + x2 ) · 1 − x · 2x 5 x 1 − x2
C03S04.028: h (x) = · = · .
3 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2 3 1 + x2 (1 + x2 )2

1 2x
C03S04.029: Dx (1 − x2 )1/3 = (1 − x2 )−2/3 · (−2x) = − .
3 3(1 − x2 )2/3
 √
1 1 1+2 x
C03S04.030: Dx (x + x1/2 )1/2 = (x + x1/2 )−1/2 1 + x−1/2 = √  √ .
2 2 4 x x+ x

C03S04.031: If f (x) = x(3 − 4x)1/2 , then (with the aid of the product rule and the chain rule)

1 2x 3(1 − 2x)
f  (x) = 1 · (3 − 4x)1/2 + x · (3 − 4x)−1/2 · (−4) = (3 − 4x)1/2 − = √ .
2 (3 − 4x)1/2 3 − 4x

t − (1 + t2 )1/2
C03S04.032: Given g(t) = ,
t2





 t2 1 − 12 (1 + t2 )−1/2 · 2t − 2t t − (1 + t2 )1/2 t 1 − t(1 + t2 )−1/2 − 2 t − (1 + t2 )1/2
g (t) = =
(t2 )2 t3

t − t2 (1 + t2 )−1/2 − 2t + 2(1 + t2 )1/2 −t(1 + t2 )1/2 − t2 + 2(1 + t2 ) t2 + 2 − t(1 + t2 )1/2

= 3
= 3 2 1/2
= .
t t (1 + t ) t3 (1 + t2 )1/2

C03S04.033: If f (x) = (1 − x2 )(2x + 4)4/3 , then the product rule (among others) yields

f  (x) = −2x(2x + 4)4/3 + (1 − x2 ) · 43 (2x + 4)1/3 · 2


= (2x + 4)1/3 −2x(2x + 4) + 83 (1 − x2 ) = 43 (2x + 4)1/3 (2 − 6x − 5x2 ).

C03S04.034: If f (x) = (1 − x)1/2 (2 − x)1/3 , then


 −1/2 −2/3 (2 − x)1/3 (1 − x)1/2
f (x) = 1
2 (1 − x) (−1) · (2 − x) 1/3
+ 1
3 (2 − x) (−1) · (1 − x) 1/2
=− +
2(1 − x)1/2 3(2 − x)2/3
3(2 − x) + 2(1 − x) 5x − 8
=− = .
6(2 − x)2/3 (1 − x)1/2 6(2 − x)2/3 (1 − x)1/2

125
  2
1
C03S04.035: If g(t) = 1+ (3t2 + 1)1/2 , then
t
 2  
 1 1 2 −1/2 1 1
g (t) = 1+ · (3t + 1) (6t) + 2· 1 + − 2 (3t2 + 1)1/2
t 2 t t

(t + 1)2 2 t+1 2 3t2 (t + 1)2 2(t + 1)(3t2 + 1) 3t4 − 3t2 − 2t − 2

= 3t · − · (3t + 1)1/2
= − = √ .
t2 (3t2 + 1)1/2 t2 t t3 (3t2 + 1)1/2 t3 (3t2 + 1)1/2 t3 3t2 + 1

C03S04.036: If f (x) = x(1 + 2x + 3x2 )10 , then

f  (x) = (1 + 2x + 3x2 )10 + 10x(1 + 2x + 3x2 )9 (2 + 6x) = (3x2 + 2x + 1)9 (63x2 + 22x + 1).

2x − 1
C03S04.037: If f (x) = , then
(3x + 4)5

2(3x + 4)5 − (2x − 1) · 5(3x + 4)4 · 3 2(3x + 4) − 15(2x − 1) 23 − 24x

f  (x) = 10
= 6
= .
(3x + 4) (3x + 4) (3x + 4)6

C03S04.038: If h(z) = (z − 1)4 (z + 1)6 , then

h (z) = 4(z − 1)3 (z + 1)6 + 6(z + 1)5 (z − 1)4 = (z − 1)3 (z + 1)5 (4(z + 1) + 6(z − 1)) = (z − 1)3 (z + 1)5 (10z − 2).

