Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2011
ARGUMENT
PREPARED BY RIAZ
AHEMAD
ahemadriaz@gmail.co
m
COMMON CONCLUSION
SIGNAL (SITA)
THEREFORE THUS
SUGGEST SO
AS A RESULT ACCORDINGLY
INDICATE IT FOLLOWS THAT
CONSEQUENTLY HENCE
CONCLUSION
IT IS SIGNALED BY STRONG TONE, OFTEN MARKED BY WORDS LIKE
SHOULD/proposed
BECAUSE DUE TO
SINCE GIVEN THAT
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ASS
UMP
TION
PREMISE
S
CONCLUSION
MOSTLY LAST
PART OOF
ASSUMPTION+ PREMISES=
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CONCLUSION
1) INTERNAL CONCLUSION
2) EXTERNAL CONCLUSION
VAN:-VERB,ADJECTIVE,NOUN
VERB(ACTION WORD):-
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HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB
HE IS DOING
ADJECTIVE(CHARACTERISTIC)
HELPING VERB+ADJECTIVE
I AM OPTIMISTIC, SHE IS BEAUTIFUL.
HELPING VERB+ADJECTIVE+MAIN VERB
I WILL CERTAINLY INFORM YOU
OR
SUBJECT+(HELPING VERB+MAIN VERB) PREDICATE +ADJECTIVE.
NOUN:-NAMING WORD
ADMINISTERED-MAIN VERB
OATH-NOUN
IF I HAD money, THEN I WOULD HAVE GONE for higher studies Abroad.
IF+ PAST TENSE, THEN+WOULD+VERB
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A
Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
WILL/SHALL/WOULD/COULD/SHOULD HAS/HAVE/HAD
/OUGHT TO/
The present participle in English is in the active voice and is used for:
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• forming the progressive aspect: Jim was sleeping.
• modifying a noun as an adjective: Let sleeping dogs lie.
• modifying a verb or sentence in clauses: Broadly speaking, the project was
successful.
The present participle in English has the same form as the gerund, but the gerund acts as a
noun rather than a verb or a modifier. The word sleeping in Your job description does not
include sleeping is a gerund and not a present participle.
The past participle may be used in both active and passive voices:
As noun-modifiers, participles usually precede the noun (like adjectives), but in many cases
they can or must follow it:
Verb forms
Verbs in English can take the various forms listed in (1)-(5).
(1) Bare Default form in present tense sentences. They play together.
I see.
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(2) -s Special form used in the present tense Lukas runs for miles.
to mark agreement with a third person The cat enjoys treats.
singular subject.
(3) -ing As present participle, combines with The cat is playing with the
auxiliary be to express various yarn.
aspectual nuances I was seeing her until a week
ago.
(4) -ed (past Expresses past tense. The cat played with the yarn.
tense) We saw a deer.
(5) -en (past Combines with auxiliary be to form Baseball is played all over the
participle) passive forms. world.
She was last seen off
Mozambique.
For all verbs, the -ing form is predictable from the bare form, being derived from it by the
affixation of -ing (play-ing, see-ing, hav-ing, be-ing). The -s form is similarly predictable for
most verbs, with major (be, is) or minor (have, has) exceptions.
The past tense and past participle forms are predictable from the bare form in some cases,
but not in others. With regular verbs, the past tense and past participle forms are
homonyms and are formed by affixing -ed to the bare form. Why bother distinguishing
between the two forms? That is, why not just post a single past form?
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The reason is that the past tense and the past participle are distinct for irregular verbs
such as go, see, sing, or write (past tense went, saw, sang, wrote versus past participle gone,
seen, sung, written).
A verb's bare form, past tense, and past participle (in other words, exactly the forms that
aren't predictable in general) are known as its principal parts.
Finiteness of verbs
The verb forms just discussed are classified into two categories: finite and nonfinite. The
basic difference between the two categories in English is that finite verbs can function on
their own as the core of an independent sentence, whereas nonfinite verbs cannot. Rather,
nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal, an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival
particle to.
A verb's -s form and past tense form are always finite, and the two participles (the -ing and
-en forms) are always nonfinite.
To complicate matters a bit, a verb's bare form can be either finite or nonfinite. Bare
forms that express the present tense are finite; otherwise, they are nonfinite. Examples are
given in (8) and (9).
VAN:-VERB,ADJECTIVE,NOUN
VERB(ACTION WORD):-
HE IS DOING
ADJECTIVE(CHARACTERISTIC)
HELPING VERB+ADJECTIVE
I AM OPTIMISTIC, SHE IS BEAUTIFUL.
NOUN:-NAMING WORD
ADMINISTERED-MAIN VERB
OATH-NOUN
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Pronunciation:-
English pronunciation varies considerably across the English speaking world. WordWeb
only provides a rough guide, concentrating on the “standard” American and RP (BBC
English) varieties that are widely comprehended. The correct local pronunciation will
depend on where you are. In particular the vowel sounds vary very widely; words
that rhyme in one locale may not in another (though in many cases vowel sounds
change in a consistent pattern).
(Rules-1)
The vowel sounds (a,e ,i o,u) are voiced with high pitch or tone and rest of alphabet
apart from vowel will remain low pitch Or tone.
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oy boy, boil y yet xh Bach
a, e ,i ,o, VowelPronunciation z zoom
u
(Rules-2)
* These vowel sounds move around considerably with location. In the US ó often
sounds similar to aa or sometimes o. In the south UK ã is the same as aa, but in the
US and north UK usually the sound is like a (the actual sound of a is also different).
Primary stresses are marked with ‘, secondary stresses with `. The stress can vary
depending on part of speech and in some cases the sense.
(Rules-3)
There are some broad rules on whether optional sounds are voiced or not. The (y)
sound is almost always present in British English (and many other varieties), but often
absent in US English; so news is pronounced n(y)ooz - which is nooz in the US and
nyooz in the UK Optional (r) sounds are usually present at some level in US English,
but not sounded in British English. So other sounds like údhu in the UK but like údhur
in the US.
e.g ‘r’ sound is silent or very low tone in world, Girl, Learning, Morning, Firm etc,
Because ‘r’ is after vowel o, I,a, o and I respectively.
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(Rules-4)
5+6+3+8+4+2=? 5+6+3+8+4+2=?
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by word
(Rules-5)
How to skim:-
To skim milk, you take the cream, the richest part, off the top of the bottle. To skim
reading material , you extract the important parts- that is the main points and
significant details.
Skimming is a process of getting the essence of material without reading all of it- it
involves judicious and selective skipping of nonessential or of less essential matters.
Readers always skim to a slight degree. They do this by paying very little a attention
to, by practically ignoring, unimportant, linking words likely the, a , for, with, to,
on, it, and is was etc. Omitting such while reading will speed up reading by 25 % or
more if you read over 350 WPM.
-2 am hot August night. Newyork outskirts , man lurched out of bar, into car, roared
northward 80 miles
Hour, before police stop drink-crazed driver , crashed another car, sent six person
hospital.
-It was 2 am on a hot August night. In Newyork outskirts , a man lurched out of a
bar, and into his car, and roared northward at 80 miles an hour. Before police
could stop the drink-crazed driver ,he had crashed into another car, and sent six
person to hospital.
Here 19 unimportant words have been eliminated in previous paragraph which will
speed to read and understand during paragraph writing or case study solving to get
main ideas more quickly.
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COLLECTION BY :=
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