Chapter 25 Sawyer Burton

H Block
The Age of Nationalism
- Involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms
Napoleon III in France
1.) Early Nationalism was liberal, idealistic, democratic, and radical
2.) Nationalism took many different forms
a.) Liberal or democratic and radical
b.) Or in dictatorial states it was conservative, fascist, or communist
The Second Republic and Luis Napoleon
1.) December 1848 Louis Napoleon is elected president of France for a four year
term
2.) He believed that the government should represent the people and that it should
try hard to help them economically
3.) He had a vision of national unity and social progress
4.) In 1851 the assembly fails to change constitution so he can run again
5.) December 2, 1851, he legally dismissed the Assembly and seized power in a
coup d’etat (he conspired with army officers)
6.) Resistance at first, but it is crushed
7.) He calls on the French people to legalize his actions, and they do
8.) Louis was overwhelming elected to lead the French Nation, 97% voted for
him to be hereditary emperor
Napoleon III’s Second Empire
1.) Greatest success was with the economy
a.) Government encouraged new investment banks and massive railroad
construction
b.) Economic expansion through public works
1.) Rebuilding of Paris
2.) Granted workers right to form unions and strike
3.) Chose his ministers, they had great freedom of action
4.) Restricted but did not abolish Assembly
5.) 1857-1863 the system worked perfectly
6.) 1860 the system begin to weaken
a.) Problems in Italy and the rising power of Prussia led to increasing
criticism from his catholic and nationalist supporters
7.) He liberalized and gave assembly + opposition candidates greater power
8.) Granted France a new constitution, this combined a parliamentary regime with

a hereditary emperor as chief of state

9.) His plan to reconcile a strong national state with universal male suffrage was
still evolving and was doing so in a democratic direction
Nation Building in Italy and Germany
Italy to 1850
1.) Italy had never been united prior to 1850
 2.) Italy was reorganized in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna
a.) Rich northern provinces of Lombardy Venetia were taken by
Metternich’s Austria
c.) Sardinia, Tuscany, and Reidmont were under rule of an Italian
Monarch
d.) Central Italy and Rome were ruled by the Papacy
e.) Naples and Sicily were ruled by a branch of Bourbons
3.) 1815-1848 the goal of a unified Italian Nation captured the imagination of many,
There were three approaches
a.) Radical program of Giuseppe Mazzini
b.) Presidency of a Progressive Pope by Vicenzo Gioberti
c.) Leadership from the Autocratic Kingdom of Sardinia- Piedmont
Cavour and Garibaldi in Italy
1) Sardinia was led by Count Camillio Benso di Cavour from 1850-1861
2) Cavours national goals we limited and realistic
3) He worked a secret diplomatic alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
4) 1859 Franco-Sardinian Forces take down Austria
5) Napoleon III abandoned Cavour, he made a compromise peace with the Austrians at
Villafrance (july 1859), Sardinia only received Lombardy
6) 1860 Cavour regained Napolean III support by ceding Savoy and Nice to France, the
people of central Italy then voted overwhelmingly to join a greatly enlarged kingdom
of Sardinia= Northern Italian State
7) Garibaldi emerged in 1860 as an independent force in Italian politics
8) He had a guerrilla band of thousand called the Red Shirts
9) Cavour realized Garibaldi would bring war all across France, Cavour offered a treaty,
and the people of North and South voted to join Sardinia
10) The new kingdom of Italy (which expanded to include Venice in 1866 and Rome in
1870) was ruled under a parliamentary monarchy under Victor Emmanuel
11) There was not universal male suffrage, there were class division, the new was united
on paper but profound division remained
Germany before Bismarck
1.) After 1848 the German states were locked in a political stalemate
2.) Tension grew between Austria and Prussia
3.) Modern industry grew rapidly within the German customs union or Zollverein
4.) Austria tried to destroy the Zollverein, which they were not a part of
5.) A new Germany excluding Austria was becoming an economic reality
6.) Prussia’s leading role within the Zollverein gave it an advantage over Austria in
German Political affairs
7.) William I of Prussia wanted major military reforms
8.) Middle Class wanted to establish that once and for all the parliament had the
political power and that the army was responsible to Prussia’s elected
representatives
Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War, 1866
1.) Ottto Von Bismark (1815-1898) was a master of politics
2.) Bismarck was born into the Prussian landowning aristocracy (Junkers)
3.) 1862- Bismarck takes office as chief minister of the Prussian Government
4.) Bismarck reorganized the army
5.) 1864 -Prussia joins Austria in a short and successful war against Denmark
6.) 1866- Austro Prussian War
a.) Prussia defeats Austria at the Battle of Sadowa
b.) Generous peace terms
c.) The German Confederation was dissolved, and Austria agreed to withdraw
from German affairs. The states north of the Main River were grouped in the new
North German Confederation led by an expanded Prussia, The mainly Catholic
states of the south remained independent while forming alliances with Prussia
The Taming of the Parliament
1.) During the attack on Austria in 1866, Bismarck increasingly identified Prussia’s fate
with the national development of Germany
2.) Bismarck fashioned a federal constitution for the North German Confederation
a.) King or Prussia became president of the confederation (William I)
3.) Bismarck asked the parliament to pass a special indemnity bill to approve after the
fact all the government’s spending between 1862-1866
The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871
