Science and Truth

A. Is it Science?
Science (science) comes from the Latin scientia which means "to know", or knowing. The
accepted etymology is the same as knowledge.

Many experts express their opinions about science, among others:

a. Knowledge comes from the word wissenchcalft in German which means knowledge arranged
and according to certain systems. (Fisher, 1975:5)
b. According Cambbel states that science can be described in two forms:
1. Science is the "body" of knowledge that is useful and can be practiced da tone method to
discover knowledge
2. Science is a purely intellectual activity.
c. Kemany claim science is all the knowledge collected by the scientific method (scientific
method).
d. Conant believes that science is a series of concepts (concepts) and chart the conceptual
(conceptual schemes) that are interconnected that develops as a result of further experimentation
and observation. (Kerlinger, 1973)

Thus science has distinctive features compared with other knowledge, among others:
a. Science is a knowledge which is collected in a special way the scientific method.
b. Science has limitations in its object that is within the limits of human senses that are within
range and the human experience.
c. Science is for the good or the human virtues in the world around the individual.
Therefore ativitas performed might be: to describe a phenomenon, formulate and find the rules
and or concept (rules or concepts) and formulate theories or laws.
Science can be distinguished from knowledge based on what the object (ontology), how to get it
(epistemology), and to what science is (axiology).

B. Two Approaches in the Search for Truth

There are two approaches in the search for truth:
a. Non-Scientific Approach
Non-scientific approach does not use a set of specific rules in a logical and systematic or specific
conditions by chance something is coming.
In non-scientific approach there are several forms that can be used as follows:
1. Common Sense (Common Sense)
There are several opinions about the reason, among others:
1 Sax says: common sense can be viewed from two perspectives, namely: (1) as a mean for
"justifying" preconceived beliefs or (2) as a way of referring to knowledge Previously That has
been verified. (Sax, 1979-2)
2 According to Connant as quoted by Kerlinger (1973:3) states that common sense is: "a series
of concepts and conceptual schemes satisfactory for the practical uses of mankind"
3 James Drever (1986) stated that common sense as a means of practical intelligence based on
experience. (1986:21)
Of the few opinions can be concluded that common sense can be used for practical activities
based on the experience for humanity. Because it can be used to solve the problem in order to
obtain the truth.

2. Opinion of the Scientific Authority (Authority)

There are four criteria that can be used to determine a person has a scientific authority, namely:
4 The individual is known as a member of certain professions in the authority in question.
This means there is official recognition of the ability of a person by a particular professional
organization, in recognition of the authority and ability.
5 The individual in question can be clearly identified
6 The judge's authority is life in masyarakatatau during life.
7 The authority was not bias means in any circumstances, rational or thought given in accordance
with the truth.
Truth is obtained through the authority is not something that is true throughout the ages. Many
science or the theories that survive long enough but then it turns out wrong, having found a new
way to determine with scientific investigation.

3. Intuition (Intuition)
This method is often used and conducted by someone in solving a problem or solve a kesuliatan.
With the intuition of someone doing an assessment without accompanied by a systematic and
profound thoughts. So there idak these steps are arranged in advance and no there are also things
that need to be controlled or supervised.

4. Accidental discovery and trial (Trials and errors)

This method is often used even though less efficient, not systematic and not terontrol. In practice,
a person who uses this method does not use certain steps that must be taken regularly. If we want
to solve a difficulty or problem, then that person directly to experiment and eventually find
something. If he had not found it will try again to find it.

b. Scientific Approach
Scientific approach is a process by using certain steps, in a systematic, orderly and controlled to
the variables that we want to know.
Knowledge and truth gained through a scientific approach using a study or investigation as a
vehicle and the tread of certain theories which berkemban based on previous empirical research.

Frankel and Wallen (1993), states that there are five general steps in scientific thinking, namely:
1. Identify the problem
2. Formulate problem
3. Formulate hypotheses
4. Projecting the consequences / effects that will occur
5. Hypothesis testing.

