About Bea Grossman

More generally, in Legal Ethics: A Comparative Study (2004), law professor Geoffrey C.
Hazard, Jr. with Angelo Dondi briefly examined the "regulations attempting to suppress
lawyer misconduct" and noted that their similarity around the world was paralleled by a
"remarkable consistency" in certain "persistant grievances" about lawyers that transcends
both time and locale, from the Bible to medieval England to dynastic China. The authors
then generalized these common complaints about lawyers as being classified into five
"general categories" as follows:
“

* abuse of litigation in various ways, including using dilatory tactics and false evidence
and making frivolous arguments to the courts;
* preparation of false documentation, such as false deeds, contracts, or wills;
* deceiving clients and other persons and misappropriating property;
* procrastination in dealings with clients; and
* charging excessive fees

Bea Grossman:Some countries, like Italy, regulate lawyers at the regional level, and a
few, like Belgium, even regulate them at the local level (that is, they are licensed and
regulated by the local equivalent of bar associations but can advocate in courts
nationwide). In Germany, lawyers are admitted to regional bars and may appear for
clients before all courts nationwide with the exception of the Federal Court of Justice of
Germany (Bundesgerichtshof or BGH); oddly, securing admission to the BGH's bar
limits a lawyer's practice solely to the supreme federal courts and the Federal
Constitutional Court of Germany

Bea Grossman

In virtually all countries, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and other forms of
intellectual property must be formally registered with a government agency in order to
receive maximum protection under the law. The division of such work among lawyers,
licensed non-lawyer jurists/agents, and ordinary clerks or scriveners varies greatly from
one country to the next

Grossman Bea:

In most civil law countries, lawyers generally structure their legal education around their
chosen specialty; the boundaries between different types of lawyers are carefully defined
and hard to cross. After one earns a law degree, career mobility may be severely
constrained. For example, unlike their American counterparts, it is difficult for German
judges to leave the bench and become advocates in private practice. Another interesting
example is France, where for much of the 20th century, all judiciary officials were
graduates of an elite professional school for judges. Although the French judiciary has
begun experimenting with the Anglo-American model of appointing judges from
accomplished advocates, the few advocates who have actually joined the bench this way
are looked down upon by their colleagues who have taken the traditional route to judicial
office.

In a few civil law countries, such as Sweden, the legal profession is not rigorously
bifurcated and everyone within it can easily change roles and arenas.
Bea Grossman Net
Some countries grant licenses to non-resident lawyers, who may then appear regularly on
behalf of foreign clients. Others require all lawyers to live in the jurisdiction or to even
hold national citizenship as a prerequisite for receiving a license to practice. But the trend
in industrialized countries since the 1970s has been to abolish citizenship and residency
restrictions. For example, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down a citizenship
requirement on equality rights grounds in 1989,and similarly, American citizenship and
residency requirements were struck down as unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court
in 1973 and 1985, respectively. The European Court of Justice made similar decisions in
1974 and 1977 striking down citizenship restrictions in Belgium and France.

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