1.) A patriotic war with France would drive the south German states into his arms
2.) Distant relative of Prussia’s William I might become king of Spain
3.) War begins in 1870
4.) January 1871, a starving Paris surrendered, and France went on to accept Bismarks
harsh peace terms
5.) William I was proclaimed emperor of Germany
6.) After 1871 relations between France and Germany were tragically poisoned, the
French never forgot or forgave
Nation Building in the United States
1.) United States was divided from by slavery from its birth
2.) Industry and cities did not develop in the south and newcomers avoided the region
3.) Regional Antagonism Intensified
4.) 1848 a defeated Mexico ceded to the United States a vast area stretching from west
Texas to the Pacific Ocean
5.) Civil War( 1861- 1865)
a.) in the end the south was defeated and the Union preserved
6.) Homestead Act of 1862 gave western land to settlers and the 13th amendment(1865)
ended slavery
7.) A new American Nationalism grew out of the war to prevent the realization of
Southern Nationhood
The Modernization of Russia and the Ottoman Empire
1.) Both empires were already vast multinational states
2.) They both had to embrace Modernization
The “Great Reforms”
1.) 1850 Russia was a poor agrarian society with serfdom
2.) Crimean war of 1853 to 1856, arose out of a dispute with France over who should
protect certain Christina Shrines in the Ottoman Empire
3.) France and Great Britain, aided by Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire, inflicted a
humiliating defeat on Russia
4.) Russia had fallen behind rapidly industrializing nations of western Europe in many
areas
5.) Freeing of Serfs in 1861
6.) 1864 the government established a new institution of local government, the Zemstvo
7.) Until the 20th century, Russias greatest strides toward modernization were economic
rather than political
a.) 1860 railway companies and construction boomed
b.) Russia exported grain and thus earned money for further industrialization
8.) 1881 Alexander II was assassinated by a small group of terrorists
9.) 1900 peasants still were the majority of the population, but a autocratic and
independent Russia was industrializing and catching up to the west
The Revolution of 1905
1.) Russia had established a sphere of influence in Chinese Manchuria and was casting
greedy eyes on Northern Korea
2.) Japanese launched a surprise attack on February 1904 and in 1905 scored repeated
victories until Russia admitted defeat
3.) Peasants had gained little from the era of reforms and were suffering from poverty and
over population
4.) Revolution of 1905 started by the protesting of the impotence of the government and
then the Bloody Sunday Massacre
5.) October Manifesto granted full civil rights and promised a popularly elected
Duma(Parliament) with real legislative power
6.) After months of deadlock the tsar dismissed the Duma
7.) Re-wrote the electoral law so as to increase greatly the weight of the propertied
classes at the expense of workers, peasants, and national minorities
Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire
1.) High Point in development under Suleiman the Magnificent in the 16th century
2.) 18th century they begin to fall behind in science, industrial skill, military technology,
and Russia starts occupying Ottoman provinces on the Danube River
3.) Ottomans were forced in 1816 to grant Serbia local autonomy
4.) In 1830 the Greeks won their national independence and French armies began their
conquest of the Arabic- Speaking province of Algeria
5.) Decline of the Sultans Janissary Corps
a.) The janissaries became a corrupt and privileged hereditary caste
6.) 1826 his council ordered the janissaries to drill in the European manner, and they
revolted and were killed
7.) 1839 and era of radical reforms began which lasted until 1876, and culminated in the a
constitution and a shot lived parliament known as the Tanzimat
8.) Liberal Reforms failed to halt nationalism of Christian subjects in the Balkans, which
resulted in crises and defeat of all reform efforts, and western imperialism secured a
stranglehold of Ottoman economy
9.) Young Turks seized power in the revolution of 1908
10.) Turks helped prepare the way for the birth of modern secular Turkey after the
Collapse of the Ottoman Empire in World War I
The Responsive National State, 1871-1914
1.) After 1871 the heartland of Europe was organized into national states
General Trends
1.) Firmly established national state
2.) More people could vote
The German Empire
1.) The New German Empire was a federal union of Prussia and 24 smaller states
2.) Bismarck relied mainly on National Liberals
3.) Kulturkampt was an attack on the Catholic Church but was abandoned by 1878
4.) Bismarck moved to enact high tariffs and thus won over the Catholic and
Conservative sides
a.) These new tariffs led to international name-calling and nasty trade wars
5.) Bismarck tried to stop socialism and a law was passed that strictly controlled socialist
meetings and publications and outlawed the Social Democratic Party
6.) William II forced Bismarck to resign
7.) German Social Democratic Party in 1912 became the largest single party in Reichstag
a.) Reichstag is the popularly elected lower house
8.) German Socialists identified with the German States and concentrated on gradual
social and political reform
Republican France
1.) 1871 France seemed hopelessly divided
2.) The Paris Commune was proclaimed in March 1871
3.) The assembly ordered the French Army into Paris and crushed the Commune
4.) Achieved considerable stability before 1914
5.) 1879 the great majority or members of both upper and lower houses of the National
Assembly were Republicans
6.) Trade Unions were legalized and France aquired a Colonial Empire then a series of
laws between 1879-1886 established free compulsory elementary education for both girls
and boys.
