Transmutation Type LENR

George H. Miley1, Xiaoling. Yang1 , Heinrich Hora2,

L. Andersson 3 & Leif Holmlid3,
1, Department of nuclear, Plasma and radiological Engineering,
Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL
2. Dep. Theoretical Physics University of New South Wales, Sydney,
Australia
3. Department of Chemistry, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg,
Sweden
Outline
 Observations worldwide
 Approach using high density hydrogen/deuterium clusters
 Previous Swimming Electron Layer (SEL) theory and related
experimental results
 Current dislocation theory -- Ultra High Density Deuterium
Cluster
 Possible triggering method of nuclear reactions in these
high density clusters
 Connection to inverted Rydberg Matter
 Applications
 Roadmap to heat cell;
Other possible applications
 Conclusions
 LENR Transmutation
Reactions World Wide

George H. Miley, et al.

(see review article from ICCF in LERN-
CANR.org
Transmutation Experiments confirmed in
some detail in over 14 labs worldwide
Transmutation LENRs can be divided into direct product or
compound nucleus fission type multi-body reactions involving
reactions between the loaded atom ( e.g. D) and the host metal.

Examples of direct product type transmutation reaction (but may others

have been reported, several involving radioactive products ).
Systematics – I. direct type.
II. Compound nucleus reactions
Maruhn–Greiner Maximum of Uranium Fission
for Confirmation of Low Energy Nuclear
Reactions LENR via a compound Nucleus with
Double Magic Numbers

H. Hora
Department of Theoretical Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia

G. H. Miley
Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Fission mass distribution curves for 236U calculated if the nucleus
at the time of fission is excited to a temperature 0, 0.5, 1, and 7
MeV (upward sequence of plots) for the length parameter k = 1.8 in
the Schrodinger equation.
Detailed nuclear mass spectrum of LENR
generation probability Initial absolute minimum at A
= 118, cf. local maximum if nucleus is excited to ~ 7
MeV temperature.
Measured production rate at LENR of nuclei
depending on their proton number by LENR.
The line represents a Boltzmann Distribution.
Role of D- clusters and
experimental observations.
 Previous Swimming Electron Layer (SEL)
theory and related experimental results
 Current dislocation theory -- Ultra High
Density Deuterium Cluster
 Possible triggering method of nuclear
reactions in these high density clusters
 SEL theory lead to prior multilayer thin-film electrodes (Now we
realize that the interfaces are also excellent “anchors” for dislocation
loop formation. Hence we are reinterpretating the older theory and
results in that view).

Pd
e e e e e e e
+ n + n+ n + n + n + n + n
SEL - High density electron clouds – exists
Ni e e e e e e e between metals of different Fermi energy,
e e e e e e e
+ n + n+ n + n + n + n + n providing enhanced screening – may
Pd ee ee ee ee ee ee ee combine with dislocation loops in these
+ n + n+ n + n + n + n + n
Ni
e e e e e e e region to enhance cluster formation/reaction
e e e e e e e e
+ n + n+ n + n + n + n + n
e e e e e e e
Pd + n
Substrate
Substrate e
Swimming Electron Layer Zoom-in View
(SEL) Theory
e e e
+ n
n n + + +
n
e e e
 SEL theory led to multilayer electrodes – multilayer ultra
thin films also = way to higher dislocation lop densities
for cluster formation

 Concept
Pt
Pt

Pd/Ni

Original Multilayer thin-film electrode design with alternating layers of Pd & Ni

MLTF Result #1 -- Calorimetry During
Electrolysis Thin-Film Electrodes Shows
Significant Excess Heat

Heat measurement for two layers electrode: 8000Å Pd and

1000Å Ni on Alumina.
Ptherm: Measured Heat power;
P*=I (U-U0): Input electrical Power
MLTF result #2 -- MeV charged-particles Alpha-
Particles and Protons observed during electrolysis –
but not directly connected to excess heat reactions
25 Open CR-39
detectors

Number of Counts
20
25 mcmCu/CR39
15 detectors

10

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25
E,alpha [MeV]

150

Number of counts
120

90

60

30

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
E, proton [MeV]
Open CR-39 Cu/CR-39

High-energy charged particles:After background

1.5 - 1.7 MeV protons and 11- subtracting
16 MeV alphas.

