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THE CATHOLIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BIBLE

THE HISTORY OF THE BIBLE


By Charles the Hammer

Luther himself noted “it was an effect of God’s power, that the Papacy should have remained, in the
first place, sacred baptism; secondly, the text of the Holy Gospels which it was custom to read from the
pulpit in the vernacular tongue of every nation…”i Many people both Catholic and Protestant do not
realize exactly how much they owe the Catholic Church for the progression of the bible as we know it
today. For example., before Luther made his German Translation in September of 1522 A.D., there
were seventeen German Translations (all before 1518 A.D.) already in print, twelve of these in the Low-
German dialect.ii

38-61 A.D. THE FIRST GOSPEL WAS WRITTEN: St. Matthew one of the twelve apostles of Christ,
Catholic Bishop and martyr for the faith, writes the first gospel of the life of Christ in his native
language of Hebrew. This gospel would eventually be followed by three other gospels written in the
Greek language which were the gospel of St. Mark (64 A.D.), the gospel of St. Luke (63 or 64 A.D.) and
the gospel of St. John (97 A.D.).

52 A.D. THE FIRST EPISTLE WAS WRITTEN: St. Paul, apostle of Christ, Catholic Bishop and martyr
for the faith writes the first epistle to a part of the Church. This is known today as “First
Thessalonians.” This writing would soon be followed by 21 other apostolic epistles by various Catholic
authors, the last one being written by St. John the Apostle in 69 A.D.

64 A.D ACTS OF THE APOSTLES WAS WRITTEN: St. Luke disciple of St. Paul and Bishop of the
Catholic Church and martyr for the faith, Writes “Acts of the Apostles” a history of the Catholic church
from Easter to the death of St. Paul. The two contributions—Acts and his gospel—make St. Luke the
author of the largest portion of the New Testament about twenty-eight percent.

98-99 A.D. THE LAST DIVINELY INSPIRED WRITING OF THE APOSTLES IS COMPLETED: St. John,
apostle of Christ and Bishop of the Catholic Church writes the last divinely inspired writing of the
apostles. This is known today as “Revelations.”

153-170 A.D. THE FIRST TREATISE ON “THE HARMONY OF THE GOSPELS”: The earliest attempt at
constructing a Harmony was that of Tatian (died A.D. 172) and its title, Diatessaron, furnishes abundant
evidence of the early acceptance in the Catholic Church of our four canonical Gospels The next
Harmony was that of Ammonius of Alexandria, the teacher of Origen, It appeared about A.D. 220, but
has been lost.iii

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2ND – 3RD A.D. CENTURY., THE FIRST BIBLE SCHOOL: The early Catholics started a school in
Alexandria for the learning of the Gospels and other early Catholic writings.iv

250 A.D. THE FIRST PARALLEL LANGUAGE BIBLE: The Catholic Origen creates the Hexapla edition
of the Old Testament which contained parallel Hebrew and Greek versions.v

250 A.D. THE FIRST CATHOLIC LIBRARY: The Catholic Origen creates a very well- stocked library in
Cæsarea, for the purpose of studying the Gospels and other early Catholic writings.vi

250-300 A.D. THE FIRST BIBLE IN BOOK FORM: The Jews used long papyrus scrolls, the Early
Catholics were the first to use the book (codex) form for sacred scriptures.vii

4TH CENTURY., THE FIRST USE OF THE WORD “BIBLE”: It came from the Greek word “βίβλος”
(biblos) which means the inner bark of the papyrus, paper-reed, from which paper was originally made,
in Egypt. The Latin form “Biblía” spelled with a capital letter, came to mean “the Book of Books,”
“The Book” by way of pre-eminence, the inspired Book, &c. The Holy Scriptures were first called the
Bible by St. Chrysostom, the Catholic Archbishop of Constantinople, in the 4th century.viii

4TH CENTURY., THE OLDEST EXISTING BIBLES: The two oldest existing Bibles containing both the
Old and most—NOT NOT THE COMPLETE—the New Testaments, today called the Codex Vaticanus
(325-350 A.D.), the Codex Sinaiticus (340-350 A.D.), the Codex Ephræmi (345 A.D.), and the Codex
Alexandrinus (450 A.D.) were hand copied by Catholic monks.ix