John Dewey has suggested five steps that need to be considered in finding the truth, namely:
1. The existence of a perceived need
At this stage, people feel the need and kesuliatan. This difficulty can be a difficulty in the
adjustment tool with the objective, difficulty in finding certain characteristics of an object or
maybe there is difficulty in explaining unexpected events.
2. Problem
The existence of a problem that originates from the situation and environmental conditions. The
problem was later declared again to be more specific, so it can more thoroughly detailed, clear
and measurable or "manipulate"

3. The formulation of hypotheses or questions

In this third step proposed is the possibility of temporary or answer a question that can explain
the issues raised. Kemungikinan answer while it must tread of the existing theories, so guess who
bersfaan while can lead to a conclusion that is final.

4. Data collection
In order to prove the hypothesis that has been formulated in the previous step, it is necessary to
find and collect the evidence, information and data relating to the problems to be examined. The
data has been collected, analyzed to discover how to answer any of the information collected and
then associated with a hypothesis that has been formulated.

5. Conclusion
At the end of a scientific study proving the hypothesis is formulated or questions you want
answered is connected with the information gathered.
Prove it to see if the estimates while accepted or rejected. In the next stage is to formulate
conclusions and implications drawn from the review is conducted.

In a simple step-by-step scientific thinking can be considered in the following diagram:

Problem

Problem Formulation

Formulating Hypothesis / Question

The collection of relevant data

Verification

No scientific truth

Yes

Theory

C. Deductive Thinking
Deductive way of thinking begins with theory, and concludes with a phenomenon or special
case. From the knowledge of a general nature only then we can judge the events that are special,
This means that in the deductive reasoning of someone departed from the revelation of a general
nature and then draw conclusions that are special. Deduction deduction that is called by
syllogisme or in the Indonesian language can be interpreted as a conclusion. Syllogisme
composed of two statements or propositions that statement (statement) that accept or reject a
case. Two statements are called major premise and minor premise.
Truth reasoning or the conclusions drawn on the basis of this deduction is very dependent on the
truth of the premise is presented. If the premise of the conclusions drawn will also be wrong.
Besides, the truth of this conclusion through deduction will also be determined by way of making
conclusions.
Example:
a. All books boring philosophy (major premise)
b. This book is a book of philosophy (minor premise)
c. This book is boring (conclusion)
Both a and b above statement is true, conclusion / c conclusions drawn correctly. But if the
example is less true premise, then the conclusions drawn may be right or maybe wrong.
Example 1:
a. Many juvenile delinquents from disadvantaged families (major premise)
b. Ali came from disadvantaged families (minor premise)
c. Ali is the bad boy (Conclusion)

Example 2:
a. Many philosophy books boring (major premise)
b. This book is a book of philosophy (minor premise)
c. This book is boring

The premise of which states: "Many juvenile delinquents come from poor families", not stating:
"all the naughty children from underprivileged families." Means that there is enough bad boy of
the family and the wealthy. Because the premise is not true, then the conclusions drawn to be
incorrect as well. This means that reasoning (logical deduction) that do not become one too.
Similarly, the second example: "A lot of philosophy books boring." This means that not all
philosophy books boring. There are so many books of philosophy that is not boring. Thus
conclusions based on deductive reasoning as above is not necessarily true.

Deductive logic or deductive reasoning is very useful to investigate ways of thinking that are less
thorough, because the conclusion is drawn largely determined by the two previous statements.
As a berntuk thinking, deductive logic is correct, but sometimes there are mistakes contents
(material) because the second premise is not quite right previously. Besides, deductive logic
rested himself on understanding the words on the second premise, while under different
conditions even more so if the place is different. Schematically deductive logic is as follows:
Special General
Theory Symptoms

