IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO.
2, JUNE 2010
Harmonics Mitigation in LCI-Fed Synchronous
Motor Drives
Bhim Singh, Fellow, IEEE, Sanjeev Singh, Student Member, IEEE, and S. P. Hemanth Chender, Member, IEEE
Abstract—A load-commutated inverter (LCI) fed synchronous
motor (SM) is operated as an adjustable speed drive (ASD) in
high-power applications. These drives are known as commuta-
torless motor (CLM) drives and posses many promising features
like high efficiency, economic operation, and flexibility of control
in high-power ratings. The CLM drives are used in compressors,
blowers, fans, pumps, and mill drives for a range of industries as
mining, water treatment plants, chemical, paper, textile, cement,
rolling mills, and petrochemical plants. However, the power quality
(PQ) problems at ac mains have been the concerns in these drives
as the LCI has front-end thyristor converter injecting harmonics
in the supply. This paper investigates various topologies for the
mitigation of PQ problems in LCI-fed SM drives using multipulse
ac–dc converters. A set of hybrid topologies is proposed, which
use a combination of a passive filter with a multipulse converter
to feed CLM. A basis for selection of a suitable ac–dc converter is
presented for PQ improvement at the input mains of the LCI-fed
SM drives.
Index Terms—AC–DC power conversion, adjustable speed
drives, load-commutated inverter (LCI), multipulse converters,
power quality (PQ) , synchronous motors (SMs).
I. INTRODUCTION
ANY regulatory standards [1]–[4] regarding the power
M quality (PQ) problems have been developed due to in-
creased use of power electronic equipment, and especially ac
motor drives in many industrial applications. These drives use
converter–inverter sets consisting of thyristor converters at front
end. These converters are a common source of voltage and/or
current harmonics, and create many problems for power utilities
[5]–[10] . Therefore, suitable measures are required for mitiga-
tion of these harmonics. One of very popular methods is to use
passive or active filters. Some standards [11], [12] have recom-
mended the use of filters and transformers.
Synchronous motors (SMs) with speed control are very pop-
ular in high-power and variable speed applications as they are
economic alternative at high-power levels [13]–[15]. A load-
commutated inverter (LCI) uses the load voltage with a leading
power factor (PF) for natural commutation of thyristors [16].
Manuscript received June 02, 2009; revised August 16, 2009 and August 16,
2009; accepted November 24, 2009. Date of publication February 08, 2010; date
of current version May 21, 2010. Paper no. TEC-00220-2009.
B. Singh and S. Singh are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India (e-mail: bhim-
singhr@gmail.com; sschauhan.sdl@gmail.com).
S. P. Hemanth Chander is with the Delta Energy Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd.,
Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India (e-mail: hemanthsp2010@gmail.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2038369
0885-8969/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
369
The ideal load for the LCI is a SM operating at a leading PF [17
], [18]. Therefore, the load commutation makes the drive system
simple and reliable. However, the LCI-fed overexcited SM has
problems at low speeds and at starting due to low back electro-
motive force (EMF) across stator terminals. One of the simplest
methods is pulsed starting in which LCI thyristors are commu-
tated by interrupting the dc link current [18 ].
The PQ concerns are more prominent in LCI-fed SM drives
because of their high-power ratings. The passive wave shaping
techniques are normally used, which are based on magnetics in
three-phase ac–dc converters and one of such systems is known
as multipulse or multiphase converters [19]–[24]. There are
many configurations of multipulse ac–dc converters (MPCs) in
12 to large number of pulses [25]–[29].
Recently, many MPCs are reported for PQ improvement. It
uses multiwinding transformers [30]–[34] at the input of the rec-
tifier, which results in higher pulses in the dc output, thereby re-
duction in the ripple. This ac–dc converter draws a current from
ac mains having a number of steps with its waveform close to
a sinusoidal. The higher pulses eliminate the need of filtering
at the rectifier end, and reduces the problems at the inverter
end, namely a high inverter commutation angle and additional
rotor-heating and pulsating electric torque in the motor [30 ],
[33].
This paper deals with various solutions for mitigation of
power quality problems in LCI-fed SM drive and provides a
basis for selection of a suitable solution for an application.
II. STATE-OF-THE-ART
The LCI is one of the earliest inverters developed for ad-
justable speed drives [35 ]–[38]. It mainly consists of a con-
trolled rectifier, which feeds an adjustable dc current , via
