Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
of Commerce,
G.M. College (Autonomous) Sambalpur.
CERTIFICATE
Rikesh Agrawal
Department Of Commerce
G.M. College (Autonomous) Sambalpur
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In putting together this study paper, I have
received invaluable assistant and guidance of a
number of people with out whom this study would
have been an impossible task to undertake. I wish
to express my appreciation and gratitude to them.
Rikesh Agrawal
CONTENTS
No.
The objective of the study is to find working capital position, needed &
analysis of Bargarh co-operative Sugar Mill, Bargarh.
• Inventory Analysis
• Receivable Analysis
Data Sources:
Secondary
• Inventory lists.
• Internet.
• Magazines.
Primary
Likewise no research work can be carried out and unless it has some
objectives. The objectives of my research study are based on the criteria
which are follows
• To know what is the long term requirement of WIC for the industry
LIMITATION
Where there is a scope there are certain limitations which an initiator has to
keep in mind.
1. The mill was only a grinding unit so could not do any project
budgeting, leverage analysis, equity analysis etc.
2. The Ultra Tech has been from L&T for the recent three years, so we
could not make proper forecast taking much more previous years.
The trend of availability of sugarcanes for the mill shows that excepting for 6
year, where in the factory has exceeded crushing of more than lakh ton of
sugarcane, the availability of canes has not been in uniform.
The Mill have reached a situation where by the entire cost of management
and working capital is being met by its own generation of recourses and
have also been able to repay Government loan from the financial year
2004-05 and 2005-06 and also have repaid Rs.20.00 lakhs i.e. principal
Rs.59.00 lakhs and interest Rs. 16.00 lakhs towards Government loan till
date.
Cane price hiked to Rs. 900.00 per ton for the crushing season 2008-
2009 .with certain other incentives declared by the Mill the grower would get
from minimum Rs. 940.00 per M.T. to the maximum of Rs. 1020.00 per M.T
of cane delivered to the factory.
As a order by the A.P.C Govt, of orissa during last vist to9 Bargarh the Mill
have surveyed all the pani panchayatsmeant for rabbi 2005-2006 with
active cooperation and joint visit with OLIC officials of Bargarh.
The problem of working capital management has got a separate entity in the
modern day world and is a challenging task in the hands of financial
management .The working capital of a business enterprise can be said, in a
simple way, to be that portion of its total financial resource which is put to a
variable operative purpose. The facilities that are necessary to carry on the
productive activity and represented byt fixed asset investment a battle term
is non-current investment are to be operated by working capital. Though
inflation have been controlled to so men extent is a result of a series of
stringent measure and polices laid down by the government, on the contrary
it creates other problem, such as, recession in demand full in the investment
withdraw of expansion programmed and aggressive credit policy of the bank
most manufacturing units, now are grasping for breath in their effort to
maintain production and remain solvent in the business world. Only more
effective management of working capital can ensure survival under the
circumstances, especially because lay-offs and closures have also to be
avoided
In the current atmosphere of tight money policy, of the ability of a business
concern to maintain and improve profitability depend extremely upon its
efficiency of managing working capital. The financial management found it
difficult for judging the efficiency of a business concern without analyzing
the vary concept of working capital. Thus a study of working capital
management of greater significant to internal as well as external analyses
,as it is one of the internal and vary foundation overall corporate
management.
This strategy, of-course, will result in a low level of working capital off-
setting the profitability of this strategy is the risk to the firm, i.e. probability of
technical insolvency.
CONCEPTS:-
A study of working capital is of major important to internal and external
analysis because of its close relationship to current day-to-day operation of
a business. Inadequacy or mismanagement of working capital is one of the
leading courses of business failures
There are several definition quoted by various authers of which the two
definitions of working capital that appear to have generally accepted usage.
(1) Working capital is the amount of the current assets. This concept is
called as gross working capital or simple working capital concepts.