7.) Dreyfus Affair- Alfred Dreyfus was falsly accused and convicted on treason
8.) 1901 and 1905 the government severed all ties between the state and the Catholic
Church
Great Britain and Ireland
1.) Right to vote was given to males of the solid middle class in 1832
2.) 1867 Benjamin Disraeli and the Conservatives extended the vote to all middle-class
males and the best-paid workers in the Second Reform Bill
3.) Third Reform Bill of 1884 gave the vote to almost every adult male
4.) Liberal Party came in to power in 1906
a.) Vetoes the Peoples Budget which was designed to increase spending on social
welfare services
5.) Aristocratic conservatism yielded to popular democracy
6.) The state was integrating the urban masses socially was well as politically
6.) Irish famine fueled an Irish revolutionary movement
7.) 1914 the Liberals in the House of Lords introduced a compromise home rule bill that
did not apply to the northern counties. This bill was rejected, and in September the
original homerule bill was passed but simultaneously suspended for the duration of the
hostilities- the momentous Irish question had been overtaken by world war 1 in august
1914
8.) Sweden was powerless to stop the growth of the Norwegian National Movement,
Norway’s breaking away in Sweden and becoming a fully independent nation in 1905
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
1.) 1849 Magyar Nationalism had driven Hungarian patriots to declare an independent
Hungarian Republic
2.) 1850’s Hungary was ruled as a conquered territory
3.) Then in wake of defeat by Prussia in 1866 Austria was forced to strike a compromise
and establish as dual monarchy. The empire was divided in two, and the nationalistic
Magyars gained virtual independence for Hungary
4.) Hungary the Magyar nobility in 1867 restored the Constitution of 1848
5.) After 1871 the Austro Hungarian Empire was progressively weakened and destroyed
by it.
Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism
1.) 1791 France Jews gradually gained civil rights slowly
2.) 1848 Jews formed part of the revolutionary vanguard in Vienna and Berlin, Frankfurt
Assembly gave full rights to German Jews
3.) 1871 it was accepted in central Europe that the disappearance of anti-Jewish prejudice
was inevitable
4.) Anti-Semitism reappeared after the stock market crash of 1873
5.) Fanatics claimed that the Jewish race posed a biological treat to the German People
6.) Karl Luegar won electoral victories spurring Theodor Herzl to turn from German
Nationalism and advocate political Zionism and the creation of a Jewish state.
7.) 1914 anti-Semitism was most oppressive in Eastern Europe were Jews also suffered
terrible poverty
8.) Officials used anti-Semitism to channel popular discontent away from the government
and onto the Jewish minority
Marxism and the Socialist Movement
1.) Years before 1914 as a time of increasing conflict between revolutionary socialism
and nationalistic alliance of the conservative aristocracy and the prosperous middle class
The Socialist International
1.) Socialism appealed to large numbers of workingmen and working women
a.) Growth of socialistic parties after 1871
2.) Marxian socialistic parties were eventually linked together in an international
organization
3.) The first International Collapsed
4.) In 1889 as the individual parties in different countries grew stronger, socialist leaders
came together to form the Second International which lasted until 1914
Unions and Revisionism
1.) As socialistic parties grew and attracted large numbers of members they looked more
and more toward gradual change and steady improvement for the working class and led
and less toward revolution
2.) The quality of life improved dramatically in urban areas, worker tended more to
become more militantly moderate,
a.) They demanded gains but were less likely to take to the barricades in pursuit
of them
3.) Genuine collective bargaining was officially recognized as desirable by the German
Trade Union Congress in 1899
4.) 1906-1913 successful collective bargaining gained a prominent place in German
industrial relations
5.) Revisionism was an effort by various socialists to update Marxian doctrines to reflect
the realities of the time
6.) Moderation found followed elsewhere
7.) Socialist policies and doctrines varied from country to country. Socialism was
nationalized behind the imposing façade of international unity. This can explains why
World War 1 came and almost all socialist leaders supported governments.