MUSLIM SEA-POWER IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN From the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D. (Studies in Naval Organisation) By Aty MouaMep Faumy Doctor of Philosipy in History UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Acsocate, Landon fatete of BductionMUSLIM SEA-POWER IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. From the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D, (Studies in Naval Organisation) w ALY MOHAMED FaHMY 1950 Aah He Wo me bi he tee sg yt Ts Soe tn 9 win, 625817-0,PREFACE Tht ba, comprises sacs in Matin sae. ogviction in he Bases Meieranan fom te ih tte gio cary. ‘osc thas sy he rity lier deo es oe lengua fora The base ee do Wedge ‘os iso tote Unniy 9 Cigna moot {6 of Matin marine aah tan ms fate Gok ‘ri sui thew Rea At oaig tt ek ee ree er ne ‘ae hat wo ar on ed fe bet ee 1 i at srt fac tt oll ‘ovine of Mati oan 0 hy ato The subj, thf, as ben wrapped in frfand scr andi 8 mo exaacraion10iy tnt th tg vis lrng ee tug ina pln layin. Muh itrring materials bared ia le Arabi ext of ‘Maclin Kitriony, gevepters end reins of the Midi Ages, Among! the mast staledocemants a the ‘aby hick hase made grt contbton oe key of natal ‘mates and ase shed mh light onthe Ky af ay ander ad ‘ale Ts nee docment ad the luton 9 dst ase ae els pate ackedge with gratis the ert lp 1 have ried fom Dr. Benard Leas, of the Stal fOr Sain he “ge me ery ecnregerend during the Yoprtin of th bok ‘The Kindy adce and stn of Proven REL. Ts, of King’s oles, are of inetinate eat Tm inde tb ‘Me, T= Hil and Miss LC, That for ena from Goma ‘wos ond Ms, RAH. Dolly fr “anlatons fos Grek te,‘The Librarian ofthe Seo of Orel Sus, Lodo, end of the Brisk Maser rely fated my sae by tis fang ourtsy and aston, The trae in tht charge eee ental the wring of ts bak. 1a imposible name ol inc “ebalars of ay ads, wh aoe realy ansoered my engi aie ty rabjtr ain thr partclr sper. Pally, owe ck to ty Jed, Mis Margarets ity, for hr eal ring of the mosis AM Fabry Landi, October, 1948. CONTENTS CChrootageal Dates f Calpe and Bmperort os Itredetion ‘SER a Api alge — Vac of py Hasan = ‘Segreicl an Otter Sura CHAPTER Avera and Naval Contre fn Bart Ane Cy — Alana — Rene — Dani — ‘TB tine yin — In Se ‘Aroanls and Naval Centres Syriny Mion ad Grote sentra Zaheer Nea hee 0 Taree soloution Seems eeee eee ‘Naval Con ia Crete Campin with Cypat st ae= { -we (CHAPTER TIL. Page rvs we Forests in Eaypt = oy a | arrest Tab — Dienst — iy of ae q eeeeeme 2 is ‘Names of Ships of Taiaid Flest S cy Merten ay ~Gype Cin == (ie —Antet tie _—- wv. ‘Names of Shipe mentioned by Magan 5 " Bibliogeaphy re i Abbreviations ono em - 17 _ nt | : Dison of Pets — Inia Cr» — Rang Pela af Bape «Orne» ad Ate o St Trey <= Man Chal Series — Martine a. Sets Recta Sule Alsen Sey SB Fines of Scere ~ Spe Frou Wage ad cow of Sopp % ea ee cuarrR v. Malin Madherranoan Warshlpe Carnes of Maier WaB it on on a IS Type, of Main Wanige — Ut — ite — Halt a ciel Haga Te 15 Sin of Yecerean Nange ~ Rees ot=vnt = Maps and Mereadone arena gere street at gy spr Nl Cea eo he ae a, “ea ed Me Lear ay Aan Nae Cem sors on he Mag Jha Meieranen eval Cntr a shown one Map of Et ‘aly Medraean Naval Cee of Haste Mins Malan Nal Care sown on he Map oJ SAB und Man hind ‘Roman Mtchant hip —2ed, Century A. of Pgs with Pit Unerae Deaton sowing te Chur a sii ‘ence Die ith Melle Recon shoving » Gaey with "tigi Ou od ritananes See Cory mm m Chronological Dates of Caliphs and Emperors cauieMs EMPERORS [HERAGLIAN DYNASTY. 610711 a ‘os fee font So Saag ee 4 ‘iboiat L. (Apimars) 5 [untae E(t any ST Pps ards) TULA Row acm) HSS a nant lem ; Entice ]onatecne VE fae i os Sour | aMatin B37 Rani {sits lteoV" Tenner, S150 Zee awomian Diwaste, taser Hie Mt eS SS Sees |Top woue ‘Biked tet cee ska 967 Bi coon on ‘Beta tev, cre rant) SES Sonu Ooms vil 2 oe (San Rema en ot at 33914 Roca 1 S083 SsU Sot par (Pn) SER x {over AND symin ‘tea om Tan et Seca tema sss SETA Jot be Kinney Zee $n Ria Bes Sipe a ha Bos B28 ‘ehh Una ie Ar Sie ‘Neat fn Aba son ‘RSS Puc Alma tn A Bis oe 1 os ie nl nti ala ttn eit Att oD, nd yet Main niin rp nay lin he ta rope eae dads ae tate tye ‘tee een nance ye aes cs A308 we Tee lowe of Ha ut Cais dae Fhe Slowed Ha Conpunie TatsINTRODUCTION SURVEY OF SOURCES. ‘An examination of the primary sources avilable is undoubsely a fiting approach to ths stady- ‘The fae that many have already been seed doce not necesaily mean that they have been valued aright. A ferherinveUgation, Aided by new data recelly brought light, some of which fare here wed for the fist time, may reull in profitable reconsideration of thelr worth, 1 Pepys, ‘The fist and most important source is the papyt. ‘The technical term ‘papyroogy, signing the science oF study ofthese document in all anguages, x generally accepted In it narrower sense, namely the Ureck papytt fram the Graeco-Roman period of Eayptan, hitoy From the time of Alexander's congust of Eyype in 32 BL al the Arab lovato i the middle of the Soenth fencaty A.D, teal language ofthe county was Grek Te srl the vec or gover oeinnenon fr meaty eentuy aie the Arb enue bt Resor a este: ‘l'on the one hand by Cops end onthe caber by Arabicwhich gradually replaced iso tha it eventually died out, Tt fan be id that the we of Arabic started, f no withy then igo er hou at abt Ha cnry ie the general offal change. In spite of ie the papyrlogst {spmarly concerned with the decipherment of Great rater than of Coptic or Arabic papyt aihough he would not neglect Evidence fom contemporary dcment in Coptic or Arse ‘which supply ipo dah ome ce ‘The banks of the Nile have usualy been regarded as the hale ofthe papyroe and coneaqcnly tne cane a the seavufactre of wotng tates roi both inant and ‘ede mes, Subecuent tothe Ia conquest ef Egypt ivan culated wl he rede fo paper caused the induty to decline, With the Conquest ot Ezyot papyrn became svalble in larger que and ‘he Calpine ta the medium fr all fii communica ions te tater ng ele by the Arabic ame iis ‘The Egyptian and Syrian Divina flowed the samme rate, depending alert entry upon i () By the made ofthe Sndjth entry some’ couse could seewre supp af Paper, () There war peiod of tranaion unt he hse af {he thet century when pep as wed a well pape By thin time, however, boch quality snd quaniy were Or leonard grade () except i Hyp which was he ware of supli sng as there ws any demand fort () Evenly thet advang fener mayen woe ena recngnined ad. Suing he 405/h Cetury the Egyptian ‘manufactare of papyrus for writing material probably Ceased, ‘Bough papyrus wa sl wed at Sepa intra () Dae apy dsspear entirely by soon () whee dated paper Aceon ar i. gol Bat (2) Graes-Roma Pap ent yum the ete of the nineteenth century chat gypt presented a unique hunting ground forthe papyrologt ana te ae of sp realy bean with weer Foye tdscoveri, Under the soperison of Din. Hogarth, Great nd Hunt, the work was carved out i the north of Pay, ‘The resls inspired fresh undertakings which beougit forth {important finds at Balnasd (the ancent Oxycycins). Noch valuable se hasbeen found since The value of papysi having been generally recognised, they have been used at a bas fora may in the history of Graeco-Roman Pgypt. In order to ative at an adequate derstanding ofthe naval organisation of the early Caliphate and the immense activity ofthe chil servicer including he Iethod adopted forthe recrutteat of slogan workmen for naval undertakings, ie necessary to search far ack the Byzantine period, which in it tum wan the tr of Pole: ‘ic and Roman times: Fortunately costemporary papytt help to explain the Htargical system through whch public service Became more oppeesive under the Byzantines The fuccetion ofthe son tthe public fie of the father was ‘ulhered to rgorosly and could even be followed in the case Sf shippers, whose services were of vital imporaace for the transporte of grain to: Rome or Constantino ‘That the Arabs took over the Byzantine system almost satiny ig the general verdict of Riortans ‘sad achelart ABD Zap AES Che el toth century) Buaury fbn Shaker, a Festal, fed ealed cleson of fall” ales ced s Rubs A. “nd >, ater gigas Aerie of sch sai yale rnd the name of Sindbad the Salon marine geogsapiy, Us ‘At Ba» vat produced by Tom Me ae esis). Ths type of erature, have, ony at the ree std indeed, bute har been conte er pal terms inthe can Ocean, hell omparon with thee tied inthe Medieanen. Folly, Mavads information about aff of ships is supplemented by the ofa! Ttrucson hued to Ue Som tnander of wn fives daring the etme of Gud (afer Grouse, () which sre prserved nthe copy of hee Hd sar)» inthe, Rupe Library, tate Te won Bt ‘ecogaied by De Slane, and Hanbéullh welt some xe tract for ht book, These lotuctons indicate edits tached this high offes and ares great Nora sgn cance a Oud was an aceountant inthe Revenue Depart sents Bagh CuaptER 1 ARSENALS AND NAVAL CENTRES IN EGYPT. Dir linda is the Arabic word for dockyard) bt the Heal meaning i Bue of tk» ete ean be sed Jnva very wie ene. Te may sg any worksop, ) but {he mst coma istexpreation i ir Tibet eer which, asin the eae of mumrtus ther Arabic haute tera has famed into the Romance languages Ts Tan forms are fovea and ernie Spaitht i aveual and as buch has pated into alms ll European language The Byzantine Empire had maintained dockyard at ‘Alcandria‘and Chama rom the paypel cems thatthe ‘Misting led both af thar and opin to bull the on fee with the help of Greek and Cope shipwrigh, 1. Arsenal at Clysnna. ‘The importance of Clysma must not be overiooked for it ‘was link Between the Mediterranean and Etter stay ‘hips could pas though by way ofthe Khalj Amie A Mert wef gegena tt ke 2 9 Comer itp te 98oe tn can, Acsonting o Magi (the sant ton wae SiStlete Stagg the maturing coy wa abcd iy Mali a en dates Nuntiow irc it renal at Ghana are befoundnte pap Lees Na, Sn pufen w an order fom the gorernr Gra toe fosarel Hays fa carpenter oben tse a person She bulking of ge Br womporing ger worker a foot Cyebal ely ott the Rif ur AE Aim cdi ys woot tere operon the Wnt athe delyats, Mohammad fb Abt Habe Sinise of Gls Ora ib Shore, Cony Bt, ania Irae lg f pce We aw april wo ee tae ist ce fr moe wht args {ET cong Coma te ra a ain ha fk age ad appt ole pr math ag (if te Tey el ng wa th end ee fo fine anno Se i srg, wi i i fone ny dae {Sat Si hn he Mona Hb elev Bale Tivonts 6 In ete No. 1948, dated gar, Ble war reprved fon ting to ep anes ted pe fe spt Cpa thereby curing the ably for ethage: Tee a ere Seed eee tain wie Et ke Nea Bayh nd went y aay af Bubs to Cn. Te Mine fad FRUIT SAP Sag ha sl dens ad eed Ader th bnie of Ra An AUG miain ()"2 wan Suet oy Sable ding Soo! pods ‘Anee the ‘Efomary ena opening the ete condnass« ee ac elope eal Mts cn ola me cha od ‘neo oft ig et Cys ond pe jr of Tyrie LSE wm i toe pags won cat er eg ben sae lte RANA Sina yt ‘Mie at : 7 -3- she ship wicket hse Chm, end sete lth dma totes orth may days ag, dad tt goin ha of ly Sef th sats ef (ica of) Tran ie nl dey Jat he wot sry af thea ll th rtning. On reg tie pend ltr,therfore, inmate eda he yo ed Ith hereof th i ar tie, ot aig ang tl so pet repaing ante a frm asthe theif at est ‘ny endestandng and ae right mid. or ul thet (Gy son diy ering vhir of he sider aod apis sng st lot el nay en ely (nds ty th sid Chm, pig for hr cogs of or Brat b Sed. ©) eee ‘eter No, 1987 i an order frm Qua to Basyts, dated ‘eevee 96/0914 for money in Payment ofthe feghtage af eerain ale Intended for Clysnas «Inte ne of Cx ‘Gorey te. We hee afore 10 par admins ta fr the Sight ofthe ships wtih coed the ropiions frht ‘arab and Clima ond he r[ifh Sekt J" lhe fc {tlio nd anng mad at demand nt fr thst ie pie 1 terra fla te hase sn them tu. On cg te pt leer, therfore, i ocr withthe rs ion bythe dent sit da he sad many by our man eh esas Yo py fer. [ Pande ti ht Jo Bo wo pay enti | © vip Sno se porate laces Jor (7 Jeet exit te rag of tie} wheat end bry bik pid} the rrr Babin) etter No. 1386 date got /78- apparently a requis fon for the cot of tiles intended Yor the rfting of hie 3. ha sel room fv the sn He eey fo be given to Sed who i probably the pewon mention he end ofthe leer No. 1946, Qa threatened Base wi las of ie and estate, upon ingsy, he was ound to have Ainobeyed previous instructions: 0) dis jor Be hang Bh naka and iting wp ofthe» (i) 98 lms, ond a fr sles st i Se Geet rte tf nh ee ‘Bowne to ou edt it oi mand ‘hig made ih dad te fren he thet Yo Trt on the eto pt eters hrf i ero anh te pocs gm he donnd ter let Br eid mony and end by rman an fy sot Sed ar oa “ted tt ou db ot py enh tl fr Pgh exept that Si at) te sn spk 1 gon of ‘Baty for Tito igi ond he tr abt i, fF thou bss pd ohn al for ft ext fr Shes mda fre esr Tl rep ooh ribo IS wl etn yu fe ad tt»). One of the best preserved accounts of the Aphrodite collestion i Noga dated 080 y6-,which lates vores {fncou tates for i ilage of Apbrodto and contin regen for requsiuons, money, sor and workmen Tor the aalt I Ghia, Paricular names ae mentioned in connection ‘Th aris deta ay for example, rege of ages and Jovidons for Esse hon of empnoehns the isnot llr by Davidsson of Andre, to seve fn person; the ot fare cane by Peter the prot sad Ab Vell. () Hoh neng ems coterie te nose 3 Choma ite given in New a, r4gp and 492 () mention oto Esha one capone tthe bares co ol and sa fr a ainemance abled workman; conveyance of wheat and tiie acts, anchor; acacia wood, cable f pam bre and fr bulding and tng up the ate Account No.s43e ‘tines de dat and ments many Sythe meager ‘Rho rouge ell) sugges tha i wa writen at rr Tes as the ink roa diffe colour in some porto. THe opti papyrus Nov agi (tlt se o provions fr the flee at Chama, ae -a- From these mumerour references to the equisione for, and the building and repair of ship, es evident that Cyst ‘eas an important naval centre under an Arab offal named ‘Munatamad iby Abt Habla.) The town owed tt espor= tance to the Khali Ami ALMU'mintn, through which the ‘orn ships of Fatt posed on dhe way to Alfar and dda Mugaddas (+ counted no les than thtee thousand caine loads exported every week: Ibn Khurdadhbik (aye that dae Jewish merchants, known ag AL-Rsdhtnyya, (4) came fom ‘he south of France wn AlFarams; () thence they carried ‘heir goods on camels to Al-Quizum, where they were loaded fan ships bound for Tada and China.‘The sme geographer (*) flo states that A-Qulzom, with AL-TOr and Ayla, formed a Ase of Egypt. Lateran, it sem to have become a delae site without water and vegetation. Mugaddast (7) alteady mentions Al-Suways (Suer), which gradally took the place oF ALQulsum, 2 mile away TL Arsenal st Alesandria. ‘Alexandra was the langest market and basis pot of the ‘Mediterranean during the Byantine period. Whatever be the poverty of information about the feet in Egypt a that time {is importance it obvious flom dhe contant traffic which ented there.) OF all the industrial ars cared 00, ship. Inalding was probably the most important, and eontinsed Se a eS see Pedy Met iata to fourth dusing the rtpth century under Misi eae Undoubtedly the city was of ital importance ab a naval cee tothe Ara fort parculrly provided ship ad sors for the feet Mu‘viva ordered @ aumber of warships to be ‘uit there. () "The capture of Alexandia wan, thee, an impertant factor in the development of Mastin a power "rom the papyru eter No. 1992, dated ga-g/71-1, of te govemor Quize to the pagarch, its evident that Aexandvia fwar an important staring place for raids The subject ‘tuetion wa butter forthe taineenance of the fighting men ofthe raiding feet of Egypt. Te war to be vent direct toe ‘Augusal Theodore") who administered Alexandria andscems to have been a Christan. The et was probably onthe point ff departure fom the port: « Je the sume 9f Got, Qxna, eeae Tr the mimo of the Cora io go oat the ride ie (Preset 7) it indie we hae regione fom yur ait fhe act 9 mrmarer of Ber of 41/6 slr cacy nd hang Ide out mand nts for the 0 he aol of he sara places tee hao sn then ou, Om rng the prea ltr tere, rove 2) tes) maar} om the opie of ea ‘lat tr elena i fl he 9 cares aproned tour ‘id By you fia men wth ncn ye ld Ser fe Theduete Aug. and Pca he ep for and order fm (etsy) 10 gi good utr and [Such as wll ase Er? because mal? of sel coer [he A Ale ‘Mavminge? I, Therfry ihn diay sod ofthe sid btn or ‘frend in ily mot vending ny comprtin Ba th ae italfs. 0) Another lete ofthe same nature, No. 1953, dated 92/720, fs an urgent demand fr sailors, skilled workmen and supplies, both fr them and the valding feet of Hgype t be sat via oo ee eee So the canal of Alexandria (9) whit the water was sl high war accompanied by a threat form Quer, that Balj would be liable forthe frightage, should he neglect to carry ‘ou theaeinsrtions. The supplies were to be sent deel (> the dockyard at Alecandsia «J the mame of God. gra etc "Ta demand nots forte region of alors and ld ren nd thr spi nd toe of he ting mex ofthe riding ft of ‘Fey forthe lk indetion came 1 ot (or rt eure 908?) On ring the peas, hen of aly il “peo the ppt rion from pow dane it before the wate i he coal of Aliana gos den alert you ell fe comple to ay the caring of the sid rapt (by land) Alcan. And ike cre) hl the Jers ae god od eteried nen fore ave inte the pseatmasenger otf oe You ‘dehge wil oe hase dpe tn fll all tat neue from por dice». 