This interpretation is quantitative in character, since it represent the
total amount of funds used for current operation purposes, from the
management point view .In this case, current asset includes cash,
short term creditors, bills receivables, stock of raw materials and
supplies needed for manufacture ,stock of finished goods waiting
sale, semi-finished items or components that will soon emerge as
final products, sundry debtors representing pending collection
against credit sales and short term investment if any.
(2) The term net working capital refers to the incases of current assets
over current liabilities, the amount of current assets that term
supplies by long term creditors and the shareholder. In other
words, working capital represents the amount of the current assets
that have been supplied by current short-term creditors. This
definition is qualitative in a characters, since its shows the possible
availability of financial soundness or margin of protection for
current creditors and' future current operations.
Brach has used the term "working assets "for these assets which are
needed for excising operations to include stock of raw materials, work in
progress, stock of finishing products, amount owing by customers and cash
cushion .
Dewing brings out this important fact in clear relief with an apt analogy, if
the fixed capital of the business can be likened to a mill, the current capital
is the sprits the mill grind. The business is the mill and the grist together .
Current assets:-
Current assets by A/C definition are an asset normally converted into cash
with in one year .working capital management usually is considered to
involve the administration of these assets.
The 'normal operating cycle' may be define as the average time intervening
between the expenditure for merchandise for merchandise or for material
and labour for the production of finished goods and in collection of cash
from sales.
4. Notes receivables
5. Accounts receivables.
7. Inventories.
8. Prepaid expenses.
Current Liabilities :-
1. Obligations for item which have entered into the operation cycle,
such as payables incurred in the acquisition of materials and
supplies to be used in the production of goods or in providing
services to be offered for sale.
2. Debts which arise from operation directly related to the operating
cycle.
1. Borrowings:
3. Provision:-
a. Taxation.
The operating cycle is a continuous one and therefore the need for current
assets is felt constantly .But the magnitude of current assets needed is not
always 6the same ,it increases or decreases over time. However, there is
always a minimum level of current assets which is continuously required by
firm to carry on its day - day business operation .This minimum level of
current level of assets referred to as permanent or fixed working capital.
Depending upon the changes is production and sales, the need for working
capital over and above the permanent working capital, will fluctuate. For
example, extra inventory of finished goods will have to be maintained to
separate the peak period of sales and investment in receivable may also
increase during such period. On the other hand, investment in raw material,
work-in-progress and finished goods will fall if the market is slack.
The extra working capital, thus needed to support the changes production
and sales activities, is called fluctuating or variable or temporary capital.
Both kind of working capital are necessary to facilities production and sales
through the operating cycle, but the firm to meet liquidity requirements that
will cost only temporarily creates temporary working capital.
A firm, which keeps a large amount of current assets liquidity but it certainty,
suffers from the point of view of profitability, as funds will remain idle and
earn no profit .on the other hand; a firm, which keeps low currents assets,
gets benefit of high profitability but suffers from poor liquidity.
From the above, liquidity is high when 'A' is followed through the profitability
is low. The reverse Happen when 'C is followed. But the position 'B' is and
average policy of the two. This relationship is called profit ability-liquidity
tangle or risk-return tangle.
A way of looking at the risk return trade-off is to determine the cost of
maintaining a particular level of current assets. There arc two types of costs.
The optimum level will be fast of the liquidity and cost of illiquidity are
minimum as shown in the figure above. From the figure it may be found that
'op' will be the optimum level where the cost will be minimum .
On the contrary, inadequate working capital is also bed and has the
following dangers :-
This is one the basic factor which influence the working capital
requirement of the firm .The working capital required by the public utility
is relatively low because investment in inventories and receivables are
rapidly converted into cash. The working capital of public utilities and
railroads constitutes only a relatively small percentage of the total
assets .An outstanding characteristic of these industries is the heavy
investment and equipment used in performing service for the public.
the greater the number of times that the inventories are sold and
replaced the lower the amount of working capital that will be required.
