BARBARA HELWING, TEVEKKÜL ALIYEV, BERTILLE LYONNET, FARHAD GULIYEV,

SVEND HANSEN AND GURAM MIRTSKHULAVA (ed.)

THE KURA PROJECTS

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 ARCHÄOLOGIE IN IRAN UND TURAN

BAND 16

DEUTSCHES ARCHÄOLOGISCHES INSTITUT

EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG

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 Eurasien-Abteilung
des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts

The Kura Projects

New Research on the Later Prehistory of the Southern Caucasus

EDITED BY BARBARA HELWING, TEVEKKÜL ALIYEV, BERTILLE LYONNET, FARHAD GULIYEV,

SVEND HANSEN AND GURAM MIRTSKHULAVA

WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY JONI ABULADZE, GOLNAZ AHADI, TEVEKKÜL ALIYEV, LAURENCE ASTRUC, KATRIN BASTERT-LAMPRICHS,
EMMANUEL BAUDOUIN, FLORIAN BECKER, NORBERT BENECKE, LAURENCE BOUQUET, GAËLLE BRULEY-CHABOT,
MARIA BIANCA D’ANNA, ALEXIA DECAIX, EMELINE DEGORRE, JÖRG FASSBINDER, MICHEL FONTUGNE, IVAN GATSOV,
DENIS GUILBEAU, FARHAD GULIYEV, SVEND HANSEN, ILIA HEIT, BARBARA HELWING, XAVIER HUSSON, VLADIMIR IOSELIANI,
ELSA JOVENET, SONJA KROLL, BERND KROMER, GAËLLE LE DOSSEUR, BERTILLE LYONNET, GURAM MIRTSKHULAVA,
PETRANKA NEDELCHEVA, REINDER NEEF, DANIEL NEUMANN, LAURE PECQUEUR, MODWENE POULMARC’H, PASCAL RAYMOND,
ANDREA RICCI, ANAÏCK SAMZUN, DANIEL STEINIGER, BUCHRA TAHA, MARGARETA TENGBERG, MICHAEL ULLRICH,
JOACHIM WAHL, DIMITRI ZHVANIA

DIETRICH REIMER VERLAG, BERLIN

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VIII, 452 Seiten mit 540 Abbildungen

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Umschlagmotiv: Blick auf den Kleinen Kaukasus (Photo S. Hansen)

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© 2017 by Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Eurasien-Abteilung

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 Table of Contents
Vorwort des Herausgebers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII
PART I
Introduction to the Kura Projects
Barbara Helwing, Tevekkül Aliyev, Bertille Lyonnet, Farhad Guliyev, Svend Hansen and
Guram Mirtskhulava. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

PART II
Excavations in the Mil Plain Sites, 2012–2014
Barbara Helwing and Tevekkül Aliyev . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
The 2013 Sounding at Site MPS 103: Preliminary Report.
Some New Insights into the Neolithic ‘Unpainted Ceramic Horizon’ of the Mil Plain
Maria Bianca D’Anna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Excavations at Site MPS 124
Golnaz Ahadi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Die eisenzeitlichen Gräber auf dem Kamiltepe
Sonja Kroll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Die neolithische Muschelperlenwerkstatt aus Fundstelle MPS 4. Archäologische
und technologische Untersuchungen
Ilia Heit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

PART III
Mentesh Tepe (Azerbaijan), a Preliminary Report on the 2012–2014 Excavations
Bertille Lyonnet and Farhad Guliyev, in collaboration with Emmanuel Baudouin,
Laurence Bouquet, Gaëlle Bruley-Chabot, Anaïck Samzun, Michel Fontugne,
Emeline Degorre, Xavier Husson and Pascal Raymond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Mentesh Tepe 2012–2014. The Pottery
Bertille Lyonnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Remarques préliminaires sur les techniques architecturales du Néolithique et du
Chalcolithique à Mentesh Tepe (Azerbaijan)
Emmanuel Baudouin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
La sépulture 342 de Mentesh Tepe (Azerbaijan): un exemple de chaîne opératoire
funéraire complexe au Néolithique. Etude préliminaire
Laure Pecqueur and Elsa Jovenet, avec la collaboration d’Isabelle Abadie et
Camille Ringenbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Un kourgane de la phase Martkopi à Mentesh Tepe (Période des Premiers Kourganes,
Bronze ancien)
Laure Pecqueur, Alexia Decaix and Bertille Lyonnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Mentesh Tepe, Concluding Remarks
Bertille Lyonnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193