Tracks in CR-39 from 12.0

MeV -particles; image area
S= 0.2x0.2 mm, (X 700)
Observations suggest that SEL theory needs modification
to include localized reaction sites – leads to study of high
density states (clusters) in dislocation loops

• Localized melting in “volcanic-like” spots on the electrode.

•Clumping of tracks in CR-39 foils.
•SEM/TEM scans of electrodes before and after runs.
•=========

NOTE – similar observations have been reported byothers.

However in our case we could roughly correlate the effects
with the thin-film structure
 Our Dislocation-Loop-Cluster Studies

 Pd thin foil – 12 µm
 Loading and unloading deuterium/hydrogen was
done by cyclically cathodizing and anodizing Pd
foil  dislocation loop and cluster formation
PdO
Pd
PdO
 Dislocation Formation 1

H2
H2
charging
charging PdH0.015
α-phase
09/29/2009
PdH0.6
β-phase
Palladium lattice
3.889 Å 3.889 Å 4.025 Å

When the stress is large enough, dislocation cores form at

α/β transformation interface with core radius of one burgers
factor, 0.275nm.
Temperature Programmed Desorption
(TPD) Experiment

Binding Energy calculation –

close to the binding energy
between hydrogen and
dislocations

T2T1
 H  kB ln( P2 / P1 )  0.65eV
(T2  T1 )
H/Pd ~ 1.8

After the loading foil was annealed under 300 oC for 2 hr, the temperature
was ramped from 20 oC to 800 oC at 9 oC /min.
Experimental Magnetic Moment Measurements of
Pd:H sample show superconducting state

2.E-06
1.E-06
Moment [emu]

5.E-07
0.E+00
-5.E-07 Pd/PdO:Hx
-1.E-06 Pd/PdO
Pd/PdO:Hx - Pd/PdO
-2.E-06
-2.E-06
-3.E-06
0 20 40 60 80
Temperature [K]

The magnetic moment of H2- cycled PdHx samples in

the temperature range of 2  T < 50 K is significantly
lower than M(T) for the original Pd/PdO.

A. Lipson, B.I. HeuserC. Castano, G.L. Miley, B. Lyakov & A. Mitin, Physical
Review B 72, 212507/1-6 (2005):
 Conclusions from our cluster
experimental effort

High density deuterium cluster formation

possible at room temperature if proper void (trap)
structure is created.
D-clusters can be triggered to undergo LENRs.
The way to develop a power cell then is to create
a high volumetric density of sites and develop an
effective trigger method.
Connection to nano-particle
catalytic LENR studies
 Our work attempts to nano-manufacture voids (pores:
dislocation loops) for cluster formation, vs. voids
created in nano-particle catalysis.
 Objective = control of void dimensions, hence cluster
formation and resulting reactions (per my 10 min
comment presentation later) .
 Consider A. Takahashi’s theory presented at recent
ACS meeting to visualize the connection. (Thanks
also to him for recent discussions of this and our
cluster work.)
Takahashi – need for clusters
 If the 4He* (Ex) state occurs with Ex < 19.8
MeV, the final product becomes ground state
4He , after an electromagnetic transition. To

realize this process by d+d reactions, a third

coupling field must take away > 4 MeV
difference energy (23.8 – 19.8) of the d-d
system in the initial state interaction.
 PdO coating on surface of Pd nano-particle [PdO]/[Pd]=[1-0.93]/0.93
1) Start D2 charge =0.27/0.729=0.37

D2 molecule

Octahedral
Sites:
D2

Deuterium

Fractal Trapping Oxygen

points
Palladium
 PdO coating on surface of Pd nano-particle: [PdO]/[Pd]=[1-0.93]/0.93
6) De-oxidation proceeds =0.27/0.729=0.37

D2 molecule

D2O
Octahedral
Sites:

Deuterium

Fractal Trapping Oxygen

points
Palladium
PdO coating on surface of Pd nano-particle and D-absorption: 14)
D/Pd > 1.0 D2 Phase-II?