1) Tn No. 2 chee i reference to a State Treasury in Alexandria together with the name ofthe weasurer AHarith iba "Abe, am Arab. On one ccason, i 83-4/y0a5, che whole treasury” payment was sent there. () These facts confi the inportance ofthe ety a that tne. "The port of Alexandria was famous fori ighthowe bout which Arab writers have given many particulars and {old marvellous soriey, meet of which are teprediced by Mage () Though Masadt () Welates thatthe Byzantines succeeded in destroying half ofthe tower and the mirror by trckery during the Caliphate of ALWalid Tt scome that i ‘var oaed as ie for mariners fr sometime afer the Arab Conquest. AreuI (1) say it Was seen by voyager at @ great ‘stance and that men ere employed o light torches to serve cenlzoma tahae Saarid tara he oem pea Seeas guide to the land and sow the narrow entrance wo the Straits: Vasqabt) speaks of fies that wee tin the torches ‘when the watcher sae ships at a reat dance. Nase Khe lates that he saw the Highthouse and Benjamin (*) afirms that o his day ie was 9 Jandmask wall efarer eho came to ‘Alexandr, for one could see it at a ditance of a hundred miles day by days a¢ night the keeper ghted a eorch which Imarinen could ae Hom a ditanee and ths sil towards i UL, Naval Conteos at Rosetea, Damietts and ‘Tiana, In he early period ofthe Caliphate Renetta and Damietea ‘were taal conc each adinisered bya Chistian ofl) {ir was Alesana Register No-1449 menons sup orthe Muhdjran of the wsatated spe» to be sent to Rota and ceca No. t4r4 contains an item conceraing the cot of rts to be daltered to its administrator, Paphouthi. *) ‘The town commanded the entrance tthe wester branch of the Nile. () YargObt () sates that it war populous ety ‘vith a hasbour through hich the Nile fowed ito the set Sn by way of which shipe from the Mediterranean reached the Nie Regiter No. 149 (") alo refers to suppl, inching wieaten flour, loaves, pie, el Vinegar and sal for Went? Silos andthe Niuhajrbn ofthe raiding fet ofthe Orient, fo be delivered at Damieta. The intersting leer No. 1354, ‘dated gato, contann istractons relating to noppics fot the rsiing fect Bislyoe was emphatically told to make no sae farther demands won he tnpayers unl ae the harvet then aren wer beset tee to Dame He wat arid me i po gy ty ace ret ean orm eg sof. Fee ea al i md 1 he teepoyet and ape tt sy of pape of 2 tn i tn oli op [a ad a de ay 2 il on bo at a demo tpl fe pas forward fom le of kart by Cad ean, ‘ie they et here dened oe a i arr of the td at ed ed nd sd Dest ot Sng onl ab oft. Sn fs roman le atc ot Seng and (fing es fr | nytt ll pte te ay Se. or bell et art the meng ast Fe tp ld ‘ops bring seer lan tom ke one 2 of ck apart ps ny Samp ode. hrf lta eee Lee hat ihe hin lied fom te pope of ur a an) mfr at afr the pple bt od alr Sc eld or dnd vb he ed spr Ot ted a il Yo Danang gle tet iH 9 Maar) tec number of Byeantne nid agate Damiets, Tabarts () sccount conceting. the sack the iy in 29055 shows ha the Bynes fond 2 pp of fem deine oe the aero Crete and at they Been ‘orehose for sa fi Rod!) wltes that lo ¢ rot A is epation the contraction ft ren ae Danone Began boner of te Caliph Matas on 3 Rass 259)8 February sg. The Byeatine decent ce he aie My ven et (ey he Bat, Beprobably in 245859, (). caused the governor of ep, Yada i "Abdalay to foal the coat ces Snag Domieta si Rev, cco to Bat ("the Caliph Mural ordered shige and gerron o be stationed along be wacom “faquilast () devise Damieta 2s having & sone forward many gate aos beng win ext of the Meaiternaean wince te Nile ows inte aga ().expaing {hs here were ow tower a hs plac one on cach de a the rvee baveen which ws. chin, guarded ap hat pe tp oat eave or enter he ea vhoutpemision, Que {ste ae oars and Ti yaya hat the cain Sele have exited before the Mai congust.°) Ibn Bana (sai tat the ance cy war Getroyed during {hr oF Malt Arsalan tht the ew og bad een {pal eens The od Dac as cer to he sea than the le tov whch the Mameuke Slt Baybars founded In‘e nbfigds century.) Itwasioted onthe ester arm ai ike Mile et, aout seven ils fom fe meh and tes than one met te west of Lake Malt the orth ly fhavow belt ef sand dividing from the Seerranean atid ibmmingscomdorothe sea "Pq (syste il divided iu evo at Dasa, cone brah going vo Lake Tine in which ship and large iu ae snd ie ther roming lta the Mierranan Hel htt pc he a ane ely wid cour fe spe coming rom Syn and Magy flout ¢)speas of sted on an and wth Gy raat petra pt mensions : y : H i : : I : f i—s- eight seashore and Nii Khusr (sates hata thousand nels were moored there. bo awgal (*) says that it was SER Uh portant ince which relied entirely upon ships Pere calekdons and he war impresied by the seamanship [Re cou there in spite of hi remark thatthe lke was not dee. Tis sallownes can be gathered fom Tabart's () naratve Shhagethatafter the Bysantines sacked Damieta in 238/853 Tier ahige were unable to el because they feared they would ‘REE ne muds they therefore went tite Ushi,» harbour ‘Stout four parasangy (0) form Tina with a wall and iron iat built bythe Caliph Mu°tasim. From the same hstoran's ‘Ecount fe clear that they found catapults and bate there SRR y burnt, According to Tbn Tyis () the town was Populoue el gralss77 and wat Cally destroyed in Gat 230, IV, Arsenal on Island of Babylon. 15/672, while Maslama bo Mulhall was governor in Bayne the Byzantine feet raided the town of Baral bake’ eren loses om the Mains, (1) Ata rsa of tit ‘esi afnck une hse assenal was etalished by the Muslims Eaype in the blowing year on the iand of Rawda, () Whiet ®) sugges that the prefect doesnot seem co Rave been Thupleged because the Byzantines had made a descent on THN soniye () and stconeded in their attack on Da 0 jan Bo em vel ae tan, rn es He sahara tnt ts (Slee MeL pt ascan 296899 whch was acoring to Mosin chronic, ana ng the hen Bg a Bing the ports on he Medrrancas tot ee os “Rabe bn Td. = “The succefil Byzantne stack in 23855 a undoube tely a eaon whl vas nt et apn se 1e forced them to contemplate scrouly the bolldng Of ‘ect and they set to work wi real Serene ce {his fact and ts tat "Anbaan arden st sth alls ane ou te Cs Dota in = Coseunt an ipel ead “the ae wo damaged td bl new one PF ie ‘th or wed Th sed He lg kat ‘ade war on ten» Mag () raes tant aa og its aac the Bn est wa ull ad the ee he ee Became mater prin ieporone A Eo Wit (1 wesw reconcile is withthe undaton of the neal 5a)4 by angen hat ee eee ot Aint "Anbu ae psc concerned ei aa at na and that the sveal oueded Te ae EE tect hips deine or the agin cnc Me Senna) levweven fay att when Marin Tt teehe Soee ee) Fi suugele wih te "Abbas he berate Gey aden be’ new ht enemies ad cried SALE ‘hein ei oat er ry di, a eae San‘ oa tt ty fd ter ad oar card aH bet nw pret Sey ity inthe land caning pete woh ea thy mi oun oro el ley wld oh So bat ld on sponte aon wen ees ee eet the fet batt athe resto he snc of Dec at vw the Hint afr the deamon of pe oe he ae TBE at 9 Aa Te eatin 8 Gers itn a aS ate et Orn an- ‘The paye show tha wap ere but tthe anna ‘oC Babylon a the word dmanare()ementoned tne the ‘ames of ves uit thre aad thatthe anal was the Chie dockyard as well as naval tae tn fener Nov ito ‘te gi/f, the goveroronfer the pale of Aphrette to fun four sled wodken, terpenes and one Stuer, for the repair Sf atthe sve ot Rayo rea ol i cm eg is lage f pine Pe for he Gane te ek tama ‘atone lel wt Sea Bess ti spine of An a Alin pe {Ma in te ren nn andra of nde fo sled on uh ai for endl a fas a 13. ony 1 =o etre fg br no 1m prea ta orm of one, ‘ny fort wages pas ahs cid ab =» Tuer No, 1971s anorder for the retiting af hie the ind of Babyon and Nog rhe mang ete ‘Acnuns New 19 an 134 (oe dea abet aes so ‘tet workmen inating Chika, cxrpentan won mores Halo aloe labourers saa bing se Clann of ship No. 14146) melons tapes of a Salyer te mane of sed wrk nigel ocr 1 Babonn New 439 and 1434 () Teer ae pln ‘ood, copper chain rope, pal pean yarn Sv necsary ppl for the sip ta he ln acnun, whch Ba dee itveen 968)7ir ALAM ibe Abt Hain seam to tage Sen suiceaded sr speineaent of the asenal by ALQasen itm Ka wi mentioned as uc nea hn and forte ad of he th tan) TO Rieter yy note nee coe“The many references to he construction and repair of ships show tha, in adon tothe docs, there were extensive ‘Shipbuilding yards. "The fet that sailor were mentioned a Statoned at Babylon suggest naval barracks connectod with the arena ("which srlerred to inthe papyi asthe and ‘ot Babylon, By Babylon wa meant the anent toe and ft ‘ations of the Greek, situated on the border of Upper and Tower Kaypt and commanding the interior Event the preent dy porto of the ancient foricatons have survived in ‘GaurTAtSham', () The papyr cllecton seems to dently ‘Rirth Fut) the new expla of Egypt. The dflerence was probably thai Pusat was the name given more pecially fo the new olf quarter athe seat of government, where Batyion, properly speaking, the name ofthe old fortes with its sorehouses aid arsenal, was applied loeey tothe whole fdty ava place of redenct, This may be borne out by the fact thatthe Munn or-Arab sets, were alwaye alld tos of Fustit and never of Babylon. The teri ie aad to have ‘ben practically on the site of old Memphis (*) which wasstl tmenttoned inthe papysiy ) inspite of having fallen into flcay tnce the foundation of Aleandia, Yarqabl (says that the cy of Memphis was in rainy Ib remainsave recor fd by Tn AlFagih’() who relates that e heard om a ‘ld man af great palace which was in one block of stones and emake that « Mm, th cy of Pharaoh has uuny ges tnd wale of om end iper Teer that vast ui and remains ‘Mi marked the poston ofthe ancient Gy a that Gane Garton tho ten al wt Rciinahieistal Ree ase 1) BOA. Vit as 7 Sagan es poset Site of Arveast. In the time of Tha ‘Abd, AL-Halam the arsenal was called Jagat Sita"! and the island Jachat Mir, or Stply A Jaci. () The orignal distinction between Fostit ‘Baya wa naturally soon lst and the Inter name fll Into disse except with the Cops.) When the Muslims Conquered Eaypt there wae bu one and in the Nile in cis SEehtourkost” (which later formed the sucleus of the modern land of Rede, This lat name was not known (0 {buakit, Ton Hawgel, Magaddasl and. Yagi; (*) it is frst. nnd dhe work tba Dugdg () (809/406). Qalgashan~ At )saysthe Manat APSin' was commonly known asl. (Gihe Parton account of fa exellent site, palaces, gardens ‘ind benutfl sucoundings. The name i aid to have been Swe ace the time of the Fatimid Miniter AFA ibn Badr Alvjamalt (dy rg/ttat), down to the present day. (*) Tn he time of Abi 564/106), was lo called Di AbMiye () (eb place ofthe Nilometer) which Usima fbn Zopd Re Tandkhi setup) the southern end ofthe and, a Lr—eE Soca ume on A Rtn nome ee eA eS SRE Si ma am 1a te tn, snl A ame a nom oe an een etnies thle ap aa Pape he 3 at Ueding the Caliphate of AL-Wald iba ‘Abd AL-Malilk o replace {he easier one inde the fortress of Babylon) Wid Babylon the Band formed single rrong frees guarding the pasage of the Nile Ton Dani) tye that the Matis ctacked the island during the siege of Babylon land dhae when the Byzantines withdiew ‘Am demolehed Dart of is walls and towers which remained in a damantled fate until they were rebuilt by Ibo Told n 69/76, Magis Gescbes the fore as overlooking the Nil, up which boats fame tothe Iron Gate on the westem side. He farther adds that the river had taken @ more westward couse since that time, and that the entire isrct cast of the fortes as fan epen cultivated plain Gardens snd vineyards spread to the north, stile churches and convents dotted the landaeape between them and Ue mountain a ara the morgue of Ibn ‘Tags. A few of them exist today within and witont the all of Cairo, though many were destroyed nthe hj ‘antury by A-MalleAL-Nisr ibn Qalawan. () ‘Oppasite the fortem, ttuated on the Nile bank, lay {Be and of Rada which war connected with Babylon (6 on the east bank and Jira (} on the west bank by means of to bridges) ofboas fated together with plank, eat ‘mentions both of chem and Thu Hawgal ads that tach war ‘made of dhisty boat") Idiid (}) mates that ue consted agian ite Maso SEE Kee an SE dp tae Aen a SAA 1 'SB 1v, op alga 3p: Ser sy nd A Bahr, hee ee TR SEES RE te seem aL f that umber whit the ether, which was connected with Alcea, was of early double tae number. Butler) fll wing Hamaker, says that the two bridges exited before the onguest, as part ofthe contact made oa the surrender of Babyion ‘was that the Copt should keep them in reps In the time of the “Abbisd’ Caliph ALStsarin there’ was ‘one known se the od bridge extending acrom the whole with ‘ofthe Nile. (*) Qalgashandt (sayeth the bridge of boats ‘which joined che land sith Fustt remained unt the Caliph Al-Ma'min went to Egypt and bad a new wooden bridge bull He adds thet both were destoyed by e'gale afer his departures the new bridge wat then replaced “and the old ‘one completely done away with. () The old ridge may probably date back to the beginning of Maslin rule whe vas replaced by a new one ‘The above detail aid fn desing the important question cof the ste of the arsenal. Magi, eying to fix foston, Says! « The ilnd of APSin iste boone AP Pot Alten eis macsary tas ane rg to go Fa onthe est {dente to get ALF nthe se he» Ton Hawa) ‘de «Putt stated onthe tn bo fe Nie Hi a ‘map ey thick the Nie ir ied it to ars Te Sos ort contis magnon building and beauties nd ‘alld AtJacre(@he alan) te whic thy pa from Puts 1 bridge ade of ity Bats; fm AE Jake ti ater geo ‘he oer art kick scaled AP ican. Acconting to some ate. rents, (7 the iland was at fst practically ia the centre of (6) ets Gon tsA Atey, gmmt . tig te {ine ee a, ae Rea a ct Agel i atl en iid es eeea the river, The atm which separated it from Babylon, however, Ibeame ted up. The areal als sem to have Been elnly connected with the fore. ‘The Arsenal in the time of the Taléaide, From dhe tine Babylon fell into Muslim ands, 20 further information i given about the island forues. Ibn ‘Tali, fling his power threatened was theft (°) to restore itt te former postion in 2691876. AlMuwaffag, jefour of his independent atte, sent Mak iba Bugha at ie head of fn army to subdue hint @) Heating of hi appronchy Ton ‘Tain set about fovifving his apie and prepared for 3 vigorous defence. The Traqi oops halted at Ragga where they revolted becase of the lack of provisions and arears In pay. Miss having estimated the enemy forces, decide to abandon his ebeous army snd eetarnad to Tra, Thus the Clips expedition against Egypt fled) and the energetic tltary preparations of Ton Tali were begun. He had taken the prectutin of constricting a forte) on the island of Revs as refige for bie Ganly and a storehouse for his Wealth and teastes in time of red. Maya (2) estimates thse each stone cost one dithem and chat the total expense: fof ite construction war two hundred thousand ina bn Tain alo provided himself with fleet ofa hondced ‘warshipe far the defence of his capital () Realising the ecesiy of a well equipped naval bate, he enlarged the EES Se 1) Ra ae ee of Ace me tree te ibe ati npr i ee a, sie, Set Hw i ted VA, Bas -a- nena at Alsjazta, reining the site (2). where it was cta- ished in ofl6ya {0 lnpentble to sake a serious aidy fhe Tolan fez owing tothe sary of text but i ees ‘hat it didnot pay an portant part dusing the Toni Aynasty. Madayat (has preervcd text telating to Abt ‘mi Shujt fom Asa, the director ofthe arsenal who was sedered by Ton TOlOn to spare no expen for good, slid Shipbuilding: «7 arm gh etemed by a my pol te sea lane har no rpc for me There be exacgot i om ding ny — the blige. By sowing ret led ae jo ei ith Gu hl be Psd from alts dang » Tis Tireetot seems to bave bein inprioned () by ibn Talon for some known reson, Tt may have been merely because te war a relative of Abmad fbn Al-Ojsim fon Alarm who had taken pare in the revolt of Tha Talla’ son, ALADbA.() ‘Whatever the cause may have been, the imprtonment must have been prior to the appointment to this high offic, Ton Toltn’s miliary preparations probably ceased after Mod's eteat Alawaltg, whowe reurecs were exaust bythe war again the Zin, was fred to neglect Eaype and {© conclu ters of peace vith Tha Talia” () Madayat (1 Says that ibn Tol stopped his miltary preparations as 1090 Se heard of the deathrof Mash and gave tuoney as chaity forthe poor and the workmen who were employet. The poet Muhammad fbn DAGd, whe was well Known for hs sae stings against the Tolnid, made the mast ofthe conaion Of fbn Tata's miliary actives He wrote venes to l= fale Rim which Moai historians have preserved () The Slowing talon ger the sere Bt tne of Re (Md hl aging Sey a, aWhen tin Bhd as ring ot Raggy Ti Tal sed bit eg, embed hd He Walt «fev othe ind of Ros, 4A are rat in och tos i The seorkmen, soaked wth fatiun, He roughly ond ley eae He dg recher all rund ALF, Newly ing of far ‘wnd alarm Hi gills ty sill in the ri, (nip wd ad tar could Ba Whe laced, sey sere xsd sith so, Not once re rip ith go. ot ld eek the Byrne Ie tne of = ‘Magy () quotes some other Hines of the poet Sotid bm Al-Qtetin praise ofthe Talinids and the free of Raw dda. The folloving gives the Uieral meaning but again the Ueandaion lacks the Arabic charm: «Wien you came to the of the rd, gaze on he fortes vel ion er ese and aproath There you will ae © mowarnt the ie of soi noone uu rl, meter emo he Bedi roman the sd Pete Suck mamaria ee pri, aah is bis pas smyth an tego tps tone comet,» TB Bi Yr ter te 8 TA ner, — ‘Te founder of the Tali dynasty wae able to matin his hold over Syria () and, according to Madayaiy () let ‘vo fhundred lage warships complete with equipment we he died His succesor Khumarawayh concluded peace with fhe ‘Abbisid Caliph who asigned iim the goveramest of Egypt, Syria and Upper Mesopora ‘Tho Arsenal in the time of the Tkhshidids, ‘in| mention thre aac by the Fatinid Caliph North Alten during the gover of Tikka, ti The fic aack (wari aonjong when es ude the ender thi ef Hadi bn oa for Alana aed see {t'bthout oppstion. More than banded thea men thon mate toa Pot hot were beste back by te orem’ fovarFive. yar later" second atten es Sae"@) and then n oblast the son ofthe Fatimid Cal ‘Abd Aran vas n charge ofthe feet which reached Alesana He thn cape Foyt aa Sing Rina ‘peed bythe comb lore ofthe “Abbas Clip and ‘Tle he! wthdew and retuned home) “Though hee atesps he FhimidCaliphwerecheched, thy led barr fn Tht ake prea at fy freer wack Rind) eats tat when te "Abba Gain "AER Sepia Iba Tag gover of Egy or ow Pa ui Bat SMS a ae et Br a WS lB—s ‘the second time in gasioy5, Habash ibn Ahmad AL-Salamt [bickoarne Abi) Malis), advanced ‘with his North African (Aaghiriba), nd seed Fayytim, He captured Ta ‘Tag fost ait ay at anchor ehere aad klled the admiral Sil ibn Kalamlam and some of his men. The ievaders feturmed to Alexandria and thence 10 Barqa, but on theit ‘ray they stopped. at the arsenal of APRawia ‘which they {toa fie wile Ton Tush) and bis ores watched the procee- ings () Ibn Sahl) as tha the governor was atthe house ‘of Khadija bine ALPath, a widow of Abmad Ta Toldn, andy finding himself poweles 10 oppore the enemy, ssid The oa are (at Jota isa mine. Bud Ge aun ro, (DAE ‘int ALF}. Ibm Zl) reeods the following narrative OPALTKnAa about the foundation of the new arsenals « member mie taking a th ABE Mons Ti, he rs of Eayp, the cower ard the anal eid hat ‘Seon ert fom the peor by ser ‘or hry wry (fh sae hows red ese, a he he ried the (eon of the potion ofthe nee T deed mot fon ashing Fr the tamant lthongh Tw ke 0 have propued Dir Bit ‘Ath hap eden pel wal och ine fl be ae. ‘Nob the lof God, Thaw failed my cin» Ibo Sid) ives another Interesting traditon:« Whe tem esta vse ‘Elune costation nd ship sre big Bt, IME happened tarde pst nator seman called vl Yo hin io cr tnd wah