367 A.D. THE FIRST USE OF THE WORD “CANON”: St. Athanasius, the Catholic bishop of Alexandria,
is the first to apply the term Canon to the contents of the Bible, he introduced the verb canonize,
meaning “To give official sanction to” a written document.x

367 A.D. THE CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT: The 39th festal letter of St. Athanasius, the Catholic
bishop of Alexandria, sent to the churches under his jurisdiction in 367, ended all uncertainty about the
limits of the New Testament canon. In the so-called festal letter, preserved in a collection of annual
Lenten messages given by Athanasius, he listed as canonical the 27 books that remain the contents of
the New Testament, although he arranged them in a different order. Those books of the New
Testament, in their present-day order, are the four Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John), the Acts of
the Apostles, Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, 1
Thessalonians, 2 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Titus, Philemon, Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 2
Peter, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, Jude, and The Apocalypse of St. John (A.K.A. The Book of Revelation)xi.

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382 A.D. THE DECREE OF POPE ST. DAMASUS I, COUNCIL OF ROME : “It is likewise decreed: Now,
indeed, we must treat of the divine Scriptures: what the universal Catholic Church accepts and what she
must shun.
The list of the Old Testament begins: Genesis, one book; Exodus, one book: Leviticus, one book;
Numbers, one book; Deuteronomy, one book; Jesus Nave, one book; of Judges, one book; Ruth, one
book; of Kings, four books; Paralipomenon, two books; One Hundred and Fifty Psalms, one book; of
Solomon, three books: Proverbs, one book; Ecclesiastes, one book; Canticle of Canticles, one book;
likewise, Wisdom, one book; Ecclesiasticus (Sirach), one book; Likewise, the list of the Prophets:
Isaiah, one book; Jeremias, one book; along with Cinoth, that is, his Lamentations; Ezechiel, one book;
Daniel, one book; Osee, one book; Amos, one book; Micheas, one book; Joel, one book; Abdias, one
book; Jonas, one book; Nahum, one book; Habacuc, one book; Sophonias, one book; Aggeus, one
book; Zacharias, one book; Malachias, one book. Likewise, the list of histories: Job, one book; Tobias,
one book; Esdras, two books; Esther, one book; Judith,1 one book; of Maccabees, two books.
Likewise, the list of the Scriptures of the New and Eternal Testament, which the holy and Catholic
Church receives: of the Gospels, one book according to Matthew, one book according to Mark, one
book according to Luke, one book according to John. The Epistles of the Apostle Paul, fourteen in
number: one to the Romans, two to the Corinthians, one to the Ephesians, two to the Thessalonians,
one to the Galatians, one to the Philippians, one to the Colossians, two to Timothy, one to Titus one to
Philemon, one to the Hebrews. Likewise, one book of the Apocalypse of John. And the Acts of the
Apostles, one book. Likewise, the canonical Epistles, seven in number: of the Apostle Peter, two
Epistles; of the Apostle James, one Epistle; of the Apostle John, one Epistle; of the other John, a
Presbyter, two Epistles; of the Apostle Jude the Zealot, one Epistle. Thus concludes the canon of the
New Testament.
Likewise it is decreed: After the announcement of all of these prophetic and evangelic or as well as
apostolic writings which we have listed above as Scriptures, on which, by the grace of God, the
Catholic Church is founded, we have considered that it ought to be announced that although all the
Catholic Churches spread abroad through the world comprise but one bridal chamber of Christ,
nevertheless, the holy Roman Church has been placed at the forefront not by the conciliar decisions of
other Churches, but has received the primacy by the evangelic voice of our Lord and Savior, who says:
"You are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My Church, and the gates of hell will not prevail against
it; and I will give to you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you shall have bound on
earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you shall have loosed on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”

1 Note: the book of Baruch was considered by some Church Fathers to be a part of the book of Jeremiah and thus was not
listed separately by them.

