● Cinuri xelovnebis mwvervalebi: Tangis da sungis dinastiebis

mmarTvelobis epoqa

Tangis imperiis zeobis xana (618-907) umniSvnelovanesia ara mxolod Cinuri kul-
turisa da xelovnebis, aramed zogadad, CineTis istoriis kvlevis sferoSi; swored am
periodSi sabolood ganisazRvra CineTis saxelmwifos sazRvrebi da damyarda politi-
kur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi msoflios ganviTrebul qveynebTan.
Tangis imperiis mmarTvelTa samefo kari, romelTa fesvebi CineTis ukiduresi Crdilo-
eTiT mosaxle monRoluri warmoSobis momTabare, Tumca Cinel xalxTan srulad asimi-
lirebuli tomebidan momdinareobda, msoflio mniSvnelobis kulturuli centri iyo.
Tangis dinastiis imperatorebma ganaxorcieles warmatebuli laSqrobebi mezobeli
koreis, vietnamisa da sxva qveynebis damorCilebisaTvis, daamyares diplomatiuri ur-
TierTobebi ufro Zlier saxelmwifoebTan rogorc evropaSi, ise aRmosavleTSi da
imavdroulad, politikuri da ufro metad savaWro-ekonomikuri mosazrebebiT, isini
xSirad maspinZlobda bizantiis, sparselTa Tu arabTa diplomatiur misiebs.
mezobelma iaponelebma, koreelebma da indo-Cinelebma Zireulad Seisisxlxorces
Tangis epoqis CineTis kulturuli tradiciebi, rogorc saukeTeso da srulyofili.
Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi dasrulda CineTis feodaluri wes-wyo-
bilebis Camoyalibeba, romelic Semdgom, saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi, ucvlelad SenarCun-
da. am epoqaSi umaRles ganviTarebas miaRwia mxatvrulma literaturam, poeziam; farTo
gavrceleba pova wignis beWdvis kulturam, aRorZinda mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargi,
Camoyalibda mecnierebaTa akademia da Cinuri Teatraluri xelovneba.
Tangis epoqis xelovnebis dargebs Soris gansakuTrebuli warmatebiT viTardeba
ferwera, arqiteqtura da qandakeba. mniSvnelovan winsvlas ganicdis dekoratiul-ga-
moyenebiTi xelovnebis dargebis — keramikis, qsovilis da liTonis warmoeba. saxelmwi-
fos sazRvrebis gafarToebasTan erTad, rasac Tan sdevda axali urTierTobebi indo-
eTTan, iranTan Tu aziis mraval qveyanasTan, xelovnebaSi mkvidrdeba axali mxatvruli
formebi, romlebic Cineli xalxis SemoqmedebiTi genis wyalobiT gadamuSavda da adap-
tirda adgilobriv mxatvrul tradiciebTan.

***

Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanis ferweris warmatebul ganviTarebas adastu-

rebs Tanamedroveobamde SemorCenili gragnilebi. isini miekuTvneba aRniSnuli perio-
dis cnobil mxatvrul skolebs an SemorCenilia gviani periodis aslebis saxiT. Tangis
periodis ferweris yvelaze saxelganTqmul nimuSebad mogaos mRvimeebis kedlis mxat-
vroba da amave periodis abreSumsa da qaRaldze Sesrulebuli mxatvruli kompozicie-
bi gvevlineba.
am drois ferwera mWidro kavSirSia epoqis poetur Tu prozaul qmnilebebTan,
STagonebulia am ukanasknelTa Tematuri mravalferovnebiT. am mxriv saxasiaToa cno-
bili poetisa da mxatvris vang veis (415-443) sityvebi: `Cemi poemebi suraTebia, xolo su-
raTebi ki — poemebi.~
Tangis epoqaSi ferweris mTavar mimarTulebebad peizaJi, portreti da Janruli
ferwera gvevlineba.
peizaJi, Cinurad — San-Sui TargmanSi JRers rogorc mTebi-wylebi. Tavad saxelwo-
deba migvaniSnebs, rom mxatvarTa STagonebis wyaro bunebis ori elementia: wyali da
mTa. Cinel fermwerTa azriT, swored es ori elementi yvelaze srulyofilad gamoxa-
tavda bunebis arss.

46
 am periodis peizaJuri ferwera pirobiTobis niSnebs atarebs da zustad pasuxobs
Cinuri aristokratiis daxvewil gemovnebas.
portretul xelovnebaSi, oficialur pirTa portretebis da gardacvlilis kul-
tTan dakavSirebuli namuSevrebis garda, iqmneba agreTve kerZo pirebis, ubralo adami-
anebis portretebic. swored am periodisaTvis sabolood Camoyalibda Cinuri ferwe-
ris umTavresi principebi da maxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi: sivrcis Zalze Taviseburi
gadawyveta, perspeqtivis xazis da Suq-CrdilTa ararseboba, mravalplaniani kompozi-
cia, haerovani perspeqtiva da formaTa modelirebisas — xazis gansakuTrebuli dat-
virTva. funjis Zalasa da xelovanis unars bolomde gadmoeca emocia, gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeboda rogorc mxatvarTa, ise kaligrafTa Soris.
tunxuangis gamoqvabulis moxatuloba, romelic VI-XI saukuneebSia Sesrulebu-
li, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, SesaZleblobas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT Cinuri ked-
lis mxatvrobis transformacias veis, Tangisa da sungis dinastiebis mmarTvelobis pe-
riodSi. bevr siuJetSi udavod SesamCnevia induri Tu iranuli mxatvrul-stilisturi
niSnebi, Tumca Cinel fermwerTa sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom centraluri aziidan mom-
dinare tradiciebi adgilobriv niadagze mniSvnelovnad gadamuSavda: portretebze
centralur-aziuri saxis ovali ukve CinuriTaa Canacvlebuli, figuraTa siluetebi —
dednebisagan gansxvavebiT — bevrad mZime, xolo tansacmlis drapireba — nakleb gam-
Wvirvalea.
VIII saukuneSi tunxuangi tibetelTa mflobelobaSi gadadis, ris Semdegac monas-
tris kedlis mxatvrobaSi matulobs induri gavlenebi. 873 wels tunxuangi uiRurebma
(aRmosavleT Turqestanis mkvidri mosaxleoba; amJamad avtonomiis statusiT CineTis sa-
xalxo respublikis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sinZiang-uiRureTis avt. raionis statusiT)
daipyres da tunxuangis mxatvrobas kvlav Seemata axali stilistur-mxatvruli niSnebi.

budas miZineba. tunxuangis mRvime. lxini sasaxleSi. kedlis mxatvroba.

VII-VIII ss. tunxuangi. VII-VIII ss.

mRvimeebis Tangis epoqis mxatvruli kompoziciebi, samarTlianadaa miCneuli kom-

pleqsis yvelaze mdidrul moxatulobad. freskebi dayofilia Tangis mmarTvelobis
adreuli, Sua xanebis da gviani periodis nimuSebad.
adreuli, VII-VIII saukuneebis mxatvrobaSi erTiani kompozicia jer kidev dauZleveli
problemaa. danawevrebulia sivrcec da SesamCnevia masStabis problemebic. amisda miu-
xedavad, figuraTa emociuri gamomsaxveloba, rakursuli moZraobebi, xazobrivi silu-
etebi — maRalmxatvruli ostatobiTaa gadawyvetili.
Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis bolo periodisaTvis (IXs.) freskebze naTlad Sei-
niSneba cvlilebebi: kompoziciebi simetriulia, ikveTeba mcdeloba xazovani perspeq-
tivis gadmocemisa. personaJTa gamosaxulebebi sqematuria. yvelaferi es indo-tibe-

47
tur gavlenaTa Sedegia, rac tunxuangSi tibetelTa gabatonebiT aixsneba, vinaidan, ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, es ukanasknelni ufro metad iyvenen orientirebulni indur kultu-
rul tradiciebze.

samonastro arqiteqturis ruka. IX-X ss. kedlis mxatvroba (detali) tunxuangi.

Tangis periodis xelovnebis SeswavlisaTvis sagulisxmo masalas warmoadgens

tunxuangis biblioTekaSi daculi xelnawerebi. rogorc cnobilia, tunxuangi warmoad-
genda qveynis umniSvnelovanes samecniero-saganmanaTleblo keras, rasac adasturebs
xelnawerTa unikaluri koleqciac. koleqcia daaxloebiT 20 000 obieqts aerTianebs da
moicavs sxvadasxva periodiT daTariRebul taoistur da budistur, aseve sxvadasxva
xasiaTis oficialur dokumentacias; aqvea filosofiuri, maTematikuri, samedicino,
astronomiuli, istoriuli, geografiuli traqtatebi, leqsikonebi, poeturi nawarmo-
ebebi da sxv.
es saganZuri, sxva mraval aRmoCenasa da siaxlesTan erTad, naTlad miuTiTebs,
rom Tangis, iseve rogorc momdevno sungis dinastiaTa mmarTvelobis periodSi, ferwe-
ra da kaligrafia xelovnebis wamyvan dargebad moaizreba.
Tangis epoqam Semogvinaxa udides Cinel fermwerTa saxelebi, romelTa namuSevre-
bis umetesi nawili, marTalia, gviandeli aslebis saxiTaa SemorCenili, miuxedavad ami-
sa mkafio warmodgenas gviqmnis epoqis mxatvrul azrovnebaze.
ien lipenis (600-673) ferwerul memkvidreobas Tanamedroveoba metwilad aslebis
saxiT icnobs. avtoriseuladaa miCneuli danawevrebuli saxiT SemorCenili erTaderTi
abreSumis gragnili — `cameti imperatori~ (ig. `sxvadasxva epoqis mbrZaneblebi~), rome-
lic bostonis muzeumSia daculi.
sxvadasxva periodis da dinastiis warmomadgeneli CineTis imperatorebi gamosa-
xuli arian istoriuli sinamdvilis dacviT: garegnuli niSnebiT advilad ganarCevT
erTmaneTisagan Zlier da sust, samarTlian da usamarTlo, Wkvian Tu sulel mmarTve-
lebs. cxadia, rom portretirebulTa SerCeva oficiozis politikur ideologias exmi-
aneba. personaJTa galerea SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs Tvali gavadevnoT CineTis istori-
ul qronikebs, sadac erTmaneTs enacvleba warmatebebi da didi warumateblobebi. sava-
raudod, aRniSnuli kompozicia, romelic Tangis mmarTvelebis dakveTa unda yofili-
48
 yo, warmoadgenda erTgvar sax-
lmZRvanelos moraluri da politi-
kuri uflebebis regulaciisTvis.
metad sainteresoa gragnilis
mxatvruli mxare, romelic kargad
warmoaCens avtoris maRal profesio-
nalizmsa da did SemoqmedebiT poten-
cials. Zalze mdidaria ien lipenis
palitra: Savi, TeTri, wiTeli, mwvane,
yavisferi, iisferi ferebi da tonebi
dabalansebulad aris ganawilebuli.
aseTivea kompoziciac — erTmaneTis-
gan gamijnuli calkeuli siuJetebi
masStabisa da planebis ganawilebis
SesaniSnav codnas amJRavnebs. mxatva-
ri moculobiTi formebis, rTuli ra-
kursebis gadmocemis ostatia, rasac
adasturebs sxva namuSevrebic misi
cameti imperatori; (detali) avtori ien lipeni. VII s. avtorobiT (aslebi): ~orqideis pavi-
abreSumi, tuSi, saRebavebi, oqro.
lionis gragnili~, `ZRvenis mirTme-
va~, `dasavleTis xalxi~ da sxv.
Tangis imperiaSi didi popularobiT sargeblobda mxatvari u taow’i(680-740), rome-
lic namdvil legendad iqca momdevno Taobis xelovanTa Soris. mas miewereba kedlis
mxatvrobis ramdenime nimuSi sxvadasxva sataZro kompleqsSi, maT Soris tunxuangSi.
mxatvris bevri namuSevari daikarga budizmis devnis xanaSi (841-845). Cinuri xelovnebis
mkvlevarebi u taow’is xelweris damaxasiaTebel Strixad miiCneven weris farTo da Tavi-
sufal maneras. mxatvris erT-erT yvelaze cnobil grafi-
kul namuSevrad miCneulia `konfucis portreti~, sadac
avtori Zalze zustad gadmoscems portretirebulis su-
lier keTiliSobilebas da gawonasworebul xasiaTs. aR-
frTovanebas iwvevs figuris natifi da eleganturi poza.
didi ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli tanisamosis drapireba.
saxelganTqmul mxatvars Woufangs (780-810) ukavSir-
deba Tangis epoqaSi damoukidebeli Janruli kompoziciis
damkvidrebis tradicia. man gaamdidra ferweris xelovne-
ba saero TematikiT. Woufangis personaJebsac gamoarCevs
mrgvali formebi da eleganturoba. es niSnebi mxatvris
namuSevrebis gviandel aslebzec ki kargad Cans. Woufan-
gis namuSevrebze umeteswilad qalTa galereas vxedavT:
isini maRali aristokratiuli wris warmomadgeneli qal-
batonebi arian. aristokratiuli da daxvewilia maTi po-
zebic, Tmis varcxniloba Tu tanisamosis feradovneba.
qalTa saxeebze xazgasmulia zeaziduli warbebi da mom-
rgvalebuli, Sefakluli Rawvebi: swored aseTia Tangis
epoqis idealuri qali.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Woufangi Janruli kompozi-
konfucis portreti.
ciis fuZemdebelia: mis panoebze, romlebic ZiriTadad avtori u taow’i.
aslebis saxiTiTaa SemorCenili da msoflios mraval mu- VIII s. abreSumi, tuSi

zeums amSvenebs, `qali maraoTi~, `nardis moTamaSe qalba-

49
tonebi~, `qalbatonebi yvavilebiT da varcxnilobebiT~, mSvenivradaa gadmocemuli Ta-
nadrouli sasaxlis interieri, moduri aqsesuarebi, aristokratiis sayvareli garTo-
bani da a.S.

qalbatonebi yvavilebiT da varcxnilobebiT (detali). mxatvari Woufangi . VIII s. abreSumi, tuSi.