D2
D2

D2

Deuterium

Oxygen

Palladium
 Resulting Takahashi Model for nano-catalyses reactions
Seeds
Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate (TSC),
Octahedral Symmetric Condensate (OSC),
Hexagonal Symmetric Condensate (HSC)

D-Cluster H-Cluster
4D/TSC, 6D/OSC, 4H/TSC
8D/HSC

Self-Fusion of 4d, 6d, 8d 4d/TSC + M reactions

6D + M reactions 4p/TSC + M Reactions
23.8 MeV/4He; Heat 8D + M reactions M + p reaction
[t]/[4He] ; 1E-3 to 1E-9 (A+8, Z+4) Transmutation M + 2p reaction
[n]/[4He] ; <1E-10 (A+12, Z+6) Transmutation M + 3p reaction
X-rays Clean Fission Products M + 4p reaction:
Clean Fission, heat

D or d: deuteron, H or p: proton
For our large atom clusters, compound
nucleus formation can occur -
(Miley: Transactions ANS 1996 )
cf. many-atom deuteron clusters
(discussed since 2006: Maruhn-Greiner)

e.g. the previous example for formation of 306X126

108Pd
46 + 156 D =
306X 3
126 + 38 He2 + E
 Picometer-Megasecond reaction
similar to K-shell electron capture

Deuterons move like neutrons as long as their distance is

closer than ~ 2 pm
Bose-Einstein cloud (2006) with 2.3 pm deuteron distance:
Casimir attraction or inverted Rydberg state (2009)
DEUTERON CLUSTER WITH 2.3 PM DISTANCE DEUTERONS
KEPT TOGETHER EITHER AS INVERTED RYDBERG MATTER
(HOLMLID ET AL 2009) OR BY FORCES ON BACKGROUND BY
COULOMB SCREENING (FACTOR 14: HORA ET AL PHYS.
LETT. A 1994 CONFIRMED BY CZERSKI-HUKE, 2001;2008
PHYS.REV. C)
 Relation to Clusters in Rydberg Matter and
in Inverted Rydberg Matter
Catalytic generation of deuterium clusters in surface defects of iron
oxide with inter-atomic distance of 2.3 pm
Rydberg Matter: to avoid the formation of covalently bonded H2 molecules
Distance of atoms in H2 molecules is 74 pm, but in Rydberg Matter with
ℓ = 1, the distance become 150 pm. These atoms form clusters called
H(1) or D(1)
Inverted Rydberg matter: occurs when an electron produced the central
electric field and the proton (or deuteron) falls into the electron until a radius is
reached where the electric field energy gained is equal to the increase of the
Fermi-Dirac quantum energy.

“Bohr”-radius d is reduced: dR/dR* = (mD/me)1/2

Calculated Distance = 2.5 pm Measured Distance : 2.3 pm

S. Badiei, L. Andersson & L. Holmlind, Intern. J. Mass Spectrometry 282, 70 (2009)

Road map to high power LENR cells
 Increase the density of dislocations by
 Use multilayer ultra-thin film
 Develop other nano manufacturing methods –
e.g. laser surface treatment
 Use a systematic “down=selection” method –
 Evaluate cluster packing fraction using
temperature programmed desorption (TPD)
 Perform calorimetric and CR-39
measurements on “best "electrodes
 Goal = high energy gain (excess heat)
Electrode testing equipment
 New high sensitivity Temperature
Programmed Desorption (TPD) Unit
Calorimetry System
 How to Trigger The Reaction? Key – transfer momentum to atom in
cluster to trigger chain multi-body reaction We have already demonstrated
two methods(pulsed electrolysis and plasma bombardment) but plan to
study other possibilities to find the “best”..

 Pulsed electrolysis (used in our prior work)

 Programmed gas loading
 Pulsed plasma discharge (used in our prior work).
 Low energy laser excitation
 ADDED note – we can also use these electrodes as a convertor
foil for fast ignition of ICF target (hot fusion) via MeV D-beams
crated with PetaWatt laser interaction – experiments now
underway to demonstrate this at the TRIDENT laser at LANL –
first results as of last week encouraging. Another proof of our D
cluster formation
 Goal – LENR Small Power Unit

For further information, contact

George H. Miley ghmiley@uiuc.edu Xiaoling Yang xlyang@illinois.edu
217-3333772
 Summary
 Experimental evidence confirms cluster
formation in dislocation loops
 Methods to fabricate high loop density under
study
 Should provide the high energy gain needed
for a practical power unit.
 Possible applications
 LENR POWER CELLS AS DESCRIBED
 NUCLEAR WASTE TRANSMUTATION
 TRANSMUTATION PRODUCT MFG
 LOW ENERGY REACTION PHYSICS AND FISSION
PHYSICS.
 STUDY BASIC ASTROPHYSICAL REACTION
MECHANISMS
 OTHER – TBD
 My opinion – it is premature to predict practicality or
“best” application – need much more basic study
needed- but I feel a road now exists to guide the
way!