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388 A.D. THE FIRST GLOSSARY OF PROPER NAMES IN THE BIBLE: St. Jerome compiled the “Book of
Hebrew names, or Glossary of Proper Names in the Old Testament,” The Book of Hebrew Names was
no doubt of much use in the ages is which men were ignorant of Hebrew, although its arrangement is
rather clumsy with a separate glossary for each book of the Bible.xii

388 A.D. THE BOOK OF THE SITE AND NAMES OF HEBREW PLACES: St. Jerome compiled the “The
Book of the Site and Names of Hebrew Places” which was first compiled by Eusebius although St.
Jerome’s has additions. The names under each letter being placed in separate groups in the order of the
books of Scripture in which they occur; for instance, under the letter A we have first the names in
Genesis, then those in Exodus, and so on. But there is less room here for what is fanciful, and the
testimony of men who lived in Palestine in the fourth and fifth centuries is of great value still to the
student of sacred topography. When the places are outside the writer’s knowledge, credulity is apt to
creep in, as when the author tells us that on Ararat portions of the ark are still to be found.xiii

390 A.D. THE FIRST COMPILING OF THE COMPLETE NEW & OLD TESTAMENT: At the Council of
Hippo, the Catholic Church gathered together the various books which claimed to be scripture, passed
on the merits and claims of each and this council decided which were inspired and which were not. The
Catholic Church put all the inspired books and epistles together in one volume with The Septuagint
Version of the Old Testament (which was translated by seventy scholars at Alexandria, Egypt around
the year 227 A.C., this was the version Christ and His apostles used) and That is the Bible as we have it
today. The Catholic Church therefore gave to the people and the World, the Bible as we have it todayxiv.

400 A.D. MOST OF THE SACRED SCRIPTURES TRANSLATED: In the; Syriac, Coptic, Ethhiopic,
Georgian Languagesxv. Across the Rhine and Danube from the Roman Empire a Gothic version was
translated by the Gothic Bishop Ulfilas (318-388 A.D.), who after devising an alphabet, produced a
version of the Scriptures from the Septuagint Old Testament and from the Greek.xvi

406 A.D. THE ARMENIAN TRANSLATION: In 406 A.D. the Armenian alphabet was invented by Mesrob,
who five years later completed a translation of the Old and New Testament from the Syriac version into
Armenian.xvii

405 A.D. THE FIRST TRANSITION OF THE COMPLETE BIBLE IN THE COMMON LANGUAGE: Latin
Vulgate, from the Latin editio vulgata: “common version,” the Bible still used by the Roman Catholic
Church, was translated by St. Jerome (Whom the translators of the 1611 Authorized Version in their
original preface called “a most learned father , and the best linguist without controversy, of his age, or
of any that went before him” See figure 1-1 & 1-2).

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Figure 1-1
Scan of 1611 A.D. “Great He” King James Bible “Preface” Page 5 of the Preface

Figure 1-2
Scan of 1611 A.D. “Great He” King James Bible “Preface” Page 5 of the Preface

IN 382 A.D. Pope St. Damasus commissioned Jerome, the leading biblical scholar of his day, to produce
an acceptable Latin version of the Bible from the various translations then being used. His revised
Latin translation of the Gospels appeared about 383 A.D.,. Using the Septuagint Greek version of the
Old Testament, of which he produced a new Latin translation, a process that he completed about 405
xviii
A.D.,. It is as a translator of Scripture that Jerome is best know. His Vulgate was made at the right
moment and by the right man. The Latin language was still living, although Latin civilization was
dying; and Jerome was a master of it.xix

450-550 A.D. THE BEZAE CANTABRIGIENSIS (ALSO CALLED CODEX BEZAE): This is the oldest
existing bilingual manuscript, with Greek on the left page, and Latin on the right. Bezae
Cantabrigiensis was a western text copied c. 450-550 A.D. It has preserved most of the four Gospels,
parts of Acts.

7TH CENTURY., THE FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO THE FRENCH LANGUAGE: French
Versions of the Psalms and the Apocalypse, and a metrical rendering of the Book of Kings, appeared as
early as the seventh century.XX In 1223 (A.D.) a complete translation was made under the Catholic King
Louis the Pious. This was 320 years before the first Protestant French version. xxi Up to the fourteenth
century, many Bible histories were produced.