(2x + 1)1/2
C03S04.039: If f (x) = , then
(3x + 4)1/3

(3x + 4)1/3 (2x + 1)−1/2 − (2x + 1)1/2 (3x + 4)−2/3

f  (x) =
(3x + 4)2/3

(3x + 4) − (2x + 1) x+3

= 4/3 1/2
= .
(3x + 4) (2x + 1) (3x + 4) (2x + 1)1/2
4/3

C03S04.040: If f (x) = (1 − 3x4 )5 (4 − x)1/3 , then

1
f  (x) = 5(1 − 3x4 )4 (−12x3 )(4 − x)1/3 + (1 − 3x4 )5 · (4 − x)−2/3 (−1)
3
(1 − 3x4 )5 −180x3 (1 − 3x4 )4 (4 − x) (1 − 3x4 )5
= −60x3 (1 − 3x4 )4 (4 − x)1/3 − = −
3(4 − x)2/3 3(4 − x)2/3 3(4 − x)2/3
 
(180x4 − 720x3 ) − (1 − 3x4 ) (1 − 3x4 )4 (183x4 − 720x3 − 1)(1 − 3x4 )4
= = .
3(4 − x)2/3 3(4 − x)2/3

(1 + y)1/2 + (1 − y)1/2
C03S04.041: If h(y) = , then
y 5/3

126
 1   
 y 5/3 + y)−1/2 − 12 (1 − y)−1/2 − 53 y 2/3 (1 + y)1/2 + (1 − y)1/2
2 (1
h (y) =
y 10/3
   
y 12 (1 + y)−1/2 − 12 (1 − y)−1/2 − 53 (1 + y)1/2 + (1 − y)1/2
=
y 8/3
   
y 3(1 + y)−1/2 − 3(1 − y)−1/2 − 10 (1 + y)1/2 + (1 − y)1/2
=
6y 8/3
   
y 3(1 − y)1/2 − 3(1 + y)1/2 − 10 (1 + y)(1 − y)1/2 + (1 − y)(1 + y)1/2
=
6y 8/3 (1 − y)1/2 (1 + y)1/2
√ √
(7y − 10) 1 + y − (7y + 10) 1 − y
= √ √ .
6y 8/3 1 − y 1 + y

C03S04.042: If f (x) = (1 − x1/3 )1/2 , then


1 1 1
f  (x) = (1 − x1/3 )−1/2 − x−2/3 = − √ .
2 3 6x2/3 1 − x1/3

 1/2
C03S04.043: If g(t) = t + (t + t1/2 )1/2 , then

1 −1/2  1

1 −1/2

 1/2 −1/2
g (t) = 1/2 1/2
t + (t + t ) ) · 1 + (t + t ) 1+ t .
2 2 2

It is possible to write the derivative without negative exponents. The symbolic algebra program Mathematica
yields



 (t + (t + t1/2 )1/2 )1/2 1 − 4t3/2 − 4t2 + 3t1/2 1 + (t + t1/2 )1/2 + 2t 1 + (t + t1/2 )1/2
g (t) = − .
8t(1 + t1/2 )(t3/2 − t1/2 − 1)
But the first answer that Mathematica gives is

1
1+ √
2 t
1+  √
2 t+ t
g  (t) =   √ .
2 t+ t+ t


1
C03S04.044: If f (x) = x3 1− , then
x2 + 1
  −1/2
 1 1 1 2x
f (x) = 3x 1 − 2
2
+ x3 1 − 2 · 2 .
x +1 2 x +1 (x + 1)2

The symbolic algebra program Mathematica simplifies this to

 3/2
 2 x2
f (x) = (3x + 4) 2 .
x +1

C03S04.045: Because

127
 dy 2
y  (x) = = 1/3
dx 3x
is never zero, there are no horizontal tangents. Because y(x) is continuous at x = 0 and |y  (x)| → +∞ as
x → 0, there is a vertical tangent at (0, 0).
√
C03S04.046: If f (x) = x 4 − x2 , then

x2 2(2 − x2 )
f  (x) = 4 − x2 − √
= √ .
4 − x2 4 − x2

√ 
√ 
Hence there are horizontal tangents at − 2, −2 and at 2, 2 . Because f is continuous at ±2 and

lim |f (x)| = +∞ = lim |f (x)|,

x→−2+ x→2−

there are vertical tangents at (−2, 0) and (2, 0).

C03S04.047: If g(x) = x1/2 − x3/2 , then

√
1 −1/2 3 1/2 1 3 x 1 − 3x
g (x) = x − x = √ − = √ .
2 2 2 x 2 2 x

√ 
Thus there is a horizontal tangent at 13 , 29 3 . Also, because g is continuous at x = 0 and

1 − 3x
lim |g  (x)| = lim √ = +∞,
x→0+ x→0+ 2 x

the graph of g has a vertical tangent at (0, 0).

C03S04.048: If h(x) = (9 − x2 )−1/2 , then

1 x
h (x) = − (9 − x2 )−3/2 · (−2x) = .
2 (9 − x2 )3/2


So the graph of h has a horizontal tangent at 0, 13 . There are no vertical tangents because, even though
|h (x)| → +∞ as x → 3− and as x → −3+ , h is not continuous at 3 or at −3, and there are no other values
of x at which |h (x)| → +∞.