D. Inductive Thinking
Inductive way of thinking begins with statements that are special and then draw conclusions that
are general. Therefore in this inductive thinking begins with the reasoning that has the
characteristics and the limited scope and then drawn a conclusion of a general nature.
Special revelation as fundamental to draw conclusions, or until just limited to that particular
statement was made, but not necessarily the future. Often also there is a mistake in making a
conclusion because the conclusion is not derived from a representative sample of the population.
Example 1:
Date March 1986 a rainy day
Dated April 1986 a rainy day
Date a rainy day in May 1986
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
Date a rainy August day
Date a rainy September day
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
Date a rainy day in November
Date a rainy day in December
Conclusion: On one, for each month of rainy days

Example 2:
a. Between city 1 and 2, found: black crows
b. Between city 2 and 3, found: black crows
c. Between 3 and 4 cities, found: black crows
d. Between the city of 4 and 5, found: black crows
Concluded: All black crow
Based on the arguments of one to four, conclusions are made is correct, but need to be reminded
that there are many other cities that can not be observed, how: the color of crows there. What is
also black, white or other colors.
Deductive way of thinking is actually a reaction to deductive reasoning, which comes first in
terms of a general nature. The schematic of inductive logic is as follows:
General Special
Symptoms Theory

E. Scientific Thinking
Scientific way of thinking, try to combine these two ways of thinking before, namely deductive-
inductive, which is a unity in the search or find kebenaranm because deductive way of thinking
will bring thinkers tend to justify their own way, while the inductive way of thinking is also not
up to kebenara, if the facts the fact that there is no given meaning by the seeker of knowledge.
Without giving real meaning to the facts that have been collected then the fact it will mislead and
misinform.

How to think science is inductive-deductive way of thinking or dedutif-inductive. Truth has no

relative will be reviewed, to then be tested empirically, menut steps in scientific method. Thus it
is clear that scientific truth can be approached through a theoretical assessment of reasoning to
explore, examine and find something difficult, or Inaccurate weakness of the science / theory that
has been there and to further tested empirically based on the phenomenon in lingkunganny.
Truths that have been studied by proof-proving scientifically will enter the scientific masyaraka
according pembidangannya respectively. The results will be reviewed, criticized and studied in
more detail by particular groups. If the scientific community may accept these results, the truth is
the hypothesis that at first will turn enriched the theory and science.
Diagram Deductive-Inductive Approach in the Scientific Method

Truth / the argument issue

Bedrinteraksi in the discussion of theoretical /

Repertoire of science Sosiologisme

Deductive

Inductive Discussion / Research lapa-

Observation of the relationship with / Observations
Symptoms

Conclusion D a t a

PREFACE

With the presence of praise and thank God Almighty, God Almighty and thanks to the
abundance of His grace we are able to complete courses Research paper entitled "Human Being,
science and the truth" without facing problems bearti.
Do not forget we would like to thank Ms. Lecturer Research subjects Nurhasanah, M. Pd which
has given us guidance in learning this subject. To our parents and friends, contemporaries who
have given moral support and meteril so this paper can be completed.
Finally, makalh hopefully will be useful for the interested and Allah will repay the good that has
been given to us in this paper memyelesaikan, Amen.

Baturaja, October 2010

University students Baturaja
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
English Language Study Program

HUMAN BEING, SCIENCE AND THE TRUTH

A. WHAT IS THE SCIENCE?

1 Science is Part of Knowledge but not all cans be Called science knowledge.
2 Science is difference with the knowledge base on:
a. Ontology
b. Epistemology
c. Axiology

B. APROACHES TWO IN SEARCHING THE TRUTH

1. Unscientific Approach
2. Scientific Approach

C. THE WAY OF THINKING DEDUKTIVE

General Specific
Theory Indication

D. THE WAY OF THINKING INDUKTIVE

General Specific

Indication Theory

E. THE WAY OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING

It cans be done with combining deductive thinking and inductive thinking

Science and Truth

Is it Science?
Science (science) comes from the Latin scientia the which means "to know", or knowing. The
accepted etymology is the same as knowledge.

