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The Internet is essentially a global network of computing resources. You can think
about the Internet as a physical collection of routers and circuits as a set of shared
resources or even as an attitude about interconnecting and intercommunication.

 
  

Some of the basic services available to Internet users are:

V !
 A fast, easy, and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet
users around the world.
V 3: Allows a user to log into a remote computer as though it were a local
system.
V G3  Allows a user to transfer virtually every kind of file that can be stored on
a computer from one Internet -connected computer to another.
V u: A distributed bulletin board that offers a combination news
and discussion service on thousan ds of topics.
V î îîîîî A hypertext interface to Internet information
resources.

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This stands for îorld îide îeb. A technical definition of the World Wide Web is :
all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hyper text Transfer
Protocol (HTTP).

Or

The World Wide Web is the universe of network -accessible information, an

embodiment of human knowledge.

In simple terms, The World Wide Web is a way of exchanging information between
computers on the Internet, tying them together into a vast collection of interactive
multimedia resources.

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This stands for yper3ext 3ransfer rotocol. This is the protocol being used to
transfer hypertext documents thats makes the World World Wide possible.

A standard web address such as http://www.yahoo.com/ is called a URL and here

the prefix  indicates its protocol

 



 

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URL stands for uniform esource
ocator, and is used to specify addresses on the
World Wide Web. A URL is the fundamental network identification f or any resource
connected to the web (e.g., hypertext pages, images, and sound files).

A URL will have the following format:

protocol://hostname/other_information

The protocol specifies how information from the link is transferred. The protocol
used for web resources is HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Other protocols
compatible with most web browsers include  

  .

The protocol is followed by a colon, two slashes, and then the domain name. The
domain name is the computer on which the resource is located.

Links to particular files or subdirectories may be further specified after the domain
name. The directory names are separated by si ngle forward slashes.

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Currently you are on our website http://cbe.ac.tz which is a collection of various
pages written in HTML markup language.

A 
 or 
 is a document or information resource that is suitable for

the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a web browser and displayed on
a monitor or mobile device.

Or web page is any page available on the Website

 


is the first page of any web site.




A static website contains Web pages with fixed content. Each page is coded in HTML
and displays the same information to every visitor. Static sites are the most basic
type of website and are the easiest to create. Unlike dynamic websites, they do not
require any Web programming or database design. A static site can be built by
simply creating a few HTML pages and publishing them to a Web server.

 



 

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Since static Web pages contain fixed code, the content of each page does not
change unless it is manually updated by the webmaster. This works well for small
websites, but it can make large sites with hundreds or thousands of pages difficult to
maintain. Therefore, larger websites typically use dynamic pages, which can be
updated by simply modifying a d atabase record. Static sites that contain a lot of
pages are often designed using templates. This makes it possible to update several
pages at once, and also helps provide a consistent layout throu ghout the site.

They are edited using four broad categories of software:

V Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup
are manipulated directly within the editor program
V WYSIWYG offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe
Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is
edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated
automatically by the editor software
V WYSIWYG online editors which create media rich online presentation like web
pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.
V Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to
quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML
knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures
and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of
HTML code.

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V  uick to develop
V Cheap to develop
V Cheap to host

‰



 

V Requires web development experti se to update site

V Site not as useful for the user
V Content can get stagnant

‰ 


Dynamic websites contain Web pages that are generated in real-time. These pages
include Web scripting code, such as PHP or ASP. When a dynamic page is accessed,
the code within the page is parsed on the Web server and the resulting HTML is sent
to the client's Web browser.

Most large websites are dynamic, since they are easier to maintain than static

 



 

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websites. This is because static pages each contain unique content, meaning they
must be manually opened, edited, and published whe never a change is made.
Dynamic pages, on the other hand, access information from a database. Therefore,
to alter the content of a dynamic page, the webmaster may only need to update a
database record. This is especially helpful for large sites that contain hundreds or
thousands of pages. It also makes it possible for multiple users to update th e
content of a website without editing the layout of the pages.

Dynamic websites that access information from a database are also called database -
driven websites

A dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and

automatically, based on certain criteria.

Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content.
Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully
displayed.

‰ 


The first type is a web page with dynamic code . The code is constructed dynamically
on the fly using active programming language instead of plain, static HTML.

A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more
specifically refers to the code used to create a single we b page. A dynamic web page
is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or
routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information
from a database and put them together in a pre -defined format to present the
reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by
reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side
variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse over s, etc.). A
site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing
situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of
the individual user.

‰ 


The second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable
content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by
retrieving content stored in a database.

A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other
information are displayed on the web page, and more specifically how its content
changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain
criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a
database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news

 



 
 
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articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the
most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content
is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a
search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page
will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of
Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.