C03S04.049: If y(x) = x(1 − x2 )−1/2 , then

dy 1 1 x2 1
y  (x) = = (1 − x2 )−1/2 − x(1 − x2 )−3/2 · (−2x) = + = .
dx 2 (1 − x )
2 1/2 (1 − x )
2 3/2 (1 − x2 )3/2
Thus the graph of y(x) has no horizontal tangents because y  (x) is never zero. The only candidates for
vertical tangents are at x = ±1, but there are none because y(x) is not continuous at either of those two
values of x.

C03S04.050: If f (x) = (1 − x2 )(4 − x2 ) = (x4 − 5x2 + 4)1/2 , then

1 4 x(2x2 − 5)
f  (x) = (x − 5x2 + 4)−1/2 · (4x3 − 10x) =  .
2 (1 − x2 )(4 − x2 )

There are no horizontal tangents where 2x2 = 5 because the two corresponding values of x are not in the
domain (−∞, −2] ∪ [−1, 1] ∪ [2, +∞) of f . There is a horizontal tangent at (0, 2). There are vertical

128
tangents at (−2, 0), (−1, 0), (1, 0), and (2, 0) because the appropriate one-sided limits of |f  (x)| are all
+∞.
√
C03S04.051: Let f (x) = 2 x. Then f  (x) = x−1/2 , so an equation of the required tangent line is
y − f (4) = f  (4)(x − 4); that is, y = 12 (x + 4). The graph of f and this tangent line are shown next.

2 4 6 8

C03S04.052: If f (x) = 3x1/3 then f  (x) = x−2/3 , so an equation of the required tangent line is y − f (8) =
f  (8)(x − 8); that is, y = 14 (x + 16). A graph of f and this tangent line are shown next.

2 4 6 8 10 12

C03S04.053: If f (x) = 3x2/3 , then f  (x) = 2x−1/3 . Therefore an equation of the required tangent line is
y − f (−1) = f  (−1)(x + 1); that is, y = −2x + 1. A graph of f and this tangent line are shown next.

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0.5 1

-1

129
  −1/2
 2(1 −  f (x) = −(1 − x) 5 , and therefore an equation of the required
1/2
C03S04.054: If f (x)
3=
3x)

, then
tangent line is y − f 4 = f 4 x − 4 ; that is, y = −2x + 2 . The graph of f and this tangent line are
3

shown next.

-0.5 0.5 1 1.5

C03S04.055: If f (x) = x(4 − x)1/2 , then

1 x 8 − 3x
f  (x) = (4 − x)1/2 − x(4 − x)−1/2 = (4 − x)1/2 − = √ .
2 2(4 − x)1/2 2 4−x

So an equation of the required tangent line is y − f (0) = f  (x)(x − 0); that is, y = 2x. A graph of f and this
tangent line are shown next.

-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2

-4

C03S04.056: If f (x) = x1/2 − x3/2 , then (as in the solution of Problem 47)

1 − 3x
f  (x) = √ .
2 x

Therefore an equation of the required tangent line is y − f (4) = f  (4)(x − 4); that is, y = − 11
4 x + 5. A graph

130
of f and this tangent line are shown next.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5

-10

-15

C03S04.057: If x < 0 then f  (x) < 0; as x → 0− , f  (x) appears to approach −∞. If x > 0 then f  (x) > 0;
as x → 0+ , f  (x) appears to approach +∞. So the graph of f  must be the one shown in Fig. 3.4.13(d).

C03S04.058: If x = 0, then f  (x) > 0; moreover, f  (x) appears to be approaching zero as |x| increases
without bound. In contrast, f  (x) appears to approach +∞ as x → 0. Hence the graph of f  must be the
one shown in Fig. 3.4.13(f).

C03S04.059: Note that f  (x) > 0 if x < 0 whereas f  (x) < 0 if x > 0. Moreover, as x → 0, |f  (x| appears
to approach +∞. So the graph of f  must be the one shown in Fig. 3.4.13(b).

C03S04.060: We see that f  (x) > 0 for x < 1.4 (approximately), that f (x) = 0 when x ≈ 1.4, and that
f  (x) < 0 for 1.4 < x < 2; moreover, f  (x) → −∞ as x → 2− . So the graph of f  must be the one shown in
Fig. 3.4.13(a).

C03S04.061: We see that f  (x) < 0 for −2 < x < −1.4 (approximately), that f  (x) > 0 for −1.4 < x < 1.4
(approximately), and that f  (x) < 0 for 1.4 < x < 2. Also f  (x) = 0 when x ≈ ±1.4. Therefore the graph
of f must be the one shown in Fig. 3.4.13(e).

C03S04.062: Figure 3.4.12 shows a graph whose derivative is negative for x < −1, positive for −1 < x <
−0.3 (approximately), negative for −0.3 < x < 0, positive for 0 < x < 0.3 (approximately), negative for
0.3 < x < 1, and positive for 1 < x. Moreover, f  (x) = 0 when x = ±1 and when x ≈ ±0.3. Finally,
f  (x) → −∞ as x → 0− whereas f  (x) → ∞ as x → 0+ . Therefore the graph of f  must be the one shown
in Fig. 3.4.13(c).

