Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Notes: (i) It is expected that all matrix operations required for the solutions in parts 1(a) and 1(b)
will be performed manually.
You must clearly show all steps required for the solution.
60 kN C
3m
120 kN B
3I
2I
3m
4.5 m 8 metres
FIGURE 1
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2I
I I 8m
I
E
A D
24 metres 13.856 m
FIGURE 2
QUESTION 4 (Total 10 Marks)
4(a) Clearly explain why the action transformation matrix generally has less zero
terms than the displacement transformation matrix. What influence does this
have on the computer solution of large structural problems? ( 4 Marks)
4(b) Commercially available structural analysis software packages such as
MicroStran, Spacegass or Multiframe have options for restraining joints and
also releasing ends of members. Use the structures shown in Figure 4 to
briefly explain why both options are required and show how you would model
these structures. ( 6 Marks)
FIGURE 4
80 kN
B
C
2I
I 6m
12 kN / m
I
D
2m
A
12 metres
FIGURE 5
QUESTION 6 (Total 20 Marks)
6(a) Write brief notes summarising the key issues raised by worksheets #2 and #3
issued during the semester. Include some details of your findings as a result of
tackling these problems on one or more of the commercially available structural
analysis software packages such as MicroStran, Spacegass or Multiframe. (10
Marks)
6(b) Critically comment on the following quotation
" . . . the increasing use of computers has to a great extent killed this
understanding (of structural behaviour) which is essential for the art of structural
design" Ove Arup Your answer may be in note form (10 Marks)
Y 1.8 metres
C, D, E F
X
1.8 metres
A PLAN VIEW
C 2.6 metres
Z
10 kN
X
4 metres E
A, B D
ELEVATION
FIGURE 6C
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QUESTION 4 (Total 6 Marks)
An octagonal gazebo structure is to be constructed with a steel frame of RHS sections
consisting of vertical columns and radial and tangential members in the pitched roof.
Clearly explain how the strong axis orientation of these members would be established
with commercially available structural analysis software packages such as MicroStran,
Spacegass or Multiframe.
4m
C
A
y
F
3m x
3m
D z
3m 80 kN Q = (20 i - 40 j) kN
where i and j are unit vectors
B
Area of CD = 2A
Area of AD & BD = A
FIGURE 6
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__
1(a) State the size of the displacement transformation matrix, A, and the
unassembled member stiffness matrix, k. [ 2 Marks]
1(b) State the size of the global structural stiffness matrix, K, prior to the application
of boundary conditions. [ 1 Mark ]
1(c) Calculate the terms of the stiffness matrix that relate the actions at joint 3 and
the displacements at joint 6. [ 6 Marks]
1(d) State the boundary conditions that would be applied and show how they would
alter the global stiffness matrix, K. What is the final size of the global stiffness
matrix? [ 3 Marks]
P EA is constant
1 A 2 F 3 K 4
G
B E H L 3
J
I M
C 6 7 6
N
D
5 8
6 3 6
FIGURE 1
4(a) Explain how this problem should be analysed using a typical computer
package for structural analysis of frames (such as Spacegass or Multiframe).
Using sketches to assist where apropriate, give all relevant details of the
analysis
• model geometry
• node locations
• supports / restraints
• member type and properties
• loads
Identify any missing information that would be needed for this analysis.( 15 marks)
4(b) Use appropriate techniques to estimate the axle loads for the rear
trailer.( 5 marks)
22.8 metres
Prime Mover
9 tonne mass
40 tonne load
900
A
B C D E F G H I
1200
1400
400
800
600
1200
1200
600
600
1200
2000
3000
200
FIGURE 4
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END OF QUESTIONS