Techniques That Reduce System Noise in Adc Circuits: Microchip Technology Inc. Webseminar: Feb. 18, 2004

Microchip Technology Inc.
WebSeminar: Feb. 18, 2004
Techniques that Reduce

System Noise in ADC
Circuits
© 2004 Microchip Technology Incorporated. All Rights Reserved. ADC System Noise 1
My name is Bonnie baker and I am an engineer in Microchip’s Analog division.
Techniques that Reduce System

Noise in ADC Circuits Page 1
Agenda
● Consequences of Designing with no Regard

to Noise
● Areas to Concentrate on
● Device Noise
● Conducted Noise
● Radiated Noise
● Test Results of a Good Design
We’re going to talk about techniques that reduce system noise in ADC circuits,
which really is kind-of a fun topic. We’re going to go from the circuit and dig into
the board level and I’ll show you what works, and what doesn’t work, and how
to do your corrections if things aren’t going your way. So, it will be a very quick
afternoon for 20 minutes, but I think we’re going to have a lot of fun here.
Starting out, we’re going to talk about the consequences of designing with no
regard to noise. I think all of us, at one time or another, have been in enough
hurry by our management to throw things on the board, just cross your fingers
and hope it works right. We’ll talk about some of these issues. And then we’ll
back up and say, ‘well, ok, where did we go wrong; what were we thinking
about and concentrating on’.
From there we’ll go into device noise, conductive noise and radiated noise and
talk about the impact of these various noise sources. We’ll finish off this
seminar with test results of a good design. Now, a good design will be
designed from the same format or premise of the original design that you will
see. The original design really doesn’t perform very well. So, it will be fun to see
how we can just kind-of tweak the design in and get the noise out of the
system.

Long Traces: Antenna
● Trace going into 10-bit ADC input is longer

than a few inches
Emitted Noise
Ok, well, this is a common conversation that I have with people, customers and
even engineers here at Microchip. A person will walk up to me and say, ‘you
know, I have this 10-bit ADC board and I’m not getting 10 bits. I don’t
understand it. The last LSBs of my 10-bit data are just kind of flipping all over
the place. Dithering back and forth. What seems to be wrong?’
‘Well,’ I would say, ‘let’s have some fun with this. Let’s look at your board and
see what you are doing.’ So glancing at a board, we might see that a trace
going into the A/C converter is long, longer than we should really be
comfortable with. What does that do? What might be introduced into that
trace? It might be susceptible to emitted noise. I don’t know, but that is a red
flag.

Low-Pass Filter Missing
● Traces going into ADC inputs longer than a

few inches
● No anti-aliasing (or Low-Pass) Filter at the
input of the ADC 2nd order
Low Pass Filter
C1
PIC16C623
R6
+
1/4 of
R5
C2 MCP6024 ADC
−
So then you go down and you continue to look at the board together. We notice
that there is no anti-aliasing filter at the input of the A/D converter. Well, this is
probably a problem because the A/D converter will religiously convert higher
frequency noises into the system and it might produce the noise that you’re
seeing at the output of the converter in your circuit. So, ok, let’s put that down
as something to take a look at.

Discontinuous Ground Plane
● Traces going into ADC inputs longer than a

few inches
● No anti-aliasing (or Low-Pass) Filter at the
input of the ADC
● Interrupted Ground Plane on the Back Side
of the Board
Ground
Finally, we’ll take the board and flip it over on the backside. Now a lot of
customers that I have worked with don’t have a ground plane.That’s really a
danger-danger situation. But with this particular board that we looked at, it had
a ground plane. The engineer said to me, ‘I did put in the ground plane’. But I
want you to look at some lines that I’m going to draw on your slide right here
from the ground connector/pin, and what the current has to do in order to get
back to that pin. Imagine your ground pin is pin 8. That current has to go
around in that direction, or it has to come on the other side. I’m drawing this
right now and it will show up in a second.
Well, that is interesting because that is not a solid ground plane. The areas
where you think you have a solid ground plane, where these pins that were
thrown into the board, is actually a complete block or wall. This is because you
have vias going through the board. Another wall or block would be this parallel
bus that is going across your board. So we went into it saying ‘ I have a ground
plane’, and then you take a look at it and say, ‘gee, maybe I don’t because I just
cut it into pieces’. So, those are some issues that I usually look at when I first
look at a board.

