Prof. Dr.

Clarita Müller-Plantenberg:
Impacts in space and time by neoliberal globalisation and
civil societies counteractive strategies

Universidad de Kassel WS 05/06

Thursday 10-12 h
Nora-Platiel-Str. 1, 1311
Start: 27th of October 05

The lecture (first part)/ seminar is based on an analysis of the Amazon Region. Some
examples come from other parts of the world.
First we take into account the actual impacts in time and space occurring by
neoliberal politics which promote large mining-, energy- and infrastructure projects.
Regional economies, human rights and ecology are affected. We ask for the cause of
distorted power relations. Then we look for strategies by civil societies to counteract
the process of destruction and to establish autonomous development strategies.
Besides showing the spatial long term conflicts produced by neoliberal policy
and resource interests of the North this seminar has the aim to introduce a research
methodology, which can clarify actual and potential impacts in order to define coun-
teractive strategies by civil society.
After each session the students are asked to answer written questions till the
next session. At the same time each student is asked to prepare a short paper on his
or her experience or on a topic of his or her choice related to the questions of this
course.
There is a German version of the course1. An English version is being
developed on power point. The literature shall help to carry on research in those
fields the students have mayor interest.
“Development“ did not lead to benefits for everyone just for few. Deserts have extended, forests were wiped out, water became
scarce and earth atmosphere was heated up. The state of wellbeing concentrated on countries and in those countries only on
certain groups of society. Large multinational companies became the expression of concentrated economic power. The costs
calculated at the level of individual companies did not include compensation for the degradation of ecosystems and
compensation for the undermining of social standards. These costs were handed over to the general public and declared “costs
of the economy” as a whole. Frequently they received only little of no compensation. Often the goods produced only led to short
term satisfaction of needs.
If you take into account future generations you note that ethical principles are missing in the main economic process.
Therefore the concept of “development” is in crisis. If we respond to that and enter the debate on sustainable development, this
requires always an answer to the question „who“ decides on intervention into nature and „to whose benefit“, in order to start
economic process (1.) in which time period and (2.) spatial reach? (3.) Are the decisions linked to religious beliefs, which are
binding fort he communities or social groups or do they relate to ethical principles, which have historical roots and are
respected? (4.) Man-nature relationship, how is it defined in religious beliefs and by ethical norms? Do they have equal value,
are the connected with each other or is nature separated from man and depending on him?
We want to take up the question for a just long term development. We will see developments a process that is a Tran
boundary international process. We will look at society’s intervention in nature in a holistic, interdisciplinary way and we do not

1
C. Müller-Plantenberg: Zukunft für Alle ist möglich, Soziale Gerechtigkeit und nachhaltiger
Naturbezug als grenzübergreifende Herausforderungen, Entwicklungsperspektiven 77/78, Kassel
2003 A spanish version will be ready at the end of November.
part from an ethnocentric knowledge but rather look at different concepts that describe relation to nature in different societies in
order to acquire an intercultural perception.

Literature
Enquete-Kommission Mensch und Umwelt (1994): Zwischenbericht, Bonn.
Friends of the Earth (1995): Sustainable Europe, Brussels.
Milieu Defensie (1992): Sustainable Netherlands, Amsterdam.
UNEP (2000-2005): Global Environmental Outlook, Nairobi.

27.10.05 Introduction

3.11.05
Who defines sustainability? We analyse, how the concept is being
implemented.
1. Cosmology of indigenous societies and sustainability (Cosmology of the
Desâna in Brazil and Colombia)

1.1 Time space and safeguarding continuity (Myths, Rites, management practices)?
1.2 Geographic Space – safeguarding biological diversity (management cycles –
Ethics); 1.3 Religious beliefs – Finite energy (ka doáro - tabu); 1.4 Man as part of
nature, without over position nor submission – intermittent role of shamans; 1.5 Ill-
guided “development “- Characteristics of the overlapping modes of production taking
the example of the Upper Rio Negro, which have an impact on life in the forest and in
the rivers.

Life of peoples living with nature depends on their capacity to adapt to the natural living conditions in seasonal rhythms. Their
own view of living conditions is determined by their cosmology. For them rules have their origin in the history of the world.
Taking these rules into account will determine whether they con optimise their relation to nature.
The religious beliefs of indigenous peoples of the Amazon determine the way how they relate to their natural surrounding
and how they form their social relations. We will study this taking the example of the Desâna and the neighbouring Tukano
peoples, which live in a black-water-river-system on both sides of the Colombian-Brazilian border. They have in common the
natural poverty of the earth and waters as well as a high biodiversity.

