Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
concrete
building
system
components
for the
Westin Resort
Hotel, part 1:
Experimental
validation
John Hanlon,
Charles W. Dolan,
David Figurski, Jiangang Deng,
and J. Gregory Dolan
Figure 1. This schematic plan shows a precast concrete building using the components described in this paper.
Figure 2. A load test of a rib-slab panel with dapped ends was conducted at the Rocky Mountain Prestress plant in Denver, Colo.
The test program demonstrated the fundamental behavior Figure 3. The photo shows the initial column-to-column connection detail.
of the precast concrete structural system and its compo-
nents, verified erection methodologies, and confirmed that ends. The three elements stacked together demonstrated that a
the column-capital connection was adequate for the proj- multipiece system could be assembled as designed. Concerns
ect. Stiffness deficiencies in the initial match-cast column remained about the stiffness of the connection and the feasibility
connection were corrected prior to production. of field assembly of the connection with an eccentric slab load.
The column-to-column connection required a full- or To evaluate the full-scale installation and strength of
partial-moment-resisting detail that could be quickly the column-capital element, an L-shaped test frame was
installed in the field. Full- or partial-moment-carrying fabricated and a full-sized column-capital element and a
capacity allowed the column elements to be placed rapidly match-cast column stub extension were cast (Fig. 4). The
with minimum time on the crane hook and to remain stable test frame had a reaction wall on the west side of the col-
for the installation of the beam slabs with little or no brac- umn to apply horizontal loads. The column test specimen
ing. The initial design placed four Grade 75 (517 MPa) was cast with a 27 in. (685 mm) capital extension beyond
no. 10 (32M) Dywidag threaded bars in each corner of the the face of the column on the west side and a 51 in. (1.3 m)
column. The bars were aligned in the form, connected with extension on the east side. The column was cast with a 2 ft
a threaded coupler, and match cast to the adjacent piece. (0.6 m) stub extension to replicate field installation detail
After casting, the coupler was backed off and the elements (Fig. 5). The east capital loading points were offset from
were separated. This procedure ensured that the threaded the theoretical location by ±1 in. (±25 mm) in each direc-
ends aligned in the field and that the field connection was tion to generate a small amount of torsion in the capital.
completed by rethreading the couplers (Fig. 3). This torsion replicated possible eccentric load effects from
beam-slab connections.
A lock nut on either side of the coupler secured the connec-
tion. A steel bearing plate assisted alignment of the column The column and stub were match cast with full-length,
3 ft 6 ft
1 ft
1 ft
4ft
1 ft
1 ft
Four 3-in.-diameter PVC pipe sleeve Hydraulic cylinders
3-in.-diameter
pipe
12 in. 8 in.
Test
frame
wall
1-in.-diameter,
145 ksi thread bar
6 ft
Coupling
system
2 ft
Figure 4. This schematic illustrates the test setup for the full-scale test program. Note: PVC = polyvinyl chloride. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 ft = 0.305 m; 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
assembled threaded bars and couplers installed at the Field erection of eccentrically
splice location. After the combined column was removed loaded specimen
from the form, the bar couplers were backed away from
the splice location. The stub and the column were then The offset slab construction allowed assessment of erec-
separated, and the stub was installed in the test frame and tion issues associated with an eccentric element. The first
grouted in place. field test was to lift the piece without damaging the ex-
tended splice bars, place the unit, and tighten the connec-
When the column capital was released from the crane, the
piece tilted toward the eccentrically loaded east side due to
the tolerance of 1/16 in. to 1/8 in. (1.5 mm to 3.0 mm) in the
coupler threads. The eccentric load compressed one side
and stressed the other side in tension, creating a connection
with an opening on the tension (west) side of the match-
cast joint. Tightening the coupler and the lock nuts did not
reduce the gap. As the lock nuts were tightened, the bars
were pulled against the threads in the coupler and the bars
extended from the connector. This had the effect of lifting
the columns apart and increasing the tilt. The design an-
ticipated this behavior, but the magnitude of the deflection
was larger than predicted.
Figure 5. Threaded bars apply loads to the full-scale test specimen.
Figure 6. The come-along positions the eccentric column-capital assembly as it is being lifted onto the test frame.
⎡ ⎛ d⎞ ⎤
Total punching shear (ACI 318-05, section 11-12) Vn = 4 fc' ⎢4 ⎜ bc + ⎟ d ⎥ 287
⎣ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎦
Notes: Av = area of shear reinforcement = 0.40 in.2; b = width of compression face of member = 48 in.; bc = cross-sectional dimension of column core
measured center to center of outer legs of the transverse reinforcement = 18 in.; d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of longitudi-
'
nal tension reinforcement = 9.3 in.; fc = specified compressive strength of concrete = 5000 psi; fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement; n.a. =
not applicable; s = center-to-center spacing of shear reinforcement = 8 in.; Vn = nominal shear strength. 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip = 4.45kN;
1 ksi = 6.895 MPa.