`qalbatonebi yvavilebiT da varcxnilobebiT~, erTaderTi namuSevaria, romelic

Tavad Woufangis kalams miewereba. mxatvari qmnis uCveulod intimur, mSvid garemos,
rasac aRwevs figuraTa ganlagebiT, rakursebiT, JestebiT, maTi saxeebis da tanisamo-
sis modelirebiT. qalbatonTa Zvirfasi samkauli Tu qsovili, nelsacxeblebic ki, TiT-
qmis pedanturi sizustiTaa warmodgenili. suraTze aranairi moqmedeba ar xdeba, gan-
sxvavebiT mxatvris sxva namuSevrebisagan, sadac nardis TamaSi, sefe-qalTa molxena an
bavSvebTan maTi TamaSia warmodgenili. es namuSevari sruliad gansxvavebulia. is yve-
laze ukeT gviCvenebs mxatvris subieqtur gancdebs: erTgvari melanqolia, avtoris
yvelaze faqizi grZnobebi, fiqrebi Serwymulia weris teqnikis virtuozul flobasTan
da Sedegad, marTlac rom Seudarebeli ostatobiT aris gadmocemuli is, rasac xilu-
lad Tu uxilavad flobs bunebis yvelaze srulyofili qmnileba — qali.
Tangis epoqis Cinur peizaJur mxatvrobaSi, rogorc wesi or — CrdiloeTisa da
samxreTis skolas ganarCeven, Tumca aRniSnuli geografiuli dayofa pirobiTia. amgva-
ri gamijvna mingis epoqis xelovnebis kritikosTa damsaxurebaa, rac Tavis mxriv budiz-
mis or umTavres — CrdiloeTis da samxreTis centrebs ukavSirdeba. Tangis periodis
ferweraSi CrdiloeTis mimarTuleba Zlieri, Tumca ramdenadme uxeSi xaziTa da inten-
siuri koloritiT xasiaTdeba. samxreTuli skolis ferwerul namuSevrebs xazis simsu-
buqe, nakleb JReradi koloriti da rac mTavaria, saxasiaTo — meocnebe ganwyobis siu-
Jetebi gamoarCevs.
gamorCeuli mniSvnelobisaa samxreTis ferweruli skola, romlis liderad vang
vei (699-759) iTvleba. vang veim pirvelma gamoiyena ferweraSi mxolod tuSi da Sesabami-
sad, safuZveli Cauyara e.w.monoqromul ferweras.
vang veis Cinuri istoriuli wyaroebi mravalmxrivi niWis mqone adamianad moixse-
nieben. is venJenxuas mxatvruli skolis did winamorbedad iTvleba. venJenxuas (ig. ga-
naTlebul adamianTa, eruditTa ferwera) esTetikurma principebma, romlebic ZiriTa-
dad konfucianuri da taoisturi filosofiis gavleniT iqmneboda da XI saukunidan
gansakuTrebiT popularuli xdeba xelovanTa Soris, pirvelad swored vang veis Semoq-
medebaSi iCina Tavi.

50
 vang vei iyo fermweri, poeti, musikosi da
kaligrafi. oficiozis samsaxurSi myofs, maRa-
li administraciuli Tanamdebobebic ekava,
Tumca cxovrebis bolo wlebi, yvelasgan gan-
dgomilma, budistur monasterSi gaatara. gan-
sakuTrebuli dideba mas poeturma qmnilebebma
moutana. aranakleb ganTqmulia peizaJur Jan-
rSi Sesrulebuli misi mxatvruli namuSevre-
bic, romlebic Tanamedroveobamde gviandeli
gragnilebis da graviurebis saxiTaa Semonaxu-
li. metwilad isini CineTisa da iaponiis muzeu-
mebSia daculi.
mxatvris peizaJuri namuSevarebi Cinuri
peizaJis, San-Suis klasikur nimuSebad SeiZ-
leba miviCnioT. swored mTebs, kldovan masi-
vebsa da mdinareebs gamosaxavda igi yvelaze
xSirad. vang veis peizaJebs amaRlebuli, poe-
turi ganwyoba, gawonasworebuli da mSvidi
kompozicia gamoarCevT. mxatvari cdilobs
gadmogvces bunebis suli, romlis Secnoba-
sac mudam eswrafvoda. rogorc Tavis erT-
erT poetur nawarmoebSi vang vei werda: `ga-
zafxuli, zafxuli, Semodgomaca da zamTa-
ric pirdapir funjis qveS ibadebian~.. swo-
red amitom, vang veis buneba savse sicoc-
xliT, avtoriseuli gancdebiT da emociebiT,
TiTqos marTlac sunTqavs da moZraobs, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom yovelTvis ukacuria da
feradovnebac xSirad mxolod tuSis da erTi
romelime, magaliTad mwvane feris gamoyene-
biTaa miRebuli. mxatvars gansakuTrebiT xib-
lavs zamTris peizaJebi, sadac isedac dide-
bul xedebs, Soreuls da bolomde Seucno- Tovli mdinareebsa da mTebze, vang veis ferweris
bels adamianisTvis, ufro metad axvevs idu- asli, Sesr. XVII s-Si. abreSumi, qaRaldi, tuSi, mine-
raluri saRebavebi
malebis saburvelSi susxiani zamTris dRis
civi naTeba, aseTi ostatobiT rom asaxavs (`Tovliani mdinareebi da mTebi~; `dila did-
Tovlobis Semdgom, mTebSi, mdinaresTan~).
e.w. CrdiloeTis ferweris skolis saxelganTqmuli warmomadgenelia li Waodao
(675-741). man Seqmna axali stili mxatvrobaSi, romelic lurj-mwvane peizaJis saxeliTaa
cnobili. peizaJis weris miseuli, panoramul-monumenturi stili, romelic didi popu-
larobiT sargeblobda momdevno Taobis fermwerTa Soris, aSkarad avlens mxatvris mier
taoisturi filosofiuri ideebis mimarT did interess. mxatvarma faqtobrivad uaryo
axlo plani, xatavda mTlian gamosaxulebas, magaliTad, mTas, misi Ziridan mwvervalamde.
es kompozicias masStaburobasa da Zlierebas aniWebda. amave dros xSirad iyenebda mo-
lurjo-mwvane feris saRebavs fonisaTvis, riTac qmnida burusis efeqts da amiT, ro-
gorc wesi, isedac ukacur peizaJebs kidev ufro idumal, mistikur da pirvelyofili bu-
nebis odnav velur iers aniWebda. (`mogzaurebi mTebSi~; `mTebi gazafxulze~; loiangis
koSki~) .

51
 iseve rogorc ferweris xelovneba, Tan-
gisa da sungis epoqebSi did aRmavlobas ga-
nicdis qandakebac. Tangis periodis qandake-
bis xelovnebas, gansakuTrebiT marmarilos
figurebs, induri xelovnebis gavlena etyo-
ba, rac ganpirobebulia dinastiis mmarTve-
lobis miwuruls indoeTTan kulturuli
urTierTobis gaZlierebiT.
ufro TviTmyofadi da originaluria
didebulTa da saimperatoro ojaxis wevrTa
akldamebis win dasadgami qvis monumenturi
qandakebebi, romelic jer kidev xanis dinas-
tiis mmarTvelobis droidan, samarxi kom-
pleqsebis mniSvnelovani atributi xdeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom dasakrZalavi kom-
pleqsebi CineTSi mudam popularuli iyo da
saimperatoro ojaxisTvis mdidruli da mo-
numenturi samudamo gansasveneblis agebis
tradicia, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gare-
Se, CineTSi XX saukunis dasawyisamde Senar-
Cunda. Saansis provinciaSi, q. sianTan axlos
mdebareobs Tangis dinastiis imperatorTa da
maTi ojaxis wevrTa saZvale -yorRani, ramde-
nime Senoba da vrceli miwisqveSa sivrce
mdidruli mopirkeTebiT da moxatulobiT,
sadac ganisvenebdnen gardacvlilebi. aq aris
dakrZaluli CineTis istoriaSi erTaderTi
imperatori qali — u w’Tieni (690-705), Tumca
mogzaurebi mTebSi (detali). avtori li Waodao.
XI-XII ss-is asli. abreSumi, tuSi, mineraluri saRebavebi gansa-
kuTre-
buli dideba am kompleqss aq aRmarTuli qvis qan-
dakebebis gamo xvda wilad, romlebic tradiciu-
lad, e. w. sulebis gzaze, akldamis bneli talane-
bisken mimaval grZel gzazea ganlagebuli.
cxovelebisa Tu adamianebis aTeulobiT qvis
qandakeba erTgulad icavda da imqveyniur samya-
roSic emsaxureboda saimperatoro ojaxs. miuxe-
davad frontalurobisa da statikurobisa, qan-
dakebebi garkveul realistur Strixebsac atare-
ben. am mxriv, aRsaniSnavia swavlulTa monumentu-
ri figurebi sulebis gzaze, romelTa saxeebSi ig-
rZnoba individualuri portretuli niSnebis
asaxvis mcdeloba.
axal simaRleebs aRwevs budisturi monumen-
turi qandakeba. cnobili lungmenis mRvimeebis
(romelic ramdenime dinastiis kulturul tra-
diciebs aerTianebs) qandakebaTa naxevarze meti
swored Tangis epoqaSia Seqmnili. Tangis monumen-
tur qandakebaze mkafio warmodgenas gviqmnis swavlulis (saxelmwifo moxelis) qvis qandakeba
sulebis gzaze. VI-VII s.

52
mRvimis didi buda (vairoCana) — 17, 4 m. simaR-
lis figura, romlis Tavi 4 metria, xolo yu-
ris sigrZe — 1,9 metri. Tumca lungmenis didi
buda, aseTi masStabebis gamo ki ara, unikaluri
mxatvruli iersaxis da brwyinvale Sesrulebis
gamo ufroa cnobili; is mRvimis namdvili mar-
galitia. pirveli STabeWdileba, romelic misi
xilvisas Cndeba, es aris gansacvifrebeli ub-
raloeba, Serwymuli gamomsaxvelobis simsubu-
qesa da natif formebTan. budas samosi amJRav-
nebs klasikuri induri xelovnebis gavlenebs
Cinur budistur kulturaze, rac, rogorc
araerTxel aRvniSneT, laitmotivad gasdevs
adrebudistur Cinur kulturasa da xelovne-
bas. Tumca budas natifi, dagrZelebuli sxeu-
li, figuris STambeWdavi proporciuloba, rea-
listuri Strixebi da, rac mTavaria, xasiaTis
gadmocema, romelic cxadia, avtoriseuli Ca-
nafiqris umTavres nawils warmoadgenda, Tan- lungmenis didi buda.
gis epoqis monapovaria. VII- VIII ss.

realisturi niSnebi, romlebic Tangis epoqis qandakebaSi cxadad SesamCnevia, ki-

dev ufro metadaa damaxasiaTebeli mcire plastikis nimuSebisaTvis. mcire zomis qan-
dakebebs Soris (maTi simaRle saSualod 14-30 sm-ia), romlebic ZiriTadad samarxeul
masalas warmoadgens, xSirad gvxvdeba meomarTa, msaxurTa, mocekvaveTa figurebi;
mravladaa nimuSebi, romlebic epoqis modurad Cacmul-daxurul qalbatonebs warmog-
vidgens. Tangis epoqis mcire plastikis uamravi Zegli, romelic dRes rogorc CineTis,
ise msoflios uamravi qveynis udides muzeumebSia daculi, gansacvifrebelia Sesru-
lebis teqnikiT, proporciebiT, metyveli, dinamiuri pozebiTa Tu rakursebiT, saxasia-
To Strixebis gadmocemiTa da utrirebiT. metropoliten muzeumSi (niu-iorki) dacu-
lia Cinuri xelovnebis saganZuri, maT Soris sxvadasxva periodis mcire plastikis
brwyinvale koleqcia, romelSic Tangis epoqis Zeglebi wamyvan adgils ikavebs.
sefe-qalis qandakeba ara mxolod maRalmxatvruli Sesru-
lebiT aris aRsaniSnavi, aramed im realisturi tendenciebiT,
romlebic igrZnoba qalis saxis, mimikis, pozis, tanisamosis Ses-
rulebaSi. qandakeba sainteresoa eTnografiuli kvlevis kuTxi-
Tac, radgan, rogorc cnobilia, Tangis periodis mcire plasti-
ka Zalze zustad asaxavs im modur tendenciebs, romlebic sazo-
gadoebis sxvadasxva socialur fenaSi iyo damkvidrebuli. sefe-
qals mosavs welSi gamoyvanili viwro, grZeli kaba, farTo da
daSvebuli saxeloebiT, romlebic mklavis zeda nawilebSi arSi-
ebiTaa damSvenebuli. mouCans fexsacmelic — aqcentirebuli
farTo, ganieri, zeaweuli cxviriT. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos
maRali, eleganturi varcxniloba da Tavsaburavi. cxadia, Cven
winaSea maRali wris qalbatoni, romelic acocxlebs Tangis
aristokrat qalTa gemovnebas.
msgavsi tipis (ufro maRali) qaSanuris qandakeba daculia
Saansis istoriis muzeumSi, q. sianSi.
sianis sefe-qali TiTqmis identuri samosiT da gansxvavebu-
li, ormagi borblis formis varcxnilobiTaa warmodgenili. aR- sefe-qali. VII s.
qaSanuri, saRebavi.