7TH CENTURY., THE FIRST GERMAN VERSION: The history of Biblical research in Germany shows
that of the numerous partial versions in the vernacular initials at the beginning of every chapter are very
elaborate! Some go back to the seventh and eighth centuries. It also establishes the certainty of such
versions on a considerable scale in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and points to a complete
Bible of the fifteenth in general use before the invention of printing.XXII

7TH CENTURY., SPACES PLACED BETWEEN THE WORDS: In the seventh Century, Irish and English
monks began to leave space between the words as they copied the biblical texts by hand, before this all
the letters ran together making an entire book look like one giant word.xxiii

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8TH CENTURY., THE FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE: By
Aldhelm, the Bishop of Sherborne, and Bede (see figure 1-3). A 9 th century translation of the Bible into
English (Anglo-Saxon the dialect of its time) was made by Alfred. A tenth century translation into
English was made by Aelfric.xxiv By 1361 A.D. a translation of most of Scripture in the English dialect
(Anglo-Norman) of its time had been executed. xxv This was twenty years before Wycliffe’s 1381 A.D.
Translation.xxvi

Figure 1-3
This image is of the “Vespasian Psalter” a eighth century
Catholic translation of the Book of Psalm in to English.

8TH - 9TH CENTURY., THE USE OF THE FORM OF WRITING CALLED “MINUSCULE”: As the breakdown
of Oriental commerce took papyrus out of the western market in compelled to use of parchment, the
factor of economy became increasingly potent. To get more words on page, the scribe had two use
smaller letters and squeeze them close together. Some, to preserve their distinct shapes, were extended
above the line, some below. The ultimate result was a form of writing called “Minuscule”—little
letters, with capitals inserted for emphasis. It is this system which is still use today. This grammatically
was a major change from the “Majuscule”—which consisted of only large letters as used by the
Greeks, Romans, and Jews.xxvii

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9TH CENTURY., THE FIRST SLAVIC TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE: The Catholic Saints Cyril and
Methodius preached the Gospel to the Slavs in the second half of the ninth century, and St. Cyril,
having formed an alphabet, made for them, in Old Ecclesiastical Slavic, or Bulgarian, a translation of
the Bible from the Greek. Toward the close of the tenth century this version found its way into Russia
with Christianity, and after the twelfth century it underwent many linguistic and textual changes. A
complete Slav Bible after an ancient codex of the time of Waldimir (d. 1008) was published at Ostrog
in 1581 A.D.,.XXVIII

1170 A.D. THE FIRST PARALLEL ENGLISH LANGUAGE BIBLE: Eadwine’s Psalterium This leaf (circa
1260 A.D. see Figure 1-6, Figure 1-7, & Figure 1-8) has been written by hand in Latin, in black ink
using miniature Gothic texture on animal vellum. Rubricated initials and marginalia can be seen in red
and blue. It was originally owned by William Foyle of Beeligh Abbey England triplex, which
contained the Latin version accompanied by Anglo-Norman and Anglo-Saxon renderings, appeared it
became the basis of all subsequent Anglo-Norman versions.xxix

THIRTEENTH CENTURY., THE FIRST DIVISION OF CHAPTERS: It was the British Catholic Arch-
Bishop of Canterbury, St. Stephen Langton (died 1228 A.D.), was first to tabulate scripture into
Chapters, and we follow his arrangement to this day: some 1,163 chapters in the Old Testament, and
only 260 in the New Testament."xxx

THIRTEENTH CENTURY., THE FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO THE SPANISH LANGUAGE:
Under King Alfonso V of Spain.xxxi

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THIRTEENTH CENTURY IMAGES

Figure 1-4

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Figure 1-5
These two leaf (see above Figure 1-4 & Figure 1-5) are from different Bibles in French. They were both hand
copied about the year 1250 ( A.D.) and are written in a very fine, regular, hand: The initials at the beginning of
every chapter are very elaborate!

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Figure 1-6
This is a close up of a leaf from a Latin Bible it hand copied minuscule script about the year 1260 (A.D.).
This leaf originates from Northern France (probably Paris)

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Figure 1-7

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Figure 1-8
This leaf (circa 1260 A.D. See above, Figure 1-7 & Figure 1-8) has been written by hand in Latin, in
black ink using miniature gothic texture on animal vellum. Rubricated initials and marginalia can be seen
in red and blue. It was originally owned by William Foyle of Beeligh Abbey England.