Many experts express Their opinions about science, Among others:

Knowledge comes from the word wissenchcalft in Germany and the which means knowledge
Arranged According to perform certain systems. (Fisher, 1975:5)
According Cambbel science cans That states be described in two forms:
Science is the "body" of knowledge That is useful and cans be practiced da tone method to
discover knowledge
Science is a purely intellectual activity.
Kemany claim science is all the knowledge collected by the scientific method (scientific
method).
Conant Believes That science is a series of concepts (concepts) and chart the conceptual
(conceptual schemes) That are interconnected That develops as a result of Further
experimentation and observation. (Kerlinger, 1973)

Thus science Dengaan characterized compared with other knowledge, Among others:
Science is a knowledge-the which is collected in a special way the scientific method.
Science has limitations in its object That Is Within the Limits of Human Senses That Are Within
the range and the human experience.
Science is for the good or the human virtues in the world around the individual.
Therefore ativitas performed Might be: to DESCRIBE a phenomenon, formulate and find the
rules and or concept (rules or concepts) and formulate theories or laws.
Science cans be distinguished from knowledge based on what the object (ontology), how to get it
(epistemology), and to what science is (axiology).

Two Approaches in the Search for Truth

There are two approaches in the search for truth:
Non-Scientific Approach
Tida non-scientific approach, using a set of specific rules are logical and systematic or specific
conditions by chance something is coming.
In non-scientific approach, there are installments forms That cans be Used as follows:
Common Sense (Common Sense)
There are opinions about the reason installments, Among others:
Sax states: common sense cans be viewed from two Perspectives, namely: (1) as a mean for
"justifying" preconceived beliefs or (2) as a way of referring to knowledge Previously That has
been verified. (Sax, 1979-2)
According Connant as quoted by Kerlinger (1973:3) states That is common sense: "a series of
concepts and conceptual schemes satisfactory for the practical uses of mankind"
James Drever (1986) stated That common sense as a means of practical intelligence based on
experience. (1986:21)
Few opinions of the cans be concluded That common sense cans be Used for practical activities
based on the experience for humanity. Because it Can Be Used to solve the problem in order to
obtain the truth.

Opinion of the Scientific Authority (Authority)

There are four criteria That Can Be Used to determine a person has a scientific authority,
namely:
Recognized as individuals were the resource persons to perform certain members of Professions
in the authority in question.
This means there is' official recognition of the ability of a person by a particular professional
organization, in recognition of the authority and ability.
The individual in question be clearly Identified cans
Assessing authority is life in masyarakatatau During life.
Authorities did not bias means in any circumstances, rational thought or given in accordance
with the truth.
Truth is obtained through the authority is not something That is true Throughout the ages. Many
science or the theories That Enough survive long but then it turns out wrong, having found a new
way to determine with scientific investigation.

Intuition (Intuition)
This method is Often used and conducted by someone in solving a problem or solve a kesuliatan.
With the intuition of someone doing an assessment without accompanied by a systematic and
profound thoughts. So there are steps these o Arranged in advance and no there are Things That
Also need to be controlled or supervised.

Accidental discovery and trial (Trials and errors)

This method is Often used even though less efficient, not systematic and not terontrol. In
practice, the WHO uses a person does not use this method to perform certain steps must be taken
regularly That. If We Want to solve a difficulty or problem, then That person directly to
experiment and eventually find something. If he Had not found it earnest try again to find it.

Scientific Approach
Scientific approach is a process by using perform certain steps, in a systematic, orderly and
controlled to the variables That We Want to Know.
Knowledge and truth gained through a scientific approach, using a study or investigation as a
vehicle and the tread of the which berkemban perform certain theories based on previous
empirical research.

Frankel and Wallen (1993), states That there are five general steps in scientific thinking, namely:
Identify the problem
Formulate problem
Formulate hypotheses
Projecting the Consequences / effects occur That will of
Hypothesis testing.