PART IV
Excavations in Aruchlo 2005–2014
Svend Hansen and Guram Mirtskhulava. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Report on the 2012–2014 Excavation Campaign in Aruchlo
Svend Hansen and Michael Ullrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Ditches at Aruchlo and other Shomu-Shulaveri Sites
Vladimir Ioseliani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Das neolithische Aruchlo: Die Keramik der Kampagnen 2012–2014
Katrin Bastert-Lamprichs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Latest Results on the Obsidian Assemblages from the Neolithic Period of Aruchlo I, Georgia
Ivan Gatsov and Petranka Nedelcheva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

V
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Table of Contents

Small Finds
Svend Hansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
A Typological and Statistical Setting of Grinders
Joni Abuladze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Awls from Aruchlo I
Dimitri Zhvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Phallomorphic Antler Tools
Svend Hansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Figurines
Svend Hansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Schmuckfunde aus den Jahren 2005–2014
Daniel Neumann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
p-XRF on Copper Finds from Aruchlo
Daniel Steiniger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Architecture Debris from the Burnt Layers
Vladimir Ioseliani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
The Earliest Cremation in the Caucasus
Svend Hansen and Joachim Wahl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
The Iron Age Settlement
Svend Hansen, Katrin Bastert-Lamprichs and Michael Ullrich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Stratigraphy and Radiocarbon Dating
Svend Hansen, Katrin Bastert-Lamprichs, Bernd Kromer and Michael Ullrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
Conclusions and Perspectives
Svend Hansen, Katrin Bastert-Lamprichs and Michael Ullrich. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

PART V
Archaeological Landscape Studies within the “Kura in Motion” Project:
The 2012–2014 Field Activities
Andrea Ricci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Integrated Geophysical Prospecting in the Mil Plain, Lower Karabakh, Azerbaijan
Jörg W. E. Fassbinder and Florian Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Magnetometer Prospecting on a Neolithic Settlement Aruchlo, Kvemo – Kartli
(Lower – Kartli), Georgia
Jörg W. E. Fassbinder and Florian Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Contribution of FTIR to the Characterization of the Raw Material for “Flint” Chipped Stone
and for Beads from Mentesh Tepe and Kamiltepe (Azerbaijan). Preliminary Results
Sonia Ostaptchouk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Exploitation of Animal Resources in Neolithic Settlements of the Kura Region (South Caucasia)
Norbert Benecke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Agricultural Practices and Paleoenvironment of the Southern Caucasus during the Neolithic.
A Transect along the Kura River
Reinder Neef, Alexia Decaix and Margarete Tengberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
New Data on Neolithic and Chalcolithic Single Burials from the Mil Plain Sites
and from Mentesh Tepe in the Southern Caucasus: an Archaeo-Anthropological Approach
Modwene Poulmarc’h, Laure Pecqueur, Bertille Lyonnet and Barbara Helwing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Chipped Stone Industries from the Mil Plain (Kamiltepe) and the Middle Kura Valley
(Mentesh Tepe), Azerbaijan
Denis Guilbeau, Laurence Astruc and Anaïck Samzun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Bone Tools as Records of Regional Differences during the Neolithic. A Preliminary
Comparative Study between the Bone Industries at Mentesh Tepe and Kamiltepe Sites
Buchra Taha and Gaëlle Le Dosseur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

VI
 Phallomorphic Antler Tools
by Svend Hansen

The great variety of antler axes in settlements
of the Shulaveri-Shomutepe culture was recog-
nized at the beginning of our research. Never-
theless, some pieces have remained enig-
matic in the publications. In particular, some
axes from Aruchlo and Khramis Didi Gora
show globular swellings. During the excava-
tion it became clear what they were.1
In 2012 an antler tool was found. It clearly dis-
plays the shape of a penis with testicles
(Fig. 1). In the light of this find we identified
another one from the old excavations (Fig. 2).
In 2014 a third phallomorphic antler tool came
to light in the refilled material in trench ZB
(Fig. 3).
phallomorphic design. Therefore, it seems ap-
propriate to describe them as antler phalluses.
They could have been displayed shafted onto a
handle, but it is probable that they were kept
in a leather cloth and/or touched frequently.
The knobs, interpreted here as body piercings,
and the penis rings can be of course inter-
preted as ornaments, but they should also be
considered as part of sexual practices which
are known today as well.
Body piercing is not often in the focus of re-
search because of the almost complete lack of