egy bgt fore hin th! snening. She ke or Tipo tha she might rang hie mony and teas. He acai rd some of a me acy er oe hme of Bit ALPath ‘nd thy rene laden eth mans, ts coasexd orion oer rarest as had rtm bre The goarr ten commanded Ieee to bring he soma Bore hi tat hr might rrd (a ‘ijrtnaty the had deepeaed» "The wadition farther 1h Se ee yy he, Mag, wie ryan Ain Ain» Mad, aan seks that this was dhe fist money ALTAHIG resived in Egypt and tha he sent forthe vo called Salih fbn NAA" and Sd eh sor mg intetion that when Beco gv ud fi eal at DB bint AL Path od tar th ofthe od area! Src grden be named Alar (the cone) Seti wk me ‘haul on plo ue ond garden thr frm and se meanest forte wort» Accordingly Salih and ome them drew WP {plan for the garden and the palace, incading accommo dation for slave and storerooms for lthes and provisions ‘Altai was pleated with the propose dexgn but nt with the con of thirty thousand dinars which he sad mst be rd fod, He accepted a second etimateof ve thousand nats) {being resonable but rally said the werk must be done at their own expense! Salih therefore ried mubrpion frit, ontibutiog three “hundred dinar Minwelf and receiving five hundred dinars each from AbO ‘AIT Khayr, Abu Bake fin Ralf and AbOjatar ibn ALMung. Eventualy si thousand. dinars were collected. Zoniq and Ab Radda saperved the bulding operations. The maguifient garden ‘wit Lad out forthe exclusive ne of AMIR who used Toast of ito the people of Iraq.) ‘AvTidukid died Teaving one hundred warships, cach bing valued a¢ three thousand dina, and suber of Pleasure boats Known a hie) Yahya ibn Sad) Ziq that ships were isuoched from the new anenal afer ‘atid’s death and describes an acidene which happened there on 9 Salar 949) April go: « The Nin wow ating at propia for sar ith th Brent. Kir Ald ‘ed pf te anal wr ea ang acc re wi (math ol ing tenho mar tere bank, many Boe at red oer, sting on ne de of te eat ah fhe rowing Ufroly he paced boat voted co al ot sepia i Ri te ae Oe, VIN, oie) -; so thie is. Newby wee sera ler Bost, loge cath te, (led with ihre ‘Ther to, snk andl 8 aod ore, the ‘nalts of fife Bing aon fo han pros, Thee tam et tat mot mourn forthe atoms “A passage Sn. Kind) Indicates that Faia was an important Centre fr ships Ait the sof Hyp wee rated By vs ach cari fond roy snd imple Fut ack om sompig erg of fo ed ‘and lor.» Mugadde () alo gives interesting account Eth shipe there! «was waling alg the Bol of the one fig, wondring a get war of saan o de ay, taken a man avd my sying: “What ts yor sot PT sid F amt from the Holy Ci, to which be reed I slg ey, at 7 you, my find (May God rere so ‘ane that the wes long Soe and thse hake lef for dient aun and lager ae 10 naman ta were th $0 po ae ‘ap thy cd bale to arty ay al hike a te one ud wand tat presley? “There a 91 he?» Site of New Arsenal. ha Toon wae the fit to convert che land of Raed Io regular fortes, But the Nile was more powerfl than his wil forthe fortifications were pardy destroyed by i waters; () they were Bnally demalihed by Altes in {329/935 Two years later, ‘Shain sa5{une 097, this gor ‘Femor tet up anew arsenal () aor of Fast on the rune (of the howe belonging to the widow of Ibn TOlin, and the Island of Rada becaine mare of a royal country residence Where he erected palace and laid ovt garden called Alc Tate, ‘After the ranser of the arsenal to the borders of Fost, historians ve no information about that of Rawda, ual they mendon ‘the new organitadon of dhe Fit minster "Bl Sun, 45 -» ‘ALMatmin ALBatHiht in. 536/123. No author consulted ‘netion the date when thenavalecnstuctions were abandoned AI Fast (Mis), to be transered again to Raveda. () Its Sppored that he inter arcoal was used by the Teds “and Fhtinidy and hae both dockyardsfreioned ac the sme time.) Wiet (*) siggest that perhaps e new arenal was ‘ult by Al-Afalsbo Had AlJamil to whom the island owes its name: However, when the arenal of Rawéa was finally fiven up that of Misr continued to be used unl about 700) yoo, bn ALMa'min (says « Wan Wack Manin ein power all ie flat, toa epi, ced she arnal (feces He spb of hs procera eed that sat) (Ca Sis of the Ste fc sed for nacgation on the Nie dol be bit hte asl of Mir sc he Bad eared yf adit of Dir GE (Hote of Dried Grapes) He ced te pastn thr, mich kina cane sen fo day, od click the Caliph ted og footer lensed, The War ord thatthe shal (py and habia () warship), shuld be built arsenal Of Reve,» Some lines before this pasage Magra gives the fEowings deta: « Near ane of he pins ofthe Cal here tuar anal oth od Bonk af th riser (Nie) at Mis. The (alg ond rt sed to gu the get the usr (pleasure Tons) ware bough for wr Tene ha ould goto the omar tthe tine of igh lads 0 tke port i th eno ene fete ei (9 Tae and se le ead of maine Tostutn, Die Alm @). Both and te pion te ~e aaa i Sees Ham Mab, VT 8 MELE entre mt ca malar reac a at ee ne a we pm ining ESSER EAR en Gare Hs se Lita Geta Osa i?ind wlth il of he itis wen thy space by 0 gerden alld Bast th Kay, Enum ty a Bes A Te tae, nda tenance te AeMarigh, ofjsie to Dude Alu, nd on le ef and id oe learng ‘Ab Marigha fog to Ai Raye tnd the pte (8) of ir» ‘The directions given st the end ofthe last text help to determine approximately the se of ALTAshils arena. ‘The following’ cochasions can ‘now be draynt Busta ‘Tawaht, previously known at Bost ibn Keayainy was Oe se ofthe esenal and paviion which Al-Ma'mtn Ab Bath bait on the site of AFTDsbi's arsenal. (7) Tt Tay between Mashiad Zin Al‘Abdin and Qantarat Ald.) To the eat facing Tn Kays’s garden, and dvied from it by the ‘Khatt"AL-Marigha road, was another gen” called Bastdn Alor. () ‘The arsenal lay toward Yo the north, nea the convent of St, Meanas which ean sil be seen orth (of Miar AI“Atige (Od Gao}, near the Christian cemetery. C) ha (en pel we he hat aa imay have. corresponded 9 that sich Ton Dugmag () fal snfet alata, which to be eatin the duce belonging to Al‘Askar rather than to. Mis, Dut ii not certain that vnt'taasar was an arena () onthe other Hand, Yin Dugg (knew the arsenal of Misr well nd ths sount dippel any dub SPR yt att ARSE tn nomena as, Ney tka Gree Mm st, cuarrer I ARSENALS AND NAVAL CENTRES IN SYRIA, AFRICA AND CRETE. 1 Arsenals and Naval Centres in Syste ‘The Mulia adoinitraton soon began to regard the savy a one of chief presceupaons. Ie war Miva who frst encouraged the Mins fo undertake maritime acl tes ands sd to have asked “Umar perscn to ead a ‘aval expedition) The later obuiately seted and would {00 fhe than order the fordcaton and gartoning of the’ coastal towns. (Murda, however tasted 90 mich tha Uthman sid fo have allowed mn cary ov na trois, instructing him to keep telaorcements tn ead ‘em in conta ares) By thi tine Syria had come ately Ser ir and he rn sols a ie hat wert Kngdoun were deiestal fo dncrentng the empire EF the Cali He sctively began the connrucon of ew ‘enn it Phorian pts (and he Syrian apd Eoin Sgundroce workin dhe gretet harmony,” Maritime’ opera” ies, whether rom Esypt unde In AMAL Sahoo Syn under” Mutiwiyay were ected agains the. Byeantines, Ty Fie tay Ml, Main, 5 Ma i,-2- Wg) relat dha he pin ad Sin et coms eee pct a Ome Beat ses oe Hesse eathafary Wee deta Ty, ‘fun te MA (Aton ae pene el Sua Se feo fila Sree in he pope ner sae Mee ah "a', eeaee te he Unga pad tte ue ial a vias ne Glin Hlsalpn rl epee ot Tessar cage Route ruse oy iy georas,t Sia Tet can et ail Be Pd Ti a et ae Tr ah yee a eee a the der ar city rll Fond bh et Weekes Se lat at wn ae pa ne cas ae iy ‘the ide twos al i Meher RL Be SEF Ann and Cog td et ieee Ae serge ee ce a et ie eer tton of Metana aimee nn et ne Se eee earings, Sipe How ae 225 mabe Season Bas Me adel i Bea a oe TE a area ap oh 8 ia oo ithe enmoamarteeremstansts ‘in Syn and, acording to the papyi in Egypt alo, Moreover, as the date ofthe fist Maalimnaacual in Egypt wa 541072, ‘hat in Syria at “AKKA wat five yea eae. ‘Abel Al-Malik iba Marwan resored Sir, Caesarea and the suburbs of ‘AKA which had fallen into euis. @)- The apy show that Laodices, on the Syrian coat, wae one of the principal naval centres: Account No, 1494 contains items Mate! 90/714 which rele to certain satorsceting out from ere. in fe there is mention of fur sailors om: Aphroite Sent Co the. Orfent forte acta and dhomearie Jove aid of the 12th inition ho at ou fom Load ad rod in the preset rh indton » () cording to Wagi (Sir replaced ‘ALK as a naval stlon under the Marwanids and ‘emained as such ull Mutawakki'e reign, A tradition quoted by Balidhurt () gives the reson forthe tans of the atvenal to Se, When the Caliph ison wished to prchase tlle and storehouses fom ene of the descendants of Abd Muayt, and the later refed to sl them, hehad thearenal removed to Sir where he bull magazines and. docks “Muslim geographers describe Sir asa srongy frtiid city on the Syrian coast thickly populated and surrounded by frie country. Yarqdbl() caries fe thus « Tre tthe kif ofthe stl cies and codeine ate (ie abd) ‘rom real te Caliphs sige om expeditions ep te Grek In ifit of ts fois i 6 hail las Opens) ako states chai he vc is of Al-Un av Sr sad "Ab the former cnsins th siping yard,» () Muda) svtes 4 Tre fortfed ely on and oe ens te foe ‘Hough ene gee only ora Bridge and th sea ha ll round The 8 BER eB a0 tt 1 BSS Fie aad Ys ett, La pen BONG tie-a- arn i ax ees enced by il ells itt no ert spring tig ey i on hah) mania by Mehamad bu AU-Platen-Al-Sayhat in hs ted AEDT Types Beuliulaxd apie cy Mary iis dll hve ad ly thir spa! tas. Betaun Tye atl Are Bey and ag it is aid al “det apace Tyre tat geting tot ou ll tie hati when rang all lng the steal.» () "The ‘Abbisid Caliphn apprehended the danger of By tine raids and maintained the shipbuilding yards established by the Umayyads at Sar, but the Caliph Matawal rane (Gerd them to ‘ARK in’ 247/861. () “To maintain bis hold on Syua, bn TAldn developed the naval bate at "ABKS, surrounding the harbour by a massive one embanianent, There is a mor intereing dexeipon ofits construction in the account of Muga () hore randather was the architec; « “Aléd», he say, «ae a Frid ion the seco» te feces of wth "oe ray “rnin fer Lon Tal sited i. He ad ready sen frt- Beton of Toe sare the harbour es pated By an ecling tual anh std t oy “AKL on ilar ies. Aris te Brea fm all oer te fraice, bu when the sche sea Td Iie thws, cro seed that nan ear ble oy fwnations tue th alr Then somone stoned m9) grande, thd Bake the eke, and said tht if ere pon todo such «thing he ‘bash al man la cod andere on Tél than ordre Ie reat in Jerr fo send mp ronan i. Os it cal they asked ir opinion “The rae 13 ay be re, “Tet tom bing ig song poamore Bras.” When ty ze band ap Rgee gates RG ay as. Leth, i ened thm tbe ted he sie of te wl, inn jr ito oe nt ee ip ecg He thm sae acta of ts ad cman ae then seg 1 igre ef ty eos nl Deans ge Ge ep rt i ee 1 ane eed ang fr lhe reg ts ‘He aly ome th fost the nat lf te anu brea geo pt Whats to til cain wt Se neat Te. ts ma {ec fl the ey wed owas dona ects lace lie My grat ld ae red and dart bese bs fur, anda if ss rar nd aes Burt rk» Th Secon quoted ere tin by Vig and’ Qsawint (who ad that be name of ‘Abt Hak ssl tere’ "The method of Dung desea teas roqcaly wed by arcs datng the pt ote ‘Grd The rena of he double moe which fret he diner tnrbour of"Alsd ll cay ough oe te mows part theylieunder water () The Resin travels, Nast Rss} ican the harbour ean ofA ad dee hw wat ‘eked al we decp cou nthe ter alow {0 pas sally into the harbour was then Sghtened to Pet ‘et any enemy veel geting in Yo dey them ‘The Caliph Mutawaildstabued the fect and naval fices song the Syrian coat tones () Spey of he atch tations there when Byzantine bie Msn live ar ransom Muga) sye« Wiese Ge Sed pfs the Masiello ght ty Ta lec‘ the bi and ste di ty mle roe eee Bien the wath stato lng he cote gh ker ured 15's conpry of en sho igi he ean ass Gee oh ris and Yo fs egal fom os healer if DERE AO et tn,aS en how has apd tapes sound in the ty nd duns eatin the fw sling thse pombe to ther watch sation; they baryon fice wth thet amis Among these cides be mentions Gata, Ascalon, Jaffa and Arf and states that, wheres ‘tcaloa's harbor seta poor that of Jofa was excellent) [Arab geographers describe the later tira the emporium iaPaletine andthe ort of AER.) Beira aa the har Dour of Damascus aud, Uke Sir, hada chain which could be fixed aero the entrance to prevent ships entering of let (0) Yaqie (4) calles famous ety. According t Ya‘ Bi) Thpols posoned avery ine harbour alfonding anchora- efor thowand vec Ton Haseqal () says was here that He Dinuascenes and other men of the provinces were gar- Sone and that ie was an asembly pent formality exped- fiom Au excelent desertion of the ety ix given by isi ‘Khusrt () who states that the town was so situated tht three fides were on the sen wut on the estern side was a battler rented fortes of hewn sone, ob the tp of which ballitae tere fixed ar mean of defence, forthe inhabitants feared The Grosks would attack im thee ships [Naval Centre at Tars ‘An important naval centre was Tarus, pronounced ‘Taras oF Turats inArabie (*) According to Wag, () ‘Attias iba Qshtaba ALTE raided Byzantine territories Be aGeiyya; be then set out beyond Tarsus and tld the Gath Achat! of the advantages of building up, fraying ‘3nd gurrisoning the sky to inerewe the power of Iam it | SEE Sistamhatsarics « Bee eeniaia ap are ta onder to overcome the enemy, Another tadiion ()) states {hat Iba Qabtabs brought Al-Mahdi description of the ‘ined Tanna which, ia his edmation, bed one hundred ouand inhabitants he nally permaded the Caliph to rebuild it At a later date, in 173/98, when the Caliph AP Raahid learned that the Byzantines intended to restore and fortify che town, he ordered Harthama iba Ayan to ance pte them and entrusted Farj ibn Snlayen with Re teconstrc= tion. Thy in 172/788, i€ wat rebul, populated by Muslns and given = mong. ‘The city, stated between Asia Minor and Syria, separ rated, according to Mugaddas,() the Maslin and Christan ‘words Arab geographers) speak of tae Belonging tothe Syrian thughds or foe forties. Iba ALFaqih and Abt: FidR 1) mention it as onthe Syrian coast. Mash (") cleaely finest site by explaining hat the Baradin the ver of Tar, Aide thee and owed nto the sea sx miles away, 8 distance ali given by Yaqht. (7) Intake () eater that ‘alan you lene ule you cme Yo untitled Qglaye ich ‘ted i the Madtrancon. Osage ts a he name of 9 skch ‘tas af one ine i the hand ofthe Grek Fah ont or Suleman ema fn ey a eo ans, alae on the seacoast chee the rnving of and Mtn eins tok Plate forma eng Beira ce (nd the later on led» {") Toa Rhvrdadhbih (ges the ‘gr dapat) an hast vied n is. Thre, tren te tt, te rfc me of sa so read jut eta fore nung od ang ‘arconng Be nerd id fod fort rec hy oni tod to Eh arf ti dd ‘Seal nd on jn fr ars nd fa amply alte ht oS oon nd sh ‘fa cf akg ret eter ‘The eter does not tention wheter the id was agaist Sardis Sly bt Tom Abd AP Faia (sae tht the xpeition of ‘AW? was agaiat Sarina: Toe fallt account Siren Kid AL Imatta (fn wich the stor spe tat "AW waa despetched by ‘Abd AlAs Marwan govetaor of Epype apne Sardinia Having putin a tn Alien port he we foridden by Sida Tom Rusaye to procnd onthe {rounds thatthe satin wa fn te or ey, bute dobeyed the command, wit datos rote, The papyrus oni the fact that alent part Aur Bee cane om Egypt and fcc to show that the despatch ofthe expen was due to ‘Moca fhm’ Sway, Te ight thrown on the laters pare in {he AM depends upon whether the alos whom Be fat cola eg ee = BAS ent-e- back went to Egypt after the expedition or were despatched to Sardinia, The Inquiry as to te alls who had remained Jn Aten auggeus that some may have setded there The futhor of Kita Al-Imima (‘) ays that when che Beet of TAU" was wrecked in 84/905 Mi allowed the surviving sailors and ships to enter the arsenal at Tani. This war the Fist arsenal etablahed by the Mutims in North fie aud the Caliph "Abd AlMali Tha Marwin ordered. warhipe tebe built there Musim Bisoriane disagree at (0 which governor wat responsible for i construction. The author of Kia Alm’ faa ()attutes it to Med tba Noanyr and gives the flo: wing details: « Doig his stay at Qayrmode for the months of Ramada end Shawl (84703), Mid gave ond forthe bing fon anal (di sn) heh sa tebe cmc ah the ‘The people gral id nt sprne of hs prt, at a Bere, sno sea front coro sam, peace im saying: "0 Gare, Thawed ard and teety ers and rman my ater alin tht er era of aes ed 2, the people pote, atone man aed im tpt the srk, oe Bie pel ot ld yan Th argo jou plan, O Cavey, and God wil help et ff gor ‘i nl rard jo for oar sor” Ati oo this od ee Midnite dobyard id come i withthe ee tee ‘ues. He then Bad dred ers orc thee a from, tha tine te areal prided sip with refi from the ind ead storms of wine » According to, Bakil, *)Hassin iba ALNo'min wat aunt withthe bulding ofthe arsenal He quote the flee ‘wing tradition from Aba Mubsje:« ln te Grr en ‘tel exestioe agi te dfeweers Ming stone at Tey any ere filled tan cate. Hass href tm forty eoding “Arabs 10 the Cligh and ee hie alter dri te claswe ulich had Ble the Mins. Hey meal, cited et Tenis Sorex ens. Tas firs ofthe Pop, eas tm MAL nd ‘Zod i Thy sk sere atthe cor informe te Masti fat ‘hes stationed a dis (Tons), foro yal ny enter ee Thay adie th Clip sea el to he dee yt eof 17 ure eal end ase Nn ths God wuld rar hn fo ie ‘tion ar Tis es conned a hl yee pe ed 1 atin fact gern toon forte proton Coratn age seat is er, i i at ther ‘tn Marais, gouror of Bes, res lim ty dapat «thaand Cpr (Coptic shipwright), wh thet Sami and ove far th al hy vache Tee) ea ‘wots te Hain curing hi 0 ld a oral tid fo the fies of sin poner Berbers he ey are ta be ep forthe raniort fhe tine rpied for bag Shifrin the. Greate Thar te ey of Qa tru ie aid, Th odes wr cared ot ret mpc {eden ome ith he ain arbor of Ra» Bake ves no date otherwise han the Caliphate of ‘Abd AL-Matik but ‘cording to Amat (0) thie ccturred between y3/698 ad Sais. It abo slsted that ‘Ubaydallah itn ALSabhAD, governor of Aes, (:16-23/73440), constricted the arsenal, ¢) [Salts venion sounds the most convincing, Homevers and is supported by Tbn Khaldn and Magis) Ie probable, therefore, that Hann but the atenal which, War ater restored and futher lortfed by “Uiaydalah bn AlHabhab, oe Dairy St men ne Ree ta Eom pean see rt Nee -a- ‘Tinie thos became an important naval centre. fom which tals were cared out againe the Byzandine,() When the Aghlabid dynasty wa founded in North Afiea nd the lord thip of the “Abbisid Caliph became merely nominal (the ‘tution was changed, Fom ther capital A-Opyrawany they lominsted the midsMediterranean, and naval wupremacy pissed into thelr hands. Site of Arsenal. ‘Tis which bn Hawa (*) ides withthe ancient ‘Tarshish, ‘was founded, asecording to Tha ALSharnt after 80). Te replaced the old naval bate of Carthage which {xated toe used for that purpose ater the Muslim congue." ‘Yatqabi () describes Toni eon the setcoat and containing the arsenal. In his descipiion of Tiny, Bak says it was Stuated on high ground surrounded by & fried wall with Sve gates giving acces to te cy. ‘The high ground was Knows as the mountain of Umm Amr and the south phic led fo AL-Quyrawin as AF-fasien from Jasrat Shar). Opposite was the barren rock called Alain standing lke a great building overlooking the sea; wat ofthis was the hill OC ALSayy2da which shelered a mumber of village where tives, Guts and other produce were eulvated. (He alo Speaks ofa lake, centy Tour miler log, eas of Tans, tn he nize of which was an island two miles Tenge, om which Sood the ruins of e cae. Here the arsenal wae’ built and fennected With the harbour by means of the lake. A song ‘all protectet the harbour, to thesouth which wars masive He it re tyne gil Ea int-n- stone caste, known the « Ct of te Chain,» Ship entering the harbout panel between the So sone wal Bt could BE prevented bya ion cain tetched acres IIL Naval Contre Jo Grete, The iand of Crete was strategically and commercially important, Arab Bistoriany () say that i was conquered in the Caliphate of At-Ma'mdn by Meslim emigrants Eom Spain, who had fae sought shelter in Alexandra and then ‘sed over to Crete. AbU Ha, their lender founded a new tity which he surrounded by deep moat called Khong in/Arabi, from which the new name of Chandar or Candis otginated. () Crete in the pomession of the Muslims became ‘menace tothe Empire and, according t9 Genesis) wen the stratego ofthe Cybyrrhaeo theme was sent agsinat the Jade, his force wat anafilated. Oorypha then llc A naval force and expelled the marauders fr oer ils hich they were ravaging. The Cantuster() adds that the Byranine flee was eately destroyed by the Muslims of sos in October Sag. Alter this the islands lay at thelr mercy for a Gime. Ibn ALDAya () relates anecdote in ‘hic he mentions thatthe Emperor planned revenge against (Gree for the continuous raids which eatwed the Byeantines to sufer severly In 22741 Muatime fom this base were ravaging the Asiatic coase and in 248/862 dey plundered the Cyclades, devastated Whe eat of Asta Minor and cated ol great booty Oe RSP earthen eset oo Sh a boo 1 oil ie ha iF ened rte ah a a a a ae ane and a numberof slaves.) According tothe Continuatr (1) the fee consid of twenty eambary seven galleys and some Suna. The maritime invasions ofthe Muslims again became menace during the Gt years of the tenth eentisy A.D, ‘Their two strong lect from Sea and Crete fequenty acted together. (9) The Byzansine struggle with the Crean Masling in the reigus of Leo VI and Comstantine VII was Uuntuccenfl ("andthe island remained in Alun hands ‘unt 350)961 when it was Fecanquered by the Expire. (*) The failure of Byzantine expeditions to recover Crete snd dhe eavaging ofthe Aegean lands by Cretan Afusins Point to the fact that the island was a naval bate of cons Alerable importance. Ar such it difered fom Cyprus which Seems, to have held a, culouly indefinite poscon berwern the val powers Se. Wilibaed (say thatthe. Cypriots Aiwelebetween the Byzantines and Moulins. Mugaidas c= Teringuoit say: ws fal of oplourctes anf the Mins ‘many thane for thir tae The tad it te sont of {eeer puter predominant» Tekh (1) states hat he populacon of Crete was entely Muslin except for 4 ew Ghrnians, which wat usually the case in Musi cours, while that of Cyprus was Christian with no Muli In 3 Tn Hawgal() notes de same difference and ad that raids were continually caried out from both ands against the Byzantines with dsstrow result. Toa Khurdsabbih (") saya: « Wham the groenor ore ot extn, the geno) of ‘ype and Sia wate cmmanded ake te etary aration ‘The aching ple forthe lt nae Caras. Th grrr of te Sik § Seer ear aut a mem msMe ins waste commanding The exes fre marine peli of ts oars nd tars Tecan be conchae, therfore that whereas Cite was a tndcpndeat naval conte fr Grea” Ming, Gypss st but jumping of four for Ale and Bsns Th Shoe ake Cuaprer TIL MATERIALS FOR SHIPBUILDING, ts Timber. Since ancient times the naval power of the Medie ean peoples depended largely onthe proximity of fore roving timber for the Kel, Planking, mas yard and oars fa ship. Man must have made many experimeats before he learnt to plane. planks aeceatly, caulk them and fe the ‘mast firmly in its socket, supporting ie with ropes. Finally the was confronted withthe problen of shaping the hull 23 tha it would vse to the waves, Al this mur have taken cent ties of experimentation. When speaking of the at of carpentry, Thm Rhaldon () say: « Mp Big sty soa do win is ety th matrialfor eit tier Gad at go gta. iain wel propria tht ma my sai He cs, Tres Jor exemple canbe tied ina sonbr of ey, at eens ln ‘When tyr hard, they prone hema wil dr orp salaing ‘This interesting account mentions the importance of timber for shipbullding:Thn "Abd Al-Hakam (leer that fon one gceason, when timber was needed for shipbuilding 8 the island of Rawda, the manager of finance, Hayyan ibe Sharayh Tound it could be obtained from the Gopts Being tuning to take i by free, he wrote tothe Caliph "Umar ia "Abd ALAzs, who bade him ofer a fir pce fri rash stam_ Different kinds of tlaber. Lib, Kind (1) says that every Kind of re was found in Egypt. “The ment valuable timber Tor shipbuilding war that af he lebek tee. Abd Hanif ALDinawar! @) (d 262/695), sy thar it was only ound in Ansing ("and asin grea demand for shige bose of certain qualies. He adds that when to pieces were finaly fixed together and Tet in water fora Yeas they Bosame instoguishaby joined; one plank cot Fy diners "Abd AlLati AlBaghdad() (6. 621232), Compares thi tree widh the sidra for its fine grow and Iughifcen foliage and says tht ie wine and black coloured tier was exellent because of its hardnes, Acacia ~ Sant, cacao ame hin of er mene in the papyt () fr tipbuldg.Tbn AlPagih() (4291/99), Spec Gf he sant tee atom ofthe wonders of Egypt and oo fr fuel ast et very ile ath. ALhie () (335/80), Gas that's fre made of im wood was quickly Kndied bat lowly exungusned; be identifies it with the chony wee SES Sire te rr tle eet et a he SE ae ii a 3a es ‘Ab ALU () sae hat yp povided he aac wee rena ae a, wate lla acing Bisa bet ws fe on Se ce Bach {ebony th get grew the pin ni on te moun ae Rb Sik) cry ei bl ke at wen man rn var ith sane a henge Sov, at ware ob pasty ec tet tha ho Sade Hi todo guretcng tt woe ould bear fit he flowing ear me renee a omy elt ht oft yea Thi on a Srey angered dcp te wel an ee rier ofthe Mine Na cal tanta Arabic sng the wonden of Pep Sag 0) sae Up ‘pte te hela cata Bed ls wt te the ii tae ther eed io et yt ie hae fn la ti en cs The a hat tie ‘he were tnt tes whic wired wien «nd was ‘on lhcn ‘a coord ea has enone ig end Pata ig (0) and pla rks () fr «te elegy» ‘are mentioned inthe papi ano the necenary materials ‘equie fr shipbuilding. Ia letter No. 37 dated ge-7 10-41, fom the governor to the pagarh, ti ruperintendent of the arsenal on the land of Babylon, ALAA ibn ABI Haki, ‘st receive a number of requions, lied at the end of the PATE Satexiang potion ofthe letter, They include beams of palm tnd fig te idendy used Tor shipbuilding: Cening id fing of the ocatoaia oud tick i th ond of ‘rlgln wy charge of AA tb A Hal the sprndent in epee lk inion for) the a of the vth indo, ‘ud hanag made eat te demand ole forthe he le of he Titra places we hare seat tha to jou. On racing the pret lets, thee i acrdace ath ti or fon ya and tt embnk te sid rts and Band them se he fried “Abe AAW by your fifa end compton ih fons 1 li th dre the etn fr th, Write th th indo Menor ite Clam faimant 11 at 1/5 S 25.1.6, Untinmed () fetas, 1 at t/5 8» () ‘And ALLasi (says cht fig and palm tres were very ommon jn Egypt, that the former were tal, rather lke old hut tres, and thatthe wood wear alzo wed fr howe doors nd durable implements because it would sind water and sun without damage. Although it was light and not very flexible seldom wore ot Lot, ‘Among othe kinds of wea, ‘Abd AL-Latf (2) mentions he lotus (rs) as being plenialand Bearing & fru alld abl, According to Abo Sali, (1) Uhere war church dedi+ fated 10 the Angel Cabrel at Pusat, ouutde which grew {Tote tee of considerable eight, reaching up tothe rook. Te was eventually cut down and sid for a good price. Mag "al () mentions the lotr ree ae being extesnvely culated iy Begs -» 1 has been asumed thae Eyype was destitute of timber {or shipbutding () in historic tes but rom all that has been state het seems tle doubt thatthe country pected \ees proving timber for his purpose dering the aly peti’ of the Caliphate. Syia ako produced species ot ine tree sundbar), for which Fort (Hien) AIT) hear Alexandre, wat the centre of trade, whence it was ‘exported to other part af Syn, Egypt and Cilia. ¢) The forest of Lebanon and AntiLabanon had Been famous since ancien times fr timber for shipbuilding. (4) Mugeddas? () ‘lesribes this country ata land of bles, the lower prove being of even greater value than the uppe forthe lusdousnes of fats and abundance of palm free. Nisei Khustd fay that Hayft ‘on the seashore abounded in palm gardent ud lees fom which shipbulders constructed large veel ‘Abd Al-Lauif ("saw fig wees at Avalon and inthe coastal clsticts of Syria, Phoente in Lycia i aid to have been eh ‘in Gypres tees om which masta were ade and shige ui [Nicephorus says that the Mesims went thereto cot Us wood fand Theophanes relates that they construed» fet there.) Venice alto supplied the Masi of Exype with umber. Tt fs true that the Byzantine Emperor in the early years of the ‘int century A.D had orbieden this rade, but the profs bition, dot by"any_ means prevent the: Veaetians from Walfcking wth the Mime, () Tithe pparmeeren i one seme Rf fins Ce Nene esha CATT1, Meta -Meslitesrancan shipbuilding depended not only on timber but alo om metals for nal astenigs and anchor. In the ‘Mediterranean skips the planks were joined by irom mals swherear in the Red Sea and Indian Osean they were sttched, ‘The Umayyad governor Al-Hajl is said to bave launched ships of timber, nailed and called, while previouly the planks had been found together with ropes.) Mae ©) trite «Tn the Meditranan, not fr fom Cre, Bans of sls Of SH wood hase bra found lich wee erortel od joined ah ie from te cosa i as ede hat ay Dlg cad eu ed had bc i tater © fog fms. Shige of hs erin tre only found i he Abysnian Se, forthe sels af he Mader ‘an ond the West eal joined with ail. Inthe Abysinion Sea om al old not Be ube for ipbaling a hy Br shit fnd take i the wale; het the lons ar one wth fre oad imac ets grease ed pc.» () Ton Jubaye (9) sap No tl are acd i the hips of the Red See they ar mary ahd Vester with ends of exch. The Han oe fred sth aes of ale sod tn sated ih ratio ft castro ohne te at sth bt According to the same traveler.) the object in oiling the vewel wat to make the wood sft and pliable oa account of the numerous eis in this sea which Unete alto the reaon why they alowed no sige contucted With nal to sail dere. When desenbing the Perian Galt ‘hips of the mee gth century, Marea Polo (*) wrt « Their ip ve ted fle and may ofthe gt ts ry Bae 0 fron fstoigs aed are nly ed gt with ane made frm ‘he ofthe Inn ma They Bat ek bce Tike Ist, and fm that thy pin ti, ond ith this ch the ‘aks of te ie othr Tt Rs ly and sat cra by ihe veh ba ess an of Sr Be na an, 8 bax me seat, Dui wil ot ston wl i storm. The hips oe ot ihe, bt re rabbed ith foo They hemo fn 0 ae Is fad for Us eo ty at ony den Uns ‘Bib ‘ed thn ich the posi Boe hs eeu bass tog a geno of thoes, and ‘forint Sind sw rm trie > Constant references to nails are found in the papy coxceqonence resting to shipbuling under the” ety GatiphateLeter No. 1408, date 91/79, isan oer to the people of one af the villages of Sprit, the Five Fs to Eallce ity foe of untefined Iron fom the pagar Bays Sid make into na forthe scoala Babylon «la ane fod. Or im Shr, Gover, 90 the pe of the Fe ili he silage of Spit ess fom yar agar 50 ‘fy bras of tity Sin on fo te Crm oes nd ke Of cen con 9 19 ere and tard har of wal nd Pe) hoe 0 A ACA Dh AB i freer. od ete Sara he pn 8th indicon ond the Td of th oh tdi, Andi zm git gs inten fy for tego of ta to fot ang +13 ot on hd aon l ony Wrote iain To 0 of 9 om fr a, 35 tsa tig Son “Another intresting letter if No. 196, dated 92/710, concerning «quantity of iron wih the goveament a pro ‘ded for the making of nals Tor siping: «fe Se mame Y Got! Oar, We hae set ap topo fr te moms ‘nas fr tera ui fi ann (2) the stander) hie sad 2) the repiion in thereto Jor Te ait par live er unl, dbl te has pd for you fo lie pr Ute te ipetion of he iy etn tht kl of ek ad or ware On singe ra et, fo, {ake othe vid on wed este ote ple x scr the pcs gener demand nest oo, hog Peri or antl any (Hae) the sid station ba stig 1 ech ple rapa he gta kick fae of ech Rind oR RES PRM eh Ratt aware,elertng thm (i, the inaitnt) to make i with ll ed ints (ood na, manyfcted in asordan ith [she pecheon Sat 10 you Wren gh Sai. Menoradam (2). Speifeaton "giils ‘Limbs 4 dil, oe rede by tir, Seay on 2 intl, hs "ial Be rede by rd, puna tobe ead By fur») ‘The above two letters are very important a8 hey throw light upon the ion indusuy athe period Te oem there were two clases of iron, unrefined and scrap. At item fn the account No. 1434 () alu refers to this fee and note item dated 07/715, the same account, () fixes the price of the thee quintas of untefined iron for shiping at 162) sli, (* hat isthe price ofthe quota’ sly sui Bel ("sg ht the ened on might men Peon, ‘but Thomlinson(*) points out that this es modern product entirely unknown, as far as has been ascertained, st that time re therefore suggests that unrefined iran (lumps or blooms), eas probably imported from Spain ot Elba, ever ander Mastin Fule. Amir AbiT-Hirith'(*) says that Spain parsed great ‘ches and mines of every’ ind Mugaddas also sates that there were iron mines in the mountains above Beirut and according to Ya'git, () here were metals Aten DB Mi ea mec tt ae Fo BES pom sa team hie 48 meena org Sie tr eee eee 1) Ye. yas oa, oe Extensive ron mines were also found in Sicily ("and Becker (2) Says that ia the early Caliphate Piss wed to supply the Mase Tims with materials, incloding iron, sequired fr shipbuilding ‘The unrefined icon, wien cleaned for making nals wat reduced bya third °) and the manufacture af) 1/3 Heae of tals cost + #/p soli, The serap was divided into two cate: ores the one, when cleaned, to be reduced bya third and the oeher by & fourth. It eeme that the dvon was de te some being clean, wellworked small serap and the other Giny and oxidied, ‘The method of taking iron (!) a Drobably by scoping out le in the ground, placing in 2 mixture of ores (probably fist caine lil), and ch foal which war then heated by hand o foot. The product tra in malleable lps which were ct into convenient pieces (oF blooms at required. The pores however, contained sag ‘which necesitated refining proces in the couree of manu facture; this accounted for the considerable wastage ough idsaon and Tou of ion tn the seg. ‘An item, dated 92/710 in account No. 144g, refers to 8 certain Papidnth. whois ordered to collet anchors for ‘Carats of tepitions for Cpa.» () Copper chains ate also inion inthe pape mat oa mip eavipment none item of te register No. 44, the price af one qual copper chains i fixed at 81/5 sola (‘and in another at 8/9.) Te seems probable that, asin the ease of eon, copper was of yo Kindy From ancient Umer thir metal war plenil Gypras, () whenceit got ts name, and Amir AbU'EHarith states that Spain was veh in copper mings ‘The suppbis ‘ight have been imported rom tte two places From actountNo, 1495 () chains also sem to have been mad of in, the ce of which ir given ae 14/9 slid fr ten lsu of Beaten fin and one solidus for ue tame amount of malten TIL Gables and Other Fittings, sam TH Arabic word for cable ll which, scoring to ammens, () bar pased. into the. Rornance, languages, ‘Mugacldat() stats that Egype was famoor for ropes mace ‘of pli re. Cables of palm Are are mentioned isthe pape ‘nd the price of one's given as 7/t2 solids. (") EYEE Produced & special Kind of Hemp admirably suited fr cordae And ship's ack, Ibo AI-Fuath (speaks of ft «One of the tons of Fy it bind of hemp called dari i nad for shih tcl; ack ropes ae called alps» Bapyris waa. alo sed for ths purpose and wae grown, according to Tb Ha ga (9) n'a mary strech within “the town of Palermo, ‘The Muslims made this ity Oh poi capital and na base in Sily when they had seeuted & fothold. there There ae references in the papyt wo a umber of Stings for ships In eter No. 1348, dated ari and in account No. e404 there i mention of cushions, () dhe later Suing the price atone solidus forfour cushions. Though no cue at their we is given itis posible they wete intended for the owen” benches, Account No. 1434. ilu items dated 6/714 concering pads se part ofthe Ring for the cara and ‘other ships (*) The price fixed as one sold fr five pads iT money composion & made ii one sls forfour and & halt pads. Ta'No. 141g there fe mention of fl the price being three and’ a chird soll for one qunta and No. "435 SEER east mom -s- contains an item, dated 88-9/706-7, stating one and halt soll ar part of the pic of bie fo evening te worbanked Gaal inthe lla of Babylon by Pacon the salon ¢) 1 Spprar thatthe sides of veel were ft padded with le [20 thn covered wth nbd sewn tgetet in theca (to protet ship fom eating ite or being rammed. Constantine Fomtyrogeniot (speak of goat ssa, wed on Bysantine stipe a taepalne (or svangs to esp on and arrows (OF the sled workmen meson in he papyri callers ae refered toon several cceaione () and Canantne °) plains how planks of ship were caked on en with eoton Atte and wat, He () als spe of lead sheeting for the tar underneath the water Ine and ayy that one hundred finden shear tre thourand pounds ead were gue foe oweny ship, hae i one ured and ity pounce pet Bo" Reape Rg ment hn whiny ee used for stich ses of meet together Cons fantine () ge wel ormacon sbow ee He nate tat they were ce of separate pissy of sloth son together tothe length requted foreach type ship; the sil 9 Rae ton galley ae ry eben lenge and tat of Damaan tli ety eight cub He si rls to sl sche and Se thread ey we vol Spe T EEE en com | | | |Cuarrar IV NAVAL ORGANISATION. 