a dc inductor to a LCI. Since the thyristor does not have
self-extinguishing capability, it can be commutated by the load
voltage with a leading PF [36]. Fig. 1(a) shows a basic control
schematic of LCI-fed SM drive operating at a leading PF. The
inverter output current is a quasi-square wave. However, the
motor voltage waveform is close to sinusoidal superim-
posed with voltage spikes caused by thyristor commutations.
Hence, the motor current contains low-order harmonics, such
as the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc. These harmonic currents cause
torque pulsations as well as additional power losses in the motor
and associated system [17], [18].
The LCI-fed SM drive features low cost and high efficiency
due to the use of low-cost thyristors. The LCI is suitable for large
drives with a power rating in megawatts, where the initial invest-
ment and operating efficiency are of great importance. However,
the input PF of the drive changes with its operating conditions.
370
Fig. 1. Isolated converters for LCI-fed SM drive. (a) Six-pulse LCI-fed SM
drive topology with control loop. (b) 12-pulse converter topology with a passive
filter. (c) 18-pulse converter topology. (d) 24-pulse converter topology.
In addition, the rectifier input current is highly distorted, there-
fore, a LCI-SM drive should be equipped with harmonic filters
or any other compensation device to reduce line current total
harmonic distortion (THD) [18 ].
The PQ improvement is achieved by using many wave
shaping techniques. Usually tuned filters are used in the passive
wave-shaping techniques, but these filters cannot be designed
for all the harmonics. Therefore, hybrid wave-shaping methods
and some other passive topologies can be thought of as a fea-
sible solution. The passive wave-shaping topologies can further
be classified as passive tuned filters and MPCs. Various hybrid
combinations of both these topologies can also be used for
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
PQ improvement. Conventional three-phase SM-fed from two
LCIs using a phase-shifting transformer or six-phase SM-fed
from two LCIs have also been reported [18] for reduction of
torque ripples and harmonics.
There are several publications on the benefits of LCIs
[39]–[46] and MPCs [47]–[53] separately in various ap-
plications. However, very few publications [44], [54], [55]
are available regarding the PQ improvement using MPCs
in LCI-fed SMs. Moreover, there are many applications of
LCI-fed SM drives reported in the literature [56]–[65]. LCIs
have also been used to start the SMs driving heavy torque load
so that the ac mains current at the starting could be reduced, and
thereafter, the motor runs direct on line [63]. An LCI also finds
applications in ships as a frequency converter, which converts
the variable generated voltage to a fixed frequency for the ship's
main distributions system [41].
III. MPCS FOR PQ IMPROVEMENT
A MPC consists of magnetics, solid-state devices, and en-
ergy storage elements. These MPCs are developed using thyris-
tors and magnetics through auto-connected, multiwinding trans-
formers, and interphase transformers (IPTs), tapped reactor and
additional thyristors, and capacitors with the concept of pulse
multiplication to get higher pulses starting with 12 pulse to 18,
24, 30, 36, 40, etc. [30], [66]–[70].
MPCs use phase shifting through transformers to convert the
original three-phase ac supply to multiphase ac supply. This re-
sults in higher pulses in dc output, thereby, reduction in ripple
and high number of steps in ac mains current close to sinusoidal
with reduced THD. Fig. 1 shows isolated transformer-based
thyristor converter topologies for 6-, 12-, 18-, and 24-pulse con-
verters supplying LCI-fed SM drive, and Fig. 2 shows noniso-
lated transformer (which are known as autowound transformers)
based topologies for 12-, 18-, and 24-pulse thyristor converters
supplying LCI-fed SM drive.
The isolated MPCs mostly use multiwinding transformers
at the input of the converter. The ratings of these transformers
are equal to load rating; therefore, size and weight are quite
high. However, by using autotransformers (in nonisolated
converters), the size, cost, weight, and losses of magnetic
components can be reduced drastically [30]–[33]. These MPCs
use different winding connections e.g. star, delta, zigzag,
polygon, hexagon, T-connection, tapped winding, and plu-
rality of winding of transformers so that desired phase shift is
achieved to eliminate or reduce harmonics in input ac mains
current [30]–[33]. The rating of autotransformers in nonisolated
topology can be reduced to less than 25% of the load rating [28].
Various combinations of star, delta, and zigzag connections are
used in the converter topologies shown in Fig. 1, whereas Fig. 2
shows various combinations of delta, polygon, and hexagon
autotransformer connections.
The techniques of pulse multiplication on dc bus, optimum