Literature
Georgescu-Roegen (1971): The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Cambridge/ Massachusetts.
Hugh-Jones, Stephen (1977): The Palm and the Pleiades, Initiation and cosmology in north-western Amazonia, Cambridge,
London.
Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1992a): Perspektiven der regionalen Bevölkerung am Oberen Rio Negro/ Brasilien, in:
Lateinamerika Analysen, Daten, Dokumentation Nr. 19, Iberoamerika Institut, Hamburg.
Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1992b): Schutz den Schützern heißt Garantie der Landrechte. Die indianischen Völker des
tropischen Regenwaldes im Nordwesten Brasiliens, in: Kritische Ökologie No. 3, Wiesbaden.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, G. (1976): Cosmology as ecological analysis from the rainforest, in: Man II, 1976.
Ribeiro, Berta/ T. Kenhiri (1988): Regenfälle und Sternbilder: der Wirtschaftskalender der Desãna, in: Projektgruppe „Ökologie
und Entwicklung“ der GhK (Hrsg.): Amazonien – eine indianische Kulturlandschaft, Kassel.
Wuppertaler Institut für Klima und Umwelt (1995): Zukunftsfähiges Deutschland, BUND/Misereor, Wuppertal.

10.11.05
2. Definition of “sustainable development” by the United Nations
2.1 The definition – history of a concept; 2.2 Institutional processes and definitions;
2.3 Three-column-model; 2.4 Open questions of sustainability policies; 2.5
Sustainable actions of societies, states and companies

The destruction of the forest, the drying up of rivers, and the decline of biodiversity go along with industrialisation and our
material intensive style of living. The average quantity of some goods exceeds the „environmental space” that is at our
disposition. A UN institution, the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) starts off a process of
programmatic debates, in order to design a common „Sustainable Development Strategy“. They organise conferences and are
publishing results, which can exemplify the development and implementation of this concept:

Literature:
Beck, Ulrich (1986): Risikogesellschaft. Auf dem Weg in eine andere Moderne, Frankfurt.

Enquete-Kommission (Hrsg.)(1998):Nachhaltigkeit und Globalisierung, Berlin u.a..

Habermas, Jürgen (1998): Die postnationale Konstellation und die Zukunft der Demokratie, in: Ders.: Die postnationale Kons-
tellation, Frankfurt.

Hauff, Volker (Hrsg.)(1987): Unsere gemeinsame Zukunft, Weltkommission für Umwelt und Entwicklung, Greven.

Neef, Manfred Max u.a. (1986): Entwicklung nach menschlichem Maß, Entwicklungsperspektiven 39, Kassel 1990

Petschow, Ulrich; Kurt Hübner, Susanne Dröge, Jürgen Meyerhoff (1998): Nachhaltigkeit und Globalisierung, Herausforde-
rungen und Handlungsansätze, Enquete-Kommission „Zum Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt“ des 13. Deutschen
Bundestages (Hrsg.), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

Sen, Amartya (1999): Ökonomie für den Menschen, Wege zur Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität in der Marktwirtschaft, Wien, Mün-
chen.

www.nachhaltiges-europa.de

www.eu-koordination.de www.perglobal.org www.grueneliga.de www.eu-kommission.de

17.11.05
3. Historical economic cycles in the Amazon and perspectives of indigenous
peoples
3.1 Actual situation in Bolivia and extractive cycles; 3.2 Actual situation in Ecuador
and extractive cycles; 3.3 Actual situation in Peru and extractive cycles; 3.4 Actual
situation in Venezuela and extractive cycles
Development is not always self determined. It is moreover often predetermined by interests, that come from outside and enter
into the region. Whether the regional population is capable to implement their concepts for the future and whether they can
secure their living conditions depends on their capacity to insist on the respect of their rights and on their capacity to elaborate
their own future perspectives.
Foreign interests entered into the Amazon region. The rights of indigenous peoples on their territories could not be implemented
on local level but rather in difficult time taking steps on national and international level. As a matter of fact they still are not being
respected everywhere. The economic cycles and the defence and fight for indigenous rights during these periods are
documenting how this path was followed up.