53
 saniSnavia, rom orive qandakebas, iseve rogorc am periodis
mcire plastikis nimuSTa umravlesobas, SerCenili aqvs fera-
di pigmentebis kvali, rac mianiSnebs, rom Tangis epoqaSi me-
tad gavrcelebuli swored feradi qandakeba unda yofiliyo.
gansxvavebuli masaliT, marmariloTia Sesrulebuli
metropoliten muzeumis musikosi.
muxlmorTxmiT mjdomi axalgazrda mamakaci fleitiT
xelSi, ubralo, sada perangiT, ganieri SarvliTa da gumbaTi-
sebri formis qudiTaa warmodgenili. Tangis epoqaSi, sadac
gansakuTrebiT iyvnen dafasebulni musikosebi, mocekvaveebi
da msaxiobebi, es samosi, savaraudod, misi socialuri wrisaT-
vis Cveul samoss warmoadgenda. sagangebo aRniSvnis Rirsia sa-
xis nakvTebisa da xelis mtevnebis Zalze realisturi gadmoce-
ma. es detalebi, avtoris CanafiqriT aSkarad utrirebulia da
mianiSnebs mamakacis profesias da profesionalizms. aRsaniS-
navia, rom marmarilosgan Sesrulebuli mcire plastikis nimu-
Sebi Tangis epoqaSi SedarebiT naklebadaa gavrcelebuli da
samarxSi misi arseboba, gardacvlilis simdidresa da maRal
musikosi. VII s. marmarilo, socialur statusze mianiSnebs.
mcire plastikis nimuSTa Soris Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba
cxenebisa da orkuziani aqlemis realisturad Sesrulebuli figurebic.
1935 wlidan britaneTis muzeumSi (londoni) inaxeba Tangis periodis saxelgan-
Tqmuli generlis liu Tingxunis samarxis, faqtobrivad, sruli samarxeuli masala,
warmodgenili qaSanuriT Sesrulebuli cxovelTa — cxenebisa da aqlemebis, samarxis
mcvel miTiur arsebaTa da adamianebis figurebiT.

general liu Tingxunis samarxis qandakebebi; VIII s. keramika

aRsaniSnavia qandakebaTa didi zomebi (saS. 80-150 sm.simaRlis), riTac xazgasmulia

avtorTa realisturi midgoma dasaxuli amocanis mimarT; didi adgili ukavia cxenebis
qandakebebs, romelTa Soris ganirCeva gansxvavebuli saxeobebi. aRsaniSnavia urCxulTa
da zoomorful arsebaTa figurebi (naxevrad adamianebi da naxevrad cxovelebi), rom-
lebic samarxis da Sesabamisad, gardacvlilis mcvelebad gvevlinebian. aqvea ori ofi-
cialuri piris qandakeba, romlebic Cacmulobis mixedviT, Tangis mmarTvelobis perio-
dis swavlulebs warmoadgenen.
54
 keramikis tipi, romliTac Sesrulebulia aRniSnuli koleqcia, cnobilia saxelwo-
debiT sancai. misi teqnologia Tangis epoqis monapovaria. sancai sam ferSi — rZisfer-
TeTri, mwvane da yviTlis dekoratiuli SexamebiT moWiqul nakeTobas gulisxmobda,
Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, ferTa raodenoba mniSvnelovnad meti iyo. sancai mzaddebo-
da CineTis CrdiloeT nawilSi, sadac keramikis dasamzadeblad gamoiyenebdnen TeTr
Tixas — kaolins, gamomwvar, meorad muq-yviTel kaolins da cecxlgamZle Tixas. es naza-
vi mcire raodenobiT Seicavda rkinas. konkretuli nakeToba, gamowvamde TeTri TixiT
ifareboda da mxolod amis Semdeg xdeboda misi moWiqva. keramikuli masis Sedgenilo-
biT ganpirobebuli iyo is garemoeba, rom zedapiri iRvenTeboda da warmoqmnida ferad
laqebsa da zolebs, rac sabolood araCveulebriv, erTgvarad `ferwerul~ iers aZlev-
da nivTs.
sancais keramika Zalze popularuli iyo CineTis sazRvrebs gareTac. dasavleTSi
mas, rogorc wesi, ixseniebden saxelwodebiT `kvercxi da ispanaxi~. am tipis keramikuli
nakeTobebi, romlebic abreSumis gziT gahqondaT msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, yvelgan
didi popularobiT sargeblobda da SemdgomSi didi gavlenac iqonia iaponiis, iranis,
italiisa da sxv. qveynebis keramikul warmoebaze.

Canani — xangrZlivi mSvidoba

Canani — Zveli CineTis amJamad ararsebuli qalaqia, Tumca is Zalze didi drois ganmavlo-
baSi qveynis dedaqalaqi iyo (maT Soris, Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodSic). amJamad Ca-
nanis adgilze q. siani mdebareobs.
qalaqis teritoria jer kidev neoliTis epoqaSi iyo dasaxlebuli. cinis dinastiis mmar-
Tvelobis periodSi Cananis CrdiloeT sazRvrebTan daarsda q. siani, sadac aSenda saimperatoro
sasaxle da odnav mogvianebiT ki, saxelganTqmuli miwisqveSa mavzoleumi terakotas armiiT. xanis
mmarTvelobis dros, es axladwarmoqmnili administraciuli erTeuli kvlav inarCunebs mniSvne-
lobas da Zalauflebas.
Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi danawevrebuli mosaxleoba kvlav erT did qala-
qSi erTiandeba, romelsac Zveli tradiciiT — Canani ewoda da maleve imperiis dedaqalaqic gaxda.
VIII saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis, Cinuri arqiteqturuli tradiciis mixedviT, maRali kedlebiT gar-
Semortymuli Canani msoflios udides qalaqTa ricxvSi Sedioda da misi mosaxleoba milions
aWarbebda.
Canani gegmiT sworkuTxa qalaqi iyo, martivi, Wadrakis dafiseburi simetriiT danawevrebu-
li kvartlebiT. misi arqiteqturuli gadawyveta safuZvlad daedo iseTi didi qalaqebis mSeneb-
lobas, rogoricaa nara da kioto (iaponia).
mingis dinastiis (1368-1644) mmarTvelobis periodSi qveynis dedaqalaqi q. pekinSi gadaita-
nes, xolo q. Canani am droidan sianis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili.

Cais kultura

Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodidan CineTSi iwyeba Cais kulturis gansakuTrebuli

aRorZineba, rasac xeli Seuwyo qveynis teritoriaze uamravi jiSis Cais arsebobam. CinelebisTvis
Soreuli warsulidan iyo cnobili araCveulebrivi gemosa da aromatis sasargeblo sasmeli,
romlis saTanado teqnologiuri damuSavebiT bevr sargeblobas iRebdnen, Tumca, bunebiT Semoqme-
di da esTeti CinelebisaTvis, Cais smis procesi gadaiqca Tavisufali drois sasiamovnod gatare-
bis aucilebel komponentadac.
rogorc cnobilia, Cais smis dros, arasodes saubrobdnen negatiur movlenebze. Sesabami-
55
 sad, Cais dasalevad mSvid, komfortul da lamaz adgils irCevdnen. swored aseT adgilze, feng-
Suis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sendeboda patara, koxta nagebobebi — Cais saxlebi, sadac dia-
saxlisi, yvela wesis dacviT amzadebda Cais da wesisamebr, lamazi keramikis WurWliT miarTmevda
stumrebs.
Cais smis ceremonia, romelic CineTidan mezobel iaponiasa da koreaSic damkvidrda, Tana-
medrove CinelebisaTvis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes tradiciul ceremoniad iTvleba.

***
xanmokle periods, romelic Tangis imperiis dacemis Semdeg dadga, istorikosebi
xuTi dinastiisa da aTi samefos epoqas uwodeben (907-960). Tangis dinastiis krizisi ga-
moiwvia regionalur mmarTvelTaTvis miniWebulma didma uflebamosilebam, ris Sede-
gadac am tipis mmarTvelebi TandaTanobiT gaZlierdnen da aRar emorCilebodnen cen-
tralur xelisuflebas. Sedegad, CineTi mcire, erTmaneTisadmi mtrulad ganwyobil
samefoebad daiSala, rasac politikuri da ekonomikuri krizisic mohyva.
ferweris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, es xana namdvilad araa stagnaciis an reg-
resis periodi: warmatebiT viTardeba Janruli Tu peizaJuri ferwera, swored am droi-
dan farTod vrceldeba monoqromuli ferwera tuSiT.
im mravalricxovan fermwerTa Soris,
romlebic xuTi dinastiis da aTi samefos epo-
qis xelovnebas qmnidnen, gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas imsaxurebs Zing xaos (855-915) Semoq-
medeba. Tanadrouli werilobiTi wyaroebi mas,
`peizaJis pirvel namdvil ostats~ uwodeben.
ferweriT mxatvari jer kidev Tangi mmarTve-
lebis dros iyo gatacebuli, maTi damxobis
Semdeg Zing xao ganmartoebiT cxovrobs mTeb-
Si da mTlianad xatviTaa dakavebuli.
Zing xaos SemoqmedebaSi Warbobs mTago-
riani peizaJebi; is xSirad is xatavda uzarma-
zar kldovan masivebsa da mTebs, riTac cdi-
lobda xazi gaesva bunebis maradiulobisa da
sidiadisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, mxatvris
bevri namuSevris originaloba garkveul eWvs
badebs, Tumca gragnili kuan lus mTa, amgvari
eWvebis sababs ar iZleva. masze, avtoris xel-
moweris garda, iuenis da cingis dinastiebis
imperatorTa piradi beWdebia gamosaxuli
rac, mflobelobis garda, mxatvris mimarT ga-
moxatul did pativiscemazec mianiSnebs. pei-
zaJi warmogvidgens adreuli periodis peiza-
Jis mxatvarTa sayvarel xeds — monumentur
kldes, maRal CanCqersa da farTo xeobas, sa-
dac mistikuri ornamentebiviT amozrdilan
fiWvis xeebi. amgvari peizaJi, ase gatacebiT
rom xatavdnen Cineli fermwerebi mravali sa-
kuan lus mTa, avtori Zing xao. IX s. ukunis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc viciT, or mi-
abreSumi, tuSi. zans emsaxureboda: erTi mxriv, es iyo samya-
ros sidiadisa da maradiulobis xati, meore mxriv ki, msgavsi peizaJi saxlidan gaus-
vlelad `mogzaurobis~ saSualebas aZlevda mflobels.
56
 Zing xao samarTlianad iTvleba monoqromuli peizaJis Teoretikosadac. mas
ukuTvnis peizaJuri ferweris Sesaxeb dawerili ori traqtati. aRsaniSnavia, rom swo-
red man, pirvelma SeimuSava peizaJuri ferweris terminologia, romelic gamoiyenebo-
da momdevno saukuneebSic. Zing xaos ekuTvnis peizaJuri ferweris Sefasebis cnobili
sistemac, romlis mixedviT, arsebobs 4 rangis mxatvruli nawarmoebi: RvTaebrivi,
brwyinvale, originaluri da xelosnuri.
epoqis erT-erT udides mxatvarTa Soris moixsenieba peizaJisti tung iueni (muSa-
obda 934-962ww.). mxatvari dabali rangis saxelmwifo moxele iyo — msaxurobda saimpera-
toro baRebze sameTvalyureo uwyebaSi. mas ar miuRia specialuri ganaTleba, ubra-
lod, rogorc im periodis yvela ganaTlebuli moxele, sakuTari siamovnebisTvis xa-
tavda. mogvianebiT, X saukunis meore naxevarSi, saimperatoro karze ferweris akademia
amoqmedda da tung iueni misi erT-erTi pirveli wevri iyo. cnobilia, rom hyavda bevri
mimdevari da mowafe.
tung iueni ZiriTadad monoqromul pastoralur peizaJebs qmnida.
gamoxatuli eqspresiulobiT xatavs igi wvimas, qariSxals, buruss.. xolo amis sa-
pirispirod —zafxulis naTeli dRis simSvidiTa da siTboTi gajerebul xedebs. ro-
gorc cnobilia, Cinuri peizaJuri mxatvroba, igive San-Sui/mTebi-wylebi, iwereboda ga-
mogonili, warmosaxviTi xedebiT, Tumca SemorCenilia cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom peiza-
Jisti tung iueni uSualod plenerze, winaswar akeTebda Canaxatebs momavali kompozi-
ciisaTvis.
ferweris samxreTuli skolis erT-erTi saxasiaTo niSani iyo imgvari gragnilebi,
sadac kompozicia Seqmnilia mTebis, mdinareebisa Tu tbebis farTo, horizontalurad
gaSlili sibrtyeebiT. amisagan gansxvavebiT, CrdiloeTis skolis peizaJebze domini-
rebs vertikalurad gaSlili bunebis xedebi. tung iueni peizaJebisTvis iyenebda Ziri-
Tadad horizontalur formats, Tumca, rogorc bunebiT maZiebeli mxatvari, iyenebda
aseve vertikalursac. kompoziciis agebis xerxebi, rTuli mravalplaniani kompozicie-
bi da am planebis ostaturi ganawileba warmoaCens mas, rogorc peizaJuri ferweris
namdvil ostats .