dc link reactor, and active interphase reactor on dc side, have
further impact on the rating and size of input transformer. Pulse
multiplication topology [30]–[33], [66]–[70] generates higher
pulses in the multiples of 12-pulse, i.e., 24, 36, and 48 pulses
are generated using a reactor and two, three, or four thyristors,
SINGH et al.: HARMONICS MITIGATION IN LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES
Fig. 2. Nonisolated thyristor converters for LCI-fed SM drive. (a) Six-pulse
converter topology. (b) 12-pulse converter topology with a passive filter. (c)
18-pulse converter topology. (d) 24-pulse converter topology. (e) 24-pulse (12
2 2) converter topology (pulse multiplication).
respectively [54]. For nonisolated MPCs based on pulse mul-
tiplication technique, additional zero-sequence blocking trans-
former (ZSBT) and IPT are used [33].
Many attempts have been made to reduce size, weight, and
cost of magnetics in MPCs. The THD of ac mains current dras-
tically reduces if the value of dc link inductor and leakage reac-
tance of input transformer is selected optimally [30]. MPC tech-
nology is considered superior to pulsewidth modulation (PWM)
371
converter technology because it not only eliminates specific har-
monics but also reduces other harmonics. It also reduces elec-
tromagnetic interference (EMI), radio frequency interference
(RFI), and switching losses due to low-frequency soft switching
caused by line commutation, resulting in high efficiency and low
noise level in the converter system [32]. MPCs have been re-
ported to reduce THD of ac mains current well below 2% or
around and almost ripple free dc output voltage to feed variety
of loads with various configurations of ac–dc converters [19] .
But these MPCs have the drawback of higher dc link voltage as
compared to six-pulse converters, which makes them nonsuit-
able for retrofit applications [31].
Passive filters along with controlled rectifiers have been ex-
tensively developed [31]–[33], [53], [71] in high-power rating
and already existing installations. The use of tuned passive fil-
ters with thyristor MPCs reduces the notches in the input voltage
waveform due to commutation overlap and provides the reactive
power [33], [53]. The reduction in current THD, improved PF
at partial loads, and reduced magnetics rating are some advan-
tages of passive tuned filters [31], [72].
Various multipulse topologies [30] have been reported for
harmonic mitigation and the quantified ac mains current THD
varies from 10.45% to 13.9% for load variation from 100%
to 20% in a 12-pulse diode rectifier, whereas, in case of a
12-pulse thyristor rectifier the current THD varies from 12.89%
to 15.37% for 100% to 20% load variation. Moreover, use of
higher number of pulses for improvement in current THD and
PF is also suggested for variety of applications.
There are many efforts reported [45], [54], [55], [70] for har-
monics mitigation using 12-pulse converters, but none of them
quantify the THD of ac mains current and PF. However, har-
monic spectra of ac mains current have been shown to demon-
strate the elimination of 5th and 7th harmonics in case of a
12-pulse rectifier as compared to a 6-pulse rectifier. Moreover,
improvement in ac mains current THD has been proposed by
increasing the number of pulses from 12-pulse to 36-pulse [54],
[55 ]. The harmonic spectrum of ac mains current of a 12-pulse
rectifier shown in [70] demonstrates around 10% magnitude of
harmonics.
The THD of ac mains current in 12-pulse diode rectifier has
been reported [50 ] in the range of 8.2% to 12.15% with PF
variation from 0.975 to 0.976 for load varying from 100% to
20%, respectively. To reduce the THD of ac mains current, an
18-pulse rectifier is proposed and resultant THD of ac mains
current have been presented in the range of 3.8% to 5.5% for
100% to 20% load variation, respectively. Moreover, the THD
of ac mains current is reported in the range of 8.31% to 18.72%
for load varying from 90% to 20% for a 12-pulse converter [69].
For improved THD of ac mains current using 12-pulse
thyristor converters, a modified control is used [73], so that
the synthesized ac mains current is approximately sinusoidal.
The resultant current THD is reported less than 1%, but there
is no mention of PF under these conditions. The THD of ac
mains current have been reported [74] in the range of 10.1%
to 17% for load variation of 100% to 20% in a 12-pulse diode
rectifier. For improvement in ac mains current THD, use of
a single-phase square wave auxiliary voltage supply in the
middle dc bus has been suggested in the literature [75], [76].
372
The improvement in the ac mains current THD have been
reported to 4.64% for a 12-pulse thyristor rectifier [75] and
4.9% in case of a 12-pulse diode rectifier [76]. In another effort
for reduction of current THD on the ac side of a 12-pulse
series-connected line-commutated ac/dc rectifiers, a control
involving switching of two IGBTs for improved shaping of the