Application Circuit
Ω, R4 = 100kΩ
R3 = 300kΩ Ω, RG = 4020Ω
Ω, (+/-1%)
Wall Wart
MCP602 = Single Supply, CMOS, dual op amp
MCP3201 = 12-bit, A/D SAR Converter
Two-op-amp 9V DC out
VDD Instrumentation Amplifier
A6 LM
7805
MCP1525
R3 RG
A5
2.5V R4 VDD = 5V
Reference
VDD R3
VDD
-
PIC16C623
1/2 of R4 A4
R1 R2 MCP602 - SCLK
1/2 of DOUT
+ A1 MCP602 MCP3201
CS
R2 R1 + A2
LCL-
816G
Now, let’s look at one of my boards that I designed and we’ll see what the results are. This is kind-of a
complex circuit that we’re looking at but we’re going to continue to use this through the seminar. I’ll go
through it one bit at a time, so you can understand how it works. On the front end I have a sensor and it is a
Wheatstone bridge sensor that is actually a load cell. The LCL-816 that I got out of the Omega data book
and they shipped it to me. Following that the load cell is connected to the instrumentation amplifier. Those
lines go into the instrumentation amplifier in this manner. The instrumentation amplifier has two kinds you
can live with. The signal goes into this configuration, which happens to be a 2 op-amp instrumentation
amplifier. It is surrounded by resistors, 5 resistors as a matter of fact. Then, at one of the pins, since this a
single supply application, there is a voltage reference going into that instrumentation amplifier. Ok, that’s
great. Then the signal leaves the instrumentation amplifier and goes straight into the A/D converter. If you
are paying attention to what I am talking about, you’re probably going to say, ‘gee, Bonnie, you left out the
anti-aliasing filter’ and you’re correct. But let’s just say, ‘I don’t need that because, I’m working in my lab(in
a low noise environment) and that’s not going effect me at all’.
There is another area that we need to look at and that is up along the top of slide. That is where our power
coming out of the wall. This is an often, ignored place to take a look for noise. You take the power out of
the wall with what I call a wall-wart and the output of that little box is 9 volts DC.It goes into a linear
regulator. Iinitially, you would say, ‘gee, my linear regulator will fix all. It will get rid of all of the nonsense
and now I have a linear power supply’. Around the linear regulator there are the appropriate capacitors and
I have designed this per the data sheet recommendations for the LM7805. That power then goes down and
supplies power to the A/D converter, the op-amp, the regulator, the sensor and the pic micro.
So, that looks good. I’ve got a good circuit. There are some things to pay attention to as we go forward. I
elected to put these resistors (and I’m underlying them right now) into the circuit; 300kΩ, 100kΩ and 4kΩ
around the instrumentation amplifier. My justification for these values is, ‘well, that is what I found in the lab
and it works just fine for me’. The next thing I’ve elected to do is put in this amplifier, the MCP602. The
amplifier is really a good amplifier, and a lot of our customers buy it and use it; and I so I thought well let’s
go with that and see how that works. Then I used the 12-bit A/D converter. As we go through this
discussion, I will talk about these circuits and whether or not they are a good idea for my system or not.
But, there we go.
Application Board #1: Top side
HIGHER VALUE RESISTORS / NOISY AMPLIFIER /