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1300 A.D. THE FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO THE NORWEGIAN LANGUAGE: The earliest
and most celebrated is that of Genesis-Kings in the so-called Stjórn (“Guidance” ; i.e., of God)
manuscript in the Old Norwegian language, probably to be dated about 1300 a.d.,. Swedish versions of
the Pentateuch and of Acts have survived from the fourteenth century and a manuscript of Joshua-
Judges by Nicholaus Ragnvaldi of Vadstena from c. 1500. The oldest Danish version covering Genesis-
Kings derives from 1470 a.d.,.xxxii

1454 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED BIBLE: A Catholic named Gutenberg caused great excitement when in
the fall of that year he exhibited sample pages at the Frankfurt trade fair. Gutenberg quickly sold out all
of the 180 copies of his Latin Vulgate Bible even before the printing was finished.xxxiii

1470 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED DICTIONARY WAS PRINTED: It was written by Johannes Marchesinus
(a Franciscan friar). It was a guide to understanding the text of the Bible explains the grammatical
constructs and etymology of difficult words in the Scriptures. Printed only 15 years after the First Book
ever printed in the world, the Gutenberg Bible! (See Figure 1-9)

1466 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED GERMAN BIBLE: This was fifty eight years before Luther made his
German Translation in 1524 A.D.,.xxxiv In that fifty eight years the Catholics printed 30 different German
editions of the Bible. (See Figure 1-10 & Figure 1-11)

1470 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED SCANDINAVIAN BIBLE: In the fourteenth century, versions of the
Sunday Epistles and Gospels were made for popular use in Denmark. Large portions of the Bible, if not
an entire version, were published about 1470 A.D.,.XXXV

1471 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED ITALIAN BIBLE: XXXVI In the years before Luther’s Bible was published
(Luther’s Biblical translations, begun in 1522 A.D.), the Catholics printed 20 different Italian editions of
the Bible.

1475 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED DUTCH BIBLE: The first Bible in Dutch was printed by Catholics in
Holland at Delft in 1475 A.D.,. Among several issued from the press of Jacob van Leisveldt at
Antwerp.XXXVII

1478 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED SPANISH BIBLE:XXXVIII In the years before Luther’s Bible was published
(Luther’s Biblical translations, begun in 1522 A.D.) the Catholics printed two different Spanish editions
of the Bible.

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Figure 1-9
The image on the right is a scan if from the this historic Bible Dictionary

14
Figure 1-10

15
Figure 1-11
These are two incunabula leafs from Pre-Luther Biblias Germanica or German Bibles. Printed by the
Catholic Anton Koberger printed it on February 17, 1483 in the city of Nuremberg.

1466 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED FRENCH BIBLE:XXXIX In the years before Luther’s Bible was published
(Luther’s Biblical translations, begun in 1522 A.D.), the Catholics printed 26 different French editions
of the Bible.

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1516 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED GREEK NEW TESTAMENT: A Catholic named Erasmus first printed
his Greek New Testament.xl In the years before Luther’s Bible was published (Luther’s Biblical
translations, begun in 1522 A.D.), the Catholics printed 22 different Greek editions of the Bible.

1534 A.D. THE FIRST USE OF ITALICS TO INDICATE WORDS NOT IN THE ORIGINAL: A Catholic
named Munster was the first to use italics to indicate words not in the original Greek or Hebrew texts,
in his version of the Latin Vulgate.xli

1535 A.D. THE FIRST BIBLE CONCORDANCE EVER PRINTED: Done in Latin, and extensively accented
in red ink, this is the very first concordance to the Bible ever printed. (See Figure 1-12)

Figure 1-12
This scan is of the first concordance ever printed.

1548 A.D. THE FIRST CHINESE VERSION: Among earlier translations is a version of St. Matthew by
Anger, a Japanese Catholic (Goa, 1548 A.D.). The Jesuit Father de Mailla wrote an explanation of the
Gospels for Sundays and feasts in 1740 A.D.XLII

1551 A.D. THE FIRST DIVISION OF VERSES: The first division of the Bible into its present verses is
found for the first time in an edition of the Greek New Testament published in Paris by the Catholic
Robert Stephens.xliii

1555 A.D. THE FIRST PRINTED COMPLETE BIBLE WITH CHAPTERS AND VERSES: The first division
of the Bible into its present chapters and verses is found for the first time in an edition of the Vulgate

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published in Paris by the Catholic Robert Stephens.xliv