The three antler tools differ in shape and with

respect to several other details. The piece
from the old excavation has a broken cutting
edge and is the most axe-like object of all.
The most detailed representation of the penis
is the piece AR12C105-3263 (Fig. 1) with re-
spect to its curved shape and the depiction of
skin folds at the lower part. It has no working
traces on the cut end. Three knobs on the
upper part and two small knobs at the sides
can be interpreted as body piercings of bone
or even copper. Both pieces are highly po-
lished and have a shiny surface. One could
doubt that they were really used as working
tools. The largest piece, which unfortunately is
broken, shows the testicles and a nearby ring.
A very similar example was published from
the old excavations, but it has two segmented
rings at the testicles and at the shaft hole.2
The material of these rings cannot be deter-
mined. Leather, textiles or metal should be ta-
ken into consideration.

The obvious form of these antler “tools” has

never been a subject of research and also has
never been mentioned in the Georgian reports
on the old excavation.3 Even a phallomorphic
antler hammer from Göy Tepe is only described
as “with a smooth surface, wavy grooves in the
middle, and notches on both sides”.4 The an-
tler phalluses definitely differ from the large
group of antler picks, which do not show any

1
Aruchlo: Kiguradze 1986, 67 Fig. 57,9; Khramis Didi Gora:
Kiguradze 1986, 85; 87–88 Fig. 76,2; 78,3.4; 80,4.
2
Chelidze/Gogelia 2004, 87 Pl. 23,7.
3
Information V. Ioseliani. Fig. 1 Aruchlo. Antler phal-
4
Guliyev/Nishiaki 2012, 76 Fig. 9 (B. Helwing called my at- lus, AR12C105-3263
tention to this piece). (Photo S. Hansen)

269
Kura in Motion – Part IV
Fig. 2 Aruchlo. Antler phal-
lus (old excavation) (Photo
S. Hansen)
positive evidence.5 One exception is the Cop-
per Age in the second half of the 5th millen-
nium BCE in the west Pontic region, where a
number of figurines have been found that
have many small holes below the bottom lip.
In the so-called mask grave in Varna small
golden pins were found on a large clay head.
Ever since that find it has been acknowledged
that at least some members of the upper class
Fig. 3 Aruchlo. Antler phal-
lus (Photo S. Hansen)
5 11
In Sialk the burial of a child with traces of a copper pier-
cing near the jawbone was discovered (pers. communica-
tion with B. Helwing).
270
had golden body piercings. A number of bone
figurines of females have small holes at the
knees and around the pubic triangle as well.
One of the oldest human depictions in metal
(perhaps the oldest) from Ruse (Bulgaria)
shows probable piercings along the pubic tri-
angle (Fig. 4).6 Body modification and cranial
deformation must have played a significant
role in Neolithic societies.
Comparable antler objects in the shape of pe-
nises are unknown in the Neolithic, to my
knowledge from my previous work on Neolithic
figurines. Phallus representations are not un-
known, however, in the Near Eastern and Bal-
kan Neolithic, and in general are made of clay
or stone.7 Phallus representations made from
large metapodia are only known in the south-
east European Copper Age. In the cemetery of
Varna they can be connected with individuals
with grave goods that are above average in
quality. Therefore, they have been interpreted
as symbols of power.8
Phalluses made of bone which can further-
more be shafted are completely unknown so
far. Thus, the phallomorphic antler tools can
be considered as a specific cultural contribu-
tion of Shulaveri-Shomutepe culture.
The importance of male representation in Aru-
chlo is also underlined by pottery shards with
anthropomorphic images. Several of these
from the old excavation and from the current
investigations are explicitly male.9 The anthro-
pomorphic depictions on pottery seem quite
numerous in Aruchlo as compared to other
settlements.10 However, this shares a certain
context with similar male depictions in the Le-
vant, Anatolia and Southeast Europe, where
the majority belong to the 6th millennium.11
In general phallic representations have been
known to have existed since the Palaeolithic
period. Besides the renowned female figur-
ines, a large group of phallic or ambiguous fig-
urines (with male and female elements) can
be described.12 Phallic representations are
well known in the Epipaleolithic in the Near
East,13 too, and are also among the earliest
Neolithic representations. The famous statue
6
The original gold sheet is apparently lost. The picture
shows a copy in the Ruse Museum. My thanks to Tilmann
Vachta for the photograph and the graphics.
7
Hansen 2007 Pl. 380,7; 408.
8
Hansen 2013, 546–553 Figs. 10–15.
9
see Bastert-Lamprichs, in this volume “Keramik”,
Fig. 7,3.4.
10
Kiguradze 1986.
Garfinkel 1998, 156–159; 212–231 Fig. 8,28–30.
12
Hansen 2007, 26ff. Figs. 16–17.
13
Hansen 2007, 53 Fig. 21.
 Aruchlo I: Phallomorphic Antler Tools

