Fetal Conditions Treated

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Acardiac Twins
Acardiac twins, otherwise known as twin reversed-arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence,
are a rare and serious complication of monochorionic twins. Although the cause for
the syndrome is not completely understood, it has been hypothesized that large ves-
sels on the surface of the common placenta are responsible. Blood is perfused from
one twin (“pump” twin) to the other twin (“acardiac” twin) by retrograde (backward)
flow. Thus, the acardiac twin receives deoxygenated (oxygen depleted) arterial blood
from the pump twin in the wrong direction. The inadequate perfusion of the acardiac
twin is responsible for a spectrum of lethal anomalies, including acardia (absent heart),
acephalus (absent skull), severe maldevelopment of the upper body, and a relative
excess of edematous connective tissue.

Although the pump twin is structurally normal, there is an increased risk of death (up
to 50-75%) for that twin. This is due to two important factors. First, the pump twin’s
heart has to work to support the perfusion of both the pump twin and the acardiac
twin. Eventually, the strain to the pump twin’s heart may be too great, resulting in
high-output heart failure. Second, premature delivery or miscarriage may occur due to
the polyhydramnios (excess amniotic fluid volume) and/or rapid growth of the acardi-
ac twin. Risk factors associated with pregnancy loss include polyhydramnios (defined
as a maximum vertical pocket of amniotic fluid greater than or equal to 8.0 centime-
ters), large TRAP twin (estimated fetal weight of the acardiac twin is 50% or greater
than that of the pump twin), evidence of heart failure in the pump twin (hydrops), or
critically abnormal blood flow patterns identified on Doppler ultrasound. Because of
the high risk of pregnancy loss in pregnancies complicated by Acardiac/TRAP se-
quence in the setting of these risk factors, surgical treatment in the womb to separate
the circulatory systems of the twins have been proposed.

Diagnosis
The diagnosis of acardiac twins or TRAP sequence is suggested by the presence of a
monochorionic (single placenta) twin pregnancy in which one twin (the pump twin) ap-
pears structurally normal (no ultrasound findings consistent with birth defects), while
the other twin (the acardiac/TRAP twin) has multiple profound birth defects (as listed
in the background section above) which are not compatible with life.
The diagnosis is confirmed with the use of combined pulsed and color Doppler ultra-
sound studies. This method allows for the documentation of the arterial blood flow
perfusing the acardiac/TRAP twin in a retrograde fashion, thus securing the diagnosis.
Once the diagnosis is established, further ultrasound studies must be performed to
assess whether that individual pregnancy is in the high-risk category for pregnancy
loss. These findings are summarized in the section below titled, “Candidacy for Surgi-
cal Treatment”.

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 Acardiac Twins

Management Options and Outcomes

The following management options and corresponding expected perinatal outcomes are listed below
for pregnancies complicated by acardiac twins (TRAP sequence) with a high-risk factor, thus meet-
ing criteria for fetal surgery.
1. Expectant Management: This means that your pregnancy will be watched closely by frequent
ultrasounds and other methods, with the delivery timed to prevent the death of the pump twin in the
womb. This is associated with a 50 to 75% risk of pregnancy loss or extreme prematurity.
2. Pregnancy Termination: Pregnancy termination may be chosen as an option up to 24 weeks ges-
tation in California. The CHLA-USC Fetal Therapy Program does not offer this procedure.
3. Umbilical Cord Occlusion: There is approximately a 80% chance that the pump twin will survive,
with a 5% risk of neurologic injury.

Candidacy for Surgical Treatment

The inclusion and exclusion criteria for consideration of surgical intervention to separate the circula-
tory system of the acardiac twin from the pump twin are listed below:
Inclusion Criteria: All pregnancies must be between 16 and 26 weeks’ gestation. Once the diagnosis
of Acardiac/TRAP sequence has been confirmed, the presence of at least one of the following must
be present to be considered a candidate for surgical treatment.

1. Size of acardiac twin exceeds the pump twin (abdominal circumference of acardiac twin larger
than that of pump twin)
2. Polyhydramnios (maximum vertical pocket (MVP) > 8cm)
3. critically abnormal Doppler’s in the pump twin (persistent absent or reversed diastolic flow in the
umbilical artery, pulsatile flow in the umbilical vein, and/or reversed flow in the ductus venosus)
4. Fetal hydrops of the pump twin
5. The presence of a short cervix is a relative indication, and will be addressed on an individual basis

Exclusion Criteria:
1. Presence of major congenital anomalies of the pump twin
2. Abnormal karyotype
3. Ruptured membranes (broken bag of waters)
4. Chorioamnionitis (infection in the womb)

Details of Procedures
Because the peculiarities of each pregnancy complicated by Acardiac/TRAP sequence, it is very
important to stress that a single surgical approach is inadequate to provide optimal treatment. Each
pregnancy must be individually assessed, and the type of fetal surgery must be tailored to the spe-
cifics of each case. Important considerations include surgical access (it is preferable to enter the sac
of the acardiac/TRAP twin if possible), the size and position of the acardiac twin, the length of the
umbilical cord, and the location and length of the placental vascular connections.
Using the above-mentioned considerations, the following surgical approach in order of preference is
recommended. Note that all surgeries are performed under local anesthesia with intravenous seda-
tion. About a 2 to 3 millimeter (one tenth of an inch) incision is placed on the maternal abdomen to
allow the insertion of the microsurgical instruments into the womb. Antibiotics are given to the moth-
er.