1561 A.D. THE FIRST COMPLETE POLICH BIBLE: Was printed at Cracow in 1561 A.D., 1574 A.D., and
1577 A.D.,. Jacob Wujek, S.J., undertook a new translation from the Vulgate (Cracow, 1593 A.D.),
which was praised by Clement VIII, and reprinted frequently.XLV

1579 A.D. THE FIRST MEXICAN VERSION: The first known Biblical undertaking in Mexico was a
version of the Gospels and Epistles in 1579 by Didacus de S. Maria, O. P., and the Book of Proverbs by
Louis Rodríguez, O.S.F. A version of the New Testament was made in 1829, but only the Gospel of St.
Luke was printed.XLVI

1836 A.D. THE FIRST TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE INTO THE JAPANESE LANGUAGE: A version of
St. John’s Gospel and of the Acts was edited in katakana (square type e.g., ァィゥェォカ) at Singapore
(1836 A.D.) by Charles Gutzlaff.XLVII

THIS DOCUMENT WAS ORIGINALLY UPLOADED AND IS THE WORK OF THE PERSONNEL OF
CATHOLICAPOLOGETICS.NET© AND IS MERELY A REPRODUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL ARTICLE WITH THE ADDITION
OF POPE ST. DAMASUS’ DECREE AT THE COUNCIL OF ROME 382 A.D. CATHOLICAPOLOGETICS.NET HAS
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DOCUMENT: FEB. 20, 2011.

“I HUMBLY DEDICATE THIS WORK IN HONOUR OF OUR BLESSED MOTHER'S [BLESSED VIRGIN MARY, MOTHER OF GOD]
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION WHICH HAS UNFORTUNATELY BEEN DISREGARDED MY MANY.”

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i De Missa privata, ed by Jensen, VI, Pg 92
ii Imperial Encyclopedia and Dictionary © 1904 Volume 4, Henry G. Allen & Company
iii The Complete Christian Collection © 1999
iv The Bible Through the Ages © 1996, Readers Digest Association, New York.
v Funk & Wagnalls Standard Reference Encyclopedia © 1951 Volume 4
vi Grolier Family Bible Cards © MCMXCVIII
vii The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary © 1977
viii“What Say You?” p. 244-289 © 1945 By David Goldstein.
ix The Bible Through the Ages © 1996, Readers Digest Association, New York.
x The Bible Through the Ages © 1996, Readers Digest Association, New York.
xi Encarta Encyclopedia © 1997-2000
xii The Complete Christian Collection © 1999
xiiiThe Complete Christian Collection © 1999
xiv The Faith of Our Fathers, p. 68 © 1917. See also Who’s Who in the Bible © 1986
xv Holman Bible Dictionary © 1991
xvi The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary © 1977
xviiThe Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary © 1977
xviiiEncyclopedia Britannica © 1999-2000
xix The Complete Christian Collection © 1999
xx The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xxi Imperial Encyclopedia and Dictionary © 1904 Volume 4, Henry G. Allen & Company
xxiiThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xxiiiGrolier Family Bible Cards © MCMXCVIII
xxivImperial Encyclopedia and Dictionary © 1904 Volume 4, Henry G. Allen & Company
xxvEncyclopedia Britannica © 1999-2000
xxviEncyclopedia Britannica © 1999-2000
xxviiMediaeval history © 1967, pg 166-167
xxviiiThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xxixEncyclopedia Britannica © 1999-2000
xxxThe Only Begotten, Chapter 7, p. 130 by Michael Malone: CATHOLIC TREASURES, © 1997
xxxiImperial Encyclopedia and Dictionary © 1904 Volume 4, Henry G. Allen & Company
xxxiiThe Encyclopedia Britannica © 1999-2000
xxxiiiThe Bible Through the Ages © 1996, Readers Digest Association, New York.
xxxivHolman Bible Dictionary © 1991
xxxvThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xxxviHolman Bible Dictionary © 1991
xxxviiThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xxxviiiHolman Bible Dictionary © 1991
xxxixHolman Bible Dictionary © 1991
xl Holman Bible Dictionary © 1991
xli English Versions of the Bible © 1952
xliiThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xliiiThe Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary © 1977
xlivThe Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary © 1977
xlv The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xlviThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912
xlviiThe Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XV Copyright © 1912

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