NO BY-PASS CAPS / NO LP FILTER / NO SUPPLY CHOKE
So, I go into the lab and I put it on a pc board. The pc board implementation looks something
like this. I want to point some things out to you in this slide. First of all, the sensor that I am
using is right here; that is a load-cell sensor and it is a resistor sensor hanging out over the edge
of the board. I can excite it by putting some weights out there and get some small voltages to
go across it.
Then the signal goes from that sensor to this chip, which is the instrumentation amplifier.That
instrumentation amplifier is done with (as you saw in the diagram) the op-amp, and some
resistors and a voltage reference, right there; they are all grouped together. From there the
signal goes to the A/D converter. There is no filter. I have a buffer here, but that’s not doing
anything. Then the signal goes into the A/D converter. Fantastic. I have a great board; the
layout looks ok to me. I’m pulling the power off onto the board at this point in the layout. And
it’s coming from another control board that I have that I’m not showing you.
So, what do I have here; some things to pay attention to. First of all I have the high-value
resistors, and we don’t know that now (and I haven’t explained it) but my amplifiers are a little bit
noisier than I can tolerate in this particular circuit. Something else that I haven’t talked about yet
is, there are no by-pass capacitors in the circuit. I have a lot of people who tell me that they are
not necessary and quite frankly, with digital circuits a lot of times you can get away with not
putting in by-pass caps. But not in the analog domain.
Going on, there is no power-supply filter or no supply choke. In other words, my supply voltage
is coming from the wall; going through a switching wall-wart is what I call it, into a linear
regulator and then into my circuit. I am not clamping down on the noise that is in the power
supply. For the most part, I thought I didn’t have to because I have a linear regulator in the
circuit.

Application Board #1 Bottom side
NO GROUND PLANE
I want you to see the backside of the board, and this is it. I flipped over the
board and this slide shows the backside of the board. Here you see the sensor,
right here, there is the sensor so you can see how it is flipped over. There is no
ground plane anywhere to be found. All of the traces that you see on the
backside of this board are primarily ground traces. I’ve gone to great lengths, to
include all of these ground traces and connect everything properly. But there is
no ground plane and that is an important thing to pay attention to in your
design.

Application Board #1
Test Results
90
80
Number of Occurrences
70
60 Code Width
50 of Noise = 44
40
30 (total samples = 1024)
20
10
0
2960 2970 2980 2990

Output Code of 12-bit A/D Converter
Now, let’s look at the results. I have taken the data off of the board and put it
into the computer. I generated a histogram from a group of the data that I’ve
sampled. The data was sampled at 10,000 samples per second. I took 1,024
samples off the board. So, out of those 1,024 samples, you’ll look at the x-axis
here. The x-axis is the code out of the A/D converter and this is showing 2955
up to 3000; that is on the x-axis. On the y-axis, are a number of occurrences of
each code of the 1024 taken. I’ve separated it into a histogram format. The
input signal is actually the DC signal; there is no noise coming from that input
signal. So, coming out of this board, supposedly I should see is a DC signal,
constant DC signal, but I am actually seeing 44 codes.
If I go through the calculations and try to decide what kind of converter I have,
or what kind of bits that I am getting out of my converter, I would guess that it
would be 6 or 7 bits (I don’t know, it has been a while since I’ve calculated). But
I am certainly not getting the 12-bit result. Maybe we need to go back and talk
about some things. And here we go.

Low Noise Design

● Device Noise - Created by the devices
● Resistors - Reduce Values were possible
● Op amps - Use Lower Noise Amplifiers
● Power Supply - Replace Switching Devices
● Emitted Noise - Externally Injected

● Layout - Keep analog and digital Separate
● Environment - Shield or change orientation
● Conducted Noise - In the Circuit Traces

● Use a Continuous Ground Plane
● Filter Signal traces
● Filter Supply traces
We are going to go back and examine device noise, emitted noise and
conducted noise.
Device noise is created by the particular device, whether it is passive or active.
For instance, a resistor generates noises. An inside an operational amplifier,
from the transistors and the resistors, generates noise. Additionally a power
supply that is switching has obvious noise that is generating power supply line.
Emitted noise is another type of noise that we have to consider. Emitted noise
is noise that radiates into your circuit, one way or the other. The most common
radiated noise is the noise that goes across your board and I’ll show you how
that works.
Finally, the third noise source that (you know I always consider when I check
into these things) is conducted noise. Conducted noise is either device noise or
emitted noise that is now in your circuit traces. You might say, ‘well, get rid of
all of your device noise and the emitted noise. Then you have a clean circuit’.
There is some truth that, but you may not be able to get rid of that conductive
noise. In other words, you will have to put resistors in your circuit, you will have
to put your amplifiers in your circuit, and you probably will need a power supply
some place. And so the trick is, now you know the noise is there, how do you
get rid of it. We’ll go into some details on how to tackle that problem.