á

 
 

V Much more functional website

V Much easier to update
V New content brings people back to the site and helps in the search engines
V Can work as a system to allow staff or users to collaborate

‰


 


V Slower / more expensive to develop

V Hosting costs a little more

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Every Web site sits on a computer known as a Web server. This server is always
connected to the internet. Every Web server that is connected to the Internet is
given a unique address made up of a series of four numbers between 0 and 256
separated by periods.for example, 68.178.157.132 ro 68.122.35.127.

When you register a Web address, also known as a domain name, such as
cbecomputerdept.com you have to specify the IP address of the Web server that will
host the site.

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There are four leading web browsers: Apache, IIS, lighttpd and Jagsaw. Now we will
see these servers in bit more detail.

Apart from these Web Servers, there are other Web Servers al so available in the
market but they are very expansive. Major ones are Netscape's iPlanet, Bea's Web
Logic and IBM's Websphere.

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This is the most popular web server in the world developed by the Apache
Software Foundation. Apache web server is an open source software and
can be installed on almost all operating systems including Linux, Unix,
Windows, FreeBSD, Mac OS X and more. About 60% of the web server
machines run the Apache Web Server.

 



 
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The Internet Information Server (IIS) is a high performance Web Server

from Microsoft. This web server runs on Windows NT/2000 and 2003
platforms ( and may be on upcoming new Windows version also). IIS
comes bundled with Windows NT/2000 and 2003; Because IIS i s tightly
integrated with the operating system so it is relatively easy to administer it.

 

The  , pronounced lighty is also a free web server that is distributed
with the FreeBSD operating system. This open source web server is fast,
secure and consumes much less CPU power. Lighttpd can also run on
Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris operating systems.



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This web server from Sun Microsystems is suited for medium and large web
sites. Though the server is free it is not open source. It however, runs on
Windows, Linux and Unix platforms. The Sun Java System web server
supports various languages, scripts and technologies required for Web 2.0
such as JSP, Java Servlets, PHP, Perl, Python, Ruby on Rails, ASP and
Coldfusion etc.


  

Jigsaw (W3C's Server) comes from the World Wide Web Consortium. It is
open source and free and can run on various platforms like Linux, Unix,
Windows, Mac OS X Free BSD etc. Jigsaw has been written in Java and
can run CGI scripts and PHP programs.

 



 
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Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web you need a web
browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.

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Web Browsers are software installed on your PC. To access the Web you need a web
browsers, such as Netscape Navigator, Microsoft Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox.

While developing a site, try to make it compatible to as many browsers as possible.

Specially site should be compatible to major browsers like Explorer, FireFox,
Netscape, Opera and Safari.

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Internet Explorer (IE) is a product from software giant Microsoft. This is the
most commonly used browser in the universe. This was introduced in 1995
along with Windows 95 launch and it has passed Netscape popularity in
1998.




Netscape is one of the original Web browsers. This is what Microsoft

designed Internet Explorer to compete against. Netscape and IE comprise
the major portion of the browser market. Netscape was introduced in 1994.

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Mozilla is an open-source Web browser, designed for standards com pliance,

performance and portability. The development and testing of the browser is
coordinated by providing discussion forums, software engineering tools,
releases and bug tracking. Browsers based on Mozilla code is the second
largest browser family on the Internet today, representing about 30% of the
Internet community.

"# 

Konqueror is an Open Source web browser with HTML 4.01 compliance,

supporting Java applets, JavaScript, CSS 1, CSS 2.1, as well as Netscape
plugins. This works as a file manager as wellIt supports basic file
management on local UNIX filesystems, from simple cut/copy and paste
operations to advanced remote and local network file browsing.

 



 
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Firefox is a new browser derived from Mozilla. It was released in 2004 and
has grown to be the second most popular browser on the Internet.




Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included in Mac OS X. It

was first released as a public beta in January 2003. Safari has very good
support for latest technologies like XHTML, CSS2 etc.

$

Opera is smaller and faster than most other browsers, yet it is full - featured.
Fast, user-friendly, with keyboard interface, multiple windows, zoom
functions, and more. Java and non Java -enabled versions available. Ideal for
newcomers to the Internet, school children, handicap and as a front -end for
CD-Rom and kiosks.



Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web browser for users on Unix, VMS,
and other platforms running cursor -addressable, character-cell terminals or
emulators.

 



 
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This stands for imple ail 3ransfer rotocol Server. This server takes care of
delivering emails from one server to another server. When you send an email to an
email address, it is delivered to its recipient by a SMTP Server.

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This stands for nternet ervice rovider. They are the companies who provide you
service in terms of internet connection to connect to the internet.

You will buy space on a Web Server from any Internet Service Prov ider. This space
will be used to host your Web site.