mdinareebi siao da sian (detali), avtori tung iueni . X s. abreSumi, tuSi. mineraluri saRebavebi

tung iuenis cnobili namuSevrebi Tavmoyrilia pekinSi, sasaxlis muzeumSi. maTgan

yvelaze ganTqmuli, horizontaluri formis gragnili, `mdinareebi siao da sian~, muze-
umis mudmiv eqspozicias amSvenebs da gamosaxavs adgils, sadac ori mdinare erTmaneTs
erTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom abreSumze tuSiT Sesrulebul am namuSevarze, mxatvarma uar-
yo konturi da atmosferuli efeqtebis gadmocemiTa Tu funjis gansxvavebuli, mkveT-
ri, alag-alag pastozuri monasmiT Seqmna sruliad axali tipis peizaJi, romelic Tana-
medrove mkvlevarTa SefasebiT, samarTlianad miiCneva Sedevrad. mas xSirad uwodeben
impresionistuli weris maneris pirvel naTel magaliTsac.
57
 Tangis periodidan dawyebuli, xuTi dinastiis da aTi samefos epoqaSi da ufro
gviani, sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis drosac, ferweris moyvarulTa Soris didi po-
pularobiT sargeblobda e.w. xua niao xua -
yvavilebisa da Citebis,aseve mcenareebisa da
mwerebis xatvis xelovneba. am Janris ostat-
Ta Soris gansakuTrebiT gaiTqva saxeli xu-
ang ciuenma ( 900—981). umetesad is mTis yva-
vilebs da dekoratiul frinvelebs xatavda
da, miuxedavad imisa, rom mxatvris Semoqme-
deba rbilad rom vTqvaT Janruli mravalfe-
rovnebiT ar gamoirCeva, mas uamravi mimbaZ-
frinvelebi, mwerebi da kuebi. avtori xuang ciueni. X s. veli da mimdevari hyavda momdevno ramdeni-
qaRaldi, tuSi, wყlis saRebavebi me saukunis ganmavlobaSi. mxatvris namuSev-
rebi daculia pekinSi, sasaxlis muzeumSi.
zogierTis originalurobis sakiTxi dRemde sadavoa. etiudis xasiaTis namuSevari
`frinvelebi, mwerebi da kuebi~ — mxatvris originalur qmnilebadaa miCneuli.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kompozicia sibrtyobrivia, frinvelebisa Tu mwerebis gamo-
saxvaSi, maT feradovan gadawyvetaSi, realisturi tendenciebi SeiniSneba. aRsaniSnavia,
rom xuang ciuenma, faqtobrivad pirvelma Cinuri ferweris istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcia kolorits da ferweruli namuSevris koloristuli gadawyveta ise-
Tive mniSvnelovan faqtorad aqcia, rogorc kompoziciis agebis Taviseburebani.

dekoratiuli kompozicia. ucnobi avtori. XIX s. qaRaldi, akvareli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom xua niao xuas Janrs CineTSi arasodes daukargavs popularoba da
mas momdevno saukuneebSi uamravi moyvaruli da mimdevari hyavda, romelTa damsaxure-
baa am Janris gamdidreba siuJetis Tu palitris TvalsazrisiT.
saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis aRmosavlur koleqciaSi daculia XIX saukunis
xua niao xuas mxatvarTa uamravi namuSevari, rac adasturebs am Janris popularobas
mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi.
58
 ***

X saukunis bolos CineTSi axali, sungis (960-1280) imperia yalibdeba; pirveli impe-
ratori taiZu (960-976) da misi memkvidreebi aqtiurad ibrZvian qveynis gaerTianebisaT-
vis, da aseve mosazRvre momTabareebisgan Tavis dasacavad. brZolebi gardamavali upi-
ratesobebiT mimdinareobda. 1127 wels jurjenTa (tungusur-manjuriuli modgmis
xalxi, romelic saxlobda centralur da Crdilo-aRmosavleT CineTSi) samefom xelT
igdo Zalaufleba da sungis imperiis dedaqalaqi — qaifvengi (amJamad mdebareobs xena-
nis olqSi) triumfiT aiRo. imperatoris ojaxi daatyveves, Tumca misma erT-erTma vaJ-
ma tyveobidan Tavis daxsna SeZlo da erTguli samxedro razmebis meSveobiT Seecada
dakarguli Zalauflebis dabrunebas. sungis erTiani mmarTvelobis aRdgena ver moxer-
xda, Tumca imperiam arseboba samxreT teritoriebze ganagrZo. Sesabamisad, sungis epo-
qis mkvlevarebi dinastiis zeobis 2 etaps ganasxvaveben: CrdiloeTi sungis (960-1127) da
samxreTi sungis (1127-1279) imperiebs.
sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis dros gagrZelda da kidev ufro ganviTarda wina
epoqis mxatvrul-kulturuli tradiciebi, axal simaRleze adis ferweris xelovneba
da dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia mxatvruli keramikis warmoeba. maSin, rodesac ferweris xelovneba gasao-
car srulyofilebas aRwevs, qandakebis roli ramdenadme daqveiTebulia. monumentur
Tu mcire plastikaSi, nacvlad realisturi tendenciebisa, SesamCnevia mSrali forme-
bis siWarbe da yalbi naturalizmi.
Cinuri ferweris istoriaSi sungis epoqa iTvleba yvelaze gamorCeul, ubrwyinva-
les periodad, romelSic, marTalia ganuzomelia wina, Tangis epoqis tradiciebis ro-
li, magram sungis epoqam es tradiciebi axal, manamde miuRwevel simaRleze aswia.
aRsaniSnavia erTi umTavresi garemoebac — sungis imperiis drois ferwera, gan-
sxvavebiT wina periodis mxatvrobis nimuSebisagan, umTavresad dednebis saxiTaa Semor-
Cenili.
sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi sruliad calsaxad gamoikveTa Cinuri
ferweris prioritetuli Janri — da es gaxldaT peizaJi (San-Sui), Tumca, miuxedavad
amisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom fermwerTa yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila adamiani; misi suli-
eri da emociuri ganwyobis asaxva iqca am drois SemoqmedTaTvis mniSvnelovan amoca-
nad. sakuTriv xatvis manera ufro Tavisufali da ferweruli xdeba, TiTqmis sruliad
qreba Tangis epoqis gragnilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli konturuli xazi. upiratesoba
eniWeba mqrqal, naz da gamWvirvale ferTa gamas, rac ukeT exameba TiTqmis gaadamianu-
rebuli bunebis xatebis asaxvas mxatvrul namuSevrebSi, ase rom STaagonebdaT sungis
epoqis xelovanebs.
XII saukunis dasawyisis sungis saimperatoro qronikebSi aRnusxulia 6400 mxatva-
ri, romelTa didi nawili swored peizaJisti mxatvrebi arian.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu wina epoqebSi wamyvan adgils gragnilze Sesrulebuli mxat-
vruli namuSevrebi ikavebda, sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi ferweris nimu-
Sebi sruldeba rogorc gragnilebze, ise Cveulebriv qaRaldsa da abreSumze. fermwe-
rebi aqtiurad TanamSromloben dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xelovnebis sxvadasxva dar-
gebis ostatebTan da xataven Tejirebze, avejze, keramikaze da sxv. epoqis mTavar mov-
lenad iqca specializebuli saxelmwifo dawesebuleba — ferweris akademia.
XI saukunisaTvis qveynis kulturuli cxovrebis epicentri, rogorc ukve aRvniS-
neT , qalaqi qaifvengi xdeba. XII saukuneSi swored qaifvengSi amoqmedda ferweris saim-
peratoro akademia. akademias, rogorc saswavlo-akademiuri stilis oficialur dawe-

59
sebulebas, romlis mTavari mizani iyo profesional mxatvarTa momzadeba da samefo ka-
ris mxatvarTa saqmianobis koordinireba, safuZveli jer kidev Tangis epoqaSi Caeyara,
Tumca Camoyalibebuli da dasrulebuli institucionaluri saxe man sungis imperiis
dros miiRo. marTalia, qaifvengis akademia ramdenadme zRudavda mxatvrebs Tematikis
SerCevisas (magaliTad, sawyis etapze aikrZala konfucianuri Temebi, vinaidan zogier-
Ti mmarTveli imperatori uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili konfucis ideebis mimarT), mag-
ram amas xeli ar SeuSlia akademiis wamyvani ostatebisaTvis, SeeqmnaT Sedevrebi, origi-
naluri da maRalmxatvruli namuSevrebi. akademiis mniSvnelobaze metyvelebs is faqti,
rom rogorc wyaroebiT irkveva, akademia saxelmwifo xarjze arsebobda da viTardebo-
da. aq sxvadasxva mmarTvel Tanamdebobebze rogorc wesi, iniSnebodnen xelovnebis sfe-
roSi moRawe yvelaze ufro Rvawlmosili pirebi. akademiis muSaobis mTavari principi
ori prioritetuli mimarTulebiT viTardeboda: Teoriuli da praqtikuli. Teoriuli
mxare gulisxmobda ferweris sferoSi moRvawe TeoretikosTa xelSewyobas, xolo praq-
tikuli mxare — damwyeb mxatvarTa srulfasovan ganaTlebasa da maT Semdgom ganviTa-
rebaze zrunavda. momavali kadrebis aRzrdis saqmeSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda maT
daxelovnebas Zveli ostatebis ferwerul SedevrTa kopirebaSi. erTaderTi gamocda,
romelsac ferweris saimperatoro akademiaSi swavlis msurvelebi abarebdnen, gulis-
xmobda garkveuli poeturi nawarmoebis dasuraTebas. amiT ara mxolod momavali stu-
dentis xatvis teqnika, aramed misi SemoqmedebiTi fantazia mowmdeboda.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jurjenTa Semosevebma miwasTan gaaswora CineTis Crdi-
loeTi; daeca erTiani sungis imperia, daingra qalaqebi, ganadgurda xelovnebis unika-
luri qmnilebebi, sasaxleebi, monastrebi da a.S.
samxreTSi sungi imperatorebis axali dedaqalaqis xangWous (Tanamedrove Sanxais
maxloblad) daarsebis Semdgom, qveynis kulturuli cxovreba TandaTan aRdga da ukve
1138 wels, saimperatoro karis xelSewyobiT ferweris akademiam xangWouSi ganagrZo
funqcionireba. akademiam kvlav SeZlo da Tavi mouyara uniWieres mxatvrebsa da mecni-
erebs mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
xelovnebis axalma centrma prioritetul mimarTulebebad kvlavindeburad kla-
sikur TemaTa aRorZineba da klasikos avtorTa namuSevrebis mizanmimarTuli kopireba,
aseve tradiciulad sayvareli da axlobeli — peizaJuri mxatvroba aqcia, romelic
swored xangWouSi akademiis mxatvarTa mier axal simaRleze iqna ayvanili.
sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis pirvel etapze, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ferweris
axali tradiciebi iqmneba da viTardeba e.w. CrdiloeTis skolis mxatvruli standarte-
biT, romlis saTaveSi, xuTi dinastiisa da aTi samefos epoqis cnobil fermwersa da xe-
lovnebis Teoretikos Zing xaos (855-915) asaxeleben. mxatvarma monoqromuli peizaJiT
gaiTqva saxeli. erTgvari paTetikiTa da poeturobiT savse misi namuSevrebi, etalonad
da STagonebis wyarod iqca sungis epoqis e.w. sami udidesi peizaJistis — li Cengis (919-
967), kuan Tungis (X s.) da fam quanis ( X- XI ss. mijna) SemoqmedebisaTvis. dasawyisSive un-
da aRvniSnoT, rom TiToeuli am mxatvris Semoqmedeba individualuri da saxasiaToa,
Tumca samive e.w. panoramul-monumentur stilSi muSaobda da maTi STagonebis wyaro,
yvela Cineli peizaJistisTvis ase sayvareli — kldovani, mTa-goriani da maRali CanCqe-
rebiT damSvenebuli CrdiloeTi CineTis buneba gaxldaT.
kuan Tungma upiratesoba mianiWa monoqromul peizaJs. meaTe saukunemde Cinur pe-
izaJur ferweraSi e.w. molurjo-mwvane koloriti miCneuli iyo yvelaze mdidrul,
`aristokratul~ stilad. guan Tungis ferweris gavleniT ki, meaTe saukunis Sua xane-
bidan, es tendencia monoqromuli ferweris sasargeblod icvleba.