1. Disposition of Fleets “The principal feature of the naval onganiation was the ination known by the Latin word eur (coer, thai the raide which the Bests ofthe Caliphate fegularly under” took aime the Byzantine Empire. The papyri make it clear {hat they occured every year and that the taxes for each Expedition were rabed ia"the previous indiction. (This practice of making periodical incursions was, according to ‘Arar, @) begun by Masi iba’ Nasaye in 85/704 and wa ‘certainly fully established during the governorship of Quara ‘bm Shavtk Certain pasages in the papye farther show tat the fleets were despatched during the winter. () Brooks") famerton that wus unusual to make expedione at ths me Sot supported by evidence fom the papyr. The ride are variably diinguishabe, not only by the inditon in which {hey sere made, but by certain placenames eefering to the ‘hee province of Egypt «Oran and Africa, which inedental- Jy throw some Tight on the organisation of the’ Caliphate. eT4 som that the eparehiey stl exited asthe Msins model- led der Etpite very closely on tha ofthe Byzantine Emperoe fren to the retention of the name « Ore» which Was no Tanger appropeate for them.) ‘There can be no question of raids against these dsccts and when they are mentioned in conection with any exper fin the eeference must be tothe fee staring fom them. iy the end ofthe stbeginning ofthe ah century, the naval administration of she Caliphate was fly well organised, the ‘avy being subdivided into dient selecontlled fees) Thm Khaltin () alles ths fact when he sys: « The Muli a trie and eid them et fighting men July armed rac the Se ovreass they made iy natal Heures the coat of Sta, Afnca, Maght end Spain » Ths each proving had is ven separate feet to which Faypt and pethape the ther provinces had to contribute “Aecounts Noe. 1453, '49h and 1449 contain zferences to the raiding fet of Egype (which was connected with the two great asenal of Babylon and. Clyama The «raiding of the sant mento i an iter in account NO. 1438 () fou which ite cenr that ALQlsim in Ka'h and Yasid ibn ‘Abi Yasid were the officals responsible for this feet. The omer was superintendent of the dockyard at Babylon and it Ree Se erases Sayer alt naa Weston ae SS eorecseieene Eis hop ores aoe Serer Simatic ae olen Se ae ns eens-a- ‘an therefre be assume thatthe feet was in some way on nected with Egypt, Pcaps it vas the one stoned at Clysma find the sea referred to was the Red Sen. Both Becker and Bell) favour this explanation, though a raiding fet seemed haga’ necassary thereat that ‘sme ‘The third raiding feet, chat of the « Orica, ie alo rentioned in the papyri, Leter No. 1374, () weitten. in gaint tom Quem to the pagarch, concer the wages af ‘va fallors who were sent to the « Orn » for service on the ‘atari the rad of the Bt inicio, 91/703, ad remained there: "The allusion here soem to be to province scaled, probably Syria, or at any rate the part near the coat which ‘rere in the old's Orie. The papyst show that Laodicea (*) tras one of the chief naval center othe province. The fourth Fee that of Afes, had is headquartes at Barga and Tons") Besides the raising fet, a squadron war evideny respons ble for guarding the mouths ofthe Nile, () 2 precaution no doubt sggested by dhe Byzantine attack on Alexandia, (*) ‘ker the Afusin conquest, 1 wil be profitable hee us compare the disposition of Modi and Breanne pale: Snce the cad of the th entry AD, the Byzundae Expire had nected to uate police mma ier tate See sof eam unepemna nett Rey9 tsi a strong naval force but the eration of Musi ea power Sh Gh aggteive naval poly of Mrswiya ee Conta ope to fergie he Reet!) ‘This aw pnp he Wert of Contin I There was aeaupreme cavalcomma, that ofthe nmi aeateps, of he ersban, who cool Jed to dey each of which had St vm fee commanded bys weeadmral(rungarte. These were the province Of che Gabyrbacot, wick tncluded Pamphytia and war the Snore porn a that ofthe Aen, Sen contig a enor ative of Ata Minor the lands ¢F teem that Malin orgnistion stat tne war supeno fo that of te Byeankony (Ara praccve reaure fo te Sra cenuy, when Aldean Moulins had acqred prem Sy ver the Meiteranens, Michael Use about rloeing the oes and Bal conurued the work Anew caval prone or thenewas cena hat of Soe, nth Syn af cpt 1h atin, there was the imperfect stained ne Cenetane Ghople Staller Sabluhmcsts were nae in Sly, the Peopomnee and the entrance to he Back Sen, whl the theme of Copan bene ibe baer Bjeane operas in che were When the dees ceopesed there ‘ara snge ada [the gest drungriy i command of {leh fifow. The Cibyret theme formed the Byung Satpon agro the Mucins and engagements wth Oe Arm of Rana and Tarsus were constant) Ths by the eof the itbegnning ofthe eh cents, Musial onan on "hed weached a hig standard wich the Byes Say began to achive inher efor ofthe ato century, the fe of wach were ot ly vealed il er pei. wee rue qeptgtige neeonteen ete “ea cS "ia, iat tie tac, 41H, Matatenance of Fleet. Naval Expenditure ‘The apy show that the total revenue of Exypt, after deducting local expenditure, found ite way either to the cua Aandi) 0 tht in Fn, Money fr special purposes, naval or otherwise, was sent difecdy ihe otal responsible or through the treasury. @) Leter No. 1396 (!) sperfied the wages af a earpeater Which were £0 te pou he ean I the Bern Cra pyran the money for wages ad provision was being furhed by che ‘Central Treasury and local collec were therefore to pay the amount direct into i ‘The expenses of the feet during the sega of Vazid ibn ‘Mu'iwiya tone to Joo0 dinars yearly.) Greater sums seem tw have been raised in the grdjath century for Ibn Khurdid bik) sayy that the cot of ne maritime expedition came to ome 100,000 dinars about” £30,000 Figures relating t the expenditure for Byzantine naval mndertkings ce svalable (or sompariacn with those ofthe Mastims. The pay of officers and mea foreach of the exper lion against Crete fn the time of Leg VI_ and Constan- tine Vil amounted to over 14,000,()}On the Brit oceasion there wore 17 ships and gta} men. Bury reckons dat ia the second sttempt the fting out ofthe ship cot more tha tooo, according to detal of prices of articles required for re go ata BB, On mre A ET en, sth oe EE he etele equipment of the vestels. He (2). further sugges that the expen againet Damieta in 298/853 must have entailed ‘expenditure of Lagoooo. ‘Thus thre was a considerable tierence beween the cort of + Byrantne aval undertaking fnd one caried out by the Muslims. ‘Taxes for Fleet Inhisstais of the axe ofthe early Caliphate, Becker () vat obliged totam to the ancient isttuions ofthe Roman Enmpires but Roullrds recent inveriqasion ‘of Byzantine fulmintration together with the valuable material to be Foand in the papystsecently discovered, give far idea of the situon elore and afer the Msi conquest ‘The taxes levied in Reypt duving the early period of the Caliphate go back to dhe Byonntne sminstrauon and can be ‘vided into two prinipal groupe, ordinary or public, and xttordiaary taxes The former dneluded money payinents {ind the corm tax or embols, payable in kind, a orton being Sent tothe State ranaic at Babylon (Fut) for export tin ot ditaibtion among Arab tes ot fr the maintenance ofpuble oii, The latter were raised according to necesity [and could be pid in money orn Kind they wally cancemed ‘Mlowances for offidals and Arab sete, provisions for ‘workmen and sailor, naval constriction and fransport_ () Papyrus No. 14 [shows thal there was probably no formal tistinctin beswcen requltone in Kind andthe money ea= ‘alent. There was abo tx of personal sevice which varied Thom sninor, temporary demands to important, responsible eagles 6 Ram tert cam ee Sa Ee Be eg ee Ba Sepia opare elie Rear Si | Tn a country where agriculture dependel upon artifical ‘negation andthe Hood ofthe Nile, the corve for the upheep CF canals and etbankments bad eased ance ancient times Sind was unpaid Iabour () ‘The exact date ofthe introduction ‘Fhe lurgical sytem i unkown. When Egypt was incor- porated ito the Roman Empire, the Romane iabeted. {he fll he Polemate politcal conception which subordinated the tndvidoal to the State. The east extant papyrus) refering to pessoal service shows tto have beea establsed EVADigt and relates oa person released from a liuiey ‘owing age end Poca finely,» Te was probably adopted fay tary nthe Roman period for ceain offices and gra (hall extended to others. By the end of dhe hed centary ‘AD. the principle of eompuloy service was full established ne papyrus (2) contains 8 complaint by a person charged vi the dity of providing vower forthe ducal state galley, Uhosoid chat one bhi tower had been pred into altargy Unsuited to his he polsted out chat this rower inherited fib preeat rgy ffom his father. Thi ‘document ako owe that a man could noe be appointed to wo. publi ‘ervies at ie sume time. ‘The prncple of inertance and ‘Smpulson came to be applied’ to. any claw whose labours Sore considered vital for the community. 0) "Shippers, for Clampley whose services were necesary forthe wansport of ‘hm to Constantineple, came under thy ruling, In an earnest ques addeeed to a'dke ofthe Thebaid, asking for release ffom imprisonment, the petidonere declared that dey, were ‘fils ind its and carpenters ond Bom, and thy hae wo ‘hee fom (Uti of th pete ond rapa iy the ean of (ha) fost cling.» ()- Crate ad ‘tome lite biter than serfs ton sicesede father without Choice ot hope, The seve sate was in beog—% Muslim Civil Service, ni apr feel te he Mai cl vc fr the amine of Egy was highly orgie. The posedire Tegarding penonal sevice wast the main ental ith that for taxation. Requsons fom the cata goverment were audresed to the community and noe tothe mada. The Genial authors vided the quoter whist loa fdas ‘eeu to be responsible for the astgnment of service between the peje, in accordance wilt = sete ppared by amici) The ork, tog paren compulry, wes tot exactly feed abnor nthe ndiary sen, bat as a form of conscription, the pero requistoned.Tecevng veges, Tn some eater in aces Nas ijgy and ions the abourer were required or work atte ville bank tment no Wage seers stated Te mag be sugested at the work may have been Freed labour inthe ae seme but {he inference it not convincing ance wages were Bat always Irenioned. () The comer chowen had to be guseamesd Briar (2) Nap nl ne mig ei on far serie) Acroding toa Caro py dated 05 the public wervice system under the "Abbtus operated a the sme way at under the Umayyad. ‘The Mtn cl ser vice war bh od and new, bang the Byaaine adminis tion adapted to the nots of the tne Maritime Givil Service. Recruitment of Sailors. ‘The papyri ie dhe main source of information for the ‘avtime El service ofthe early Caliphate. They show that $ RO ABOU ae SUN SRR i soon, te eae eg ome en em Ne, | -9— he malaenance ofthe leet was charged upon the inkabitanis Jnr wap the payment a money for ghee purpoey () {he proven of aes of vation dl and he pp ot fiom T scam that sao for a he fey wee oeaned i government equations fom all pct of gy and not ‘on fom ihe count tne) might expec They were So drawn fom varou ccs ef the population lnclding tathman filet and shepherds. (). The method ef era tment wes probly the sine a at fore Fkng af oa ary tne the governor sang the number role Gn ie eter tthe paguchy and spocyng the quota expected from each vilge in the dena sets addr tof The Setl chee of men was fet to local oie Cesta cee tenes point to the vlan beng made on the bass oa Teper in accordance with wiih parenlar fern weet ISted a liable Tr servic ¢)aktough the beginning of Jeter No. ag, dated gaia ming eb etiny fom (Gra to aia te pagal of Apbrotio. frst eal ‘Squbiden demanded rm the pagachy and drbute he Gusts among Ge vaow lage ami sod monster ‘hse were tot lt in he hand of lca autores, The Calelaon wat mace onthe bao eur and taxon, ‘Seat by the pyar to cautery and s cach pagel bad is permanent representative at usa the later say have Beet called on to cospeat n-th work. Tis wa probably done been of the welfounded Guat of tral ea nur teer Gua ihentened Bly wit ponhenent if te selec any of tin itracton resting fo salt and thar tppaand"wamed ie hot to aloy anyone to be sly ested: [slat fom ho ll tha ded Ser don tr, the fr oa of hat se hala outa eta eet “Py Jaa, xm,sai bic eect tx nd yuo tle rm ‘en tic, nl ‘shall Semen of eas, ar lgaion tse Jor tha if aoa tat yf the as cae as eigtins, “eng ton eterno cotta i mom en pay, orange by amet, of the sid sels anf aes "Tate tate kon ta te sid itr te tc fe cl) gone Sel ferns eh al of th ie emai for such pre or est alg eg ti Latin) sl oa id oan ‘any eonpston foray vst, bl lye pan ia (eh) ee Sli pa ity th «veto ek ail te te sow devine, ict Jou fase mo ext hae ith regrd 0 be posal tse) ‘The service wat evidently compulsory, through «form of omeripion by which sailor forthe rang fers both Bgyptandother provinces were requistoned fom the pagar ‘eg. () Two systeme were followed by which the pagaraty ‘might ether pay the wages of men hired fom another place oF provide the men in-person, together wi their wages pd maintenance. (*)"Ih leer ‘No. 133%, dated. 91/305, Quiea informed Basiyas, owing to the Inter’ neglecting sad the required sailor in person, he had been compelled ‘o hire them from other places snd’ comamaned hier to rane ‘money for their wages. He farther urged Bialyis and the eople of his ascict to show more zeal for marine series And not always wait for his instructions: wand nel ead a as theses che wre reutoned jour mira ‘dict jv the earabi and drmonaria and eer si of ong fas of Expt in the 8th incon, we he tuned Hepa tot ‘Slarayh ite te wit ham jou ae i rer nce vl the rate of wages) stated in ar demand mes On vache poet later, here end wth al fed mcrae sth he ot 2 Se Seg Tn Rage eda Kai ap, Je, coal Lam ea = th coed with th prs eter th money for thi wags, at Ling Sac one snl liar of Fined sk he cnc 1a yon mr ef th ppl of your dst Yo cae out efor any ‘otf ey ss ou aint forthe ares Jor pment, cpt i race wth he ston ented no tts. Bate il nll ase; for shell a ea he ‘apabe ad ein ma vl cell pir hs dy x the ome ‘ay asim sb throng craton falls short in the sk xa to Wi by a Thief 0 he ses err the comand en {ar etr,not rei oy of tee mony ligt Bu hogs jour ly lay. Won. Badin») Aderatiofin Maritime Service, Cus ee oy hat hee wat sa cane meng the ral popdaon io ase pewoelwrvice und mri pretence money capo, ati, yh lage mighty the wage o's an ed fom choke in‘plac of protdig the shor tequsdoned.() The per ti exaciped wee pid scoring wren 5h pany ambit tect chat whe be man ind athe hed waspotited he al sutra were epe fe'tn wage ‘Tove are worl ces inthe sect) Of tac ot me demand for penal sce, Gane va dod of allr® see pemess Tab ot Shar tive smal paces nere calle fo provide tah between thems ach paying a ed ofr wages the man sifting’ prebyehewen by arangemens ten thecal it there tere near of ch *reaton beng sree te pase) “Te Conic apres No, 158) ioe nereing sie concerns the Tefal ofthe government to Acxpt ade MW RS, VEE |rat 1. appears that the Iathane of « Kano» under Aphro- ito paid, trough the pagarch Hy, the ada iotend ‘of providing workmen requitoned for work. at Babyfon. ‘The pagarch paid over the money to the taxcoletor but when Qurra's mesenger arrived he delared thet only the workmen themselves Would be accepted. The lshane« en died the ofr warden, » and at it reqs, Bula applied to the tax-callectr Tor the tetra ef the money. ‘The document is receipt for it fom the lashane Security for Falfiment of Service ‘The sales having been chose the next step ven to set eeu forthe due flimest of thei sec. Seis Sty nine atl sre mented in Teter () al am the accounts ar it of sailors nd workmen teuitioned tations fervices, in some eae namcsbeng flowed by thee of sarees ("The agreements were probaly alway te Gopi, several of which arc extant. () One wana guarantec Aetaraon, dated opr oo, and added to Ouray the ‘il of one of he villages of Aphodto, the ‘Puce Pedde rough the Tislys They declared themes respoasible for the work and good cont of ther malt forthe ner year a In t8 tame tay, Parma 18th 7h nti. We, Ap ra of et Samat, hae {2d ply son of Hac, the toni ond Bt, oof Fa Pecan, i of Cagis fhe Pes Fe, Tet of le di int a nd al,faias Our, mac sda oer, tug os, ast tins lor, masta ty Go's sas an age of fhe, {Sh hers ad ae, rings, Ws dat ng, Se gran, we oe rome onde gly td fae Bh cose he ely, ng Bos ofa als hs ae Lee Slt ply yo he oto of hs sxoranedieatine. Thm trad aati Sr ar te no, Jor the ru of he stn ey my al her epeiton ei tn at ma Ef nd ‘ne, lth may fall har epee ra ing ioe of ha ot rly tds ‘at or lr the alamo goer made Jor. For rt teling and rns for them, eh et th At oar rf nt they ogh yu mst grins od ee ‘raen for ets amanda, eng visible ate io wih al er ostece fort ay, saring te nae of Gn Almighty ed te hai for lst he ale, hat we et fap and os io aha any ten ean ued nd hao ape. Heo floor the of the names end resdnee of the te sais thn eet dedration yh fo swe De Same fet as before and cing te sole naa Sethe sees ‘fan! erie, Cre of Pte sth he. Then te sig fae of fom, 0 ofthe ees end Tad te ms subcapton.» C) ‘Another such document, (} relative © the suply of sailors to be sent north, states tat if they proved naa Factory the consequences would fall pow «ie rad of te {eee 9 that the guarantor i thi cae were not wholly eponsbl Fighting, Men. 1m sation to Gros and Cope lor snd by conscription, there were wo oer group of penons connect ‘sith the fc, the Muhajirin and Maw These were the Silty prt the eew au dtc fm sowers and helo men. ©) Te appears fom Tabata () acount ofthe bale 8 SMT ort a ue eva, opcool of Dati ALSuutt, st at the Cope silos ere Sait fom Mun wanhon and tt covered ee scl ng “Te Matra eriginly conned of Arab wo bad taken prin the Hn a ih om Mss di, bat iy ti ine eso cated howe who ha let the Nanes Stee he Fife tom seat entrain) se crs acted he now mony pare ives par ofthe Caps dominos kas Gap ie Nord Aen anand fgype The gal Mes theory wa tha the we of led eu tae oper othe vcorow ara butte pace won Eos op owing othe peal of pug ne eae fndthe Abate crv an allowane orth soppo ) in iw of the womanagebie bay: Tae allowance wi fo ta coe fom te emban leed toy Hecke ‘ater and'a money sovane” Oder ips nok ion) were to grate The paps ewe ta ae imi lide were empoed ee a) a {cng a Na nga) ws of Ege comstedeth ok Aine nat Curae Tere eile at he ee ‘tin hip wee recat ow nba a th Sone Arabian ot an he Fea Gall amen) cro, Gh «eae out ply id he Pe a at {trom at fed te i aa i Sei pore ty Elenco she papi “thot drement, however shew tha te arbs were above alin hte ond tnt he ving ee we Bo mh nc topes Be lng ental dio he Bysnie Ene, they oe nes oF NS mame get gion ae Bee EET a pert mentioned in connection with a purely naval squadron. (!) ‘The inexperience of the Araby in aval battle compared wits the Byzantines may lave been the reaon hhy the Caliph ‘Vina issaid to have refed to consider naval ation. 