John Dewey has suggested five steps That need to be Considered in finding the truth, namely:
The existence of a perceived need
At this stage, people feel the need and kesuliatan. This difficulty cans be a difficulty in the
adjustment tool with the objective, difficulty in finding perform certain characteristics of an
object or maybe there is difficulty in explaining unexpected events.

Problem
The existence of a problem That originates from the situation and environmental conditions. The
problem was later declared again to be more specific, so it cans more thoroughly detailed, clear
and measurable or "manipulate"

The formulation of hypotheses or questions

In this third step proposed is the possibility of temporary or answer a question cans That Explain
the issues raised. Kemungikinan answer while it must tread of the existing theories, so Guess
Who bersfaan while cans lead to a conclusion That is final.

Data collection
In order to PROVE That the hypothesis has been formulated in the previous step, it is Necessary
to find and collect the evidence, information and data relating to the problems to be examined.
The data has been collected, analyzed to discover how to answer any of the information collected
and then associated with a hypothesis That has been formulated.

Conclusion
At the end of a scientific study proving the hypothesis is formulated You Want Answered
questions or is connected with the information gathered.
Prove it to see if the estimates while accepted or Rejected. In the next stage is to formulate
conclusions and implications drawn from the review is conducted.

In a simple step-by-step scientific thinking cans be Considered in the Following diagram:

Problem

Problem formulation

Formulating Hypothesis / Question

The collection of relevant data

Verification

No scientific truth

Yes

Theory

Thinking deductive
Deductive way of thinking Begins with theory, and concludes with a phenomenon or special
case. From the knowledge of a general nature only then We Can That judge the events are
special, This means That in the deductive reasoning of someone Departed from the revelation of
a general nature and then draw conclusions That are special. Deduction deduction That Is Called
by syllogisme or cans in the Indonesian language be interpreted as a conclusion. Syllogisme
composed of two statements or propositions That statement (statement) That accept or reject a
case. Two statements are Called the major premise and minor premise.
Truth reasoning or the conclusions drawn on the basis of this deduction is very dependent on the
truth of the premise is presented. If the premise of the conclusions drawn earnest Also be wrong.
Besides, the truth of this conclusion through deduction earnest Also be determined by way of
making conclusions.
Example:
All books boring philosophy (major premise)
This book is a book of philosophy (minor premise)
This book is boring (conclusion)
Both a and b above statement is true, the conclusion / c conclusions drawn Correctly. But if the
example is less true premise, then the conclusions drawn May be right or maybe wrong.
Example 1:
Many juvenile delinquents from disadvantaged Families (major premise)
Ali Came from disadvantaged Families (minor premise)
Ali is the bad boy (Conclusion)

Example 2:
Many philosophy books boring (major premise)
This book is a book of philosophy (minor premise)
This book is boring

The premise of the which states: "Many juvenile delinquents come from poor Families", note
stating: "all the naughty children from underprivileged Families." That means there is' Enough
bad boy of the family and the Wealthy. Because the premise is not true, then the conclusions
drawn to be incorrect as well. That means this reasoning (logical deduction) That do not changed
from one too. Similarly, the second example: "A lot of philosophy books boring." That means
not all this philosophy books boring. There are so many books of philosophy That Is not boring.
Thus conclusions based on deductive reasoning as above is not necessarily true.

Deductive logic or deductive reasoning is very useful to investigate Ways of Thinking That are
less thorough, Because the conclusion is drawn largely determined by the two previous
statements. As a berntuk thinking, deductive logic is correct, but Sometimes there are Mistakes
contents (material) Because the second premise is not Previously Quite right. Besides, deductive
logic Himself rested on understanding the words on the second premise, while under different
conditions even more so if the place is different. Schematically deductive logic is as follows:
Special General
Theory Symptoms

Inductive Thinking
Inductive way of thinking That Begins with statements are special and then draw general
conclusions are That. Therefore in this inductive thinking That Begins with the reasoning "has
the characteristics and the limited scope and then drawn a conclusion of a general nature.
Special revelation as fundamental to draw conclusions, or Until just limited to That particular
statement was made, but not necessarily the future. Also Often there is a mistake in making a
conclusion Because the conclusion is not derived from a representative sample of the population.