Device Noise
● Resistors
● Johnson or Thermal Noise
● VRN = 4KTR(BW) {Vrms}
K = Boltzman’s Constant = 1.38e -23 JK-1
T = Temperature in Kelvin
R = Resistance in Ohms
(BW) = Noise Bandwidth in Hz
● 1kΩ = 4nV / √ Hz
1 / f noise
nV/ Hz
● Amplifiers (log)
Broadband
● MCP602 Specification - Noise
29nV/ Hz @ 1kHz
● MCP6022 Specification - Frequency (log)
10nV/ Hz @ 10kHz
Talking about device noise first. Resistors will always generate noise. This is the formula you
can use to calculate ideal noise coming from the resistor. It is equal to the square root of 4 times
K (which is Boltzman’s constant) times temperature (which is in Kelvin) times the resistance
(which you know in ohms) and times the bandwidth of interest. The result of this calculation is
in volts RMS. A lot of times you will see it in nano volts RMS. But you go through the
calculations and if I don’t consider the bandwidth, say with a 1kΩ resistor, the noise from a 1kΩ
resistors 4 nano volts per hertz. So what is the noise from a resistor across the bandwidth of,
say, 10Hz to 10,000 Hz? Well the square root of 10k is 100. So the noise is 4 nano volts times
100 or 400 nano volts across that bandwidth. Now a 1kΩ resistor is rather small. You may
remember that I used higher value resistors, like hundreds of thousands of ohms.
Another place where devices generate noise is in the amplifiers. We have a couple of amplifiers
in our circuit so this is an interesting discussion. The MCP602, which is the first amplifier I
used has a noise figure of merit of 29 nano volts per Hz at 1kHz. In other words, at 1kHz of this
frequency diagram the magnitude of noise over a 1Hz bandwidth is 29 nano volts. That noise
will probably stay flat as it goes up in frequency. However, you do have that 1/f noise right here
to take into consideration. But we are not going to talk about that today, that is another seminar
all together.
Taking a look at MCP6022, this amplifier has noise figure of merit of 10 nano volts per root Hz
at 10KHz. Basically what that says is that this amplifier has that kind of noise at 10 nano volts
per root hertz and beyond 10kHz it stays flat. That is about a 3 x reduction in noise just from the
other amplifier. Well, I am going to switch to the lower-noise amplifier in my circuit, and I’m
going to reduce the resistors in my circuit as well. I think it is 10 x.

Emitted Noise
w • L • eo • er
C = pF
● Decrease “L” or Increase “d” d
● Put Ground Guard Between Traces

Guard Trace
Voltage IN PCB Trace
Coupled
Current
d
L
dV
I = C (amps)
dt
So, let’s proceed on to discuss the emitted noise. The most common emitted noise that you
will have on your board is to have two traces close together on the board, not touching, close
together and one trace will have some kind of digital signal on it, like is shown here. A
square wave, if you will. The other trace will be high impedance. With that high impedance
the current that is coupled from trace to trace will turn into a voltage that looks something like
this. Interesting consequence.
Basically, the capacitance from trace to trace is specified with a formula up here at the top of
the slide. Capacitance equals the width (which is the depth of the trace) times the length
(which is the length of the traces are beside each other which is right here and the distance
between the two traces in the denominator. e0 and er are the dielectric constants of the
particular PC board.
Using that formula you can calculate what the capacitance is. From there you can determine
what this current is and then put resistance into the formula. From there you can get this
waveform out of it. This is really common place for noise to radiate across from trace to
trace.

Conducted Noise
● Ground and Power

● 50Hz or 60Hz
● Ground and Supply Current Return Paths
● Use continuous Ground Plane and Filter
Supply traces
● Signal Path
● Digital Switching
● Noise Generated by Previous Device
● Use Analog Filters
Conductive noise is another issue; now, as I mentioned before, that is a

noise that is in your PC board, in your tracers. It came from somewhere, you
may or may not know where it came from, but there it is and you need to
figure out how to get rid of it. Some real common places or things that cause
conductive noise is this mains signal; 50 or 60hertz, depending on what part
of the world you are in. And a lot of times that radiates into your circuit board
or it couples in through your power supply. Another place where you can
have this kind of conductive noise problem is your supply or spike in your
ground return path.
Then, if you don’t use a continuous ground plane or filter the supply you will
have maybe this ground and power noise coming into your circuit. If you are
looking at the signal path, the digital switching that we talked about might be
where the conductive noise has arrived. Noise generated by the previous
device, which would imply that maybe that amplifier that generated the noise,
and how do you get rid of this in your signal path, you use filters. How do
you get rid of ground and power noise? You can expand your power plane,
or you can use filters to reduce that noise. But with all of these tricks, we
don’t have enough time to go into it.