Effective inventory control is necessary to maintain adequate amounts
kinds are quality of goods to regulate the investment in inventory .An
efficient inventory and merchandise system result in a figure rate of
turnover of inventory .The more rapid the inventory turnover the less risk
of loss due to decline changes in demand or changes in style consumers
and also there is less involves in carrying the inventory,.
5. Turnover of receivables
8. Whether the sales are uniform through out the year or the
seasonal
Many business have a more or less uniform or less uniform of sales from
month to month where as other business seasonal in nature have a
concentration of sale during a few months each year .The concern
having a seasonal business requires & maximum amount of working
capital for relatively short period of time .If the goods are manufactures
will gradually increase during the month of preparation for selling
period .A business having a seasonal demand for its merchandised has
an excess of working capital during the period of least sales activity
.Many business have diversified their product lines to solve the problem
of seasonal variation .This may accomplish a more effective utilization of
working capital reduce employee turnover and spread overhead cost.
A.RATIOANALYSIS:-
Various ratio and percentage are used for analyzing and interpreting the
current financial position of a business. This approach to the analysis of
financial statement is of value to both insiders and outsiders (such as
creditors particularly short term creditors ,share holder debenture holders
etc.)
a) CURRENT RATIO
b) ACID-TEST RATIO
A second testing device for the working capital position has been evolved
by the name of acid-test ratio, which measure immediate solvency and also
supplement the current ratio.
(1) cash and stock or relatively liquid assets such as receivables and
temporary investment which are immediately available for the payment of
current liabilities and (2) the liquid assets .such as inventories and prepaid
expenses which will normally require some for their realization into cash.
This ratio analysis is established by comparing the quick assets and current
liabilities thus
QUICK ASSETS
ACID TEST RATIO = CURRENT LIABILITIES
Acid test ratio is most rigorous test of liquidity of a firm and gives a better
picture of the firm's ability to meet its short- term debts out of short term
assets.
The above ratio represents the relation ship between the cash and the
current assets as a whole. If most of the current assets are made up of cash
alone the profitability of an organization decrease because cash by itself
does not yield profit.
To test the efficiency with which net working capital is utilized, we are
required to use the ratio of net sales to working capital or the turnover of
working capital. The turnover shows the number of rupees of net sales the
business obtained for each rupee of working capital, which was not financed
by current creditors. The above ratio can be computed by dividing net sales
with working capital. Thus.
NET SALES .
TURNOVER OF WORKING CAPITAL= WORKING CAPITAL
The larger the net sales as compared to the working capital, the less
favorable the situation is likely to be if the resultant working capital turnover
has been made possible by the use of an excess amount of current credit.
The real danger lies in the possibility of a decline in the sales due to
unforeseen circumstances, such as collection of orders, floods, fires,
storms, strikes, depression and competition. Inventories may be
accumulated even though sales have been materially reduced. In such an
event, liabilities increases and sufficient funds are not realized through sales
to liquidate them when they are due.
The above relationship refers to the number of times the inventories were
sold and replaced during the accounting period. The inventory turnover ratio
is best expressed through the above relationship. But ratio of sales to
inventory may be used as a substitute for the ratio of cost of goods sold to
average inventory, as cost of goods sold figure is not available from the
financial date. Thus the formulae can be summarized as -
INVENTORY TURNOVER RATIO= NET SLALES .
AVERAGE INVENTORY AT COST
A firm sells goods on credits and cash basis .When the firm extends credits
to customer's book debts are created in the firm account. Debtors are
expected to be converted into cash over period and therefore are included
in current assets .The debtors turnover measures the relationship between
credit sales during a particular accounting period and the a average
receivable outstanding during the period. This ratio is expressed in the
following steps-
B. FUNDS ANALYSIS-
SOURCES OF FUNDS
USES OF FUNDS-
SOURCES USES
A. Issue of Share Capital A. Payment of Share Capital
B. Issue of Debenture B. Payment of Institutional Loans
C. Institutional loans C. Payment of Debentures
D. Sales of investments D. Purchase of Investment and
other fixed assets
E. Trading Profit and Fund from E. Non-Trading payments e.g.
Operations payments of dividends.