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 kuan TungisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kompoziciis vertikalur planebad danawevre-
ba, sadac monumenturi kldovani masivebi pirvelive planze
mTeli masStabiT aris warmodgenili, xolo bolo planze,
inarCuneben ra igive masStaburobas, isini TiTqos `ver Tav-
sdebian~ kompoziciis CarCoebSi, arRveven da sazRvrebs
miRma gadadian. sainteresoa Tavad am kldeebisa Tu mTebis
Sesrulebis xasiaTi, romelic mnaxvels agrZnobinebs gamo-
saxuli mTis arqiteqtonikas, reliefs, formebs. kuan Tun-
gis teqsturuli monasmebiT Seqmnili ferweruli namuSev-
ris faqtura San-Suis xelovnebaSi axali sityvaa.
mxatvris TiTqmis yvela namuSevari, rogorc saerTod
damaxasiaTebelia Cinuri ferweris peizaJuri Janris avto-
rebisaTvis, sxvadasxva epoqis cnobil poetur nawarmoebTa
dasuraTebaa (`Semodgomis mTebi bindSi~, `dilis gaseirne-
ba~). aRsaniSnavia, poetur metaforaTa gadmocemis mcdelo-
ba mxatvrul namuSevrebSi, monumentur formaTa mimarT
mxatvris gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli da kompoziciis ver-
tikalur RerZze agebis principi, riTac, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, CrdiloeTis
ferweruli sko-
lis mxatvrebi
mkveTrad gan-
Semodgomis mTebi Sebindebisas. sxvavdebian sam-
avtori kuan Tungi.X s. abreSu-
mi,tuSi, saRebavebi xreTelebisgan,
romlebic upira-
tesobas vakis, dablob adgilTa peizaJebs,
mSvid da gawonasworebul kompozicias aniWe-
ben.
li Cengis, cnobili traqtatis `peizaJis
saidumlo~-s avtoris ferweruli memkvidre-
oba, samwuxarod, mcirericxovania da ZiriTa-
dad gviandeli aslebis saxiTaa SemorCenili.
maTi didi nawili ucxoeTis, kerZod, iaponiisa
da aSS-s muzeumebSia daculi.
miuxedavad mcirericxovnebisa, abreSum-
ze da metwilad ki, qaRaldze Sesrulebuli
li Cengis gragnilebi naTel warmodgenas
gviqmnis uniWieresi mxatvris mier Cinuri pei-
zaJuri ferweris sferoSi damkvidrebul rig
novaciebze. upirveles yovlsa, aRsaniSnavia
e.w. kuTxis rakursis meTodi, diagonaluri
kompozicia, rodesac yvela ZiriTadi gamosa-
xuleba da sagani erT kuTxeSia moqceuli, xo-
lo cariel sivrces esTetikur-azrobrivi
datvirTva aqvs miniWebuli.
meore mniSvnelovani novacia, romelsac
mxatvari amkvidrebs — peizaJis xedvis dabali
wertilia, adamianis Tvalsawieris donisa.
amiT li Cengi evropul ferwerasTan aaxlo- budisturi taZari mTebSi, avtori li Cengi. X s. ab-
reSumi, tuSi, saRebavebi
vebs namuSevrebs.
61
 rogorc cnobilia, xedvis fiqsirebuli wertili da xedva rakusriT -`qvevidan ze-
viT~, atipiuri iyo Cinuri ferwerisaTvis. aq batonobda xedvis maRali wertili, da mi-
axlovebisa da daSorebis manZilis miuxedavad, Cinuri peizaJi igeboda imgvarad, rom
konkretuli kompozicia aRqmadi yofiliyo upirvelesad zedxedidan, Semdeg qvemodan
da gverdxedidan. swored am e.w. moZravi xedvis wertilis, (gafantuli perspeqtivis)
wyalobiT, Cinurma peizaJma SeiZina specifikuri optikuri efeqti, romlis wyalobiT
mnaxveli TiTqos Tavisuflad moZraobs haerSi da aseve Tavisuflad, yvela mxridan ak-
virdeba mudmivad cvalebad sagnebsa Tu formebs. esaa Cinuri panoramuli peizaJis mTa-
vari saidumlo. saWiroa aRvniSnoT, rom li Cengis siaxle — xedvis uCveulod dabali
wertili, namdvilad eqsperimentuli iyo da, rogorc cnobilia, mxatvars mravali mim-
devaric gamouCnda. li Cengis ferwera kidev erTi kuTxiT iqcevs yuradRebas; mis mxat-
vrul namuSevrebze mkafiod vlindeba adamianis bunebis Seswavlisa da samyaros axle-
burad Secnobis dauokebeli survili, rac neokonfucianuri ideologiiT mxatvris ga-
tacebaze mianiSnebs. (`budisturi taZari mTebSi~, `fiWvebi da qvebi~ ).
peizaJisti fam quani (990-1030), taoisti gandegili, CrdiloeTis mxatvruli sko-
lis saxelganTqmuli mxatvari, marTalia formalurad ar ekuTvnoda da kategoriula-
dac uaryofda kavSirs akademiuri mimarTulebis mxatvrebTan, magram muSaobda imave —
monoqromuli da panoramul-monumenturi peizaJis JanrSi. mxatvris originaluri na-
muSevrebi, li Cengis msgavsad, amJRavneben xelovanis interess teqnikur siaxleTa mi-
marT. magaliTad, wvimis wveTebs igi gansakuTrebuli teqsturuli monasmiT gadmoscem-
da, iseve rogorc atmosferos cvalebadobas. misi sayvareli mxatvrul-kompoziciuri
meTodia — naTeli da bneli tonebis, grafikuli xazisa da Strixebis ritmuli monac-
vleoba.
panoramul-monumenturi stilis, iseve rogorc saerTod, CrdiloeTi sungis epo-
qis udides mxatvrad miiCneven kuo sis (1020-1090)
saxelovani li Cengis mowafe, is aseve gatacebuli iyo kaligrafiis xelovnebiTac.
ferweris Sesaxeb ramdenime mniSvnelovani traqtatis avtori, moRvaweobda akademia
xanlinis ferweris da kaligrafiis departamentebSi da sabolood, mimarTulebis di-
reqtoric gaxda.
kuo sim sakuTar naSromebSi Tavi mouyara Zveli drois saxelovani ostatebis fer-
werul ZiebaTa Sedegebs da mkafiod Camoayaliba srulyofili peizaJis SeqmnisTvis sa-
Wiro yvela aucilebeli piroba. moaxdina ra asamde siuJetis ganxilva da Tematurad
dajgufeba, is daeyrdno weliwadis droebis, gansxvavebuli amindis, dRis sxvadasxva
monakveTis – magaliTad alionis an gviani SuadRis, aseve qveynis sxvadasxva regionis
landSaftis Taviseburebebs da Sedegad, mogvca „mza receptebi“, Tu rogor `ixateba
peizaJi~ da ra gansxvavebebi unda arsebobdes gazafxulisa Tu zamTris, mziani Tu nis-
lian daris amsaxvel surTebze. kuo sis receptebSi yvelaferi, TiTqos da umniSvnelo
wvrilmanic ki gaTvlilia: magaliTad, adamiani gazafxulis peizaJze saWiroa gamoisa-
xos mxiaruli saxiT, zafxulis bunebas mSvidi figurebi esadageba, Semodgomis da zam-
Tris peizaJebze warmodgenil adamianebs sevdiani da dafiqrebuli, an sulac daRlili
gamometyveleba unda gamoarCevdeT. kuo sim daasabuTa peizaJze sivrcis da masStabis
prioritetuli mniSvneloba da gansazRvra maTi urTierTSeTanxmebis principebi.
traqtatSi ferweris xelovnebis Sesaxeb is wers: `nisli, romelic gars ertymis
mTebs, haeri bunebaSi — wlis sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvaria: gazafxulze mTebi — na-
zad momxibvlavni arian, momRimarnic.. Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas.. zafxulis mTebi —
lurj-mwvanea, SemodgomiT mTebi naTeli da sufTaa, TiTqos sagangebod mourTavTo..
dazamTrebulze mTebi mSvidni da sevdianni arian, da TiTqos sZinavT... rodesac es wese-
bi daculia, nisliani mTebis atmosfero kargadaa gadmocemuli.~ es striqonebi mkafi-
od gvaCvenebs mxatvris xedvas da mis damokidebulebas bunebasTan, rogorc cocxal

62
organizmTan, romelic aRsavsea imgvari grZnobebiT, rogoric TiTqos mxolod adami-
ans ZaluZs.
rogorc wyaroebi iuwyebian, kuo si muSaobda mxolod Savi tuSiT, virtuozulad
flobda funjs da qmnida didi zomis peizaJur kompoziciebs sasaxleebisa Tu taZrebi-
saTvis. saxeli gaiTqva taoisturi monastris interierSi Sesrulebuli 7 monumenturi
peizaJiT, romelTa saSualo simaRle 7 metri iyo (ar aris Semonaxuli). iseve rogorc
monastris mxatvrobaSi, abreSumze Sesrulebul panoebzec, is panoramul-monumenturi
stilis erTgul da WeSmaritad ubadlo ostatad darCa.
kuo sim pirvelad Cinur ferweraSi, gamosaxulebis mkafio konturebis TandaTa-
nobiTi SerbilebiT da gabundovnebiT, ostaturad gadmosca haeris masebi (evropul
ferweraSi es siaxle, cnobili saxelwodebiT sfumato, leonardo da vinCim daamkvid-
ra), masSi CaZiruli mTis mwvervalebiT; es misi sayvareli mxatvruli pasaJia.
kuo si — CrdiloeT sungis imperiis
mxatvruli skolis sakvanZo figuraa. da-
bejiTebiT SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Crdilo-
eTi sungis akademiuri mxatvruli skolis
farglebSi aRmocenebulma panoramul-mo-
numenturma stilma umaRles mwvervals
swored kuo sis ferweraSi miaRwia da iqve
amowura kidec mTeli SesaZleblobani.
uSualod mxatvris kalams miewereba
12 gragnili, romlebic warmoaCens mxat-
vris SemoqmedebiTi gzis evolucias. adre-
ul namuSevrebSi didia li Cengis gavlena,
Tumca genialurma mxatvarma es barieri ma-
le gadalaxa da ukve 1072 wliT daTariRe-
bul, Taipeis erovnul muzeumSi dacul
cnobil monumentur namuSevarze `adreu-
li gazafxuli~, saxezea individualuri
xelweris mqone ostati, gansxvavebuli
mxatvruli xerxebiTa da weris maneriT.
mxatvari originaluria kompozicia-
Ta mxatvrul-stilistur gadawyvetaSi:
mTis masivebi ferwerul kompoziciebSi
mTel samuSao sibrtyes ar ikavebs, ro-
gorc es am skolis warmomadgenlebs Cvevi-
adreuli gazafxuli. avtori kuo si.
aT, piriqiT, kuo sisTan isini mzardi per- 1072 w. abreSumi, tuSi, saRebavebi
speqtiviTaa mocemuli da garkveul monak-
veTSi maT vkargavT kidec xedvis arealidan. am dros maT adgilze burusis sqeli fena
Cndeba, romelsac mxatvari Cveuli ostatobiT gadmoscems... swored am burusSi iZireba
es monumenturi mTac da ucnauri formis xeebic, ase xSirad da aseTi siyvaruliT rom
gamosaxavs avtori. TandaTanobiT burusi isev ifanteba da bumberazi mTebic isev
`Cndebian~. carieli sivrce, romelsac mxatvari kompoziciis kideebSi tovebs, xazs us-
vams kompoziciis dinamikasa da sivrcobriv perspeqtivas aZlierebs.
metropoliten muzeumSi (aSS) dacul kuo sis cnobil gragnilze `xeebi da Sori
sivrce~, iseve rogorc pekinSi, sasaxlis muzeumSi dacul meore namuSevarze `kldovani
dablobi da Soreuli horizonti~, ukve veRar vxedavT am uSores perspeqtivas, Tumca,
kvlav saocari ostatobiTaa asaxuli haeri, sivrce da siRrme.
ferweris Teoretikosi kuo si, vang veis — meore didi Teoretikosis msgavsad, pei-

63
zaJuri namuSevris umniSvnelovanes aspeqtad poeturobas asaxelebs. misi namuSevrebic
epoqis cnobil poetTa qmnilebebis dasuraTebaa. zogadad, poeturoba — Cinuri ferwe-
ris is sakvanZo Strixia, romelmac gansazRvra ara mxolod sungis xanis mxatvrobis,
aramed, zogadad, Cinuri ferweris originaluri xasiaTi.

kldovani dablobi da Soreuli horizonti, avtori kuo si. XI s. abreSumi, tuSi.

***
CrdiloeTi sungis periodis ferweris Sefasebisas, mkvlevarebi gansakuTrebul
movlenad gamoyofen mxatvar-literatorTa, e.w. venJenxuas mimarTulebis mxatvarTa
moRvaweobas.
mxatvari-literatorebi, ig. eruditebi, romlebic, sungis periodis cnobili sa-
xelmwifo moRvawis, poetis, kaligrafisa da fermweris su S’is (1037-1101) irgvliv gaer-
Tiandnen, akademiuri mxatvruli stilis mowinaaRmdegeebad gvevlinebian. isini, ro-
gorc wesi, mravalmxriv ganswavluli saxelmwifo moxeleebi da aristokratuli wris
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, Tumca ar hqondaT miRebuli specialuri ganaTleba da ferwe-
ra arasodes qceula maTi Semosavlis wyarod.
venJenxuas jgufis mxatvrebi ar misdevdnen detalebis skrupulozur asaxvas, upi-
ratesoba mianiWes tuSs, xolo suraTis SinaarsSi — adamianis Sinagan samyaros, fsiqo-
logiuri da emociuri ganwyobis gadmocemas . maT peizaJebze, gansxvavebiT akademiuri
mxatvruli skolis peizaJebisa, samyaro warmodgenilia uSualobiT, pirveladi emoci-
iT da ara xangrZlivi Wvretis, dakvirvebebis da Seswavlis safuZvelze. namuSevarTa
umetesobas axlavs poeturi striqonebi, romelic imavdroulad kaligrafiis brwyinva-
le nimuSebicaa da avtorTa TviTgamoxatvis saSualebac.
li kunglini (1049-1106) venJenxuas frTis warmomadgenelia.
Zalze mravalmxrivi da saintereso mxatvari li kunglini Tavisi drois erT-erTi
yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino da ganswavluli adamiani, maRal administraciul Tanamde-