Application Circuit
12-bit Accurate Circuit Components
Ω, R4 = 10kΩ
R3 = 30kΩ Ω, RG = 402Ω
Ω, (+/-1%) Wall Wart
Ω, R6 = 196kΩ
R5 = 27.4kΩ Ω, C1 = 100nF, C2 = 470nF
MCP6022 = Single Supply, CMOS, low noise, dual op amp
MCP3201 = 12-bit, A/D SAR Converter
VDD
Two-op-amp 9V DC out
Instrumentation Amplifier
A6 LM
7805 L1
MCP1525
R3 RG
Inductive
2.5V R4 2nd order A5 Choke
Reference Low Pass Filter
VDD = 5V
VDD R3
VDD C1
- R4
1/2 of
PIC16C623
R1 R2 MCP6022 -
1/2 of R6 A4
+ A1 MCP6022 + SCLK
1/2 of DOUT
R2 R1 R5
+ A2 C2 MCP6022 MCP3201
CS
LCL- -
816G A3
We are going to go back to the circuit that we started with. We haven’t

changed any thing; we just added a few things. And the few things that we
have added or done are in yellow.
First of all, we put in the by-pass capacitors and there is one up there. There
are on every single chip throughout this circuit. Second of all, we have
changed the resistors and reduced them by 10 times. That is shown up at the
top of the slide here. Third of all, we added a low-pass filter. Those resistors
show up here and the low-pass filter in the circuit is shown here. Another thing
we did is we changed the amplifier to a lower noise amplifier; from the MCP602
to the MCP6022. Coming off the power supply, I know that I have a switching
supply coming out of this wall-wart. I also know that I have something like a DC
output, but I there is noise on top of it. Additionally, I have suspicions that this
linear regulator is not filtering out all of my noise. So I am putting in an inductive
choke to get rid of the switching noise. That turned out to be quite a critical
move or change on the board to give me a good, low noise result.
Let’s go to the next slide and look at the actual implementation.

It’s not that much different of a board, but this time I believe that it will work.
Here is your sensor, again, and your signal path is going out from the sensor to
the instrumentation amplifier. You will notice the position of the chips have not
changed, but I have added that by-pass cap, right there next to the amplifier.
Additionally, I have put in a low-pass filter. It is only a second order, low-pass
filter, but it does a nice job.
Up here, I put in the inductor at the very top. Remember, I said before that the
power was coming off of this connector here and going on to the board. That
signal goes off of the board and I take it into the computer.
So, that is basically what I did. And let’s just look and see what happens in
terms of the test results.

Test Results
1100
1000
900
Number of Occurrences
800
700
600
500
400 Code Width
300 of Noise = 1
200
100 (total samples = 1024)
0
2940 2941 2942
Output Code of 12-bit A/D Converter
If I take 1,024 samples there is no input signal, so that is DC. 1,024 samples
were taken at the same data rate. Nothing has changed in the environment.
These data points are placed into a histogram environment. Notice that it is
completely one code. 1,024 samples landed on one code.
In the beginning I thought I didn’t have a 12-bit converter and there was
something wrong with it. But as I cleaned up my board and cleaned up my
circuit, it turns out I have a true 12-bit converter. Nothing was wrong with the
converter. I just needed a little clean up to be done.