dc current is presented [77]. Moreover, all these strategies [73],
[75]–[77] require additional circuitry/algorithm for the control
of the auxiliary arrangements other than 12-pulse converter.
The PF shall still be poor due to reactive power burden at large
firing angles.
Most of the reported paper [30], [44], [54], [55], [69] for
PQ improvement of LCI-SM drive use either a 24-pulse con-
verter employing pulse multiplication with three-phase SM
or a 12-pulse converter with six-phase SM [45]. The MPCs
with pulse multiplication have complex control whereas the
six-phase SM is costly and needs special design. This paper
uses a combination of the passive filter and a 12-pulse converter
[shown in Figs. 1 (b) and 2(b)], which facilitates reduction in
current THD, improved PF with reactive power compensation
thereby reduced voltampere requirement of the converter,
control complexity, and the cost of the system. It also has the
benefit of minimum kilovoltampere rating compared to higher
pulse converters.
IV. LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE
The conventional LCI-fed SM drive has a six-pulse converter
feeding to a three-phase SM [78]–[80]. However, the multi-
pulse concept of current source converters can easily be used for
a LCI-fed SM drive, where the ac source can be replaced by
three-phase SM and the natural commutation is substituted by
load commutation [18]. However, the operation is limited to a
12-pulse converter configuration as the triggering control cir-
cuit becomes complicated for higher number of pulses. There
can be two topologies for 12-pulse LCI operation. One topology
[shown in Fig. 3(a)] uses phase-shifting transformers, which
combines the 2 six-pulse LCI outputs to get a three-phase supply
(12-pulse converter) for a conventional three-phase SM. These
phase shift transformers are very expensive but has an advan-
tage of being used with a conventional three-phase SM. Other
topology [shown in Fig. 3(b)] uses an asymmetric six-phase SM
in which two sets of three-phase windings displaced at an angle
of 30 are employed [18], [45]. These topologies of SM can be
fed from any rectifier set discussed earlier to meet the PQ stan-
dards, provided the cost, control complexity, and efficiency are
within acceptable limits.
V. DESIGN OF MULTIPULSE AC–DC CONVERTERS FOR
LCI-SM DRIVE
An n-pulse ac–dc controlled converter operates on the prin-
ciple of harmonic elimination by allowing the flow of harmonic
currents through transformers (isolated or nonisolated) required
by one bridge to be supplied by another, however, the individual
harmonic current of each bridge converter remains the same
[31]–[33 ]. The minimum order of harmonics in an n-pulse con-
verter is nK 1, where K is a positive integer and n is the number
of rectification pulses per cycle of the fundamental voltage. The
phase shift required for a converter having x number of six-pulse
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
Fig. 3. Six-pulse converter-fed 12-pulse LCI-SM drives. (a) Three-phase con-
verter topology. (b) Six-phase converter topology.
converters is 60 /x [19]. The fact that the negative-sequence
voltages and currents are shifted in the opposite sense to posi-
tive-sequence values also provides a mechanism to cancel har-
monics in pairs.
A. 12-Pulse AC–DC Converters
A 12-pulse ac–dc converter requires phase shift of 30 ,
which can be achieved by two configurations, namely isolated
star–delta transformer having 0 and 30 phase shift or isolated
star–zigzag transformer combinations with phase shift of –15
and 15 w.r.t supply voltage. The isolated star–zigzag
transformer combination is balanced compared to the star–delta
transformer combination [32]. The turns ratios for Y/Z – 1
and Y/Z – 2 transformers to provide 15 and –15 phase
shift, respectively, are given by and
, where is number of turns per
phase in star winding, and N , N are number of turns of the
zigzag winding. The detailed design of these transformers has
been given in Appendix B [see Figs. 1(b) and 2(b)].
For nonisolated topologies, the autotransformer may have
various connections for 15 phase shift e.g., polygon,
delta-polygon, zigzag, and T-connected transformers [31]–[33].
The delta-polygon connected autotransformer (detailed design
has been given in Appendix C) is used in this investigation.
B. 18-Pulse AC–DC Converters
The transformer design for an isolated 18-pulse ac–dc con-
verter configuration requires 20 , 0 , and –20 phase shift,
which is achieved by the use of two zigzag and a star winding
in the secondary side of the transformer. The turns ratio of pri-
mary star winding to secondary star winding is 3:1, whereas, the
turns ratio for Y/Z – 1 and Y/Z – 2 transformers to provide 20
and –20 phase shift, respectively, is given by
and , where is number of turns
per phase in star winding, and N , N are number of turns of the
SINGH et al.: HARMONICS MITIGATION IN LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES
zigzag winding. The detailed design is given in Appendix B [see
Figs. 1 (c) and 2(c)].
To achieve 20 phase shift required for an 18-pulse con-
verter with a nonisolated topology, the autotransformer may
have various connections for e.g. polygon, delta-polygon,
zigzag, and T-connected transformers [31]–[33]. The
delta-polygon connected autotransformer (detailed design
has been given in Appendix D) is used in this investigation.
C. 24-Pulse AC–DC Converters
A 24-pulse ac–dc converter requires –15 , 0 , 15 , and
30 phase shift among four sets of voltages. For isolated trans-
former design, it is achieved by the use of two zigzag, one star,
and one delta configurations in the secondary windings. The
turns ratio for Y/Z – 1 and Y/Z – 2 transformers to provide 15
and –15 phase shift, respectively, is similar to a 12-pulse con-
verter phase-shift transformer, for which the detailed design is
given in Appendix B [see Figs. 1(d) and 2(d)].
However, for nonisolated converter to generate 15 and
30 phase shift, a hexagon-connected autotransformer (detailed
design has been given in Appendix E) is selected among various
other connections, e.g., star, delta, hexagon, and T-connected
configuration.
D. 24-Pulse (12 2) AC–DC Converter
A 24-pulse ac–dc converter shown in Fig. 2(e) using pulse
multiplication requires a 12-pulse ac–dc converter (as discussed
earlier) followed by a pulse multiplication or ripple reinjection
circuit. The pulse multiplication circuit mainly consists of a
ZSBT and an IPT. The ZSBT is smaller in size, volume, and
weight as it contains only triple frequency components. It offers
very high impedance to the zero-sequence current and helps in
independent operation of two rectifier bridges. An IPT is the
main component for pulse doubling, which uses two thyristors
only. The detailed design of ripple injection circuit is given in
Appendix F [see Fig. 2(e)].
E. 12-Pulse AC–DC Converter With Tuned High-Pass Filter
A combination of a second-order damped passive filter tuned
to 11th order harmonics and a high-pass shunt passive filter
is used at the input of a 12-pulse ac–dc converter to feed the
LCI-SM drive. The passive filters have been designed for 11th
order harmonic and higher order harmonics separately and
connected in parallel in case of 12-pulse converter. For higher
pulse converters, passive filter tuned to other frequencies shall
be used, e.g., 17th and high-pass filter for an 18-pulse converter
and 23rd and high-pass filter in case of 24-pulse converter.
The design of a 12-pulse ac–dc converter is same as discussed
earlier, whereas, the high-pass filter elements are designed
using equations given in Appendix G.
VI. MODELING OF LCI-FED SM DRIVE
The adjustable speed LCI-fed SM drive system includes a
current-control loop inside a speed-control loop, where the dc
current is controlled by the current-control loop to follow a cur-
rent reference given by the speed-control loop. Therefore, the
modeling of the speed controller and a current controller forms
373
a vital part of the drive modeling, and thereby, the response of
the drive system.
The speed controller is a proportional and integral (PI) con-
troller. Thus, the speed error – is transformed into
current reference through transfer function
(1)
where and are the speed con-
troller gain and T is the speed controller integral time constant.
The current controller is also a typical PI controller, through
which the current error is transmitted to the rectifier through
transfer function
(2)
where , and are the current con-
troller gain and T is the current controller integral time con-
stant.
The integral time constant of the current controller
should be considerably smaller than that of the speed controller
, approximately).
The output of the current controller ( ) is used to control the
firing angle of the controlled rectifier. The operation of LCI-SM
drive can be controlled using constant commutation lead angle
and constant margin angle strategies [17] , [18]. However, the
operation of the LCI-SM drive at the minimum margin angle
needed for safe commutation results in highest PF at the motor
terminals and the best utilization of its windings [32]. There-
fore, constant margin angle control of LCI-SM is used in this
study for performance evaluation of various PQ improvement
topologies. Moreover, for starting of these drives, a pulsed con-
trol scheme is used, which is switched on to LCI mode when
the motor attains sufficient speed such that the back EMF of the
motor reaches suitable value capable of load commutation [14].
VII. PERFORMANCE OF VARIOUS CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES
The proposed converter topologies are designed and mod-
eled for an 85 kW synchronous motor drive (data is given in
Appendix A) in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Fig. 4(a)
shows the supply current waveform and harmonic spectrum of
the six-pulse isolated thyristor converter-fed LCI-SM drive. It
