Experiment 1

Measurements

Kenneth a. Enriquez
Chn111- ndb

II. Objective
1. To gain skills in making accurate measurements of lenght, mass, and volume.
 2. To become familiar with methods for determining the density of solids and liquids.
3. To be able to calculate the percent error in measurements.

III. Theoretical Framework

Measurement is the process or the result of determining the magnitude of a quantity,
such as length or mass, relative to a unit of measurement, such as a meter or a kilogram.
It is also the the process observing and recording the observations that are collected as
part of a research effort. There are two major issues that will be considered here.
The word measurements came from latin mēnsūra, and the verb metiri.
Imperial units or the imperial system is a system of units, first defined in the
British Weights and Measures Act of 1824, later refined (until 1959) and reduced. The system
came into official use across the British Empire. By the late 20th century most nations of the
former empire had officially adopted the metric system as their main system of measurement.
The Metric System is a decimal systems of measurement based on its units for length,
the metre and for mass, the kilogram. It exists in several variations, with different choices
of base units, though these do not affect its day-to-day use. Since the 1960s, the International
System of Units (SI) is the internationally recognized metric system. Metric units of mass,
length, and electricity are widely used around the world for both everyday and scientific
purposes.
 International System of Units is the modern form of the metric system and is generally
a system of units of measurement devised around seven base units and the convenience of the
number ten.
It abbreviated SI from the French Le Système International d'Unités.
The SI units for the four basic physical quantities: length, time, mass, and temperature are:

 metre (m)  :SI unit of length

 second (s)  :SI unit of time
 kilogram (kg) :SI unit of mass
 kelvin (K)  :SI unit of temperature

There are two types of SI units, base units and derived units. Base units are the simple
measurements for time, length, mass, temperature, amount of substance, electric current and
light intensity. Derived units are constructed from the base units, for example, the watt, i.e. the
unit for power, is defined from the base units as m2·kg·s−3. Other physical properties may be
measured in compound units, such as material density, measured in kg/m 3.
Density is the mass of a substance or object per unit volume 

Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:

where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. From this equation, mass
density must have units of a unit of mass per unit of volume. As there are many units of
mass and volume covering many different magnitudes there are a large number of units
for mass density in use.

The SI unit of kilogram per cubic metre (kg/m³) and the cgs unit of gram per cubic

centimetre (g/cm³) are probably the most common used units for density.
The Density came from the greek word Eureka means “I have found.”
The Mass of an object is the quantity of matter that it contains. The mass is determined
by comparing it with a known mass through the use of a chemical balance.
The Volume of an object is the space that it occupies, often quantified numerically
using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre (cm3).

IV. Materials
Metal block, Metric Ruler, Small Pebble, 10.0% (m/v) table sugar solution

V. Procedures/Methods

Part I. Weighing

Check if the Place all the Place a metal Move the large
pans are clean rider weights to block on the left rider on lower
and dry. zerol. pan. beam to the right.

Return all rider weights
to zero and remove the
metal block from pan.
Part II. Density of a Solid Regular Shape
Add the readings Gently slide the small rider on
the upper beam to the right until
indicated into
the scale is brought into balance.
two beams.
 With a metric ruler, Calculate the density
Calculate the
measure the three of the metal block,
volume of the
dimensionss of the metal using the mass data
metal block.
block used in Part I. from Part I.

Part III. Density of a Solid with an Irregular Shape

Weigh a clean, dry Place about two Weigh the beaker

50- mL beaker and spatulaful of small and its contents and
record its mass. pebbles to the record the mass.
beaker.

Calculate the Calculate the Tilt the graduated cylinder Half- fill a 50-mL
density of the volume of the and gently slide the small graduated cylinder
small pebbles. small pebbles. pebbles in so as to prevent with water.
loss of water by splashing.

Part IV. Density of a Table Sugar Solution

Weigh a clean, dry, Fill the cylinder up Wipe off any spilled liquid from
empty 25-mL to 10-mL mark with the side of the cylinder. Weigh
graduated cylinder. 10.0% (m/v) table the cylinder and its contents and
Record its mass. sugar solution. record the mass.

Calculate the density of Calculate and

10.0% (m/v) table sugar record the mass of
solution. the table sugar
solution.

VI. Results
  Mass of the metal block = 4.5 g

 The three dimensions of the metal block :

 Length = 1.3 cm Width = 1.3 cm Thickness = 1.3 cm

 Volume of the metal block = 2.197 cm3

 Density of the metal block = 2.1 g/cm3

 Mass of the beaker = 28.0 g

 Mass of beaker and small pebbles = 31.5 g

 Mass of small pebbles = 3.5 g

 Volume of water = 25 mL

 Volume of water and small pebbles = 27 mL

 Volume of small pebbles = 2 mL

 Density of small pebbles = 0.14 g/mL

 Mass of empty graduated cylinder = 45.8 g

 Mass of cylinder and 10 mL of 10.0% (m/v) table sugar solution = 57 g

 Mass of 10 mL of 10.0% (m/v) table sugar solution = 11.2 g

 Density of 10.0% (m/v) table sugar solution = 1.12 mL

VII. Computation
 V =Lxwxh
=1.3 cm x 1.3 cm x 1.3 cm
=2.197 cm3 (volume of metal block)

Density of metal block :

= 4.5 g
2.197 cm3
= 2.04824761 g/cm3
=2.1 g/cm3

Density of small pebbles :

=3.5 g
25 mL
=0.14 g/mL

VIII. Discussion

1. Why chemicals are never placed directly on the balance pans ?

 Chemicals are never placed directly on the balance pans, because chemicals are
liquid it has no definite shape and take the shape of its container, thats why we
use beaker and graduated cylinder to take its shape and not able to flow.
2. Why must objects be weighed at room temperature ?

 Objects must be weighed at room temperature, because A warm or hot object

will create a convection current in the air around the balance pan. This
fluctuating force reduces the air pressure on the balance pan and can make it
difficult to obtain a stable reading.
3. What should be the effect on the density of a solid whose volume was determined by water
displacement if :
 a. Air bubbles were present in the water ?
 If air bubbles were present in the water, it give an additional volume to water
and the density of the object will be wrong.

b. The solid was not completely immersed?

 If the solid was not completely immersed, the object would not be affected but
the calculation would be affected in that the answer would be greatter then
actuality.
4. Find out from your instructor the accepted value for the density of the metal block.
Calculate the percent error of your experimental result as

Percent error = I accepted value – experimental value I x 100%

Accepted value

IX. Conclusion

I conclude that formulas are so important. It help us to know the measure of an object.
The accurate and exact measure is so important to get the other exact measure of an object.
Following strictly the direction is important to help us to do the step by step procedure and to
be correct the results of our experiments.

X. References

“Measurement”, wikipedia.org.,nov.28, 2010

“Density”,wikepedia.org.,nov.28, 2010