Concer ning Licensure

Submitted to:



Members of the State Boards of Architecture

American Institute of Architects

National Architecture Accrediting Board
Matthew Arnold Architect

Vienna, Virginia

Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture


National Council of Architectural Registration Boards
March 2011

Practicing Architects in the United States mda1618@gmail.com
 Architecture: Concerning Licensure

by Matthew Arnold

licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License.





The author received a B.Arch from Cooper Union in 1982; was licensed as an Architect in New Jersey
9245 (1985) and Virginia 7282 (1989); has served as the representative of the Virginia Society AIA on the
Virginia State Building Code Technical Review Board since 2003; and practices architecture in Virginia.

contact: mda1618@gmail.com
How long is Architectural Internship taking?



Concerning Licensure





In the United States, the regulation of architectural licensure is administered by 54
jurisdictions: each state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam and the US Virgin
Islands. Although each jurisdiction has a unique constellation of requirements for the
qualifications for practice, the model process1 requires a degree in Architecture from
an NAAB-accredited program (a B.Arch or an M.Arch), an internship (IDP) of about
three years (5,600 hours supervised by a licensed architect) and the demonstration of
minimum competence on the Architectural Registration Examination (ARE), currently
consisting of seven divisional tests administered over 33.5 hours. All seven divisions
must be passed within five calendar years. Many jurisdictions have procedures for
qualifying those with non-accredited or foreign degrees, foreign experience, or work
experience in lieu of a formal education.



In the 1990s the profession commissioned what would become the Boyer Report,2

a call to comprehensive reform in the way architecture is taught and practiced in
America. The Boyer Report called for a unified profession3 where the realms of
practice and education were closely integrated. Can we identify any trends as a result
of the changes made in the time since Boyer?

1. Registration Board Licensing Requirements

http://www.ncarb.org/en/Getting-an-Initial-License/Registration-Board-Requirements.aspx

refer to NCARB Position.



2. Building Community: A New Future for Architecture Education and Practice, 1996.
http://academics.triton.edu/faculty/fheitzman/boyer.html



3. According to the 2009 Report on Accreditation prepared by the NAAB, only one of three faculty of all
accredited programs are licensed in any jurisdiction.
http://naab.org/documents/streamfile.aspx?name=2009+Report+on+Accreditation.pdf&path=Public+Docu
ments%5cAccreditation%5cNAAB+Report+on+Accreditation%5c

in 2008 the NAAB reported this figure at over 40%.
http://naab.org/documents/streamfile.aspx?name=2008+NAAB+Report+FINAL.pdf&path=Public+Docume
nts%5cAccreditation%5cNAAB+Report+on+Accreditation%5c.

The ratio of practitioners among these licensees is unclear in the reporting.

Concerning Licensure
page 1
NEBRASKA



For Nebraska residents who obtained their license as architects in 2009, the average
time from graduation to licensure was 10.89 years. Although Nebraska's population of
architects is far smaller than New York's, the trend is identical. The average time to
Certainly qualitative questions regarding the education, training, and licensure of
architects provide a rich source of topics for discussion; however, this report is
focused on the quantitative questions: How many are enrolling in the process? How
long does IDP take? How long does the ARE take? How do the graduates of different
programs compare to each other and to those with other qualifications, in terms of
time to licensure and attrition? How do graduates of public and private institutions
compare in this regard? What effect on overall pass rates and testing-duration can be
attributed to the change to the rules allowing candidates to schedule their divisional
exams at-will? How many abandon the process?



The AIA and NCARB jointly publish a report every other year or so4 detailing the
results of a survey of internship. The most recent report attempted to survey 54,000
interns, eliciting 10,500 responses. The questions pursue attitudes and expectations and
the responses convey the impression that architectural internship is commonly
completed relatively rapidly. “Three to four years is the most commonly reported time
frame” according to the 2010 Report (other recent reports contain similar language,
sometimes couched as being the expectations of the respondents).