shows 28.82% THD of ac mains current at rated load with 1.37
crest factor (CF). Their current THD reduces sharply with in-
crease in converter pulses and reaches 1.22% at rated load with
1.41 CF for an isolated 24-pulse converter. Fig. 4 shows the
supply currents and their harmonic spectra of the LCI-SM drive
for 6, 12, 18, 24-pulse controlled converters at rated load. Fig. 5
shows the supply currents and their harmonic spectra of the
LCI-SM drive for nonisolated MPCs with rated load. The THD
of supply current reduces to 5.09% for a 12-pulse converter case
at rated load and reaches 3.98% in case of a nonisolated 24-pulse
converter.
The performance of various topologies shows that the
six-pulse converter (isolated and nonisolated) based LCI-SM
drive is having a poor power quality, both in terms of current
harmonic distortion and PF during the total operating range.
374
Fig. 4. Supply current waveforms and harmonic spectra of isolated converter-
based LCI-fed SM running at rated speed and rated torque. (a) Six-pulse con-
verter [see Fig. 1(a)]. (b) 12-pulse converter [see Fig. 1(b)]. (c) 18-pulse con-
verter [see Fig. 1 (c)]. (d) 24-pulse converter [see Fig. 1(d)].
Fig. 6 shows current waveforms at ac mains and its harmonic
spectra for 12-pulse converters (isolated and nonisolated
topologies) with shunt passive filter feeding LCI-SM drive
operating at full load and half load. Amongst, different isolated
and nonisolated MPCs, the 12-pulse converter is able to achieve
the power quality within limits of international standards
[1]–[4] with a passive filter only. However, the 18 and 24-pulse
converters have resulted in lower current harmonic distortion at
ac mains. But the PF of ac mains during fractional speeds still
remains poor. The performance of these converter topologies
is summarized in Tables I and II in terms of PQ indices for
rated and half the rated load. The performance evaluation of
the proposed converter topologies show consistent results in
the wide range of speed and meet the desired PQ specifications.
However, the results have been recorded at rated and half
the rated speeds with rated torque just for the performance
comparison of various converter topologies at some common
reference.
To achieve improved power quality in LCI-SM drive, the
12-pulse converter topology has been simulated at rated load
with passive tuned filters and it is observed that this topology
shows consistent improved power quality in wide range of op-
eration. The design of the shunt passive filter has been aimed to
supplement the reactive power requirement of the drive during
wide speed range. The variation of reactive power from light
load to full load is reasonably large and a 12-pulse converter
with a passive filter shows consistently improved PQ in the
total load range.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
Fig. 5. Supply current waveform and harmonic spectra of nonisolated con-
verter-based LCI-fed SM running at rated speed and rated torque. (a) Six-pulse
converter [see Fig. 2(a)]. (b) 12-pulse converter [see Fig. 2(b)]. (c) 18-pulse con-
verter [see Fig. 2 (c)]. (d) 24-pulse converter [see Fig. 2(d)].
Fig. 7 shows the variation of the current THD and PF with
load at ac mains for isolated 12-pulse converter topology with
and without shunt passive filters. The detailed power quality pa-
rameters with load variation (rated torque and variable speed)
are also given in Tables III and IV for a 12-pulse converter with
and without passive filters, respectively. It is observed that the
current THD at ac mains of a 12-pulse converter with shunt
passive filter remains below 8% in the 20%–100% load range.
The PF variation of the 12-pulse converter with shunt passive
filter shows consistent improvement as compared to results of
the same topology without filter and it remains in the range of
0.85–0.94 from light-load to full-load condition. The voltage
THD is also reduced to less than 1% with the 12-pulse converter
topology using passive filters. The rms current at ac mains is also
reduced drastically at light load, however, the reduction is ob-
served in the wide load range, i.e., 36.5–136.5 A from light-load
to full-load condition against very high values (122–143 A from
light load to full load) for the same topology without filter as
shown in Tables III and IV . Therefore, a 12-pulse converter
topology with passive shunt filter is considered a good option
for constant torque loads operating in variable speed range.
VIII. APPLICATION POTENTIAL
The multipulse ac–dc converter-fed LCI-SM drive has a
vast application potential in various large rating adjustable
speed drives. The major applications include roller mills, large
compressors, crushers, conveyors, industrial fans and pumps
in cement, steel, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, mining,
SINGH et al.: HARMONICS MITIGATION IN LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES 375