64
bobas ikavebda saimperatoro karze da, imavdroulad, gatacebuli iyo ferweriT, ka-
ligrafiiT, poeziiTa da arqeologiiT.
li kunglinis weris xazovani stili, romelsac ostaturad enacvleba xan wvrili
da nerviuli xazebi, xan ki, rbili monasmebi, erTi SexedviT, mogvagonebs Tangis epoqis
did ostatTa namuSevrebs, Tumca gansxvavdeba maTgan Sesrulebis metad cocxali mane-
riT. mxatvari did dros uTmobda wina epoqis mxatvarTa namuSevrebis kopirebas. gansa-
kuTrebuli popularoba mas moutana cxenebis Tematikam. li kunglini saaTobiT akvir-
deboda samefo sajinibos kuTvnil cxenebs da gatacebiT xatavda maT. cxenebis figure-
bi rakursebis sirTuliT, eqspresiiT, plastikiT iqcevs yuradRebas. mxatvari xSirad
xatavda ubralo adamianebsac, sasaxlis momsaxure personals, ZiriTadad mejinibeebs,
romelTa portretebi STambeWdavia sulieri ganwyobis gadmocemis TvalsazrisiT.
mxatvris yvelaze cnobili namuSevrebi — `xuTi cxeni~, `cxenebis rema saZovarze~ da sxv.
daculia pekinSi, sasaxlis muzeumSi.

warCinebuli qalbatonebi cxenebze. avtori li kunglini, XI s. abreSumi, tuSi, mineraluri saRebavebi.

akademiis wevr mxatvarTa Soris popularuli iyo e.w. yvavilebis da Citebis (xua
niao xua) Tema, romelic aviTarebs X saukunidan dawyebul mxatvrul tendenciebs. sun-
gis epoqaSi, ferweris akademiis pirobebSi, es Janri mdidrdeba axali siuJetebiTa da
mxatvruli gadawyvetis axlebuli xerxebiT. Cineli mxatvrebisaTvis flora da fauna
ara mxolod TvalisTvisaa sasiamovno sayurebeli, is, tradiciul rwmena-warmodgeneb-
Tan asocirdeba da alegoriul mniSvnelobebs aerTianebs. Cinelebs, rogorc aravis de-
damiwis zurgze, swamdaT adamianisa da bunebis maradiuli urTierTkavSirisa. maT bune-
bisa da sagnebis personificirebac moaxdines da bunebriv movlenebsa da sagnebs adami-
anuri Tvisebebi mianiWes. ase magaliTad, naZvi — xangrZlivi sicocxlis simbolos war-
moadgenda, tyemlis yvavili — sufTa, wminda azrebsa da marcxis medgrad gadatanas ga-
nasaxierebda, iremi — maradiul bednierebas, Tevzi — sibrZnes da a.S. swored amitom su-
raTebi yvavilebisa da Citebis JanrSi yovelTvis faruli ideur-emociuri miniSnebebi-
Taa datvirTuli. sungis epoqis akademiuri ganaTlebis mxatvrebma es Janri diferenci-
rebuli gaxades. maT am Temisadmi axleburi, gansxvavebuli midgoma axasiaTebT. kerZod,
swored am periodidan fermwerTa garkveuli jgufi an erTi mxatvari muSaobda da daxe-
lovnebuli xdeboda erTi konkretuli mcenaris, yvavilis, frTosnisa Tu mweris gamo-
saxvaSi. yvelaze cnobil Tematur-stilistur mimarTulebad e.w. bambukis stili iyo
miCneuli. am stilis popularoba Tavad mcenaris, bambukis popularobamac ganapiroba.
rogorc cnobilia, bambuki — metad gavrcelebuli mcenare CineTSi, did rols ikavebda

65
taoistur filosofiaSic. yvavilebisa da Citebis Janris e.w. bambukis stilis yvelaze
saxelganTqmul ostatTa Soris, pirvel rigSi venJenxuas jgufis kidev erT warmomad-
genels, ven Tungs (1019-1079) asaxeleben. kritikosTa azriT, mas zedmiwevniT zustad Se-
eZlo gadmoeca am mcenaris mSveniereba.
cnobil gragnilze `bambuki~, romelic TaivanSia daculi, swrafi, farTo monasme-
biT gamosaxulia bambukis toti. cxadad Cans ara mxolod avtoris damokidebuleba,
xibli da siyvaruli bunebis am ulamazesi qmnilebis mimarT, aramed is filosofiur-es-
Tetikuri damokidebulebac, romlis gadmocemasa da asaxvasac cdilobdnen am skolis
mxatvrebi namuSevris Seqmnis procesSi. bambuki mxatvruli aRqmiT, asociaciurad da
mistikurad gaigivebuli iyo xelovanis sulier samyarosTan. swored amitom, xelovanis
mier am mcenaris gadmocema funjiT, erTgvar ezoTeriul procesad moiazreboda da is
xorcieldeboda adamianis sulieri mdgomareobis mxolod garkveul momentSi, garkve-
uli ganwyobiT da aRmafreniT. es procesi, Tavis mxriv, ostatis mxridan moiTxovda Si-
nagan siwmindes, rafinirebulobas, inteleqts. sainteresoa agreTve is faqtic, rom
bambukis ieroglifis (wie) erT-erTi mniSvne-
loba iyo zneobrivi gamZleoba, swored ami-
tom, bambukis stilis mxatvrebi am mcenares
gamosaxavdnen, rogorc cxovrebiseul sirTu-
leebTan Seurigebeli brZolis simbolos. sir-
TuleebSi, rogorc wesi, politikuri sirTu-
leebi igulisxmeboda, vinaidan, rogorc aR-
vniSneT, sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis peri-
odi politikurad arastabiluri xanaa da
brZolas qveynis gaerTianebisaTvis, Tan er-
Tvis brZolebi mosazRvre momTabareebTan.
swored amitom bambukis stilis mxatvrebis na-
muSevrebs xSirad axlavT patriotul Temaze
Seqmnili poeturi striqonebic ,romlebic ka-
ligrafiis brwyinvale nimuSebicaa.
yvavilebisa da Citebis Janris saxelgan-
Tqmul warmomadgenelTa Soris saxeldeba cui
pai (?–1074), animalisti mxatvari. is saxelgan-
Tqmuli iyo ara mxolod frinvelTa nairsaxe-
obebis zusti gadmocemiT, romlebsac, ro-
gorc cnobilia, naturidan ixatavda, aramed
rTuli kompoziciebiTac, sadac frinvelebi
adamianebis msgavsad, sulieri ganwyobiT da
rTuli rakursuli moZraobebiT arian asaxul-
bambuki. avtori ven Tungi. XI s. ni. cui pais cocxal, dinamikur kompozicieb-
abreSumi, tuSi, saRebavi
Si, naTel feradovnebasa da ferTa rTul, na-
xevartonalur kontrastebSi mkafiod ikveTeba is winsvla, rac sungis epoqis mxatvro-
bam ganaxorciela am JanrSi.
yvavilebis xatviT gaiTqva saxeli fermwerma Wao Cangma (X-XI s ?).
rogorc istoriuli wyaroebiT dasturdeba, Wao Cangic uSualod naturidan xa-
tavda; yoveldRiurad is Tavisi funjiTa da saRebavebiT gadioda yvavilebis xeivanSi,
da iseve rogorc mravali wlis Semdeg — impresionistebi, drois sxvadasxva monakveTSi
da gansxvavebul amindSi akeTebda Canaxatebs momavali kompoziciisaTvis. swored ami-
tom misi cnobili namuSevrebi — `ayvavebuli nuSi~ , `TeTri jasminis rto~ da sxv. kaSka-
Sa, naTeli ferebiT, formaTa sizustiT da Zalze xalasi siuJetebiT iqcevs yuradRe-
bas.
66
 ***

sungis imperiis ayvavebis xana sruldeba CrdiloeTidan momTabareTa SemosevebiT,

da rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1127 wlisaTvis sungis imperiis dedaqalaqi gadatanil iqna
qveynis samxreTSi. aRniSnul periods samxre-
Ti sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanas
uwodeben.
xelovnebis axalma, samxreTulma cen-
trma xangWouSi imTaviTve ori ZiriTadi mi-
marTulebiT gaaCaRa muSaoba: pirveli, es
iyo klasikur TemaTa aRorZineba da klasi-
kos avtorTa namuSevrebis mizanmimarTuli
kopireba, xolo meore — tradiciulad sayva-
reli da axlobeli peizaJuri mxatvroba,
romelic xangWous akademiis mxatvarTa Za-
lisxmeviT, kvlav ferweris xelovnebis pri-
oritetuli Janria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom samxreTuli skolis
mxatvarTa erTi nawili, romlebic saxelmwi-
fos erTianobis daSlamde CrdiloeTSi moR-
vaweobdnen, axal adgilze, ucxo garemoSi,
ucxo florisa da faunis garemocvaSi aR-
moCndnen. es gansxvaveba umal aisaxa maT Se-
moqmedebaSi. am mxriv sanimuSoa mxatvar li
Tangis (1050-1140) Semoqmedeba, romlis TviT-
myofadi mxatvruli stili CrdiloeTSi, qai-
fiWvebi qarSi. avtori li Tangi. 1124 w.
abreSumi, qaRaldi, tuSi, mineraluri saRebavebi fvengis akademiaSi yalibdeba, xolo mogvia-
nebiT, ukve qveynis samxreTSi, misi ferweru-
li kompoziciebi mkafiod warmoaCens im siaxleebs, rac samxreTulma yofam daamkvidra
Cinur peizaJSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom swored li Tangi gaxda axali, samxreTis ferweruli
mxatvruli skolis lideri da ukve Rrmad moxucebuli, is xangWous ferweris akademia-
sac ki Caudga saTaveSi.
li Tangis peizaJuri panoebi, rogorc wesi, didi formatis, monumenturi gragni-
lebi, ZiriTadad aslebis saxiTaa SemorCenili, da mxolod 1124 wliT daTariRebul
gragnilze `fiWvebi qarSi~, romelic TaipeiSi, saimperatoro muzeumSia daculi, data-
nilia avtoris xelmowera.
li Tangis gragnilze vxedavT bunebisa da adamianis Zlier, SeiZleba iTqvas, stiqi-
urad Zlier urTierTobas; es peizaJi, iseve rogorc zogadad misi peizaJebi, bunebis
utyvi xatebi ki aRaraa, aramed gasulierebuli, ametyvelebuli peizaJebia, sadac av-
toris sulieri mdgomareobac ikiTxeba da samSoblos mZime xvedriT mogvrili sevdac
gamosWvivis. li Tangis suraTebze Cans adamianis, am SemTxvevaSi mxatvrisa da bunebis
ukve saukunovani urTierTobis Sedegi — saidumlo, romelsac buneba inaxavs, amoxsni-
lia adamianisaTvis.
rogorc cnobilia, e.w. samxreTis skolis mxatvrebi, yovelTvis ufro metad gax-
snilni da Tavisufalni iyvnen sakuTari grZnobebis da emociebis gadmocemisas, amitom
maT SemoqmedebaSi meti eqsperimenti da improvizaciaa. CrdiloeTis skolis mxatvrebis
SemoqmedebaSi ki, metadaa daculi konservatizmi da Sesabamisad, yuradReba gamaxvile-
bulia naxatis teqnikur mxareze, kompoziciis agebis sizusteze, detalebis gadmocemis
Taviseburebebze, koloritis agebis teqnikur mxareze da a.S. albaT vxvdebiT, rom ter-
minebi `samxreTis skola~ da `CrdiloeTis skola~, garkveulwilad, Sordeba wminda ge-
67
ografiul CarCoebs da am periodisaTvis, is ukve mxatvrul-stilistur definiciad
gvevlineba. samxreTeli mxatvrebi upiratesobas monoqromul mxatvrobas aniWebdnen
da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevdnen emociur-gamomsaxvelobiT mxares; Sedegad,
maTi Semoqmedeba metad impresionistulia da STabeWdilebebiT datvriTuli. amis mka-
fio magaliTia li Tangis peizaJebic: mTebis uzarmazar masivebSi moqceuli momcro xe-
ebi, romelTa CurCuli TiTqosda marTlac ismis sadRac, siRrmidan, ucnauri formis
uzarmazar kldeebTan da mTebTan erTad, im didebul landSaftad warmogvidgeba, mxo-
lod Cinur peizaJur mxatvrobaSi rom SeiZleba vixiloT. li Tangi erT-erTi im mxat-
varTagania, romelmac Zalze zustad, STambeWdavad da xatovnad warmoaCina sakuTar Se-
moqmedebaSi mWidro kavSiri poeziasa da ferweris sametyvelo enas Soris, rac, kidev
erTxel aRvniSnavT, tradiciuli Cinuri ferweris individualuri da gamorCeuli
Strixia.
e.w. samxreTuli skolis peizaJma dasrulebuli da Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRi
mxatvrebis, ma iuenisa (1160/65-1225) da sia kuis (daaxl.1195-1234) SemoqmedebaSi. orive
maTgani cdilobda Seeqmna inovaciuri peizaJi, romelic axal suls STaberavda Cinur
ferwerul xelovnebas.

mTis biliki gazafxulze. avtori ma iueni. XII s. qaRaldi, tuSi.

ma iueni akademiaSi moRvaweobda, Tumca gamoirCeoda xatvis `araakademiuri~, Tavi-

sufali maneriT. mxatvari, ZiriTadad, tuSiT muSaobda. man Seqmna axali stili roman-
tikuli peizaJisa da iseve rogorc misma didma winamorbedma, kuo sim, SeZlo bunebis
sulierebis gadmocema. Tumca, kuo sis didebuli peizaJebisagan gansxvavebiT, romle-
bic savsea epikuri simSvidiT, ma iuenis panoebi gacilebiT ufro lirikulia; gansakuT-
rebuli ostatobiT xatavda fermweri fiWvis xeebis totebs, romlebic sxvadasxva amin-
dSi sxvadasxvagvarad irweva, amindis mixedviT icvleba maTi feradovnebac. sakuTar na-
muSevrebSi mxatvari mxolod sivrcis nawils uTmobs peizaJs, nawils ki Tavisufals
tovebs da mnaxvelis fantazias andobs. uyvars mkveTri konturiT SemosazRvruli
formebi, mag. qvebi mis namuSevrebze, rogorc wesi, zustad am maneriTaa dawerili.