Eighty percent of those responding to the survey in 2010 stated they were able to
complete their internship in six years or less. If these respondents are an accurate
sample, then 43,000 of the 54,000 (80%) will complete their internship in six years or
less. Over the long term we would expect 1/6 of these to complete their internship
annually - 7,200 or so. But we issue less than half of this number of licenses (about
3,000 a year) to new architects. This points to an error of a factor of two or three in
the self-reported data, a discrepancy that calls for an examination of IDP and the ARE
using less subjective methods.



Surveys that use self-selected samples can point to conclusions that are not supported
by the facts, an expectation bias that can be avoided if, instead, quantitative data in the
relevant records are examined. In the case of the Internship and Career survey,
statistical claims that “three to four years is the most commonly reported time frame
from graduation to licensure” do not withstand scrutiny when compared to the official
public records.

4. AIA/NCARB Internship and Career Study 2010:

http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/aia/documents/pdf/aiab082837.pdf

Surveys for 2007, 2005, 2003 are available at
http://aiawebdev2.aia.org/ep2_template.cfm?pagename=nac_surveypast

(links on the AIA pages may expire).

Concerning Licensure
page 2
OREGON



For residents of Oregon licensed in 2009, the period of time from graduation to
licensure averaged 9.9 years for B.Arch holders and 7.47 years for those who held an
M.Arch (9.27 years regardless of degree-type).

What information is available?



Data reported by the schools in 20065 (published by the NAAB) provide a snapshot of
the circumstances in the education system. Charts of this data are provided in
Appendix I (Request for Information) and Appendix VII (Wing Diagrams). The IDP
Advisory Committee, AIA, and NCARB offered no response to that request.



Data reported by NCARB on an annual basis6 is charted in Appendix V (ARE Divisional
Pass Rates), Appendix VI (Licensed Architects (US)), and Appendix VII (Map of
NAAB-degree Requirements).



Tom Spector of Oklahoma State University has researched the aging of the population
of licensed architects, graphed in Appendix VII (Age of Licensed Architects).



Responses to an inquiry sent to each accredited program of architecture is attached in
Appendix II. No school was able to furnish non-anecdotal data concerning the career
outcomes of their graduates, although some did express interest in the subject.



Responses to an inquiry sent to each of the 54 licensing jurisdictions is attached in
Appendix III. New York, Nebraska, and Oregon were able to provide meaningful
information; the others were unable to assist or referred the request to NCARB.



The data from the three states that provided data on their licensees is included in
Appendix IV, where it is also charted. The architects in these three states include
11,374 of the 105,312 currently-licensed architects in the US, representing 10.8% of all
architects licensed. The states are geographically and economically diverse, and
although this report is not concerned with statistical extrapolation, reliable conclusions
can be drawn from the information. Selected charts from the state reports are shown
in the following pages.

5. NAAB 2006 Statistics Report

http://naab.org/documents/streamfile.aspx?name=2006_Stat_Report.xls&path=Public+Documents%5cAccr
editation%5cNAAB+Report+on+Accreditation%5c (copy attached in archive attached).



6. NCARB's 2010 Survey of Licensed Architects
http://www.ncarb.org/News-and-Events/News/2010/2010-Architect-Survey.aspx

ARE Pass Rates by School

http://www.ncarb.org/ARE/ARE-Pass-Rates/Pass-Rates-by-School.aspx

(spreadsheet of compiled data in archive attached).

Concerning Licensure
page 3
Where can we get better data?



VERITAS



In March of 2010 an inquiry was made to each of the NCARB member boards
What should we know?



QUANTITATIVE DATA



Data necessary to create a complete picture of the path to licensure is as follows:



Schools of Architecture: admittances, enrollment, and graduates on an annual basis for
each program. Time-to-complete degree requirements for each graduate would be
illuminating.



Internship: newly-opened files, total IDP enrollment, total completions, on an annual
basis, by state and by school and degree and year of graduation. Work experience
profiles correlated to this would be especially helpful; this information is provided to
NCARB via the survey given to each test-taker at the conclusion of every test-division.