Literature:
Acción Ecológica: Amazonia por la Vida, Quito 1994 (Apendice)

Arango Ochoa, Raul (1988): Los Pueblos indígenas del Oriente Boliviano, Marco Jurídico y Aspectos Territoriales, Instituto In-
digenista Interamericano (Mexico)/OIT, La Paz

Arvelo, Nelly (1993): Desarrollo sostenibile y derechos territoriales de los indios amazónicos, in: CEREC/ GAIA:
Reconocimiento y demarcación de territorios indígenas en la Amazonia, Bogotá.

Beteta, Christiam (1996): Síntesis de los frentes extractivos y productivos según regiones, Lima.

Beteta, Christiam (1989): Comunidades Campesinas e Indígenas del Perú, Lima.

GhK/ ELNI (Hrsg.)(1996): Wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte indigener Völker, Prävention gegenüber sozialen und
ökologischen Schäden der Ressourcenausbeutung, Entwicklungsperspektiven Nr. 59/60, Universität Gh Kassel, Kassel.

Instituto Peruano de Estudios Geopolíticos y Estratégicos (1991): Regionalización: retos y respuestas, Lima.

Kimerling, Judith (1993): Amazon Crude, Quito.

Mansutti Rodríguez, Alexander (2000a): Pueblos Indígenas y Constituyente en Veneuela 1999, in: Revue internationale de
Droit des Peuples Autochtones. No.2: 35-49;

Mansutti Rodríguez, Alexander (2000b): Pueblos Indígenas y Cambios constitucionales: El Caso Venezuela, in: Boletin
Antropológico 50, S. 79-98. Museo Arqueológico de la ULA

Mansutti Rodriguez, Alexander/ Nalúa Silva Monterry (1996): Rohstoffabbau und indigene Völker in der Provinz Guayana,
Venezuela, in: GhK/ ELNI (Hrsg.): Wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte indigener Völker, Prävention gegenüber
sozialen und ökologischen Schäden der Ressourcenausbeutung, Entwicklungsperspektiven 59/60, Universität Kassel.
Kassel.

Ribera Pinto, Wigberto (1990): Derechos Territoriales Indígenas y Ecología, Bogotá.

24.11.05
4. Large projects in the mining sector of the Amazon and
perspectives of the population

4.1 Mining concessions on the indigenous territory Alto Rio Negro; 4.2 Mining
concession, state protection of nature and Quilombo-territories at the Trombetas; 4.3
Mining concession and diminishing the territory of the Waimiri-Atroari; 4.4. Mining
and resistance against the eviction in the Surinamese Amazon area; 4.5 Mining and
social sustainability in the Amazon of Guyana; 4.6 Impact chains of the Ferro-
Carajas-Mine in Para; 4.7 Impact chains of the mine Cerrejon Norte on the
peninsular of Guajira/ Colombia; 4.8 Measures by firms, states and organisations of
the affected people.
th
In the second half of the 20 century national and transnational companies started to extract ore in large scale from the rain
forest. The methods of exploration were refined. The capital export was on the order of the day after the Second World War.
Large mines were starting to operate.
The export served amongst other things to lessen the debt, which had accumulated after the inundation with cheap petrodollar-
credits after the oil crisis in the 70ies. However the price for the resources that were thrown on the world marked quickly went
down, which led to mayor exports.
Mining leads to impact chains that include export corridors and harbours.

Literature:
Ab’ Saber, Azis Nacib (1994): Grundlegende Konzepte und notwendige Informationen für die Vorhersage von Auswirkungen, in:
Internationale Arbeitsgruppe Technik und Umwelt (Hrsg.): Vorsorgen statt nur Schaden beseitigen, Sozial- und
Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in Ost, West und Süd, Erfahrungen in Brasilien, Russland und Deutschland, UVP SPEZIAL
8, Dortmund. (im Portugiesischen: Azis Nacib Ab’Sáber: Bases Conceptuais e Papel do Conhecimento na Previsão de
Impactos, in: Clarita Müller-Plantenberg, Aziz Nacib Ab’Saber (Orgs.): Previsão de Impactos, O Estudo de Impacto
Ambiental no Leste, Oeste e Sul, Experiências no Brasil, na Rússia e na Alemanha, São Paulo).

CDG/ Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources (22.-26. November 1999): Report on the International Round Table
on Mining and the Environment, Berlin.