Fig. 7. Variation of PF and current THD with load for isolated 12-pulse con-
verter-fed LCI-SM drive at rated torque and 1000 r/min speed.

TABLE III
POWER QUALITY INDEXES WITH LOAD VARIATION (VARIABLE SPEED AND
RATED TORQUE) FOR A 12-PULSE CONVERTER-FED LCI-SM DRIVE WITH
PASSIVE FILTER

Fig. 6. Supply current waveform and harmonic spectra of 12-pulse converter-

based LCI-fed SM drive with shunt passive filter. (a) Isolated topology at rated
load [see Fig. 1(b)]. (b) Isolated topology at half of the rated load [see Fig. 1(b)].
(c) Nonisolated topology at rated load [see Fig. 2(b)]. (d) Nonisolated topology
at half the rated load [see Fig. 2(b)].

TABLE I TABLE IV
POWER QUALITY INDEXES OF VARIOUS MPC-BASED LCI-SM DRIVE AT POWER QUALITY INDEXES WITH LOAD VARIATION (VARIABLE SPEED AND
RATED SPEED (1500 r/min) AND RATED TORQUE RATED TORQUE) FOR A 12-PULSE CONVERTER-FED LCI-SM DRIVE WITHOUT
PASSIVE FILTER

TABLE II
POWER QUALITY INDEXES OF VARIOUS MPC-BASED LCI-SM DRIVE AT HALF
THE RATED SPEED (750 r/min) AND RATED TORQUE

chemical and process industries [56]–[65]. The combination of

the multipulse converter system with passive filters provides
improved PQ at ac mains while fulfilling the load requirement.
The 12-pulse converter with a passive filter has magnetics
(i.e., voltampere rating) comparable with the 18- and 24-pulse
converters, whereas the control complexity and the cost of the
converter are reduced considerably. It is used in a wide range of
applications including large industrial loads, e.g., heating, ven-
tilating and air conditioning (HVAC)/air compressors, crushers,
grinders, rollers, dryers, conveyors, water/fluid/effluent pumps,
and induced draft (ID)/forced draft (FD) fans.
376 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010

IX. CONCLUSION
The detailed design of converter topologies for power quality
improvement in LCI-SM drives has been presented to provide
a clear perspective on various aspects of these drives to the re-
searchers and engineers working in this field. Multipulse con-
trolled converters with isolated and nonisolated topologies have
been found capable of providing the desired power quality for
large rating industrial loads. A combination of passive filters and
12-pulse converter has been proposed for the LCI-SM drive,
which shows improved performance with reduced THD and
magnitude of ac mains current. The 12-pulse converter with
shunt passive filter has added advantages of simple control and
consistently improved PF in the wide operating speed range of
the drive. These converter topologies may be a good candidate
for many applications in near future with cost-effective solution.
It is hoped that this investigation on various PQ improvement
topologies for LCI-SM drives is a useful reference to the users
and manufacturers.

APPENDIX I
APPENDIX

A. Synchronous Machine Parameters Used for Simulation

Nominal power: 85 kVA, nominal voltage: 400 V, nominal
frequency: 50 Hz, no-load field current: 10 A, stator armature
resistance: 0.055 ohm, stator leakage inductance: 0.3595 mH,
d-axis mutual inductance: 12.82 mH, q-axis mutual induc-
tance: 5.692 mH, field resistance referred to stator: 0.03634
ohm, field leakage inductance: 1.302 mH, damper-winding
parameters: the d-axis resistance ohm,
leakage inductance mH, the q-axis resistance
ohm, leakage inductance mH,
inertia , friction factor 0.07 Nm·s, pole pairs
2, rotor type: salient pole, wound field. Source impedance:
0.03 pu, transformer leakage impedance: 0.03 pu, dc link
inductor: 15 mH. Gains of PI controllers: ,
s, , s.

B. Design of Phase-Shifting Transformers

Y/Z – 1 transformer: From phasor diagram shown in Fig. 8(a)

for (3)

and

(4)

In a balanced system , so the relation becomes

(5)
Fig. 8. Schematic and phasor diagrams of various components of MPCs. (a)
Similarly, the following relation can be derived using 6
Y/Z – 1 topology. (b) Y/Z – 2 topology. (c) Delta-polygon ( 15 ) auto-
6
transformer topology. (d) Delta-polygon ( 20 ) autotransformer topology. (e)
Hexagon autotransformer topology. (f) IPT for pulse doubling. (g) Passive fil-
ters.
SINGH et al.: HARMONICS MITIGATION IN LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES 377

TABLE V where , ,
TURN RATIOS OF STAR/ZIGZAG TRANSFORMERS FOR VARIOUS PHASE-SHIFT – , , , V is rms value of
ANGLES
phase voltage and 2K K K 1. These equations result
in , , and .