from Urfa (Fig. 5) is one of the most prominent

examples of the representation of maleness.
The triangle and the hands underline the geni-
tals.14 The late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B figur-
ines from Mezraa-Teleilat offer more than 90
phallic depictions.15 Recently a realistic penis
of stone from Çatal Höyük was published.16
The list could be expand even more; most of
these representations have been discussed
earlier.17 In view not only of the new discov-
eries of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic in Anatolia,
but also of the clay figurines of the Pottery
Neolithic in Anatolia and south-east Europe, it
has become clear that male and non-sexed re- Fig. 4 Small female figur-
presentations were systematically underesti- ine from gold sheet. Mueum
mated in favour of female representations. B. Ruse (Photo T. Vachta)
Hayden already criticised this “method” when
he wrote: “In her treatment of goddess repre-
sentations in Old European archaeological re- Hans-Peter Duerr has shown.21 It is not easy
mains, it sometimes seems as though Gimbu- to evaluate if and how penis depictions predo-
tas interprets everything that is not clearly minated in Shulaveri communities. I am sure
phallic, and even some things that are clearly that much of the relevant archaeological mate-
phallic, as symbols of the Great Goddess or rial has not been published yet, but should be
her variants.”18 issued in the near future.

The Neolithic never was a peaceful and “gy-

naikocentric” society as suggested by Marija
Gimbutas.19 The numerous female figurines
should not be interpreted as testimonies to a
cult of the Great Mother. Likewise, one should
not take the antler phalli in Aruchlo and to a
large extent the absence of female figurines to
identify Shulaveri-Shomutepe culture as so-
ciety characterized by pure machismo. There-
fore, I have doubts as to whether we should
speak of “phallocentrism”, as I. Hodder and L.
Meskell have suggested recently: “While we
do not seek to replace one metanarrative with
another, we do suggest that the phallocentric
elements of representational schemas, monu-
mental statues, and material culture have pre-
viously been downplayed, particularly in the
Turkish Neolithic. By ‘phallocentrism’ we refer
to the privileging of maleness as a prime cul-
tural signifier and the centrality of masculinity
(both human and animal) as a source of
power and authority within the material and
symbolic repertoire of the Turkish Neolithic.”20
Even the number of genital depictions must
not necessarily correlate with the gender rela-
tions. But it is true that demonstrative phallus
representation mostly must be understood as
an aggressive act of male dominance, as

14
Hansen 2007, 67 Fig. 26.
15
Özdoğan 2003; Hansen 2014.
16
Hodder/Meskell 2011, 239 Fig. 3.
17
Hansen 2007 passim and 341–344. Fig. 5 Urfa. Stone statue
18
Hayden 1986, 18. (after Hauptmann 2003)
19
Gimbutas 1989; concerning these interpretations Han-
sen 2007, 322-330.
20 21
Hodder/Meskell 2011, 238. Duerr 1993, 148ff.

271
 Kura in Motion
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Von Majkop bis Trialeti: Gewinnung und Verbreitung
von Metallen und Obsidian in Kaukasien im 4.–2. Jt.
v. Chr. Beiträge des Internationalen Symposiums in Ber-
lin vom 1.–3. Juni 2006. Beiträge zur Vor- und Früh-
geschichte 13 (Bonn 2010) 167–178.
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