68
 rogorc aRvniSneT, ma iuens axasi-
aTebs didi sivrcis Seuvseblad dato-
veba da peizaJis mTlianad erT romeli-
me kuTxeSi ganTavseba. misi lakonuri,
metwilad monoqromuli peizaJebi, sa-
suraTe sibrtyis erT nawilSi ganTav-
sebuli figurebiTa Tu sagnebiT, erTi
kuTxis peizaJis saxeliT, momdevno
epoqebSic popularuli iyo. zogierTi
mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, samxreTuli
skolis peizaJebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-
li - panoramuli kompoziciidan kuT-
xovan kompoziciaze gadasvla, simbo-
luri mniSvnelobisa iyo, sadac panora-
muli kompoziciis msxvreva saxelmwi-
fos erTianobis daSlis mtkivneul
process gamoxatavda.
imisaTvis, rom siuJeti ufro sa-
swavluli romelic CanCqers umzers. avtori ma iueni.
XII- XIII ss. abreSumi, qaRaldi. tuSi, wყlis saRebavebi.
xasiaTo gamxdariyo, ma iueni landSaf-
tis fonze xSirad aTavsebda Cafiqre-
biT mjdomi swavlulis figuras, ro-
melsac, rogorc cnobilia, sakuTar TavTan aigivebda. magaliTad, mxatvris erT-erTi
yvelaze ufro saxelganTqmuli namuSevari `mTis biliki gazafxulze~, sadac mayureb-
lisken zurgSeqceviT mdgomi mamakacis mzera mimarTulia nisliani SoreTisken. am xer-
xiT avtori, rogorc cnobilia, aZlierebda sivrcis iluzias da xazs usvamda horizon-
tis masStaburobas.
kompoziciis agebis igive mxatvruli xerxia gamoyenebuli, metropoliten muzeum-
Si dacul meore, aseve cnobil namuSevarze `swavluli romelic CanCqers umzers~.
(orive namuSevari iTvleba originalad). es aris TiTqmis kvadratis formis pano, sadac
fiWvis xis CrdilqveS moqceul terasaze tradiciul samosSi gamowyobili ori adamia-
nis, swavlulisa da msaxuris figuraa mocemuli. swavlulis figura, romelic mayureb-
lisken zurgiTaa warmodgenili, xolo misi pirisaxe profilSia mocemuli, SoreTs gas-
cqeris. odnav moSorebiT, terasaze, gamosaxulia Tavdaxrili msaxuri, pirisaxiT mayu-
reblisken da Sesabamisad, swavlulisken. CanCqeri kompoziciaze pirobiTia da is imave
marcxena kuTxeSia gamosaxuli, sadac terasa da adamianebi. ase rom, swavlulis Tvalsa-
wieris win gadaSlilia mxolod da mxolod pirobiTi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, warmosaxviTi
peizaJi, romelic msubuqi konturuli monasmebiT aris Seqmnili. realurad, esaa sasu-
raTe sibrtyeze datovebuli carieli adgili, romelic sivrcobrivi efeqtis gasaZli-
ereblad gamoiyena avtorma.
e.w. erTi kuTxis peizaJis kompoziciuri sqema, ma iuenma gamoiyena xua niao xuas Jan-
rSi Seqmnil namuSevrebzec, riTac am klasikur kompozicias axali Sinaarsi SesZina.
iseve rogorc ma iuenma, fermwerma sia kuim, romelic gansxvavebiT winamorbedTa-
gan, samxreTSi daibada da aqve cxovrobda sicocxlis bolomde, uari Tqva mxatvrobis
konservatiul stilze, romelic sasaxlis karze didi popularobiT sargeblobda da
upiratesoba mianiWa naxatSi sulieri sawyisis gadmocemas. misi kompoziciebi xSirad
asimetriulia, iseve rogorc ma iuenisa, Tumca am ukanasknelisagan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic mSvid, gawonasworebul peizaJebs aniWebda upiratesobas, sia kuis moswons bunebis
uCveulo da mRelvare mdgomareoba, radgan is zustad asaxavs da gadmoscems mis suli-
er ganwyobas -samSoblos mZime xvedriT mogvril tkivils. es kargad Cans metropoli-
ten muzeumSi dacul mis cnobil namuSevarze `mTis peizaJi nislSi~. monoqromul, TiT-

69
 qmis oqrosfer, ukacriel peizaJze
TiTqos araferi xdeba, da mainc
vgrZnobT tens haerSi, haeris masebis
moZraobas, mTiani soflis da mitove-
buli adgilisTvis damaxasiaTebel sev-
dasac da amindis mosalodnel cvli-
lebasac ki. mxatvari yovelTvis didi
eqspresiiT gamoxatavs bunebis stiqi-
ur movlenebs, risTvisac iyenebs mok-
le, Zlier monasms da kompoziciis age-
bis gansxvavebul, asimetriul sqemebs.
am mxriv, is yvelasgan gansxvavebuli da
gamorCeuli mxatvaria. sia kuis peiza-
Ji TiTqos yovelwamierad icvleba. bu-
neba xan Zalian axlo planiTaa mocemu-
li, xan ki Zalze Soreulia. xedvis sxva-
dasxva wertilidan mxatvari axal-axal
xedebs gvaCvenebs. sia kuim, li Tangisa
da ma iuenisagan gadaiRo msxvili
mTis peizaJi nislSi. avtori sia kui. Strixebi, romelsac li Tangis msgav-
XIII s.breSumi, qaRaldi, tuSi. sad, xSirad iyenebda kldeebis xatvi-
sas. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia pasto-
zuri monasmic, romlis saSualebiT cdilobs gadmosces SedarebiT mcire sagnebis faq-
tura. saerTod ki, unda aRvniSnoT, rom epoqis mxatvarTa
Soris, sia kui gamoirCeva eqsperimentatoruli bunebiT da
mis namuSevrebSi, albaT, yvelaze xSirad enacvleba erTma-
neTs gansxvavebuli teqnikuri xerxebi da meTodebi.
sungis periodis xelovnebis istoriaSi mniSvnelovan
adgils ikavebs budistur seqta CenTan dakavSirebuli fer-
weruli namuSevrebi. (Cen — budizmi, Cinuri budisturi seq-
ta V-VI saukuneebSi, romlis mimdevrebi budasTan miaxlove-
bas yvela werilobiTi swavlebis uaryofiT, mxolod gan-
dgomisa da bunebriv sawyisebTan dabrunebiT cdilobdnen).
Cenis seqtis mxatvarTa Soris sayovelTao aRiareba mo-
ipoves mu cim (1210-1269 ?) da liang qaim (1140-1210).
Cenis seqtis mxatvrebi, romlebic cdilobdnen xilul
formaTa meSveobiT gadmoecaT ganzogadebuli ideebi da
subieqturi gancdebi, ZiriTad masalad iyenebdnen tuSs.
isini muSaobdnen praqtikulad yvela JanrSi, upiratesobas
aniWebdnen peizaJsa da portrets. rogorc wyaroebidanaa
cnobili, TiTqmis yvela maTgani gamaognebeli siswrafiT xa-
tavda mcenareebs, frinvelebsa da cxovelebs, romlebsac,
rogorc wesi, simboluri mniSvneloba hqondaT. es lakoniu-
ri da gansakuTrebulad eqspresiuli gamosaxulebebi Sors
iyo akademiuri mimarTulebis mxatvarTa naturalisturi
figurebisgan. kaligrafiis xelovnebis brwyinvaled floba
saSualebas aZlevda Cenis seqtis mxatvrebs, ramdenime Zlie-
ri StrixiT da ostaturi feradovani laqebiT SeeqmnaT das-
rulebuli mxatvruli saxeebi, xolo am saxeebSi xazi gaesvaT poeti li po, avtori liang qai.
XII s. qaRaldi, tuSi
yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli, mTavari StrixebisaTvis.
70
 ***
Tangis epoqis arqiteqturul nagebobaTagan Tanamedroveobas SemorCa mxolod sa-
kulto Senobebi — pagodebi. saero arqiteqturis, ZiriTadad sasaxleebis iersaxeze
warmodgenas gviqmnis kedlis mxatvrobis Zeglebi (mag.mokaos IX-X saukunis mxatvroba).
gamosaxul nagebobebs maRali, kideebaweuli saxuravebi aqvs, rac am droidan moyole-
buli, saukuneebis manZilze Cinuri xuroTmoZRvrebis ganmasxvavebel niSnad aRiqmeba.
arsebobs ramdenime hipoTeza gadaxurvis aRniSnuli formis genezisis Sesaxeb. yve-
laze gavrcelebulia Teoria, romlis mixedviTac amgvari formis damkvidreba uZve-
les, xis xuroTmoZRvrebas ukavSirdeba, kerZod ki — bambukis gadaxurvas, romelic
droTa ganmavlobaSi, amindis cvalebadobidan gamomdinare, kideebSi zeazneqil formas
iRebs.
Tangis periodis pagodebis did jgufSi gamovlenilia Cinuri arqiteqturis ori-
ginaluri xasiaTi: SemuSavebulia qviTa da aguriT, vertikaluri wyobiT nagebi monu-
menturi pagodis tipi, romelic zogjer erTi, zogjer ki mravalsarTuliania. mraval-
sarTulian pagodebs Soris ganarCeven gegmiT kvadratul da oqtagonze nageb Senobebs.
ufro metad gavrcelebulia pirveli tipis — kvadratul gegmiani pagodebi, romelTa
Soris aRsaniSnavia gareuli batebis didi pagoda, romelic 652 wels, gamoCenil budist
bers, filosofossa da swavluls suenwangs q. sianSi dauarsebia. sainteresoa am uZve-
lesi sakulto nagebobis saxelwodeba: legendis mixedviT, erTxel, am midamoebSi, gare-
uli batebis gadafrenisas, erTi maTgani Zirs Camovardnila da momkvdara. berebs es
faqti zeciur niSnad miuRiaT da swored im adgilze augiaT es monumenturi nageboba.
Tavidan pagoda xuTiarusiani yofila, mogvianebiT mas kidev daaSenes iarusebi. safuZ-
velSi 25 aTas kvadratuli metrze dadgmuli nageboba, romlis simaRle 60 metria, saer-
To xediT piramidas gvagonebs. pagoda gadaxurulia piramidisebri saxuraviT, xolo
sarTulebi erTmaneTisgan viwro pilastrebiTaa gamijnuli. interierSi, pirveli sar-
Tulidan bolomde, uwyvetad amavali kebea. masiuri formebis miuxedavad pagoda Zalze
gawonasworebuli proporciebiT gamoirCeva.
sungis dinastiis arqiteqturul tradiciebze msjeloba Tanamedroveobamde Se-
morCenili sakulto nagebobebiTa da kedlis mxatvrobis arqiteqturuli peizaJebiTaa
SesaZlebeli. rogorc cnobilia, es epoqa mniSvnelovani etapia Cinuri kulturis isto-
riaSi: swored sungi mmarTvelebis dros iqmneba pirveli enciklopediuri xasiaTis
Sromebi, axali mimarTulebebi da mimdinareobe-
bi Cndeba religiur-filosofiur azrovneba-
Sic, iqmneba kritikuli naSromebi, rogorc er-
Tgvari oponireba warsuli istoriografiuli
naSromebisa da sxv.
sungis dinastiis arqiteqturac, cxadia,
ganicdis mniSvnelovan da arsebiT cvlilebebs.
pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia rkinis konstruqcie-
biT nagebi pagodebi, rogorc Zalze Tavisebu-
ri, originaluri tipi Cinuri arqiteqturisa.
liToni, rogorc wesi, ufro kargad emorCileba
gareuli batebis didi pagoda, 652 w. q. siani ornamentul damuSavebas da aRniSnuli pagode-
bi interierisa Tu eqsterieris mdidruli da
mravalferovani ornamentuli SemkulobiT gamoirCeva. am axali tipis pagodebis pirve-
li sarTuli xSirad qvisa da agurisaa, momdevno sarTulebi ki qvis, aguris da liTonis
konstruqciebis nazavs warmoadgens.

71
 CineTis CrdiloeTiT, xepeis provincia SemorCenilia sungis dinastiis periodis
sakulto arqiteqturis pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebi: lingsiaos pagoda (1045w.) da liao-
tis pagoda (1055 w.) .

lingsiaos pagoda , 860 w. xepeis provincia liaotis pagoda, 1055 w. xepeis provincia

42 metris simaRlis lingsiaos pagoda ramdenime epoqis arqiteqturul fenas aer-

Tianebs. nagebobis yvelaze adreuli fena Tangis dinastiis mmarTvelobis periodiT,
merve saukuniT TariRdeba. pagoda me-4 sarTulamde aguriTa da qviTaa nagebi. me-5 sar-
Tulidan gamoyenebulia xis konstruqciebi. lingsiaos zeda sarTulebze TandaTano-
biT daviwrovebuli korpusi gamoarCevs, rac iribxazovan siluets qmnis da umal mogva-
gonebs indur sakulto nagebobebs.
saerTo jamSi, pagoda warmoadgens 9- sarTulian Senobas, romelic oqtagonuri
CarCoTia Sekruli. pagodis centrs qmnis monumenturi sveti; Cinuri sakulto arqiteq-
turisTvis es sveti damaxasiaTebelia mxolod adreul etapze da qreba gviani sungis da
iuenis dinastiaTa mmarTvelobis periodisaTvis.
1055 welsaa agebuli liaotis pagoda, romelic CineTSi yvelaze did xis pagodad
iTvleba. nagebobis centrs igive masiuri sveti qmnis, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT — am
epoqis arqiteqturuli Taviseburebaa. pagoda dagvirgvinebulia liTonis (brinjao da
rkina) SpiliT. liaotis pagodisTvis, iseve rogorc sungis periodis uamravi pirvelxa-
risxovani sakulto nagebobebisaTvis, niSandoblivia zeda sarTulebze Senobis korpu-
sis TandaTanobiTi daviwroeba. pirvel sarTuls gars Semouyveba aivani.
liaotis pagodis kedlebi isea danawevrebuli, rom kargad ikveTeba kedlis sisqe
da konstruirebis Taviseburebebi.
pagodebis interieris mdidrulad da mravalferovnad moxatuli kedlebi, aseve
kaligrafiis nimuSebiT Semkuli qvis stelebi, mSeneblobis Tanadroulia da sungis di-
nastiis periodiT TariRdeba.