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V Star Limited Telecom( DSM),

V Africa Online ( Mwz,DSM),
V Tele2 Mobitel Services( DSM),
V Cats Net Ltd ( DSM,Arusha),
V Arusha Node Marie Internet Society( Arusha),
V Satellite Alldean Networks T Ltd( DSM),
V Startel Tanzania Ltd(DSM),
V Internet Africa ltd (DSM),
V Africa Online Ltd (DSM,Mwanza),
V Kilnet(Moshi),
V Simbanet(DSM),
V Benson Informatics Limited( DSM),
V Earth Net Works Ltd.
V anzinet( anzibar)

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This stands for yper3ext arkup
anguage. This is the language in which we write
web pages for any Website. Even the page you are reading right now is written in
HTML.

This is a subset of Standard Generalized Mark -Up Language (SGML) for electronic
publishing, the specific standard used for the World Wide Web.

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A hyperlink or simply a link is a selectable element in an electronic document that
serves as an access point to other electronic resources. Typically, you click the
hyperlink to access the linked resource. F amiliar hyperlinks include buttons, icons,
image maps, and clickable text links.

 



 
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DNS stands for ‰omain ame ystem. When someone types in your domain name,
www.example.com, your browser will ask the Domain Name System to find the IP
that hosts your site. When you register your domain name, your IP address should
be put in a DNS along with your domain name. Without doing it your domain name
will not be functioning properly.

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On the simplest level, the Web physically consists of following components:

V ¦  
  - This is the PC at which you sit to see the web.
V áî  - A software installed on your PC which helps you to browse
the Web.
V á  - This is provided by an ISP and connects you to
the internet to reach to any Web site.
V áî  - This is the computer on which a web site is hosted.
V  &  - They are the combination of software and hardware
who take your request and pas s to appropriate Web server.

The Web is known as a client-server system. Your computer is the client and the
remote computers that store electronic files are the servers.

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When you enter something like http://www.google.com, the reque st goes to one of
many special computers on the Internet known as Domain Name Servers (‰ ). All
these requests are routed through various routers and switches. The domain name
servers keep tables of machine names and their IP addresses, so when you type i n
http://www.google.com, it gets translated into a number, which identifies the
computers that serve the Google Web site to you.

When you want to view any page on the Web, you must initiate the activity by
requesting a page using your browser. The browser asks a domain name server to
translate the domain name you requested into an IP address. The browser then
sends a request to that server for the page you want, using a standard called
Hypertext Transfer Protocol or HTTP.

The server should constantly be con nected to the Internet.ready to serve pages to
visitors. When it receives a request, it looks for the requested document and returns
it to the Web browser. When a request is made, the server usually logs the client's

 



 
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IP address, the document requested, and the date and time it was requested. This
information varies server to server.

An average Web page actually requires the Web browser to request more than one
file from the Web server and not just the HTML / XHTML page, but also any images,
style sheets, and other resources used in the web page. Each of these files including
the main page needs a URL to identify each item. Then each item is sent by the Web
server to the Web browser and Web browser collects all this information and
displays them in the form o f Web page.

  
We have seen how a Web client - server interaction happens. We can summaries
these steps as follows:

V A user enters a URL into a browser (for example, http://www.google.com).

This request is passed to a domain name server.
V The domain name server returns an IP address for the server that hosts the
Web site (for example, 68.178.157.132).
V The browser requests the page from the Web server using the IP address
specified by the domain name server.
V The Web server returns the page to the IP ad dress specified by the browser
requesting the page. The page may also contain links to other files on the
same server, such as images, which the browser will also request.
V The browser collects all the information and displays to your computer in the
form of Web page.


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A domain name is the part of your Internet address that comes after "www". For
example, in www.tutorialspoint.com the domain name is tutorialspoint.com.

A domain name becomes your Business Address so care should be taken to select a
domain name. Your domain name should be easy to remember and easy to type.






When you plan to put a site online, this is one of the important steps to buy a
domain name. This is always not necessary that whatever domain name you are
looking that is available so in that case you will have to opt for any other good
domain name.

 



 

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When you buy a domain name it is registered and when domain names are
registered they are added to a large domain name register, and information abo ut
your site - including your Internet IP address is stored on a DNS server and your
contact information etc is registered with your registrar.

‰
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There are many different types of domain extensions you can choose for your
domain name. This depends on your business nature. If you are going to register a
domain name for educational site purpose then you can go for ( extension.
Below is a reference of the correct usage of certain extensions. But there is no hard
and fast rule to go for any extension. Most commonly used is (

V ( - Stands for company/commercial, but it can be used for any web site.
V ( - Stands for network and is usually used for a network of sites.
V (  - Stands for organization and is supposed to be for non -profit bodies.
V ()(- They are based on your country names so that you can go for
country specific domain extensions.
V (! - A newer extension on the Internet and can be used to indicate that this
site is purely related to business.
V ( - Stands for information. This domain name extension can be very
useful, and as a new comer it's doing well.
V ( - Stands for Television and are more appropriate for TV channel sites.