F. Non-trading item e.g. Dividend
received.
CHAPTER- 5
SATEMENT OF ASSETS AND CURRENT LIABILITIES OF SUGAR MILL
CO-OP BARGARH:-
The above table shows the position of current assets and current liabilities
during the period of 2007-2009.
1) CURRENT RATIO:-
From the above current ratio table it is found that the current assets of the
company have been decreased regularly where as the current liabilities
decreased during 2006-2007 to 2007-2008 and increased during 2008-
2009. The above table provides a clear picture of annual change assets and
current liabilities as well as the current ratio.
The current ratio is decreased gradually .The fluctuations in the current ratio
raised due to fluctuations in current assets and current liabilities .The
average current ratio of the concern is 4.65 which is more solvency position
of the firm during accounting period. Thus it can be concluded that the
concern has higher favorable current ratio.
2) QUICK OR ACID-TEST RATIO:-(Rs . In lakhs)
The above given table relates to the data regarding quick ratio, which is a
tool of finding out the liquidity position. The usual form of ratio is 1:1 i.e. for
every rupee of current obligation there must be rupee worth of quick ratio
assets.
The quick ratio has been increased from 2006-2007 to 2007-2008 and
again decreased in 2008-2009. The average ratio is 1.784 which is
favorable one and shows a good liquidity position of the concern .The cause
of decrease in quick ratio in 2008-2009 is due to the fluctuation of current
assets, current liabilities and inventory level.
3) INVFENTORY TURNOVER RATIO (In lakhs):-
AVERAGE INVENTORY
INVENTORY SALES
YEAR INVENTORY TURNOVER
OPENING CLOSING (B) RATIO=A/B
(A)
0.68
2007-2008 1119.48 742.92 931.20 1367.72
/
The above table shows clearly cut picture of annual changes of sales and
average inventory during the period and it also show the inventory turnover
ratio of the concern.
The inventory turnover ratio fluctuates between 0.68 to 0.84 due to the
fluctuates in the level of inventory and sales. The average inventory
turnover ratio is 0.75.
Thus it can be concluded that the company does not hold excess stock of
inventory than actually required. The high inventory turnover also indicates
losses due to absolesence, depletion and shortage etc. The level of
inventory justifies its necessity to attain the desired result.
4) CASH TO CURRENT ASSETS:-( Rs.In lakhs)
CASH CURRENT
CURRENT
YEAR • CASH(A) ASSETS
ASSETS(B) RATIO=A/B
0.05954
2008-2009 80.91 1358.99
....
The above table show that current assets are decreasing in faster rate but
the cash level increasing year to year. The above ratio fluctuates from
0.02398 to 0.05954 during the period of 2007-2009.The average ratio is
0.05288
The above indicates that the concern used its surplus funds efficiently as
cash holding is unprofitableness hence maintenance of heavy amount of
cash unduly disrupts the concern is good will and indicates an inefficient
management .Thus by marinating a low ratio it can be stated that the
concern has efficiently used its cash balances.
5) DEBTORS TURNOVER RATIO TABLE:- ( Rs. In lakhs)
DEBTORS AGE OF
SALES DEBTORS DAY IN A TURNOVER
YEAR RECEIVABLES
(A) (B) YEAR(c) RATIO
C/D=E
A/B=D
The above table clearly indicates the debtor's turnover ratio, which
fluctuates between 20.96 to 15.26 during the period. The average collection
period is 18 days, which indicates that the concern follows a concern,
follows a conservative and efficient credit collection policy.