Example 1:
Date March 1986 a rainy day
Dated April 1986 a rainy day
Date a rainy day in May 1986
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
Date a rainy August day
Date a rainy September day
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ....
Date a rainy day in November
Date a rainy day in December
Conclusion: On one, for EACH month of rainy days

Example 2:
City Between 1 and 2, found: Black Crows
City Between 2 and 3, found: Black Crows
Between 3 and 4 cities, found: Black Crows
Between the city of 4 and 5, found: Black Crows
Concluded: All black crow
Based on the arguments of one to four, conclusions are made is correct, but need to be reminded
That there are many other cities That cans not be observed, how: the color of Crows there. Also
What is black, white or other colors.
Deductive way of thinking is Actually a reaction to deductive reasoning, the which comes first in
terms of a general nature. The schematic of inductive logic is as follows:
General Special
Symptoms Theory

Scientific Thinking
Scientific way of thinking, try to combine these Two Ways of thinking before, namely
deductive-inductive, the which is a unity in the search or find kebenaranm Because deductive
way of thinking bring earnest thinkers tend to justify Their own way, while the inductive way of
thinking is not up to kebenara Also, if the facts the fact That there is no given meaning by the
seeker of knowledge. Without giving real meaning to the facts That have been collected then the
fact it will from mislead and misinform.

How to think science is inductive-deductive way of thinking or dedutif-inductive. Truth has no

will of be reviewed relative, to then be tested empirically, menut steps in scientific method. Thus
it is clear That scientific truth cans be approached through a theoretical assessment of reasoning
to explore, Examine and find something Difficult, Inaccurate or weakness of the science / theory
That has been there and to Further tested empirically based on the phenomenon in lingkunganny.
Truths That have been studied by proof-proving scientifically will of the scientific enter
masyaraka According pembidangannya respectively. The results will from be reviewed,
criticized and studied in more detail by particular groups. If the scientific community May accept
these results, the truth is the Hypothesis That first earnest at the turn enriched the theory and
science.

Diagram of deductive-inductive Approach in the Scientific Method

Truth / the argument issue

Bedrinteraksi in the discussion of theoretical /
Repertoire of science Sosiologisme

Deductive

Inductive Discussion / Research lapa-

Observation of the relationship with / Observations
Symptoms

Conclusion D a t a

Preface

With the presence of praise and thank God Almighty, God Almighty and thanks to the
Abundance of His grace We Are Able to complete courses Research paper entitled "Human
Being, science and the truth" shall mean without facing problems.
Do not forget We Would like to thank Ms. Lecturer Research subjects Nurhasanah, M. Pd the
which has given us guidance in learning this subject. To our Parents and Friends, WHO
contemporaries have given moral support and so this paper, cans meteril be completed.
Finally, makalh earnest hopefully be useful for the Interested and repay the good will of God
That has been given to us in this paper memyelesaikan, Amen.

Baturaja, October 2010

University students Baturaja
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
Language Home Study Program
HUMAN BEING, SCIENCE AND THE TRUTH

WHAT IS THE SCIENCE?

Science is Part of Knowledge but not all Cans be Called science knowledge.
Science is difference with the knowledge base on:
Ontology
Epistemology
Axiology

APROACHES TWO IN SEARCHING THE TRUTH

Unscientific Approach
Scientific Approach

THE WAY OF THINKING DEDUKTIVE

General Specific
Theory Indication

THE WAY OF THINKING INDUKTIVE

General Specific

Indication Theory

THE WAY OF SCIENTIFIC THINKING

It Cans be done with combining deductive thinking and inductive thinking
s