Newer domain extensions such as .biz .info and .us etc. have more name choices
available as many of the popular domains have yet to be taken and most of the
them are available at very nominal prices.

* ‰



This is very important step to name your web site. As I have told you that your
domain name will be your business address so very much care should be taken while
choosing a domain name.

Many people think it is important to have keywords in a domain. Keywords in the

domain name are usually important, but it usually can be done while keeping the
domain name short, memorable, and free of hyphens.

Using keywords in your domain name give you a strong competitive advantage over
your competitors. Having your keywords in your domain name can increase click
through rates on search engine listings and paid ads as well as make it easier to
Using your keywords in get keyword rich descriptive inbound links.

 



 

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Avoid buying long, and confusing domain names. May people separate the words in
their domain names using dashes or hyphen. In the past the domain name itself was
a significant ranking factor but now search engines have advanced it is not very
significant factor anymore.

Keep two to three words in your domain name it will be more memorable. Some of
the most memorable web sites do a great job of branding by creating their own
word. Few examples are eBay, Yahoo!, Expedia, Slashdot, Fark, Wikipedia, Google...

You should be able to say it over the telephone once and the other person should
know how to spell it and they should know what you sell. If you can do that AND
work keywords in there, good for you. If you can't, skip the keywords.

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You can divide your domain into many sub domains based on your requirement. If
you are doing multiple business using the same domain then its worth to use sub
domain for every business. Following are examples of sub domains

You must have seen http://www.google.com as a main domain but google has
created many subdomains based on their business. Few of them are as follows:

V `
//adwords.google.com - T`is sub domain is being used for Googl e

Adwords.
V `
//grou
.google.com - T`i b domain i being ed for Google Gro
.
V `
//image.google.com - T` ub doman  beng ued for Google Image.

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Many consumers research services and products online before purchasing. By having
a website, you can inform potential customers of your services or products and what
separates your business from your competitors. A website will familiarize consumers
with your business and make them feel comfortable doing business with you.

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Customers can tell a lot about a company from the design of their website. An
unorganized, unappealing website is a major turnoff to consumers. On the other
hand, a professional looking website lets consumers know your business is serious
and dedicated to their needs.

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A website is a lowcost, effective way to market your business. Television and
magazine ads are great ways to publicize, but are often too expensive and do not
always provide enough information. A website does not have a page or time
constraint, so there is no rush to get the required information across.

Search engines allow businesses to target a marketing group more effectively than
any other advertising strategy. Consumers that utilize search engines know what
they are in need of and show a stronger desi re in that product or service. Having
high ranking search engine results, your businessƞ web traffic will dramatically
increase and provide you with more customers than any other source of marketing.

.(è-  
 

Consumers need information 24 hours a day. The internet is always active, and
consumers around the world can look up information and conduct business at their
convenience. A website allows a business to always be there for their customers
regardless of the time of day.

/("  


Consumers feel more comfortable doing business with companies of which they are
familiar. It is important for a business to keep clients updated with their latest news,
services and products. A website is the be st way to inform clients of specials or sales
that a business is offering. This will help increase a businessƞ revenue.

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A website enhances communication between consumers and businesses. A lot of the
time consumers are interested in something on a website, but feel awkward or are

 



 
 
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too lazy to call for more information. Websites that are equipped with email forms
allows consumers to ask their question in a moments notice. That is just one feature
websites utilize to make communication easy. Other features are message boards,
blogs, contact information and other web forms.

A("   

The popularity of the internet and understanding of the value of a website increases
everyday. Businesses that have a website are already at a huge advantage over their
competitors. In addition to having a wider clientele base, their business looks more
professional and established. That also goes for the design of the website. When a
consumer visits a clean well structured website and an average website that offers
the same services, it is a nobrainer which business they will choose.

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24hour phone support is great, but many companies do not have the funding to
provide such a service. A website is a way to help support a customerƞs needs when
phone support is unavailable. Many websites have a frequently asked questions page
that answers many customer concerns. Businesses can also provide common lessons
and tutorials on their website that will help customers accomplish their goals. If
customers still have support issues, a website can allow them to submit their
problem via web form which will allow a business to provide an appropriate solution
in a timely manner.

+2(     
 

Websites can improve businesstocustomer relationships in more ways than just via
communication, support and uptodate general information. A website can also
inform a user of their projectƞs status, account information or balance.

The convenience of a website helps increase productivity, performance and speed.

Producing a reliable product or completing a particular service in less time than
expected always makes a customer satisfied. It takes months to gain a good
customer, but seconds to lose one, and it is hard to lose a satisfied customer.

 



 
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