Examination: number of unique candidates testing, number of test-divisions attempted
and passed, re-take profiles, number of candidates successfully completing the ARE
annually, by state and by school, degree, and year of graduation. Test results for the
ARE as an entirety should be published as well as results by test-division.



Licensure: for each licensing jurisdiction, the number of applications applied for and
granted by examination, reciprocity, or other means on an annual basis, including the
age, school, degree, and year of graduation. Number of lapsed or withdrawn licenses
would complete the picture.



With this information attrition rates and duration of the process could be known.
Without it, any discussion of outcomes will be anecdotal and inconclusive.

Concerning Licensure
page 4
What do we know?



NEW YORK



New York provided records for all currently licensed architects in the state,
approximately 15,000 in total (9,000 state residents and 6,000 living elsewhere). Of all
US jurisdictions, only California has more architects.



An analysis of the New York records reveals an unmistakable trend of the increasing
length of internship.



The data show that in 1983 when the ARE was introduced, more than half of all
newly-licensed architects had graduated less than 5 years prior; 26 years later, this
group has been reduced to less than 10% of the total, and more than half of new
licenses were issued to those who had graduated at least ten years earlier.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%
1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005
ARE

% OF

LICENSES

ISSUED
DURATION:
GREATER THAN 10 YEARS
GRADUATION TO LICENSURE 5 TO 10 YEARS
NY STATE RESIDENT ARCHITECTS ONLY - ACTIVE LICENSES

(Graduates Of Schools With NAAB-Accredited Programs) 5 YEARS OR LESS

Figure 1. Duration: Graduation to Licensure, NY State 2009

It is likely that in New York, those who pursue licensure by means of obtaining
education in lieu of licensure (twelve years minimum) are accomplishing their goal
sooner than their counterparts who have chosen the more conventional route of a
degree (five to eight years) plus an internship (nine to twelve years); although it is
difficult to imagine that this outcome was contemplated by those who designed the
system.

Concerning Licensure
page 5
A note on the schools



NCARB annually publishes pass-rate data for individual test-divisions tabulated by
school. Charts of this data are attached at Appendix V, graphed with relative
performance on the horizontal axis and total attempted tests on the vertical axis. Of
 The percentage of those acquiring a license through non-traditional means (those with
foreign or non-accredited degrees, those qualifying by means of experience in lieu of a
formal education) has increased from less than 5% in 1985 to more than 20% of the
total today. This trend of an increasing proportion of non-traditional applicants may be
attributed in part to New York's regulatory flexibility (in comparison to the
requirements in other states) attracting a higher concentration of non-traditional
applicants.

ARE INTRODUCED
600
# LICENSES ISSUED

200

0
1950

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

YEAR

EDUCATION
UNKNOWN - DATA NOT ON FILE
Licensed Architects (NY State) IN-STATE RESIDENT, ACCREDITED DEGREE
Active licenses, October 2009 OUT-OF-STATE RESIDENT, ACCREDITED DEGREE
NON-ACCREDITED DEGREE
FOREIGN DEGREE
EXPERIENCE IN LIEU OF FORMAL EDUCATION
INACTIVE / EXPIRED LICENSE

Figure 2. Licensed Architects by degree, 2009

Concerning Licensure
page 6
In 2009, in New York, the average time from graduation for all resident-architects was
11.06 years.

YEARS SINCE GRADUATION

ARE INTRODUCED

25

20

15

11.06
10
E

5
AG
ER
AV

0
INITIAL YEAR

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

OF LICENSURE

NY STATE RESIDENT LICENSED ARCHITECTS

ACTIVE LICENSES

(Graduates Of Schools With NAAB-Accredited Programs)

Figure 3. Time to licensure, NY State-resident Architects.