0) A tradition related by Tabari C) says that ia the battle of Dhit Al-Suwéet the Mims ofered to fight on land but the Byzantines prefered. the sea Iti worth noting here that ‘whet "Uikusin is sti o have allowed Murwiya to carry ‘nt a naval enterprize he aipulted that no Mui Was to be presed for sea stevce, which was © be on a voluntary bss) Te seems to have been the custom for fighting men to take ‘hie wives with them, According to Balidburl () Mwaviva, in compliance withthe Caliph onder, war accompunied by 1s wile Fukhita (on the fis expedition aganet Cypras ‘Uh ibm AlSdmit also had hi wafe Umm Hareimn ‘wth ion dhe sate ocasion. Ibn ‘Abd AL-HLakam (relates That che wie of Ibn Abi AlSash wae wih hee husband at the tint ofthe batee of DB&t AL-Sawit and admired.» certain “Algama tbo Yazid for saving the ade ship which had been carried off by «Byzantine veel. “The Mawill were of non-Arab-ace converted to Islan) outer chilly Greeks or Coptain Egypt They were aflfted te" Arab ties and employed. in various “capacities some terving io the fet, a8 shown inthe papyt.(*) The Mubh 5 en eK Qa wom Mt emetbitgh aie aes aa gas Pn Mest Pe cen inaa isan of Faust are mentioned several times as resiving an allowance of money and corn aamnoally but no refeence it ‘made ta the Mawel in this conection, However, in, Nov 17 () there are names of many Maw receiving an allow. ance for their maintenance, the provision of their fod and ‘wages being chargeable to he tixpayer. Expenses and sup ir forthe « Maus of the acti ed domo of the vaing oft Orin arersentionetin Noe. 1491 ad 1449 respective Ty. 0) Teis not clear whether there was. say ‘ference the Amount allot to Muhijran nd. Mave Workmen. Industry seems to have Rourihed only in Egypt at the time ofthe Meslim conquest and the Cali took step to estab it on the Syrian litoral, especialy at Acte aad ‘Tyre () Toa Khaldin,() in his account of Arab navigation, says: IPhan tle dvb Bie bled and bese ped ‘ont men af efit rade oie ti reso thn (Ars a mpd bate ond slr to lp. om 6 infrne thir nots! Innelage end stir » The fact mentioned by Ton Khali is conftmed by the papyet which contain rerences tothe ‘equipment ofthe navy and show that large momberr of ars Sng, such as carpenters, silled workmen, caulkers, falles ‘and blacksmiths were required.) They were employed in {he deckyarde of Babylon, Clysma and other nsval centres, Tester No. 1309 (9) mentions tallor aswell ag arian who ‘were alto raed by levy. Severs!) relates that Thendore, “PRR arn aterm oom ie ieee eke, Phen 2.0 Re Wile tye Ean ag 2 ba HES A aa tea, | the governor of Alexandria dung the Caliphate of Yaukd ‘bn Mu'twiya, compelled the monks in Egypt to build ships forthe fee and that Usima, the governer of Paypt under Sulaymin ibn ‘Abd AM, threatened them wit service on board the shipe i they did not pay a certsin sun of to hey.) According to the same write, the metho of comserip- tion was used also during the ‘Abbisid Caliphate He states) that fa he reign of the Caliph AbO aay Al-Mansin the Pat- larch and bishope in Egypt were not compelled to. pay aty fun af money for the let but had «kj he fat alti ‘tn thn daly te he areal a Mi, soking wh on haat ‘eat ea oud othe sis fora wt er, eth har fet ‘spud theta dey rng theme,» Supplies and Provision ‘The flet was furnished with supplies of all Kinds by means of the taxes. Aphrodite regulary provided money ane ‘upples in kind. The latter included mbes, iron copes ropes, cushion, padt and yam (1) for sie; bren, butter ‘win, ol and salt?) for the maintenance of arian a Silor. Wheat of dhe embola paid to the gran of Babylon Bmendoned in No. 198 (and boat holding one hunded arabas of wheat i demanded in No 951") In one case nine ‘measures of butter were toe sent t Alexandria snd delivered to the Augusta for a et apparently on the verge of dep tue () rr some inespicable reasons, loeal authories seemed tw have prefered adareo even in the cate of applies eter a ee § RP Site lai gv © rom aS,= 108 — No 1348) isan onder to Bist to send supple and not ‘tale mong composton and toes Not) Qua insisted tat the myles ordered muse all be pai in kind except in the case a ied wine for which edarae wat AEmanded. This explain why the schedle sppendd to the tecon leer only gave fate sol quantity ofa supp eave for boiled wine for which rae, quantity snd total cmt were tiren Ta leter No, 1953, dated 92/710, Quira ordered Bis ‘is not to accept sony comportion for wheat, Dread Uhr alr ular the peso as rely Unable go py in i: « Do wt diy aytng a al fh het ond ad et ce im te play mony soon hl tf of thom bt has eo nd fh rms pate tide a th tefl of the par hae a at tnd if myn is anal Pai Kind eal is mony cong deer sth th rae of pice evn ened mt, snd send ow by or fafa get wth ractns 0 fy A ot pg pera (Ph sda ay Sone yt wht, dd mt meget nd qui esl ind worn and te npr or got grand of ompln apis jure “Another intersting leer is No. 1954 (which give death concerning repos for» riding Rss Untntanately, {he beginning of fhe ler is ming so that the objet othe correspondence i litle wocertan. Bande war fstucted to rer the supple which had apparently been embarked for transport, ta the taxpayers snd hor fo make any ans ‘upon thm nl after the harvest, The onder eters ony to ‘when and bres The eau rte ulonding ofthe wheat ‘not clear but it was probably a ef mens fr the tax Fale, om comm ot os, omporry nd hig uppsion 5 “he ode torture money forthe apps to the fl. There might Nave bee compet = 9 — a shortage in the preceding year's harvest and atthe oficials ould tot rae the fall amust of corm required, they might tee calleced the balance in money at «reed a. Ths Grea, Ending that the taxpayers were exhausted, decided to oveonk the defi forth year and to cllet ct ofthe tng harvest In any eave the eter tae to rome extent his care forthe fires ofthe people and is vndiaion of 1s character wbieh had fire from “AbbAI historians ‘Altiough the measure may not have’ been enely due to ‘fader he preferred to have the whole amount in kind a the next harvest tabiog part of fein cash at reduced rate Immedintdy. He evtlenly ctapproved ‘of local oils Accepting # lower Tate without Re authosty Wages and Gost of Supplier, ‘These are best compared in tabular frm and the follow ing details taken Irom te papye give an iden ofthe cot of Tiving andthe rate of wages at thi petod, Eon= ofan | mY ome toe swe Texte (eaueea| or [ane mee tonto re agg foo [amatiteom am nw 2 [ew faa woe fom [PREY a ne ee = area , TIL Fugitives and Passports _ Among the papyt are aso letters (*) concerning fives, 1k i worth while considering whether theo were C908 ‘Scape ffom naval consripdon ar ot. The Hight of che farmer {© town is nota modern ei. The ltargin bad een bard some from the beginning.) and the only way af ecape wae by igh ‘There frequent menson of peasants fleeing from their homes and Heurgie, often to betome began The ‘Muslims did ‘et originate the system af coneption for securing a supply ofailos the Byzantines had instituted this TEL 90: Om SER NS lw, | | | | re red for goverment work. (3) 1¢ seems tha the question ‘OT fupivs was vitly connected with hat of taxon in evel, Tere were tinea condition, oweve, Which ‘Sade ther numbers sume lage proprtion, av has the {se in Egype in the Bat century of am To conta het ives ne sey sem af sopra wat ito Pr vr permimion f0 Ector wel abrou have ben poh ee Io ie Fst he very ey de of he Main Tit insistence on papas war srety adhered, an Dane wat allowed fo leave ir tit without persion ‘fue authorities, About ton/720 the governor std to have Sued orders that anyone fund witht 8 paso (i theron the march or semoving ftom one place fo another, Srembarling or daumbaring, war to be arse, and the coal mit is coments sued burned 6) Severs) Sodom « nce tn dinar, iprionment station and ‘en dena ponent. Berard the Wise, () wo ited Egypt during tne srgthcentery, emphases this fact when Info: ls io t,o a or, hg ve Jada ma wang by nigh so dey its friment Self meng or rr of te coy, fot he wuld be tc ise sha op rin lh do hat come oe old {Soom can of Kina thr he a 09 > ‘A panpore cam ve dinar snd was hard to scares if it was fn darned could be only rpinced by 8 farther opment of fve Gitar () The courey ad senpors were Teplice. Under the TolOske a papore (aed) wae ‘uit leave Egypt even aslaveaceompenying his master iow mesione. Yow Abia gives an interesting example GPRS ary ous te BES Tm tm—m— fs merchant and is save who were not allowed to pat {eough the customs at AlcAry he omer ts Dene gp tay unl muon rete ei cher the ave ought fo havea wept eager, ‘or not. (}) geen uae in Sy Yen 8 cuarrern V MEDITERRANEAN MUSLIM WARSHIPS. 1. Gharaeterietios of Mediterranean Ship Since ansint ts the Mditerrancun Set hal an ind vidualty and importance of i own. Although it separated {vce continent Ir wus the hitmen of contact and spread tthe clasts along ts shoes Mar didnot take natially {o the sea but war tempted tothe Medierancan because i waters were 20 sled late codons so favourable () TErveus propel by our Here wade, pracy and organised ben ware em to have Houhed, xpadaly i the are: par te The ales of wel of sip nthe Science Muse, London, provides & chronological record of types of sling ‘otek 1 appears that the aquaresll war by far the oldest ie ee SG ete Moa G3 Ra orig Tas att=u sai knows !) and wat uted a Egy and the eastern Metter Fanean ata very carly date. Tro the beginning of hone {imes Egyptian wooden boat were already Lge enough she Fited wth man and wi (The Phoenians ere al hie builders and navignrs. () ‘Their gles show one sate sail ut judging by the number of ors oleate thy tay ave been ontdcably longer) ‘The Greeks baile warp wh several banks of ary the mest common type beng the tre which had hes eck () The ajar nae help to's galley dag long Journeys bat gly ons were ied when actual Ring. as {ang place () Pictorial representation of Greck and Roman galley show that there ws esenal diffxencebeswcen Sen coun tine he Roa lth ne tw banks of ears this genes teen wes gradually apie to al tha wari, of ose foe deca rte Ea kts gest ‘vase were ony of wo ans ("About AD. sur Bye atin induced omen an gene orm wari Gisngushing them fon werchast ships becawe of thet iatr spond. Some of thee vesels hal only ne Saal of fas but those hut at Ravenon were tvce dei) Brought by conquest tthe shores ofthe Meditrrancan the Muti had o lee the new Daiine probes. Aa soon they had conquered the old Poocritnn ce and mesure Exyptian pore they quickly raked the vital importance of senpower () toa conquting ad rapidly expanding Empire {hd eced towne the same weaponsas thelr ener apogee Ce or ne Mn, nn,=u ‘They began to advance inthe art of shipbuilding and in uavi- sation and became familiar with the Mediterranean, fr the Gtablshment of suitable land bases, an indapensable cone dition of tea power, rowed their mariime ambitions. Mage- 2, ) in relating che building ofthe Het in Egypt after the Sek of Damieta in 29/853, says that atorhpe (shoe tere bl and mars oe eal fay id sien The Amb Apdo i th ny and Eps ried tach thi cen 4 shot ares ond ther ize Only etl sare i ting te ey are che es leaders ea eft loner act ‘man of dll indo arial nthe otf eras Morar, ‘ele eivated ath cal ogg Gas memes and ering fhe sity ft lips The noel’ re amanda ep ‘nd contention so that ooo weld 16 jos te marin amy ind belng le fit» When etersing to the Fitimid fee ‘Mage (alo states that thove serving init were regarded as fighters for God's sake (a-min jt sb lh and {that people were bleed by them, Ibi: Khaldin () as fgven a most graphic account of Msi navigation. Hie says that when the Muslim Empire became « dominating power Je produced expert “navigators ad ther enthusiasm for aval jihad vase high. Tey built warships equipped. with fully armed fighting men, to attack the infidels oversea, The same author abo says at inthe days of the glory the Muss hel complete sway over the Mediterranean, 4 that the Christan Nee counted bt litle, Aca reat the ‘Must matde naval conquers everywhere and became lords cf most of the islands. "That shipe repulty sled inthe Mediterranean and pounced upon the Chrstiany slow seizes its prey. The whole sea was fll of Milimn ship ia ime fof war and peace whi she Chrtiane could no longer float 2 plank upon i) The poet Ibm Hani” () relates in verse ‘what Tbn hal sayy il prose, Itt (*) waters « Tie— Sw re efi tt Maio i he St tt a Nee at et LE ih Gc meng tof een 8) oe eta a oceania tua em iain Age ihe ay Caliate wee, pobsty sit a Pt i ae och re sos oa Fae eee eee oe som Oitt Ge Sis seabed ei he Mslaae cre aes ek tod spo log ee ee ee oe clawed {he Stat eatin ceed he ear say te Se od Ponta Guta te Saeed Compe ihe inher wad Te tn of ae Neos ae an mi adt hee seeranbel Nemes ata ae eae at ree rere eran a re eas crate gaat SE he tum an he Nesp ed for cating oe Se ee een ae oat oe Cee ee panera ha Bee CES UAPES edn cape hfe Re sy Sa Raa Sc a a a 2 xa 1 e. rude baos te tes BE ee ie a mri yim peempeer aaa pou es BESS ES RAR Ris ee SIT Ser a PAPEL om te— mentions this point im his ehapeer om eampentry « This tir ly read for bing shipy sth planks end als sll the ‘tone Tia ae Lage frame based wm armel princi for ‘Bik th bale th To make tao mast Say te 7 “nob hie fh mer slong by meen fe nr and et ‘shape mest lable forcing. eagh he ae Ie place ofthe ‘tal mans of mover the fl poy na eof Be ‘id, probly dd by ors a he cae of hips asl) » ‘The use of the lateen sil by the Arabs proved stimulus to further progres when they were thoroughly etebahed ir the Mediterranean. The pasage ftom Cameniate, (') de- tering how Loo of Tepolis took ‘Thesalonica in 291/904, ‘Giver valuable information about the constrcson of Most Srarcipe Te siggest that they were laten sigged, bad at Teast ro mast and were steered By oars of exteaodinary size Te Intecn sail was fixed toa lng sping yard olsted to the tasthead, Ite shape and. postion made it more elective than the small squareail ‘othe’ Romans, andthe two- ‘ast lateen rigged vewels would probably bave ad greater speed. than the earlier Roman ships when the wind was ob, ‘Or alightly before, the besm. Tis conned = very defiaite fivance i the ar of navigation. Belloc () gives the fllowing Incerestig account ofthe se of te Inte sil by the Mina: “Now sen dag haat Yvan of th inthe seth Sexy, he Arbre ter der axd tot he st Dey Bicone Jo tet a in ing, a i phlsphy the teechr of their naw “bjt Thy tok val wl yh found al te forts ay ‘hd amped log thir cnet — in lean, n Cree Crag, Chenoa ty glad ad eglned jr hy Wied the ‘a 9 igh they eld dw th fot and 00 108 Oey had tat RoBi Raphi ee eeenel wc poe, i he ir i at manele tia tome We a Ss hy de a jt ef es ch gee a ine Od as rl he aa ‘The twormasted Iacen rigged veuelr were confined moa early to this sa Mos sagan as vided int the two Sparse ares ofthe Mffcranean an the Indien ‘Ocean ex) quoting © Chinese rue, Saye the aot the mer wee lger haath af he ater, On the Mediterranean there nee ves with two ruddes; these en he ocean ever ad tore than ane del at Se Eat cue only one mast: Marc Poly) decing the Penian Ga shige the ph/sgh century sass Tis hs neat orion ne rede nd Hse dey bat ye ‘fre i th crane. Th ee co of nd on ep of tae ie hy a hrc sh eye Ta Sst» the Bed Sex els which were sy to bale ‘dopey afspid to is condilony were’ employes they Were broad and of mal aught ta account othe ‘mumerou ech (Malin warships i the Mteraneae ‘ere comparatively le and dow arth by Leo VEG) them addrening his ala «Tors of te pepo bull {i dia othe oa ging. The Sc on te Rain tints a 2 fe pope Te Sa lg and Compr te ips hte Be os mpl fig ah, td rf tot fre es Ter hl Bast red ih Bl Seat nade ei ipo te sie of morta aos og. Taf ule ‘ho jade ie ation sn lig pts» sa. Seer eniemes mateo val a acd ee ey Hi tt On iil as TL Types of Muslim Warships, {bn ‘Abd Al-Hakam (") mention sf mt and gid 4 names of sis toed In dhe eaely naval bate of Dh Al Sawa Sef, poral iy f'n a, e's sey common word for Sip'and cca in PrefmieAvale poy) odin the Quen, @) Frenkel () ams tha af io poh ft a bred wd» scolds 15 Aramaic. Aceording to Kindcmmana C) the werd often tas the more speed meaning o ansor ships the tra iapnn, which means to ever, ay oda that the Iwiinal metndng wa 8 hip with w de. ‘Morb plat mary i wed inthe widest sense and sna tng Wich one ede sch ava nial or Sven ‘le. The toa! meaning ahi anda ts seme er the Conmenest expresion ine Arbic language, To Kinde Sean's) opaon the words defntly as Arabic tr ad, Hevea cae tobe wed gral with thepece meaning ot gle’ wap. (hr plural gad, dened by the diconay as tll Yoat™ Sah boat med by fare fie dhe comet of dct bute A hath (antes tha ag ‘at Saga, fa» whch pate the Dp tal bo {f210) quotes Meninay a aying tat it mens a aan Bout wilh perry the sendce of pying betwen the spe and che pon for loading and urating Atte ie ie meioed tn the ppt a6 deomarie an artes They ecco, fr camp, So cooneton wl the onscguaré fee atthe mothe a the Nile in gyig, the rang et f Egypt nee same yaaa tat oe Oven omen BPE ET at eh atin io Zt 9—e in gpl7s5 (2) Theophanes *) states thae rom formed part tt the’ Muslin Reet during the second siege of Constantinople fn gory. The word 2 generic tenn for warship and is ted by Leo VI; 2) may be synonym for ola, the name tpplied to Inter type The papyri refer to asters for dhe raid of che oth Indietin, apie. (°) The aati an astra were probably stocary wesc for caring store: for the feet and may have corresponded to te Latinas mentioned by Theophanes 4a: storeshipe for the Malm fleet during the second seg of ‘Gontaatinople, They therefore may sigufy the Iter type Jnown atria.) Various references are made o the rai In dhe pap “They are named in connection with the island of Babylon for the rid of the th indiction, o7/7t5.