D. Design of Delta-Polygon Connected Autotransformer for

18-pulse Converter Operation
Fig. 8(d) shows connection and phasor diagrams of a delta-
polygon connected autotransformer for producing desired phase
shifts. The number of turns required for achieving these phase
shifts among different phases as shown in Fig. 8(d) are given by
, , and . The input phase
, and are connected to the output directly as one set
(6) of voltages. The remaining two sets of voltages for phase “a”
are given by (11) and (12), where ,
These ratios are summarized in Table V for a given value of , – , , ,
. V is rms voltage/phase.
Y/Z – 2 transformer: Following the similar procedure as in
previous case, we can get from the phasor diagram of Fig. 8(b) E. Design of Hexagon-Connected Autotransformer for
24-pulse Converter Operation
Fig. 8(e) shows connection and phasor diagrams of a
for (7) hexagon-connected autotransformer for producing desired
phase shifts. The number of turns (shown in Fig. 8 (e) as
and , and ) required for achieving these phase shifts
among different phases can be calculated by considering the
voltages of phase “a ” given by four sets of equations as follows:
(8)

(13)
In a balanced system , so the relation becomes
(14)
(15)
(9) (16)

Similarly, the second relation can be derived as follows: where , , ,

, , ,
and V is rms value of phase voltage. These equations result in
(10) , , , and
.

Table V summarizes the turn ratios for a given value of . The
ratio ( ) has been taken as two, three, and four for 12-,
18-, and 24-pulse transformers, respectively, in this paper.
C. Design of Delta-Polygon Connected Autotransformer for
12-pulse Converter Operation
Fig. 8(c) shows connection and phasor diagrams of a delta-
polygon connected autotransformer for producing desired phase
shifts. The number of turns (shown in Fig. 8(c) as , and
) required for achieving these phase shifts among different
phases can be calculated by considering the voltages of phase
“a ” given by two sets of equations as follows:
F. Design of Pulse-Multiplication Circuit
Fig. 8(f) shows the schematic diagrams of pulse-doubling
circuit for thyristor converters using an IPT connected to two
thyristors [33].
The voltage appearing across the reactor winding is an
ac voltage ripple of six times the source frequency, resulting
in smaller size weight and volume of the IPT [30], [31], [33].
When , the thyristor is forward biased and can be
fired. In this mode, the current and MMF relationship are given
by following equations:

(17)
(11) (18)
(12) (19)
378 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010

where is the total number of turns in the IPT, whereas [4] Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current
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Bhim Singh (SM’99–F’10) was born in Rahamapur,
India, in 1956. He received the B.E. degree in elec-
trical from the University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India,
in 1977, and the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees from In-
dian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi,
India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively.
In 1983, he joined the Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Roorkee, as a Lecturer,
and in 1988 became a Reader. In December 1990, he
joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT
Delhi, as an Assistant Professor, where he became
an Associate Professor, in 1994 and a Professor, in 1997. His current research
interests include power electronics, electrical machines and drives, active
filters, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), high voltage DC (HVDC),
and power quality.
380
Dr. Singh is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, the
National Academy of Science, India, the Institution of Engineers, India, and the
Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, a Life Member of
the Indian Society for Technical Education, the System Society of India, and the
National Institution of Quality and Reliability.
Sanjeev Singh (S’09) was born in Deoria, India, in
1972. He received the B.E. degree in electrical from
Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, India, in
1993 and the M.Tech. degree from Devi Ahilya Vish-
wavidyalaya, Indore, India, in 1997.
In 1997, he joined as a Project Officer with the
North India Technical Consultancy Organisation,
Chandigarh, India, in 1997. In 2000, he joined as a
Lecturer with the Department of Electrical and In-
strumentation Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab,
India. His current research interests include power electronics, electrical
machines and drives, energy efficiency, and power quality.
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
Mr. Singh is a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education
and the System Society of India.
S. P. Hemanth Chender (M’10) was born in My-
laram, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1985.
He received the B.Tech. degree in electrical and
electronics from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Hyderabad, India, in 2006 and the
M.Tech. degree from Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 2008.
In 2008, he joined as an R&D Engineer, Delta
Energy Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India.
His current research interests include power elec-
tronics, electrical machines and drives, as well as
switch-mode power supply design for custom design, telecom, network, server
and storage power supplies.