Concerning Licensure
page 7
Files containing this report and appendixes are located at <http://tinyurl.com/ConcerningLicensure>

(<https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B6pgQmW4YXbGMjQwMGY5ODYtOTIwZC00YjViLTgxMzEtMWM3YjMzMmRjOTgx&hl=en>)

NEBRASKA



For Nebraska residents who obtained their license as architects in 2009, the average
time from graduation to licensure was 10.89 years. Although Nebraska's population of
architects is far smaller than New York's, the trend is identical. The average time to
licensure prior to 1985 hovers at five years, and has increased to ten years in the time
since then.

YEARS SINCE GRADUATION

ARE INTRODUCED

25

20

15

10.89
10

5
G E
ERA
AV

0
INITIAL YEAR

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

OF LICENSURE

NEBRASKA LICENSED ARCHITECTS M.Arch Degree

ACTIVE LICENSES - ALL B.Arch Degree

Non-Accredited

Figure 4. Time to licensure, Nebraska-resident Licensed Architects.

Concerning Licensure
page 8
OREGON



For residents of Oregon licensed in 2009, the period of time from graduation to
licensure averaged 9.9 years for B.Arch holders and 7.47 years for those who held an
M.Arch (9.27 years regardless of degree-type).







Figure 5. Time to licensure, Oregon-resident Licensed Architects.

YEARS SINCE GRADUATION

ARE INTRODUCED

25

20

15

10 9.90
7.47
E
AG

5
ER
AV

0
INITIAL YEAR

1955

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

OF LICENSURE

OREGON LICENSED ARCHITECTS M.Arch Degree

ACTIVE LICENSES B.Arch Degree

Figure 5. Time to licensure, Oregon-resident Licensed Architects.

Concerning Licensure
page 9
Where can we get better data?



VERITAS



In March of 2010 an inquiry was made to each of the NCARB member boards
requesting statistical information concerning:



"-- duration of internship for all candidates (not just licensees), including school, degree,
and date of graduation, date of licensure

-- complete pass and attempt rates for the ARE examination, not just by test division,
but overall. Candidates who pass 8 out of 9 test divisions are no more an architect than
those who never make the attempt, so the currently-published data regarding the ARE
components is inconclusive in regard to pass-rates of the ARE as a single exam

-- age distribution of licensed architects

-- legislation and regulatory initiatives relating to internship, licensure, practice, and title
protection for architects"



As a result of this inquiry, the following communication was provided to the Chairs of
each board (emphasis added):
From: "Lenore Lucey" <lmlucey@ncarb.org>

To: State Board Chairs <list suppressed>

Date: 03/30/2010 04:35 PM

Subject: NCARB Mail: Request for Statistics



Hello Chairs,



Recently Mr Matthew Arnold contacted our member board members
requesting statistics on architecture licensing. Many of you called or
wrote to ask why Mr. Arnold was asking and seeking our advice on your
response. NCARB is aware of Mr. Arnold's efforts to compile data. He
also requested data from us which we are unable to provide as

we do not collect the specific information he is seeking.
We know that he is already using some data from the NCARB website
which is available to the public, apparently for a book.



Your board will need to decide how to respond to Mr. Arnold as did Jim
Lev of the Illinois Board. Mr. Lev's response is copied below for your

information.



Sincerely,



Lenore

Concerning Licensure
page 10
NCARB's files do include the information being sought; every applicant provides it
when establishing and updating an NCARB record. In fact, NCARB staff independently
verifies the accuracy of the claims. The contradiction implicit in Ms Lucey's peculiar
statement to the chairs of NCARB's Member Boards is impossible to reconcile with
NCARB's "primary function to maintain records for state boards, architects, and
interns."



These are public records, required by law in furtherance of the public good, mandated
and relied upon by public agencies in discharging their duty to protect the public
welfare. We have deemed this information relevant to the success of that effort;
otherwise it would not be collected. If it is relevant, why should it not be publicly
disseminated?



Students, educators, interns, professionals, regulators, and the public at large all have an
interest in sharing an accurate understanding of the truth.



The trends apparent in New York, Nebraska, and Oregon are unsustainable. If the
outcomes in these states are representative of the country as a whole, then our system
of education, internship, and licensure is not functioning as expected; and certainly it is
not functioning as advertised. At a very minimum, we have a joint responsibility to the
next generation -- as educators, regulators, aspiring architects, and practitioners -- to
be truthful about the what is required to become an architect.