() Sometimes they ‘te spoken of ax castelltod (which indicates that they were ‘eo kinds, with and sithout carer The eatde may have Doan a taret having wooden sides, erected halfway up the mast, t protect the soldier raining down stoner and ftvows upon dhe enemy. (°) Crait may” mean shipe im the ene of the Arabic word gd which i said to be derived from the Greek ("and may signify the Iter sype known at star) Galleys are alto referred wo in the papyt and appear to have been of two varledes, the two-bagked mentioned for the riding Meet of Egypt sn 6714 (") andthe catllated. (*) Bape crate REM yo. 8 Resear oS ab wm ae BBN sa, 1 at Mo. a8, ao “These boats may have been uted for scouting purposes (!) [Leo VI) deyribes the Byzantine galley ar only having = single bank of oar, During the “Abbasid period many new words for ships came into we, Mugaddad ()mentone thirty sx diferent Sessels and Wastenilé (} says Insite of th nat ofthe Arabic lagna, hich con of tao hana afore memes for the cama an fur tuned for th in, it 8 mcr 0 se af ede al sald be as mary a all nr Hand Jor the chip.» He further explains that lage numberof them are ‘words which came frm outide Arabia, The Arab had pleked ‘up foreign words cay so that new terms rapidly became part of the Arable vocabulary. [) Goa ge) maintains that this Arabic word, med in the sete of war Beet, i apparcnlly found forthe fist Gime in Arabic poetry, and quotes as evidence a verse waten in the gedjglh ceneury by Bubtart where the poet brates Ahmad ibn Dindr, the commander of the fet es patched against the Byzantines") The word i Tater wed by the poets Ibn Han (4. ba/972), and AbAyat (4. 965) ps) Maat) ds nat ead the word athe bie and tome lescograpers (") chide it inthe Aewacd words Marat (ey ae that i oF eck derivation and signifies the combined warps. Ta oon pan nt speech i ew cmc A ee EYsulition tothe meaning of lee, at indicated galley or wars Sip esr fling the ini on hese.» () Ibn Khali, for exile, wits: « He lf! AleMariya and joel Kin 20h fi a he a ed ad ‘nd hy atl hip) a hy reel ship). » Gn another oceation ‘che aime author speaks of the ai, plural of wd, which relied upon sean ear) Te muse be noeed that the explanation of Taj AMArds goes back to Magrsi and the example ced tre taken from {her KaldGe. Masi, on the other hind, who was about four hundred and sisty_ yeas eadier tan Ton. Khaltin, Cleasy define the word at meaning the combined warships seems likely, however tha ie word was orginally borewed {orally fet (0) nd that i was Inter wed for single ships ich formed 9 part of st The adjective wil wed as. ‘Daun to designate one who belongy to de Bet, that a sldier ‘ofthe fet, n contrat with jn, a older ofthe ato The. word wil ig synouymeus with the Arabic wordt ‘inva, (plac ‘ond whieh ie fond it hs meaning ‘in moter dictionaries bet nt in the old ones () Bustin () ‘ete tothe word in tis sense and Tha Dinie (*) wes it in ‘onertion withthe yea 1/108, when the“indeofthe Genoese nl Venetians attacked AL-Mabdiyys and the nelghbouring Zalawith bout thse hundred ships, Ton Mame () set the word snot alsemfir to sgaily the arsenal where the feet was but, Tin Dugintg (*) give sna alsinBa and algsthandh, (8) sada ond sre rk dat Pat VE cose cen oe (ira, The ter git, plral an’ (2) but ually i’ and guts, means a ind Uyeweh pice or part of the Ace nications thi ese hen ayes «the to of tv of HC ALShaty he a fo andi pec) ‘ring sna» Ton Khali writes Ty pal at sree hy tei ay fom th fat a fom im Sa furhe on« Be stn fre for») Te word fear to have been more nally enployed to indie Sumber of thipe Tew wed for shi af war ar wel foe {tampon ver fr toe and ores le ggpfite edad Aedteniealng the ost f Maghth smed foe rei roe te Bynes» () ocr in the Vocab) {© gals fbu APA ("seas of i as serving for de fremport of temps hone, goods and chat The Word GD tentoned wither names of shige @) and in his case tay sgiy a special type f vem Hb, Toe AL-Ahie (se barb aan lip expres Jon format hari co sity wah, and beth he and Ma () ne hare i same way. Doty () hes the ord the seme meaning. The pl form hr fond in Tirta again Nubayl and Mage (*) 1 Should bernie hat marth ha ted for wath tad. ‘Silo. Cosaotine Porpyrogeite(%) mentions in the ceo Bass the Grech ater te yer of Man a EE as gan nar ed ee a BU ett, ae vu at Beas wnneers aaa a: ayn mi i ete eee eee= 0 varnhips for which the Latin equivalents ates cambariy the lange tnd’ beet skips sory all fa seat gale single decked warship. Unfortunatly he gives mo dete ‘The art may probably gay type o ship for which ‘he wal Arabic term shlond pla hands Freel) discuwes the origin ofthe word and wheter selon? came dizect into Arabic through the Byzantines The word to be found inthe work of several Ava eer oft hath cealuy when referring to Byeantine warship, Taba) ‘tion a hundred Byzantine sald caring about Sve {ousand men who landed. at Dama 29099) Ibn Hal) ie ra pla ant i = {ype of Byzantine warhip. Migaddas() speaks of Byeanine ‘hao equenig Syrian port and beg Masi cpus for exchange. Inthe accounts ofthe wal gaint Sil these sis lon enone be Ae) ye sh Baby 2 | tine army came from Constantine ite sls Syrcie and a AL AD oe ALES captured one hundred of them. In ether pamage he mentions fit asaliadipe, the people of te lod sigsiing the ‘Byzantine, (*) and speaks of Het of seventy spe comp ing three types, ncading the sft, €) Maar () sates that fom the time ofthe acceon of the Ftimid Caliph ‘AtMutee and during the egos of his sony reat preparations ‘were made forthe eration of warships Caloy Alexa. Gra and Damieta. ‘They snchded senna ad tuehdt intended exprey for St, “ALMA and Asal {he war againt the Byrantnes. tbo Mami) a destin the Ayybid feet er the word mata to fndente a type oF ts tn rn Sa i py mt ol Be BR a naminet i sanind Leos» 13 Nine Bag 8 ARE ENMMLAAR ee, a, | | <1 ship similar to sale. The editor Surya (*) merely says that maria Kind ship, erly denote decd wanhip ) and is often mention the tne ofthe Gras aide.) Ibo Mam (‘seals ofthe ulna docket ship on which the soldier fought seit the rowees pled their oae beneath them. Te was equipped in sucha way! that ‘number of fighting men could hate stilen apace for Seton ‘a moments note, should the enemy come longide ‘Shi shina or sh, pur het, was aterm commonly sed for galley) Dory (1) uncertain of iu being of Aree ‘gi. According to the dicdonarie (it sgntes a vowel upped for naval ware. Ta) AlcArs (regards fet Egyptian cxpresion and speaks of shins long shin The ect the word seems to be cone tthe Mitauesy Ia Hawqal and Mugaddad (*) meaton Byeanin sd he coats of Syria and Palestine. rt) ays hat mares a anspor ship and herd rips ms well toe stint fequcntad the port Wang near fn Tn go/any “Ubaydalla establased the shipyard at Mandiyya nad Sod ie hundred sons there.) Detalofthec sac are uncer, tai, Magri (stats hat by theend ofthe Fatimid dase, {en senda! cated ten thousand soles” ABU" Shas (3) ves a much smaller number On each ofthe two hunded 8 ASCOT tenn tt oan etiam use ste {3 alt is il Rat Bau, we Dy, ote, “AES AES SRS Be om See ee si ere im nett ge 8 EA ie,ee sist comprising the ley there were only one hundred and fy foo soir, but such a veel wan regarded a9 «loge {htt sth maxy fete» 0)" Recording to Ton. ‘ahart () the sy which iadatallah Tad brought 291/903 to the land of Ales (weve mies from Tins) could not have Ten very large. Masi (9 gh spe deal of is ope of ip in hs doeption ofthe Egyptian var fleet. He say that the shh was ako known ss gard, that it Rad one hundred spd ieety cars and card ser well rowers. Abd ‘Am AI- Gurtabt (serbia iterary Arable prose, te ein aloted with rar and having Tage wlite au, whist the fl eaembled the form of «whale and the ser that of $twallow. The Sclian poet Ton Hamas) gives» pete sedan hs poem in praise of Abd YabyAtasan 3 Shit Tr thows thot they contained tower from which white ‘aphtha warthrownagatnstthe enemy. Thecditr of Nuwaye() pssst as ype of merchant veel or warship. Kinder- ton () ge ie tai acon mrp dion Mica pirate shy preter, an armed ship. Tc seems {ht he musing ofthe word has undergone change i the fuse of time tnd tha, ving to their sporadic natre, Stic to trace the detail of i. development. ‘Gord's a mane for galley and in this ese Voller (*) thints that it war noe eeniay an. Arabic word but was deve tr the Greck term signing crea Flescher C) femaris thatthe word has pase into the Romaace languages {Srotand ate, Wasted 0") wea the Word ghd (eet e, 8 BR ooo tere te er tsa ree al 3 jn bi is of ship ad Bruno) detest a he Algerian Kien of gah Kinaran ) spe at tbe adaty reaing beween the Arabic lodb and the Latin a Which Soren i fe the opinion of Latatchy trary ot dtl» One suggsion ht the ore raven vas vcs em Stehoe of tt ightnen and leg, () Feape they may nty he sen one ofthe. thee typos of Main Yes Senuined ty Contain tnd rele to sal ft dpa, It ara the eaemblence between bird and ip steed ‘ALRint () onden the ord glo he cea oa empaion wi the raven and raise to A Maghns mote some nena ot Ton AIS (2: Ssjtaon Ibn ‘Ava (a 652g and fbn AB Hl (aout 7090), decring int qos pined wk es baring ie eng (etn, mlich woald give them the appara raves Gascidns ()remafa tint the ope ai, can rey fndene anyiog but words, The tinue Canted Ey () shows atthe pe of tp cai feng ad wat Propaled by sl and oar Be late varying in nanber up Sue unde and gh Ton Mand () ea he st td sayy tha they cared fighting men and were Towed by ne hundted and fy on fs laldtn mentions he with ‘Si ad Magy () ain them wit tra ue si ie A za gr "Oa Se wilh wee oven conquered bythe Garay ot the Christians in 678/r279. " ” According to passages in « Rel des Hii des Gain ‘the crm ga seemo tobe conlined to the Mediterranean. (#) © atc © Se ta 9 BR Se ee A a a a a cel in a Re A aaa In Amati (0) ¢ means corsair ships. Thus in 577/118: ane such Veal from Tripoli captured a merchant thip and in ‘oafzgg6 the piracy carried out by these ships ie meatened ‘by Masline and Fran Hardy. The ditonares explain harp, (les Fequently found hardy, () plural hardy and harry a8 meaning Ireboat.() Hardy i Tit common inthe vena of warship filled with combate material fr fring the enemy shia. (9 ‘ha Mami () says that there were handy inthe Egyptian var fleet, amaller than sun! and having probably ely & ondeed oar, whereas shawn! had hundred and forty. "The word scems to have been used so indiscriminately that it lst much of it erginal meaning and even is Arabic erivaon fom lara to barn, has been called itn question (*) In Kindermans’s () opinion itis imposible, oving to the rmultptety of ts wage to Ident the tre, of which the Alevelopment dif to trace with any ehrologea!exace tide, with any type of ship. Harrgdt ate ‘often mentioned Sismaller war ves on the Nie serving as ailares 0 the Tange ships and galleys. (*) Morits (0) connects them ‘withthe orginal meaning and rele to thir being sed for firework displays at festivals in Gao. Quatremie (*) ys Uist thee hips, when disarmed, were ued for transport fon sea and river The Caliph Al-Amtn had them contracted {nthe frm af Hons, cephts, cages, dolphins and snakes nd ER te att tet “eGo sty ws» Krom Sm ~ 15 In ths connection the contemporary poet, ABG Num, wrote ‘eres praising the Caliph. They are quoted by Tabsitt () Pople wonder 19 set yu pss by them, ‘One tion ar suf @ coud Thay ell spon Cad shen Jou ride What wll they as chen hey se Jou Proudly ome on le back of ong, With bec, mighy wings cd tals, Costing wae spo sas the stom In the fellowing lines the sme port agnin praises the (Caliph and dereriber his arpa hich waa inthe form of 2 dolphin “Ae the fall oon in the dks ‘ide! the Caliph on the spin, ‘Neer toe I ahip ‘hat wa ie it Sy" fusiou ie maton ond ut God tap forthe Caliph Al dr, Blased wil he dade of Empire» () On another occasion he says! “Thou has mat see the gift to Ams Novy hat son m0 mand an coi it — The isn the eagle end tlpin.» ©) ‘Tabart (*) states that the Barge which was to trant- port the Caliph AlAmin to Baghdad ster his capitation, twas attacked on che way by Tahir. VSqit() says that pres tacked. company of high oficial, including the. Vier a a tt, wa he ATn Abi AL-Rayyan, andthe two chic, ALRAd! and ALMur- ‘elas who wete ang in dha meet another magnate. ‘Mer Q) af the opinion that thse boats were a sort of river fra fon Rhalikaa (#498 Chat the boats called shebire SF te people of Moral were Anoven as hardpa in. Egypt ‘agri ) apeais ofthe Sultan riding to AlMinySs in order To cba ot the hori. The various examples given above Rigger tat the term hrs evolved fom the idea of fre~ SREBTo cht o's pleasure bot. (*) Te was fst wed in che later SEnue‘in Teaq.but was ceentally replaced by slubra, In Eon ie aiid plensure bost ual the Otoman Turks Inntoduced the ‘gala. () “arid, paral loa, was a common tem (1) Other orm accord to Kindermann, ("were trid and tarda, {rived from the ver fred, to push), meaning, that which fhe Taj AL‘AsOs () explains vada swift Boat and adds Tne which Lane (*) stempts to emend: « eka mises: etn for aia, wick pertelasal fem.» The co words Bene Ea adda) ae often confxed and Gildemeixer ‘Gready encountered the dffealty of dentfying them. Tari seetdiy wed the Mediterranean where it wat found in ‘ap Tangueges, andy as Quatertre (0) stats, ol exists ‘Ran today at edd and probably gave se to the Spanish nd alla frtne and the Feench fran ty tna 6 Romaseaman arenas sence i ak any ome ie —— ‘Bonn ee) eg «Ent tm Mo ‘onda was, above all, 4 Meiteranean transport si, nd ety foe hones. When speaking of the Eeypsan ae peer Mama) sayye The wnrde i ely Serer ee pat mame tl ior.» The man serene by Cildemester () showy ta the fri ervey a. dampen warns and opened a the Fe ae eate che embarking and. doerbarking of the Ia hae requester Ha ae teach together nth rany people (men and waren), er ean war equipment. () Teriyaki sored amp ship f) The act that ia is men: ate Seve nein wth ober sips such 5,28 and lionel to determine the types of vowels wi com: sa eet Fa C) nk that it was generally wed Pre ae eng at Kinde of cargoes: tops BODES, Supe pies and am Ie may be concluded from this study of ships that che Mosin'ny tony hd varie of ames 8 gl Mui 22 angle name for x variety of types, Technical A ee tol cased ew word tobe ince in the woe Pree oe brought about» change in meanings. A new Fae en dad pot acca Have a new name bu right a that ari ype tom whieh twas evolved. The mumeros ‘ord inthe Ae guage probaly ony ver some WEA SF typer: io pactiely impo to work out any open SPC only hold goo fora defnite period in Serie dni oe Ban snr ina, 8 i mE renee game 8 stan, BC, as Ae ae man Syiahte, a Saasae INL, Staffof Ships and Responsibilities of Commander of Fleet, Stall of Ships, ‘Mast (2) makes i clear that tre were vations eades fn the staff of Mediterranean warships, The enter por of the crews cnsted famed then te an taser 4 with the command of vec of way a for example ee" Taps) Th nt, snglar nl, wer the slr, Java) says tht the werd was borrowed oan the Syria tf ivi of tain or Grek gy ae Theo, gale fra, were the captains Sponge acxpt tis mest while Nadvi, ("om one oceaion, aye i denotes superior ‘ficer, and ‘on anehen, ster tht it tgs sen apes erneponing tothe term mtn wedi te Tian Gores Th the sane pawage Mash ue the term ald abel hich Sprenger (murat athe ofces of med Navi) inoreciy gies the meaning of servant of lower tana who were probably ale Badan the Taian Otce Lommens, (quoting Eula, yr that the fee which ‘ainttned commanistons tweed Alien and Spain wat Called bra a nas, of which the shortened frre ‘meant transport. Iba Khan () sys hat when anspor, fxpeon was in queaton in Non Afica te command of ‘the stmadion was etre to a amit whol Ue patton of -ie- ita: Lammens () explains eis word by pointing out that, in the time of Tho Khaldin, the Arabs had already botroved alimirans from the Spanish and hd changed it 10 lilo, the Tender 30 called taking the tile of amir Ae ‘all, () hich siguifed commander of the convoy of the Spanish ect I seems probable that Masa wed the term ‘tah atari! forthe commandant ofthe ete maintaining ommunications between Afi and Spain. These Recs may have consisted of merchant shipr ag, Maw dtagulshes them ffom the warships, almardl attarane. He eal them almarthib alana, which Kindermann (deine wine thing resembling merchant or cargo ship the term wat also wed by AbOT-Cisim () in the same tense Mar‘ (also maker i lear that each ofthe Meditr: fanean and Eastern eas bad separate silos and exper jada (*) mentions the following at elng attached to in the Indian. Ocean: said (singular) ‘ht (singular, efi), vipbaiyin (Singular, rv), the ‘mathematicians; wate? (singular, mai), the factor; and lap, the merchant. bm Khalddn (7) devotes a chapter to the command of the fet, in which he outs, in a mastery way, the espns Initesatached to the varsour naval taka, "The dotiy of the chief siler, 48: al-naudy,incled the care of weap fons and direction of naval action. The capt, ney hed yes a i Me [ee ha ne te ta— Mo charge of the warship's course, whether by wind or oars, land is anchorage. The commander ofthe flex, of whom the final responsibilty for everything rested, gave the order Iorvalling. He war one of the dignitaries ofthe Empire Responstbilies of che Commander of the Fest. A consideration of the responiilies ofthe commander sf naval forces inthe qth/iodh century, a given ia the oficiat instructions of the "Abbasid Caliph ued in Oncima' () tine seems to be a iting conclsion to this smd Seton of Mex. ‘The responsibly of selecting the men, irespective of ther rank, rest with (he commander.” Napitha thrower, Sailer, aartmen, artisans and workmen onthe sige mut Be Highly shld, patient and able eo carry out repain. As far 4 pasble, ony experienced sso are to be ditingnshed fo that they may not be mistaken for those unt for the se Vie. None but the bet aalier, who have a high moral Standard and are feares In face of the enemy, are to be faken on board The commander to chon for his poe tice men who wil sats Senseo justice and” dest Strely with suspected and debauched pero. Treatment of Men ‘The Caliph advises the commander to thocoughly uader- stand hb woops and their paricular qualieations by review ing them continually and keeping contact with cei ships re most male teat forthe men Under bis command ad {eae wih have complains or needs to have fee acct SLOAN yt ta ei aH him, He hime hat to be an exemplary leader of the sole irs and all who Took to hrs for guidance, inciting and cor- reeting them by the best methods He mist del wth cack ise justly, treating the obedient with leniency and the disod- ‘tie seth sevety. Full allowances () ate to be. paid fgeneruly and. without delay Conrcton and Ancorge of Sib. An important duty of the commander isto supervise shipbullding, suiving to obtain not only better quality in faterials rach st Umber, ston and pte, bat beter ele fom of ony mast and sil, He must inspect the new ships to ensure dhe being well bul, the methods of construction tnd implements improved end’ the arifcers selected. ‘These ‘ates mat be guafded inthe harbour and beached a ee Places during the winter to protec them Som the wind, ‘Me well known to him for their bravery and sound advice sre tobe putin charge of tips in ports of anchorage 0 that tho vate leaves the harbour without bis knowlege. The Gaiph ‘urges him to constantly watch over them sd see hat they are in good repair, eady agaist che hour ‘of need. He mast kep an eye on ther equipment, inching raphe, cables and other materi est they deteriorate inany tay. Sere Serie and Preto of Laing of Nave Ifoation. 