Overall, the authors concluded from the erection trial that • punching shear
the match-cast units could be erected efficiently and that
the threaded connectors would align and could be tight- • shear and flexure using a concrete capacity of 2 f c' ,
ened. The column was stable and safe. However, a method where f c' is the compressive strength of concrete
of tightening the connection was needed for effective mo-
ment transfer, especially for multistory erection. • shear and flexure using 2 f c' plus no. 4 (13M) stir-
rups at 8 in. (200 mm) on center
Column-capital strength
and performance • shear and flexure using a variable Vc for nominal shear
strength provided by the concrete according to the
The largest ultimate load applied to the column-capital unit ACI 318-05 Eq. (11-5) plus no. 4 (13M) stirrups
was 80 kip (360 kN) for the Avon project. A shear load
of 100 kip (450 kN) at the loading points was tested to • flexural capacity
validate the design methodology and details. This allowed
validation for future projects with longer spans or higher Table 1 lists the equations, nominal-strength predictions,
loads. and results. Assuming that the higher shear capacity of
option 4 was used, the predicted nominal capacity of the
The objectives of the column-capital test were to experi- column capital was 118 kip (525 kN), and the failure mode
mentally confirm the strength of the capital, verify that was predicted to be flexure.
flexure—not shear behavior—limits performance, confirm
which shear equation from the American Concrete Insti- A beam slab is not always placed symmetrical on the
Figure 8. The basket truck is used to observe the cracking on the column capital.
40
3000
35
2500 30
2000 25
1500 20
15
1000
10
500 5
0 0
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60
Deflection, in.
Figure 9. The load-deflection curve for east capital shows the stiffness of the slab connection. Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm; 1 kip = 4.45 kN.
column capital. Therefore, one objective of the test was to (130 kN). The initial cracks were less than 0.002 in.
apply an eccentric load to the column-capital assembly. An (0.05 mm) wide. The crack width remained less than
initial 25 kip (110 kN) load was applied on the west side 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) throughout the service-level-load range
of the specimen, simulating the eccentrically loaded slabs. (Fig. 9).
The load was locked off, and the hydraulic cylinders were
attached to pressure gauges. The west bars became pas- First yielding of the reinforcement was noticed at about
sive restraints as the full moment load was applied to the 95 kip (420 kN). The crack pattern indicated the initial
east side of the specimen (Fig. 8). The passive, preloaded formation of secondary compression failure at about
hydraulic cylinders also served as load cells during testing. 100 kip (450 kN) (Fig. 10). At this point the dial gauges
Cylinders and pressure gauges were calibrated before and were removed. The specimen failed at about 115 kip
after the testing. (509 kN) or 2657 kip-in. (298 kN-m) of moment, which
was within 3% of the predicted flexural strength. There
Dial gauges were mounted on the threaded bars to measure was no indication of shear failure in the specimen.
deflection. The deflection readings were corrected for axial
lengthening of the bars during loading. An unloaded, longi- At failure of the east capital, the west-capital load was carrying
tudinal threaded bar was placed through the column top and 75 kip (330 kN), corresponding to a moment of 1548 kip-in.
the test frame for safety in the event that the column suddenly (173 kN-m). An unbalanced moment of 1109 kip-in.
failed. It remained unloaded for the duration of the test. (124 kN-m) was carried by the column, which was about
40% of the theoretical moment capacity of the column.
First cracking of the capital was noticed at a load of 28.9 kip Thus, even with the large coupler tolerance, the joint was
(129 kN) versus the predicted cracking load of 29.2 kip functionally capable of carrying the applied moment.
Figure 10. The photo illustrates the crack pattern on the column capital near the nominal capacity.
2.00
Top displacement, in.
1.00
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
Number of cycles
Figure 11. This cyclic sequence was used to develop the column lateral loading. Note: 1 in. = 2.54 mm.
West East
4000
Base moment, kip-in.
3000
2000
1000
0
-3.00 -2.00 -1.00 -10000.00 1.00 2.00 3.00
-2000
-3000
Top displacement, in.
Figure 12. This is an illustration of the cyclic load-deflection history of the column connection. Note: 1 in. = 2.54 mm; 1 kip = 4.45 kN.
Figure 14. A ½ in. lateral slip in the column-to-column joint occurred at a top deflection of 1.75 in. Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.
An assessment of the cracks in the column showed a stiffness for erection. Shear restraint was included to limit
uniformly distributed crack pattern above and below the the lateral movement in the joint.
connection on the west face of the column (Fig. 13). Even
with the loose connectors, the moment connection was Final construction details
fully developed on both sides of the joint.
The beam slab, rib slab, hanger, and column capital were
Damage was also visible around the connection blockouts. implemented as tested. The column connection was modi-
The damage was caused by lateral strain in the connectors fied by partially developing four no. 11 (36M) mild-steel
and the stress concentration due to connectors bearing on reinforcing bars and using bolted connections located at
the steel plates at the bottom of the blockout. middepth of the column face (Fig. 15). The connection
was designed to provide sufficient stiffness and strength
Once the top deflection reached 1.75 in. (44 mm), a lateral for unbalanced erection and construction loads without
slip was observed. The slip varied from about 1/4 in. the need for bracing on interior columns. In addition to
(6 mm) at a top deflection of 1.75 in. (44 mm) to nearly adequate moment capacity, the revised detail provided a
7
/8 in. (22 mm) at 3 in. (150 mm) of top displacement. superior concrete detail at the column corner. The change
Figure 14 shows the lateral slip at the third cycle at a top in column details did not affect the column capital
deflection of 1.75 in. (44 mm). The production design performance.
incorporates an internal shear key to control the lateral slip.
Acknowledgment
Column test conclusions
and recommendations This research was sponsored by Rocky Mountain Pre-
stress. A patent application has been submitted for the
The column test successfully demonstrated that the nomi- building system described in this paper.
nal capacity of the section could be developed and that the
connection successfully transferred the moment to the stub
section below. The tolerance of the connection required
resolution prior to construction to provide sufficient lateral
Notation