The representation that the process from entering an accredited Architectural School
to achieving Architectural licensure in eight to ten years is contrary to the experience
of the vast majority of those who enroll in the process. Of those entering college who
will go on to achieve licensure, most will take 15 to 17 years to accomplish the goal of
licensure; moreover, a majority of graduates do not appear ever to become licensed.
Public statements to the contrary misrepresent a career path that is reasonably
predictable to aspiring architects.



Without measurement, effective management is impossible. Unintended outcomes
inevitably follow false measurements.



This call for accountability does not come from an institutional source with a vested
interest in the outcome; it comes from a practicing architect who believes that as a
profession we share a passion for truth and beauty, and we know that a strong
foundation is a primary design imperative.



Matthew Arnold Architect

Vienna, Virginia

March 2011

Concerning Licensure
page 11
A note on the schools



NCARB annually publishes pass-rate data for individual test-divisions tabulated by
school. Charts of this data are attached at Appendix V, graphed with relative
performance on the horizontal axis and total attempted tests on the vertical axis. Of
75,732 tests attempted by graduates between 2004 and 2008, the average pass rate was
72%, with 700 test-attempts by graduates of the average program. Eight accredited
programs had no graduates at all who attempted any test division in the period, Five of
these had been accredited in 2004 or earlier. There were seven accredited programs
whose graduates maintain a divisional pass-rate lower than 50%.



Graduates of all programs averaged 19 divisional-test-attempts per suite of tests passed
(there were formerly nine divisions, now there are seven). One hundred and eight
accredited programs are represented in the data; graduates of 19 of these programs
average more than 25 test-division-attempts per full suite of passed exams. Because of
the way the data is reported, the ratio of licenses actually obtained to the number of
full-suite-passes is unknown. A complete picture of the relationship between
accredited programs and successful licensure would include this data since
NAAB-accreditation serves no purpose other than as a gateway to licensure, and these
programs are accredited for no other reason.



For the three-year period in question, the graduates of 22 accredited programs
averaged fewer than 5 suites of passed ARE test-divisions annually; for all programs, the
average was 21. The poorest performing ten schools, combined, for the three-years
examined, had a total of 34 full-suites of passed test-divisions. While licensure rates are
not the only measure of the success of an architectural educational program, it is
certainly relevant, if not of primary significance, to accreditation.



An accurate and complete picture of our performance in this regard is will provide an
essential platform for a meaningful discussion of reform.

Concerning Licensure
page 12
 2004 - 2008 f Ca
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10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 71.7% 80% 90% 100%

WEST WEST CENTRAL NORTH EAST

PASS RATE 75,732 total test divisions attempted
Note: Shaded areas indicate middle third.

6 5 3 5 5 4

WEST CENTRAL
NORTH

Circles proportional
50
WEST
EAST

CENTRAL
EAST to size of 2006
5 4 2 4 8 12 graduating class,
100
SOUTH EAST
taken from NAAB

SOUTH WEST EAST CENTRAL SOUTH EAST 2006 Stat_Report. 200
SOUTH WEST

CLASS SIZE UNAVAILABLE

5 2 2 5 1 5

Color indicates region.

Avg. graduating class, 2006: 90

6 1 2 2 8 5
ARE Divisional Pass Rates - 2004 - 2008 cumulative totals

Graduates of NAAB-Accredited US Programs of Architecture
Source of Data: NCARB; http://www.ncarb.org/ARE/ARE-Pass-Rates/Pass-Rates-by-School.aspx
Matthew Arnold Architect

Concerning Licensure
page 13
Files containing this report and appendixes are located at <http://tinyurl.com/ConcerningLicensure>

(<https://docs.google.com/leaf?id=0B6pgQmW4YXbGMjQwMGY5ODYtOTIwZC00YjViLTgxMzEtMWM3YjMzMmRjOTgx&hl=en>)