1 ie the commanders responsibilty to ee that spies, ‘who gather information about the enety, are wustworthy, ble {0 give good advice, religous and. honest, They must Ihave experience ofthe sea, is port secrets and hiding places so that they may bring ue reports and cortect movement SSE ct wt i yt1 they eicounter enemy ships which they cannot cet they wil be able to go to places which they know well apd here they wil be tafe The commander mat spene ‘utpass and contrat mations soar to keep check these in Gharge. A Sharp lok-out is 0 be kept for enemy spies and every ct iso beplaced in thehands a aman thoroughly ‘cqunined with whose duty to see that gucheepers nd fuards do not alow anyone’ enter unl they Eoow al Sout him, whence he eomes, hit Testis, Mr ade of tind and” hs intention, Of the many heavy obligation laid upon the commander ofthe fee, precation aga leage finan abt hotal ware are among the mon Inportane Care meat be taken that enemies have no tent of seeing weapon acces of war or inowledge of naval (aces fen’ Mason feritory and that merchant do wot cary anything to there or diet them Anyone found guilty of such am offoce mast be unshedseverdy ae an example to othe ‘The Caliph concludes his intuetons by dmonishing his commander not to beway hie tre andl wishing him snccess and good guidance in the tak signed to hi APPENDIX 1 FORESTS IN EGYPT, According to Thn Sina (}) and ‘Abd ALLat () the lebek was a deadly ison in Pers, but having been teats Ported to Egypt, it Became an aiment. Te was known atthe ‘pricey. Inthe time of Doscorides (i Rowrshed in Upper and Lower Egypt and fiom the tine of Galen, (1) ar he Linge states it wat common in the region of Alexandria and in che gardens of the city. He doe not speak of having ‘cn this tee in any other country under Roman domination However, the fact that he ony mentions Alesana because he lived thete is no proof that the tee was not found nother arts of the country. Pausanis, ()"weting in A.D. 174, ‘vs its habitat as the borders of the Nie, an exprenios ‘hich could mean the whole of Egypt Elen, (atthe beg lng of the third century A-D., confine having seen fe of these tres in ‘Alezandna, From a law of the Emperos Avcadivs and Honorus (begining of tN century AD.) fiven in the Justinian code) It eam very probable that the suber of perseas began to incest in Leypt at thatme ‘Much intersting information about forts ia. Baypt under Miulim domitation is syppticd by Tn Mami He Sr that they ented at an cary dateand thant ee oar tno are of Upper ae twee rae Laer Egypt The Treasory cuted he frets and an admin titles yar Iter act up to preserve what. was let He Seals of them under the sare hit) which be sys, () Pee fond in Upper Faye Baas) at Saft Ras, (9) Sind nn Ustmaym, As, min (2) andi Of) Sater re esa ing res ir he roan of he fos ‘othr Dy ag eprom all iredation Tres mit ot eat do ten cy i tat tbe for siping alt Be anna, evils, i eri of fie, Pes faded tne ants and te forts ware dele i exe a 8 {St cate pon of ts tt [eroded by te Satin 1 pon ones ff te foes of Bad on be ep terrae tt he) ad hm orn. The riot Sed that anaes of tron thon fons wah ated The won Sots ostt em ee el eee me es Sai sta aici we 4 moto mach he quay that sae tae, tthe fd tat maden2 ashe dif tote fore aay at res reed foro (Ut al agar one re ad Yo be owed hr sd tat ond la ths sow eat a hae dna. The pale of he beats pid AT pec dyson a san toxin tu fr ood for bling oF looper ofthe monk fled the ra The fa nit but i not hile he ot of fling and trangia handed Kids Thing me dinar, Fatt Apr reise oes at Bets lable for ‘ipo oe oa 0 be fle tt oly branche and Bho’ moh be et for fut. Th adnate for forests (Din) sed {sl foawod from Usina, Asay Iimbn and Os, at the ato four dare for fdr lake for sigh le hers gue Incas rrp, ling he gusty of ond bong, When the ‘rte rion ot Fu sna irae fiat earth Se, tasting my sible for shiping Ou igting Be onal Jor fees. ft sight exceed a shawn othe rect the ‘tres had t be id fr th agreed price. Wood fom the forest (Balas tasty sd she thre Raped tobe mre that wx eed forte (Clips) it and thn the rice es frm eight (ees dinar for Samed leds Alagh te frst mar Csr ted thr sr of tnsort tay, the god quly of woe ete cand for ich scented for gh rie Office fo te Sit AbSeut (he quay of dnembariacon at Fusit), Thad opr, ll ond dln te Toads on vl frm the fs tthe Dive for siping.» "hint Fakhe ALDin *Uimin Ibrahim Al-Nabuls, ‘governor ofthe Fayym, explain the causes of the devastation ‘Be lores He gives the flowing acenont() ins eats Srrlien in the form ofa report fr the Sultan ASAIN Najm AEDin Ayyiby (OaBeqy/iaqog): «The ley wer pleifal ia yp ons ie te icy se he to roy of the Padi “recy (Bigt ALAA). Thre ee spc adnate offer (Diss, for them at ln rales tagled th adnnireton, epi ta ha thy sane and Sought 0 Sah Mor Fahne we 8 pe AM BLE 295 Fane, tot AQ, oe A Mab, IK see A ae, aTM6 (ust), fi of paying the tax of thi ofthe sling pice, th ‘bed the offi of th Abit ith &sal rato the ed, akc thy read at law rice jo eee sams of may. The geal goer ght 0 api for tak foes, « Src and Lsperioraatoed Wl deen tr nd deipah thom te Pat 40 tat ome wn wold be sae fr ine of rch andthe et sold 4s the rong i The Pubic Treaay ‘eal thrby gain great ‘rf elich oa ela lleedwtot wrong 3 pean » ‘The same writer sayr that there were sun tees velued, at ‘one thousand dinars at Mataiyy () inthe nghourhood (of Cairo, ‘The indiference of the forestry administration ‘encouraged people to attack the fort of Qalyt (although they ad not dared to est down a sng ree Garng the raga ofthe Sultan ALKina He Was so snsons to preserve not ‘aly monuments, but palm and ether eros pecan ayy that he even went 10 farag to order gardens to be lid out in Cairo, Fuxdt, Jia and other place, He alo onfesed tree to be counted and fecorde in the archives of the Divi AALNabulé makes it clear that the prime cause of the earuction ofthe forests was te neligence of governors of provinces and the coruption of the foetryadinintraon And ofcials of ALSabiL Tis account further confirm that ine tres flourished ort of Cairo st Matasyya and that there were ers south of Oalyab, ‘Abd AlLatif Al-Baghddi (says thatthe Iebek fait was rare and dar ong tothe scary ofthe tres Mage) faye that they were one of the fet prodcte of Egypt but became searce before 700/190. Tbn Iyte () aso wes cof a ful called lebek which resembled green almond but Which “disppeared from Egypt about 7oo/13o0. Among sia he inepred» Kindermann (*) thinks that the caberbedins, ccurring in Magaddat Ist, looks ae if were © mpl far one of the words already mentioned, Zab ‘This name, plural cae, is incaded jn the lists of Mogaddas! and Abs'-Otsim. 1) The detonaries () define ft ‘tsort of tip. Under the. Caliphate of AL Muttagh the arial in Bawra had two considerable frees st is disor, ‘ne on land and the oer sea; Ue later wae compoted of ‘adhe, ydrd, smmayrbdt and ede) — large ad sal ‘hips on vwhich men could fight (9) Zana The word has two pra fr, eadiy and send, ‘eg canon we ru oe The ictonaries al tna veghre oe ge seghr 5 eal bat) The gaway coud a fa vary of purpose ‘ecorting Wo Sindind the Sor, () diy mak Keds ‘rayon bod for ining purse Tw Cstoniay fr ihe 'plrine fom the north vo come by water. Tn 909 3 {hou of chem were dromned wile ting down te ighs Bec waa mia a eR ee eee oe (pe et,in ten lange boats named seoreg. () They were fovaluable {br trafic the Mecopotaiian ver and canal. Iakhst find Ibo Hava () both noticed a number of these boats the many anal iver: of Basra, Tabart () ofien mentions then in connection with thir dseice The Franks produced {2 Mislim gaur in ALD. 1190-1 Which sailed with tops and Imoney to Act ¢), inthe manseept “anslted by Gikdemeistes, () exp are mentioned afer gartty which fre refered 0 a6 cargo Bouts in the Mediteranean Ee ee i emg i, bmiocraray ee sent St Te sta Sie a i Ps tone ‘Abd ALLaiiC ALBaghditdt — ALi/tds os Alibi. Ba, J. White, me coy . pa aetreneey ae cent a 2c AS so yo a ae an ora entre emeeer areata niga tied oi ati ao a ean FT te tentnatny BAe ys un ts went — Lar Fos de Pye, BLE. Séres IV, No, 1. Cairo, ‘A rhs Hanon = Di 78 Me Abi ft ities Pa eps 20 Vet & Cai, Aral Me (1 Sri st Muni Sula a Ba 3 Vl Pesan, TS ed La ely Ca Nason, 3 Vale Gta 3 (Bride dhe tg ih heaee Gopigty Ha082 irasiaed niente oN Mio, se ee by Wat Gb Mensal Sei NS XI Oxted, ‘at, Conoeoa — Te Comer — Ts elf te Ps eC EAS ect Bey Pl it Adon. PTS, nd a her nian Tal li= 168 = et nia trata ere Teta tas nat ate Di il nw de ih. Davis a re ae I ag Suis beg ea SDT Goer ar To se Mg Tie G6 Meme ‘ta, Lamon we IB nina eng. Te 8 Sabavarty, Cea 1994 & Barzan Pa ae Pb ies Vt os, 58. Bite A dnc Hic sae, Mich 192, Sint — ()tu Byte Be Hoe Uieny ery. ete pero Bye Chain. Jounal of Raman Sta eas a 4 Wan 2 Land 184 ee Eh awn of Mourn Gop. 3 Vos ht iso ES ay san, a, XX, 1, WN eg) Co en rt Sb Rink. et Ppenrere Ba on, aoe indi, Remi 24 Si (8 snk Pa ipa Der Moa, My 1, Seas {6 neu hr dy Li pe, DWT Gu a rb, Der ba, 2 1800, 288 Oe a te Eom’ CS Sia, dbl a Se, 1 30, ‘ (i) Boye Be 423, an, LBL — (1) ak Part Bi Mme The Ais Par 1, Bd LHe, wid an Append of Gopi Pap Ba. W.E rum tana ld Bm Crk pas Pain he Brith Mn Shy 69.283 ana 384, By Bis gree vl, ah 8 (9 Ti inde rr ns, OT Lent om, ram ) Th Braman Se Sates Fp J TV, Landa, TO. 16, Fas ilo Poa 1, oa, 8, = eg tt i a (2) Foe Grigwin. Gane Bncyelopie, 1883, 367368. st a Be EE peeves es sinha age goad ne Beocuclmane, C.— {1} Gus de tice iter. 2 Vo, Weis, eae Beat: vm imine mgt LOE aT EE oe como Bie ye te 20, pm te Se 8, Br ot Se Guth mbar 9 T1678 frm de Sma JS, XIK, ek som 4 (9) bpm od de Se of te ly ABs, ER, XV, Gheter ie fm cca ow, DV, wn, 4 Seg tn Rs SF fi ts of ta wT, CH. Catia, 136,10 Browns, B.0.— (1) A ey Hay of Fi Vs. Lon, 190224. TBS dat af te” etd Nu s.f his estas. JAS, 90h 19825 Brant (1) Mr a Th nus agar 8 Reet wea Bo, 100" (ay Na eur Fhe mrt Raa et Pal ‘San Braces J. — Tal ik Haase Bape, Rcnonis Hieary Rver, Sn Rac 12 tandem, 19431 and, F Ha Ee 2 “ole BT, Se 6 Fost, Ws eit inks 2 Von on, Comin, S182 Balluar —arag “att Ea Mahon aaa A mat Stain Cl, uo. uve Je — Fle Mh, hg onan fie Torin, "Ede teh “Sesion got tan EDC nl We Ome: emo, 1 Bart, RE Peal Neri fo iting el od Mok 2 BN sek iy Fly. 9 Vax tndon 158 Bag lo ir Rn Bp 2 Nos Lenn ne nen 2 Ren cee sera a be SUE dei fe eons cet tes teat hae eg teak Re St dr ha $e Sr Ae i Bn so Ee ee eed Ei Magento coe =f hy 5 Vi, Bata 11 a Geeta ong a at Be a sagan i Se bea acne «+ a cu” nt ge Han i fab oe ne se nm =m artsy Te — Th no ining i Chit al Sad Was. Gaennare, Ft Dein Hin a ae ge METEAO, il, 1. Cy oy aay, er Pe Feet run mse a ree at : (Ge Quay igs Aap As. Coie de bee ‘npr ce fa ips pe RLPA 12. Ghtdswwort Mi. — Peta en Ge fe Rae Spi owes =) Te Sty of Sel. sted y 20. Tew, Led reg Et) Te Sy of Sl Hae Wy Te, Len, Bs spe gm Deep rt 0 est Sit ite tre on fi ees Tee TEI A a a pein, Uiicg Hert, 3 Vek 190515, - “ Bee te Tae, One, “tno anthems Constantine Porphyrogtniies — De Adminicrnd npr. Ka. Boks. Se Bre, Xe Tortbming Bog Te tS ane te Se EE aS SO Ne sem rr eae ate catts vemnane “tien romageiet oats pene bm cio amine FE eect ns ng ere et uber tte flo rae eaten ie ee ee (4) Clie dss Eiageats t Borgis fr Re Des) ot Engen, Rscipcmesse oe nb wm Tan ie maine Bat eater a ae ‘XVI, 1941, —DD pee aps ine ee ete are ae oe BES Semaine gent nse st a are mT er I, a ae Giaboe Toss to = eset rupee see nee eee Oo nn eee ra eee, ee rit Rect Ona ar tn mE eee are Se re eta BRT i ey ora en rie i hn ty wm natn aan Sr LE ara Tn doy Bat Pot Vos i sw 1668 Chto cern adie a snipe on ee) ae ew tt a 2Vol. Paris, 1913-416. 7 ao eee Bye BAUS cs crmrsscus ame et Meet le ay eee tt Serene ace nt oa syn me cm i139. “ ‘Fleming Wie try Se igi Use ow 115. Foor Bn i Dye’ Lo, TP nlatvnsinnay toast? Goreboeg, 1931, “ Seen i na rs te Te i at ie at Epes trae Oa, bas ie tee arc oak St bo SE a (2 el Nes au Bp ype Vealangi sare.ag — a ete ge (ey Tata, £1, WV, anaes 2 Pe raya nnn ts OTR Ry, 1 Ve Lado 3 Fong Bl, Le oh Sirf — ir deta Safa, NOW, Cy Jone Godly, ML. De (1) Min Cpt er Lee, 1900 "2 eo edn Atian "* 1 (3) eat at age Bt Vr, 258, {8 Gripe Gr if Cg Rr i Oita San or ONG as det as St oy Veopet EBs Roc St ~ : Si be! inp so bee 24, NLAV, 150, 165167 Somme, A.W Bo He an Ltn Os. Ce a on Ca ar td Pad SE fe ii {Sige BE aM te Denon, VI, 133, 5155 ow Pei b's Cec one ise” Na Cao Pops Oat Lats Papi. Ba. BP Sas pt nee omglameson mt ae (Gh 5 Hane LAL Bel Logs ee Ge dnt Pp 2 i Od vey row Londo, =f ec Pain te pn Len. The Eoin rr Pex ie i, 88=m fan fins ttn tin era i ei lh ca dara ey tt Rote Se P 1) Planer tater Paroctine, Archiv Oienals.V, 1933, Ss nos, Vi, 1884 tT Patna Br Ono Pg Ahly Oven 2 sits Fee sm as dries Pit Rr insu ta Se Ge Si se i Dr am mea ef, Wi, ye. tris mein “ET iit a Blom tia So oa, 10S. Veena a ft oe IAS, Bi iitope 21, 1, 5538 oe Rind re i GRA, sot — nie aps x9 5658, i ee a nj Fey Mohanta et Chair Di, Loco, Bal, ih Arabic with wanton by. Ph Pea sel an 13858 eee mat Sf Ve a A Moe: Lye aml M — Marin Cnet of Sit, Lor, 198 Fee Rettig eka Si ee aa me dni A. , "She 3 ak i one. Perre, BS Haren) rons Or sn ohne BT a, 18, FET an has a am Sok af Pi Cai 2a asin 192. Beggs Beit tg Te 8 Ria Bit Co is eet jal nol Goma dex by H. 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Roms, 3921S Pn, 56 Pei Ain pa Ba Deer De Gale Laie, td, ABO arn} — Fld Ag 20 Val in sir, DBS ater “Mit na titi i aja hs Re Tei Mi tds intra Mente Wain Fb al dlmabe Pa 2 Cao 1323 518057, “ay algae afore Ed Moliby Abia ArRose, 3 Pat Pape este eh Ae Got Nein Pac 198 Jag SUE aa aon Ba Scho, Legg own — ALS ft Lope ete TEA sh ‘un tnt by Nar Alar” Balig, 12S, Jeoking coin Pig 4.50000, rnd tn Tis etl, 1h Erie cigs oto Sin, Ap 198, ia Be eatin, Ape 198, Spent Ps — Di Kime ia Pd Sen is Par a cae tee Wa, Se eg to Soca ta Jet ieonn non mania = ian opment Asse Garin “fe Ap I. Epo atte A 2 le gs, Aun dre ip Pt 7s a, Irritant pa ‘ne arabnshy Je Vo Dat a Pat "fen Vin Numata Mgen der— ie 4 Rt pt ee 8 anes wT — asterism ne a co tte a Hider a sopaearatcen rae ar ‘so, 907 eee vi a i tan Sis at me ate a dep PL an mma tne Winks fata wea va Ere mn a a tre fal dnt ty oe ude Ati — ents Hato Anton, FDO ‘Leyden, 1871. a Kons, HL (0) Gopi ead Cr, Lie of em 1 ‘Ata. Guess Tak ae oars Sytem i Ui ats ge ee Ras Ba Cag A ght DS Str, tend is London, 1912." ye id i Os Aik in ammensy HE (1) Ree he Mt Pra di ane (2) Bada Rp de ale Onsale tui Yo Bin, (8 de Nore Pi @ Mga Nidan vse i. Oi, oots Lae i neg Fo 8 Vel Ldn, 10998 toate 81 Bey Ca i (@) Te Sy of am Cc 08 (5) ity 9 Bt te i de Londen, 125, " Yapabishes Ene. Tr, by RH. Daley — See ear ate eae pte a nL eel pe tte 4 or ae «ine fr ss Pe Ler ete ae Os 4 Seca lee tary 1696, . BEE ve no wa imam vf ITI 1 nnn Ja Micah pee erm emnyirn ie Or ti ean xu i sft ‘te U-Boat 1 eet Sg hencoeriieekiiaras St aus mee toni, i ean ot 8 oy eee eaten mend pacer toes aie eee a a IR es thy tan si Se nts a tn, (1) te da de Pp de it Pai 1908. a 150, S52 ‘ges Gi Ele pci, 3 Vol, PAO. Cae, 1116 Mapor ft Wie aig ors eG Es Masi — (1 Mar Dich me Mose A: Jee. Poi 00 “Et sal Ble de Maye ot Boe Conic: 9 at (2) ea of Gland eof Gan. Te. A. Spege Lando, 1eee 10 — ft AT ALi B,D Gj GA, VIL Leyden, fe * Mer Sit sn, Te, TAS le "ei “raw Ten: BAL A. Newton, Loos, 1326 Moyet — Ronis Stich 1h, Hist, 19304 Maa se 1 Rin a ‘Michael the Syrian (i) Comise HA, snd Tr JB. Chae, 4 Vu Fa obo Cm a rd Van ei Topic, 1958 ee Mepis lfc tind Py Gals ah ‘tinge, Van etn Cort Ti wal ft i Landon, ae SEER MSE i tm a mm Fest Socan. Bertin, 1915. 7 si Pec i ni a in Paes i sents arate no, a a ee FE egw nr im Ss a ee Pipe ease pac ae te 1 gan asia 4a een om 1383219113 ee st en — (oH nn i ae eet oe SASS, V1, Ne 3, Apll To, i910, SEE CaEap aes, oe a, nr ty Nn an Ye ed a Rae etmek tts "Casa a tre al tag Le Soe ny Ba he is ne te 5 me Rowing BOATS se Toe ne el. hey Sip fant rit Gove Lie. 18 se Tt tr a aie Pari de Gi ichllom RA A Lisay Hist fe Aor. Lonon, 1914, BERET site al Pt Unde Tinea vi. See ta (Bila gate Fie fr omit PM soe a a aah me ALT “pene tal EE (nl ae 3 Yo cps Bee eit ani tH. Sha Qin 2D. Seu ea Be BB at Mmm De an V8 ae 0) Nibfyat AbArab J Fund Al-Adsb, Bgyptian Library. Fe a esmyjdua se v4 sie dtl Ba and MLGe Rema, Grad 1 oui A oe ny To oe Ga Fe Oty ais bjs Mahim. London, 1827. ‘Onan CW. — ABs of te Ataf Wor th ie Agr, A.D. 37 emo HA dni Po bee Baar Moora, Awa of "ln nt Ania ies ovis Via FIGENE, pa Dern fd Ga Bie end Sig fe Cape snip tS eT ens Walt Sod. Looton, 1912 ea i ue ape SAE ee ena Soe |= 2 Mala in, Tt, rin ode Ria of Tink, Ts (9) Bee a iy of Mail Bag, ag. Te. LE. Clegg, {Bi one tei XP Ct. BT Pliny, 8 — Nawal Hit. With an Eng. Tr. H, Rackham, Lb copies =i) Bi Blo Pi Tes HE, Bown ct BB Pa bp HB evn, an ak pe Be i, tg. HD. Dvn. an a New York, Qaigtinndt — (0) Sb Ab 4 Ve, Cie, 11-8138, "EPs Goran Tain, Wovens, Catagen, 16. re, eMail ba ha. i on tat TB, Wun, Gsnge, ee ener (2) Meni Oirottigoes ot Hitiqur mar Papper ques eee aaa TBO Vie Leyden, 1889, eae Core eeepc mn i ut erin nn rn gees real can sees epee eee Sy ST cern Sn die anaiae = {Gh Prague foe of Pos sy Pade enhirmet ee Se eee EE cme 1808, 193-237. ee nae aos mm sn Kt Cm ct He — Alike Mange sl Ti De a, Bo a eB Tas =i et = ani it nt A rt at Mla Sa es ie ed i ma on, Elie “ia Sor a "G10 Coy yan Cambridge, 1998. * ic ch sn gt a SSE oe san va eee rE Ey ymca taunt ce FR ntti Re aie al "Mio ote i ap te eRe a RIK, 8, Te ey 2840, 9D. “amt By 2 Vl, Lenn, 6, Tis hee Vie Murer seni Lage Crp Sapein o Mo Pt 18963, Sen ics “is Gorey ote Maranon fon Loin, 1952 ‘tera bishop af Alsen, Hany f te Pats ie rece eB a Pa, (Bucy fe Pint of he tn Cla Hite Pty St IP ian baa Yo hd AM role Bencser Gam, ‘oa. — ae fg BT Sea ie Mla ag pte eta n, Reve de ae ftv, W, or tee Sdn the Blo sean and amy Fe San fet ay td bn A, 2 Vo. 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