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 epoqis arqiteqturuli xelovnebis namdvili margalitia XII saukuneSi agebuli
Tienningis taZari da pagoda, romelic pekinSi mdebareobs da im iSviaT sakulto nage-
bobaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelic faqtobrivad, pirvandeli ieriTaa SemorCenili
Tanamedroveobamde. kidanis (monRoli momTabare tomebis) samefo liao (907-1125), rom-
lis saxsovaricaa aRniSnuli nageboba, Tangis imperiis dacemis Semdgom gaZlierda. is
CineTis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebareobda da sungis imperiis dakninebisa da
dedaqalaqis qaifenSi gadatanis Semdgom, am ukanasknels vasalur damokidebulebaSi
amyofeboda (sungis imperatorebi nebayoflobiT `xarks~ uxdidnen kidanis mmarTve-
lebs). Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT is garemoebac, rom kidanis samefos kultura da xe-
lovneba iqmneboda da viTardeboda sungis epoqis WeSmaritad Cinuri tradiciebiT da
dResdReobiT is sruliad samarTlianad miiCneva Cinuri kulturis ganuyofel nawi-
lad.
Tienningis sataZro komleqsi ukve CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis dinastiebis mmar-
Tvelobis dros arsebobda, Tumca pagoda mogvianebiT, 1110 -1120 wlebSi aages. pagoda
13-sarTuliania, 57,8 m. simaRlis da qvisa da agurisganaa agebuli; dgas rvakuTxa, far-
To platformaze da misi iersaxe, arqiteqtura da mxatvruli gaformeba, naTeli maga-
liTia adreuli Suasaukuneebis Cinuri sakulto-samSeneblo tradiciebisa. gansakuT-
rebul yuradRebas iqcevs misi dekoratiuli Semkuloba: sarTulebs Soris — gansac-
vifrebeli kveTili ornamentebi, ulamazesi mxatvruli portalebi, eqspresiiTa da uC-
veulo dinamizmiT aRsavse lokapalebis (induizmisa da budizmis mixedviT — qveyniere-
bis sxvadasxva mxareTa mfarveli RvTaebebi) qandakebebi, es yvelaferi — adgilobrivi,
Cinuri stilia, romelic am periodisaTvis ukve sruliad gaTavisuflebulia ucxo
kulturaTa zegavlenisgan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tienningis taZris pagoda
iqca STagonebis wyarod mingis da cingis dinas-
tiis xelovanTaTvis. mingis epoqis umSvenieresi
saxsovari — c’Sous taZris pagoda pekinSi, swo-
red Tienningis mxatvruli tradiciebiTaa age-
buli.

***

Tangisa da sungis epoqam mniSvnelovnad ga-

naviTara Cinuri dekoratiul-gamoyenebiTi xe-
lovnebis Zveli tradiciebic. Cven ukve visaub-
reT Tangis dinastiis periodis qandakebaze,
romelic imavdroulad Cinuri keramikis warmo-
ebis axal da umniSvnelovanes etapad gvevline-
ba. calke unda gamovyoT sungis epoqis axali
aRmoCena, faifuri — kaolinisa da mindvris Spa-
tis idealuri nazaviT miRebuli TeTri, Txeli
keramika, gamWvirvale Wiquri da faifurisgan
damzadebuli ulamazesi WurWeli.
Tienningis taZris pagoda. XII s-is 20-iani wlebi.
Tangis periodis keramikuli WurWeli
q.pekini
formaTa mravalferovnebiTa da natifi pro-
porciebiT gamoirCeva; am periodSi Cndeba feradi moWiqvis mravalsaxeobebic, romel-
Ta Soris aRsaniSnavia seladonis msgavsi momwvano Seferilobis, Zlier cecxlze gamom-
wvari Wiquri. aRniSnuli saxeoba gviani Tangis periods ganekuTvneba da warmodgens
sungis epoqis namdvili seladonis winamorbeds.

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 Tangis periodis keramikuli WurWeli, rogorc aRvniSneT, formaTa mravalferov-
nebiT gamoirCeva da maTi didi nawili sxvadasxva kulturuli wris gavleniT aris Seq-
mnili. Tu mravalricxovani brtyeli langrebi, doqebi - xSirad frinvelisa Tu cxove-
lis Taviani tuCiT, saxuraviani farTo larnakebi, Cinuri warmomavlobisaa, Tangis pe-
riodis keramikul nakeTobaTa Soris xSirad gvxvdeba aseve, elinisturi tradiciebiT
Seqmnili amforebi, sasanuri vercxlis WurWlis keramikis analogiebi, xSirad meorde-
ba induri budisturi WurWlis formebi da a.S;
X-XII saukuneebSi Cinur keramikul warmoeba-
Si mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba, rac dakavSi-
rebulia sxvadasxva qveyanasTan savaWro urTier-
Tobebis gaZlierebiT. axalma urTierTobebma Ta-
visTavad gamoiwvia nawarmis srulyofa rac, pir-
vel yovlisa, saerTaSoriso bazris moTxovnam ga-
napiroba. swored X-XII saukuneebSi Cinuri kerami-
kuli nawarmis sqeli keci da araTanabari, uxeSi
Wiquri icvleba Txeli, namdvili faifurisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli keciTa da daxvewili, naTeli fe-
larnaki. XIII-XIV ss. seladoni radovnebis WiquriT.
X-XI saukuneebSi Cinuri keramikuli warmoe-
bis umniSvnelovanes centrad rCeba tingWouSi (xepeis provincia) mdebare saimperato-
ro saxelosno, romelic awarmoebda adreuli Cinuri keramikuli nawarmis, maT Soris
faifuris yvelaze daxvewil nairsaxeobebs.
saWiroa aRiniSnos, rom tingWous saimperatoro saxelosnos nawarmi — pirvelxa-
risxovani keramikuli nakeTobani, romelTa Txeli keci da moTeTro-rZisferi Tu mom-
wvano-mocisfro Wiquri im drois keramikuli warmoebis did potencialze metyvelebs,
mzaddeboda mxolod da mxolod samefo ojaxisa da aristokratiuli wrisaTvis. maTi
dekoratiuli gaformeba natifi da nazia. igi warmodgenilia umTavresad xazovani kon-
turiT Seqmnili mcenareuli ornamentebiTa da antropomorfuli figurebiT.
Tangis periodSi dawyebuli mniSvnelovani aRmavali procesebi keramikuli warmo-
ebis sferoSi sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis drosac grZeldeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom
zogadad, Cinur xelovnebas xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi asazrdoebda Tangisa da
sungis epoqis mxatvruli tradiciebi.
arc Tangisa da arc momdevno — sungis epoqaSi namdvili, TeTri faifuri jer kidev
ar ikavebs wamyvan adgils sxvadasxvagvar keramikul nakeTobaTa Soris. im periodis
uamrav keramikul saxelosnoSi, romlebic CineTis TiTqmis yvela provinciaSi arsebob-
da, iqmneboda Tanabari mxatvruli donis, muqi keramikuli masisa da sufTa faifuris
nakeTobani da ar arsebobda principuli gansxvaveba maT formebsa da ornaments Soris.
sungis epoqis, da ara mxolod am epoqis, aramed saerTod Cinuri faifuris istori-
isaTvis gansakuTrebul movlenad rCeba mSvenieri monoqromuli faifuri, sqelkedlia-
ni, momwvano Seferilobis WiquriT, romelic Tavisi mxatvruli RirsebebiT dResac ga-
moirCeva sxva tipis faifurisagan. saxelwodeba `seladoni~, romliTac is mTel msof-
lioSia cnobili, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi gaCnda safrangeTSi im droisaTvis popularu-
li onore d’iurfos roman `lastree” — s gmiris, mwyems seladonis mixedviT, romelic am
WurWlisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli feris tanisamosiT imoseboda.
seladonis sxvadasxva formis larnakebi Tu didi TefSebi, romlebsac sungis di-
nastiis mmarTvelobis periodSi amzadebdnen (yvelaze adre saxeli gaiTqva CineTis aR-
mosavleT nawilSi moqmedma lungciuenis saxelosnom), rogorc wesi, msubuqi reliefiT
Sesrulebuli yvavilebiT da sxva mcenareuli ornametebiT irTveboda. am WurWelze
moTxovna imTaviTve didi iyo msoflio bazarze. am tipis ramdenime SesaniSnavi, maRal-

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mxatvrulad Sesrulebuli nimuSi — larnaki da TefSebi, saqarTvelos erovnul muze-
umSic inaxeba. yoveli maTgani sqelkedliani faifuris kategorias ganekuTvneba. deko-
ri warmodgenilia yvavilovani motivebiT. Seferiloba ganisazRvreba Ria mwvane to-
niT.
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis seladonis
larnaki, romelsac mucelze aqvs sparseTis Zlevamosili Sahis, abas pirvelis (1587-
1629), piradi damRa (beWedi). rogorc kvlevebma aCvena, aRniSnuli nivTi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi iranis sefiani mmarTvelebis wminda qalaq ardebilSi, sakrebulo meCeTis
sacavSi inaxeboda, rogorc Sah abasis ZRveni Siituri iranis religiur-ideologiuri
centris ardebilis meCeTisadmi. aRsaniSnavia, rom iranSi odiTganve didad afasebdnen
Cinur faifurs. zemoT naxseneb ardebilis meCeTSi specialuri sacavi — Cinaxanec (fai-
furis saxli) ki arsebobda, sadac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi agrovebdnen Cinuri faifu-
ris pirvelxarisxovan nakeTobebs.
1127 wels, CrdiloeTi sungis dinastiis dacemis Semdeg, tingWouSi mdebare saimpe-
ratoro saxelosno wyvets muSaobas. samagierod, CineTis samxreT nawilSi amoqmedda
mcire simZlavris axali keramikuli centrebi, romelTa produqcia inarCunebda maRal
xarisxsa da originalurobas.
sungis dinastiis mmarTvelobis miwuruls funqcionirebas iwyebs keramikuli war-
moebis axali centri ZingteWenSi (CineTis samxreT-aRmosavleTi nawili, Ziangxis pro-
vincia). momdevno saukuneebSi, rodesac CineTSi ukve namdvili faifuris mniSvnelobis
wina planze wamoweva da farTomasStabiani eqsportireba warmoebs, ZingteWenis same-
Tuneo saxelosnoebi saimperatoro sakuTreba xdeba da imavdroulad, faifuris Wur-
Wlis yvelaze produqtiuli mwarmoebelic.

akademia xanlini

akademia xanlini (sityvasityviT — funjebis/kalmebis tye), Zveli CineTis umniSvnelovanesi

saxelmwifo institucia iyo, romelsac safuZveli VIII saukuneSi Caeyara da arsebobis xan-
grZlivi periodis manZilze, 1911 wlamde is warmoadgenda imperatoris kancelarias, romelic
axorcielebda zedamxedvelobas yvelaze mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebriv RonisZiebebze, pasuxis-
mgebeli iyo oficialur dokumentTa warmoebasa da sakanonmdeblo proeqtebze, aseve warmoadgenda
imperiis ideologiis mmarTvel da makontrolebel umaRles organos.
akademiis wevrebi imperatoris mrCevlebad da qveynis yvelaze dafasebul da warmatebul
adamianebad iTvlebodnen. isini moRvaweobdnen sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT, romelTa Soris, upirve-
lesad aRsaniSnavia ideologiuri muSaoba, gaTvaliswinebuli rogorc xalxis farTo masebze,
aseve aristokratiul wreebze. es ideologia klasikur konfucianur Txzulebebs efuZneboda, ris
safuZvelzec Semdgom, saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis miRebis msurvelTaTvis adgendnen sagamocdo sa-
kiTxebs, muSaobdnen kvalificiuri kadris momzadebaze da sxv. akademiis mier dawesebuli gamocdebis
Cabarebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo maRali administraciuli Tanamdebobis miReba Zvel CineTSi,
iseve rogorc SeuZlebeli iyo akademiis wevroba.
TandaTanobiT akademia mecnierebis, kulturisa da xelovnebis ganviTarebis xelSemwyob
mZlavr organod iqca. is aerTianebda uamrav departaments, romelTagan TiToeuli erT romeli-
me mimarTulebaze iyo pasuxismgebeli. departamentSi gaerTianebuli maRalkvalificiuri swavlu-
lebi, ferweris, grafikis, kaligrafiis, literaturis, Targmanebis, musikis, istoriografiis,
iurisprudenciis, ekonomikis, astronomiisa Tu medicinis ganviTarebaze da xelisSewyobaze zrunav-
dnen; swavlobdnen problemur sakiTxebs, marTavdnen qveynis socialuri, kulturuli Tu poli-
tikuri cxovrebis umniSvnelovanes sferoebs da iRvwodnen qveynis Semdgomi ganviTarebisTvis.
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