Conclusion
What you Should Do
● Verify circuit devices are low-noise
● Always have an uninterrupted ground plane
on board
● Filter ADC with a low-pass anti-aliasing filter.
● By-pass all devices properly.
● Place the capacitors as close to the power pins
of the devices as possible.
● Filter your power supply properly
In conclusion, when you try to design and really want to design it right time the
first time, verify your circuit devices are low noise. Always, always, have an un-
interrupted ground plane. Think about how the current is going to go across that
board. If you do have to have vias always make sure that current is not
interrupted.
Always filter the A/D converter with a low-pass anti-aliasing filter. Some
converters only require an RC pair for filtering. Other converters require higher
order filters. But always make sure that filter is there. By all means by-pass
devices properly, by putting the capacitors close to the power pins of the device
as possible.
And finally, and this is a “gotcha” for a lot of people that I work with, make sure
that your power supply is filtered properly.

References
● Reference Material
● ADN 007, Techniques that Reduce System Noise in ADC Circuits
● AN681, Reading and Using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs)
● AN699, Anti-Aliasing, Analog Filters for Data Acquisition Systems
● AN695, Interfacing Pressure Sensors to Microchip’s Analog
Peripherals
● AN688, Layout Tips for 12-Bit A/D Converter Application
● High-speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic, Howard Johnson

and Martin Graham, Prentice Hall, 1993.
● Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems, Henry Ott, John
Wiley, N.Y., 1998.
● FilterLabTM Active Filter Design Software
● Down-loadable at www.microchip.com
● Active, op amp filters
So that concludes this seminar. There are some references you might want to go deeper into
because I know this seminar was really quite brief and not a lot of details were given. ADN007
is out and available and on our web. It talks about these techniques that I went over briefly
today. Another application note, ADN688, refers specifically to this design in great detail. The
pressure sensor application note, ADN695, is the same as the low-cell sensory essentially
because it is a resistive network, just different kind of excitation. And if you are confused about
anti-aliasing filters and why you need and how to design them, AN699 is a good source.
The other place that I personally look in the industry for references are these books here. One
was written by Howard Johnson, the columnist that is on Electronic Design News Magazine;
and the second one, Noise Reduction Techniques, by Henry Ott. The Ott book is an excellent
book. As a matter of fact it is on my desk today, and I’m refreshing my memory with a lot of
issues.
The last reference that I would recommend you consider using is the FilterLAB software. This
FilterLAB software is designed for active filters. You can use it to develop your own filters and
build them in your lab, right now. It is free, down load it from Microchip’s web sight. You can
use any amplifier you want to with it. We prefer you use ours, but you can use any amplifier to
develop these low-pass filters.
I guess we are at the end of this seminar. Thank you very much for your time.

Techniques that Reduce

System Noise in ADC
Circuits


Techniques That Reduce System Noise in Adc Circuits: Microchip Technology Inc. Webseminar: Feb. 18, 2004

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Microchip Technology Inc.

WebSeminar: Feb. 18, 2004

Techniques that Reduce

My name is Bonnie baker and I am an engineer in Microchip’s Analog division.

Techniques that Reduce System

● Consequences of Designing with no Regard

Techniques that Reduce System

Long Traces: Antenna

● Trace going into 10-bit ADC input is longer

Techniques that Reduce System

Low-Pass Filter Missing

● Traces going into ADC inputs longer than a

Techniques that Reduce System

Discontinuous Ground Plane

● Traces going into ADC inputs longer than a

Techniques that Reduce System

Application Board #1: Top side

HIGHER VALUE RESISTORS / NOISY AMPLIFIER /

Techniques that Reduce System

Application Board #1 Bottom side

Techniques that Reduce System

2960 2970 2980 2990

Techniques that Reduce System

Low Noise Design

● Op amps - Use Lower Noise Amplifiers

● Power Supply - Replace Switching Devices

● Emitted Noise - Externally Injected

● Environment - Shield or change orientation

● Conducted Noise - In the Circuit Traces

● Filter Signal traces

● Filter Supply traces

Techniques that Reduce System

Techniques that Reduce System

● Put Ground Guard Between Traces

Voltage IN PCB Trace

Techniques that Reduce System

● Ground and Power

Conductive noise is another issue; now, as I mentioned before, that is a

Techniques that Reduce System

We are going to go back to the circuit that we started with. We haven’t

Techniques that Reduce System

Techniques that Reduce System

Techniques that Reduce System

Techniques that Reduce System

● High-speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic, Howard Johnson

Techniques that Reduce System

Techniques that Reduce

Techniques that Reduce System

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