P 2g dL Pg dP 2π 2
C03S04.063: L = , so = , and hence = . Given g = 32 and P = 2, we find the value
4π 2 dP 2π 2 dL Pg
of the latter to be 32 π ≈ 0.308 (seconds per foot).
1 2


C03S04.064: dV /dA = 14 A/π, and A = 400π when the radius of the sphere is 10, so the answer is 5 (in
appropriate units, such as cubic meters per square meter).
√ √
C03S04.065: Whether y = + 1 − x2 or y = − 1 − x2 , it follows easily that dy/dx = −x/y. The slope √of
the tangent is −2 when x = 2y, so from the equation x

2√
2
+ y 2
= 1
√ we see that x2

2√ 1√ = 4/5, so that x = ± 2
5 5.
Because y = 2 x, the two points we are to find are − 5 5, − 5 5 and 5 5, 5 5 .
1 1

131
C03S04.066: Using some of the results in the preceding solution, we find that
the √slope of√ the tan-
√ x = −3y, so that y = 10 . So the two points of tangency are − 10 10, 10 10 and
2 1 3 1
gent

3 √is 3 when
10 10, − 10 10 .
1

C03S04.067: The line tangent to the parabola y = x2 at the point Q(a, a2 ) has slope 2a, so the normal
to the parabola at Q has slope −1/(2a). The normal also passes through P (18, 0), so we can find its slope
another way—by using the two-point formula. Thus

1 a2 − 0
− = ;
2a a − 18

18 − a = 2a3 ;

2a3 + a − 18 = 0.

By inspection, a = 2 is a solution of the last equation. Thus a − 2 is a factor of the cubic, and division yields

2a3 + a − 18 = (a − 2)(2a2 + 4a + 9).

The quadratic factor has negative discriminant, so a = 2 is the only real solution of 2a3 + a − 18 = 0.
Therefore the normal line has slope − 14 and equation x + 4y = 18.

C03S04.068: Let Q(a, a2 ) be a point on the parabola y = x2 at which some line through P (3, 10) is
normal to the parabola. Then, as in the solution of Problem 67, we find that

a2 − 10 1
=− .
a−3 2a

This yields the cubic equation 2a3 − 19a − 3 = 0, and after a little computation we find one of its small
integral roots to be r = −3.

So√ a + 3 is a factor of the cubic; by division, the other factor is 2a − 6a − 1,
2

which is zero when a = 2 3 ± 11 . So the three lines have slopes

1

1 1 1
, − √ , and − √ .
6 3− 11 3+ 11

Their equations are

1 1 1
y − 10 = (x − 3), y − 10 = − √ (x − 3), and y − 10 = − √ (x − 3).
6 3− 11 3+ 11


C03S04.069: If a line through P 0, 52 is normal to y = x2/3 at Q(a, a2/3 ), then it has slope − 32 a1/3 . As
in the two previous solutions, we find that

a2/3 − 5
3
2
= − a1/3 ,
a 2

which yields 3a4/3 + 2a2/3 − 5 = 0. Put u = a2/3 ; we obtain 3u2 + 2u − 5 = 0, so that (3u + 5)(u − 1) = 0.
Because u = a2/3 > 0, u = 1 is the only solution, so a = 1 and a = −1 yield the two possibilities for the
point P , and therefore the equations of the two lines are

5 3 5 3
y− =− x and y− = x.
2 2 2 2

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C03S04.070: Suppose that P = P (u, v), so that u2 + v 2 = a2 . Then √ the slope of the radius
√ OP is
mr = v/u if u = 0; if u = 0 then OP lies on the y-axis. Also, whether y = + a2 − x2 or y = − a2 − x2 , it
follows that

dy −x −x x
= ±√ =± =− . (1)
dx a2 − x2 ±y y

Thus if u = 0 and v = 0, then the slope of the line tangent L to the circle at P (u, v) is mt = −u/v. In this
case
v  u
mr · mt = · − = −1,
u v
so that OP is perpendicular to L if u = 0 and v = 0. If u = 0 then Eq. (1) shows that L has slope 0, so that
L and OP are also perpendicular in this case. Finally, if v = 0 then OP lies on the x-axis and L is vertical,
so the two are also perpendicular in this case. In every case we see that L and OP are perpendicular.

C03S04.071: Equation (3) is an identity, and if two functions have identical graphs on an interval, then
their derivatives will also be identically equal to each other on that interval. (That is, if f (x) ≡ g(x) on an
interval I, then f  (x) ≡ g  (x) there.) There is no point in differentiating both sides of an algebraic equation.

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