Concerning Licensure.pdf 2.2 MB

this document
Appendixes.zip 12.9 MB
zip file archive containing this report and appendixes.
Appendix I - Request For Information
Ax1 Figure 2.pdf 1 MB
Map showing geographic distribution of Architects, Students, and
Accredited Schools of Architecture
Ax1 Figure 3.pdf 338 KB
Accredited Schools of Architecture, diagrams showing admittances,
graduates, class size, faculty composition, ordered by size of
graduating class

Ax1 NAAB 2006_Stat_Report.xls 351 KB

NAAB Source data
Ax1 NCARB School data.xls 1 MB
Compilation of NCARB data on ARE pass rates by school
Ax1 NCARB Survey of Lic Arch.xls 87 KB
Compilation of NCARB data by-state licensed architects 1999-2010

Ax1 Request for Information.pdf 456 KB

2008 Request to IDP Advisory Committee
Appendix II - Colleges responses
Ax2 School Responses.pdf file size
Request and responses from accredited programs of architecture
Appendix III - State Boards responses
Ax3 Initial request to Boards.pdf file size
Request and responses from 54 architecture licensing boards
Appendix IV - New York, Nebraska, and Oregon

Ax4 Nebraska Report.pdf 224 KB
graphic display of licensure statistics, Nebraska 2009
Ax4 NY Report.pdf 3 MB
graphic display of licensure statistics, New York 2009
Ax4 Oregon Report.pdf 336 KB
graphic display of licensure statistics, Oregon 2009

Ax4 Source NEBRASKA.xls 98 KB

Source data furnished by Nebraska

Ax4 Source NY.txt 2 MB

Source data furnished by New York
Ax4 Source OREGON.xls 123 KB
Source data furnished by Oregon

Concerning Licensure
page 14
Appendix V - Accredited Programs of Architecture - ARE test results
Ax5 ARE Divisional Pass Rates 2004-2008.pdf 911 KB
Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing pass rates and test
attempts for graduates of accredited programs 2004 - 2008
Ax5 ARE Divisional Pass Rates by School.pdf 173 KB
Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing divisional pass rates
for graduates of accredited programs

Appendix VI - NCARB Survey of Licensed Architects in the US

Ax6 Licensed Architects (US) 1999-2009.pdf 1 MB
Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing quantity of licensed
architects by type, by state 1999-2009

Appendix VII - Other Charts and Figures

Ax7 2005 ARE Pass Rates.pdf 42 KB
Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing pass rates and test
attempts for graduates of accredited programs 2005

Ax7 2006 ARE Pass Rates.pdf 42 KB

Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing pass rates and test
attempts for graduates of accredited programs 2006

Ax7 2007 ARE Pass Rates.pdf 98 KB

Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing pass rates and test
attempts for graduates of accredited programs 2007

Ax7 2008 ARE Pass Rates.pdf 99 KB

Graphic presentation of NCARB data showing pass rates and test
attempts for graduates of accredited programs 2008

Ax7 Age of Licensed Architects.pdf 64 KB

Charts showing demographic changes, from data obtained by Tom
Spector, Oklahoma State University

Ax7 Map of NAAB-degree requirements.pdf 485 KB

Map showing states where NAAB-accredited degree is a requirement
for licensure

Ax7 Virginia Faculty.pdf 53 KB

2008 faculty, Virginia schools, licensed and unlicensed architects

Ax7 Wing Diagrams.pdf 426 KB

Accredited Schools of Architecture, diagrams showing admittances,
graduates, class size, faculty composition, ordered alphabetically

Concerning Licensure
page 15
I am grateful to Teeny Simmons,

Tom Spector, Nicholas Agneta,

Curtis B. Wayne, Jim Cramer, Rod Knox,
Daniel Friedman, Ben Rudgers,

Val Williams, Bob Rosenfeld, and many
others who consistently provided
challenges and illuminating insights that
improved the quality of this work.

The views expressed are my own.

Concerning Licensure
page 16