Due to the fluctuation in sales and debtors during the years the ratio also
changes .The ages . of receivables fluctuates between 17.17 to 21.73 and
the average is fond to be 20.83. The average debtors turnover ratio is 17.59
which is favorable .it concluded that debtor's turnover ratio is favorable to
the concern. This ratio is an important supplementary check of current ratio.
6) CURRENT ASSETS TO FIXED ASSETS RATIO TABLE (Rs. In lakhs)
The above table shows that the current assets decreased year by year but
fixed assets of the concern increased .The ratio of current assets to fixed
assets fluctuates between 6.82 to 9.72 luring the period and marinating an
average of 7.84 times.
The above shows the various levels of current and fixed assets with their
ratio which indicates, an efficient management of assets level in the
concern.
8) INVENTORY TO WORKING CAPITAL RATIO TABLESU:- (Rs. In lakhs)
WORKING
YEAR INVENTORY(A) CAPITAL(B) RATIO (A/B=C)
Despite of some fluctuations level gone up from first year to third year.
There is a norm that inventories are needed to have greater sales but in
case it should exceeded the net working capital capital .But during the
above given three years the inventory level exceeded the working capital
level. The ratio between the two variables fluctuates between 0.70 to 0.86
with average of 0.77.
Since averagely the Inventory level is less than the working capital hence it
can be admitted that the concern is maintaining efficient inventory level and
run smoothly.
The above table shows the relationship between working capital and sales
and the ratios of sales to working capital. During the period of study the
working capital shows an decreasing trend and sales figure shows a steer
rise .The ratio between sales to working capital range between 0.89 to 1.29
and the ratio in average by 1.14.
WORKING
YEAR INVENTORY CAPITAL SALES
The above table presented the correlation between inventory and working
capital as well as of inventory and sales.
From the analysis it is found that the inventory and working capital is
positively correlation where as the inventory and sales shows that they are
positively correlated with high degrees.
Total Current
318.66 0273.8 0337.92
Liabilities
Decrease in Working
0240.9 0038.3
Capital
In the preparation of the above project report I analyzed the data relating to
Bargarh cooperative sugar Mill for the period of 2007 to20079. During the
study I found that the current assets and net working capital is continuously
decreasing which has been shown in the above tables.
Thus it can be suggested that concern it running efficiently during the period
of study. But the position would not provide all the crucial suggestion
because it dose not reveal the other internal analysis. Hence I analyzed
various financial ratio to judge the concern's efficiencies.
During the analysis, I found that average current ratio is 4.65 which is
sufficiently higher and more favorable in comparison other sugar Mill. It can
be suggested that the value of current assets of the concern is reduced to
half of its value and them also the concern is able to meet its current
obligations which shows the higher safety margin for short term creditors.
Though the concern maintains a higher current ratio and runs smoothly, it is
unnecessary from the management point of view.
The average quick ratio of the concern is 1.748 which is favorable one and
shown a good liquidity position of the concern. The average inventory
turnover ratio is 0.75 which indicates a favorable inventory management
system. The higher inventory turnover ratio with increasing sales indicates
that the concern maintains the required amount of inventories depending
upon its sales. This shows the concern incurred loss carrying works to
maintain the inventory level.
The average of cash to current assets is 0.05288 which indicates that the
concern used its surplus funds efficiently as cash holding is unprofitable
ness. Hence by marinating a low ratio it can be stated that the concern has
efficiently used its cash balances.
The funds flow statement presented in this report shows the various
sources and applications of working capital of the concern.
Finally, I can conclude here that the management of working capital during
my period of study is satisfactory. But the Mill should maintain the policy of
using a low current ratio and quick ratio with out losing opportunity of
inventory the surplus in short-term marketable securities and Government
bonds. There are also symptoms of over trading and under-trading by
maintain thick inventory turnover ratio and higher current ratio respectively.
Management of the concern is satisfactory and it should take further steps
for expansion and growth in all respects due to vital importance of its
products in internal and well and external markets.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Working capital management by - V.E. Ramamoorthy (FMH
Publication, Madras)
2010-2011