Comissão Pró-Ìndio de São Paulo (1997): Desafios para o Reconhecimiento das Terras Quilombolas, São Paulo.

Forest Peoples Programme (2000): Undermining the forests, the need to control transnational mining companies: a Canadian
case study, Moreton in Marsh.

GhK/ ELNI (Hrsg.)(1996): Wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte indigener Völker, Prävention gegenüber sozialen und
ökologischen Schäden der Ressourcenausbeutung, Entwicklungsperspektiven 59/60, Kassel.

IAO (1995): Konvention 176, Übereinkommen über den Arbeitsschutz in Bergwerken, Genf.

McMahon, Gary (1997): Mining and the Community: a synthesis, Worldbank, Washington.

Moody, Roger (1992): the Gulliver File, Mines, people and land: a global battleground, Minewatch, London.

Moser, Claudio (1995): Entwicklung oder Zerstörung? Probleme der Weltmarktintegration Amazoniens am Beispiel der Region
Carajás, Materialien zum GKKE-Dialogprogramm, Heft 10, Bonn.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1992): Lebensperspektiven aus der Sicht der regionalen Bevölkerung, in: Lateinamerika, Analysen,
Daten, Dokumentation, Nr. 19, Institut für Iberoamerika-Kunde, Hamburg 1992

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1998): Los indígenas y sus territorio, Choque cultural – recuperación de cultura y estudios de
impactos ambientales y socials. El caso de la cuenca Amazónica, in: Hans-Joachim König (ed.): El indio como sujeto y
objeto de la historia latinoamericana, Frankfurt/Main-Madrid.

OIT (1989): Convenio 169 de pueblos indígenas y tribales, Ginebra.

ONIC, CECOIN, GhK (1996): Territorios Indígenas y Grandes Proyectos en Colombia, Berlin.

Power, Thomas Michael (2002): Digging for Development, A Historical look at Mining and Economic Development, Oxfam
America Report, Boston.

Roldán, Roque u.a. (1999): Mineria en Territorios Indígenas de Colombia, Peru y Venezuela, Alianza del Clima ONIC –
CECOIN, Bogotá.

Schiel, T. (1995): Kohlebergbau in Kolumbien, in: Ders.: Kohlebergbau in Polen, Südafrika und Kolumbien.

Schönenberg, R. (1993): Konflikte und Konfliktregulation in Amazonien. Ursachen, Formen und Folgen ländlicher Konflikte in
Süd-Pará, Bonn.

The National Planning Office of Suriname, Regional Development and Physical Planning Department/OAS, Executive Secre-
tariat for Economic and social Affairs, Department of Regional Development (1988): Suriname Planatlas, Washington D.C..
Treece, David (1987): Bound in Misery and Iron. The Impact of the Grande Carajás Programme on the Indians of Brazil. Lon-
don: Survival Internacional.

Upper Mazaruni Amerindian District Council, Amerindian Peoples Association of Guyana, Forest Peoples Programme (2000):
Indigenous Peoples, Land Rights and Mining in the Upper Mazaruni, Nijmegen.

Whitehorse Mining Initiative (1994a): Workplace/ Workforce/ Community Issue Group, Final Report.

Whitehorse Mining Initiative (1994b): Leadership Council Accord, Final Report.

Whitehorse Mining Initiative (1997a): Mineral exploration and the challenge of community relations.

Whitehorse Mining Initiative (1997b): Aboriginal participation in the Mining Industry, From Searching for Gold, The Whitehorse
mining Initiative – A Multi-stakeholder Approach to Renew Canada’s Minerals and Metal Sector.

Whitehorse Mining Initiative: Facing Up to Aboriginal Economic Advancement, January 1995.

1.12.05
5. Large Hydroelectric Power Stations in the Amazon Region and
development of norms for sustainable development (dams.org)

5.1 Environmental management and prevention of a large hydroelectric dam: the

Bedthi-waterpower- station in India; 5.2 Example of public discussion, political culture
and technological alternatives – the Epupa-hidroelectric-powerstation/ Namibia; 5.3
Afobaka hydroelectric power-station: production of energy in the tropical forest of
Suriname; 5.4 Kabalebo-hidroelectric-powerstation-planning in Suriname; 5.5 Balbina
– the end of sustainability in Brazil; 5.6 Belo Monte – planned hydroelectric dam at
the Xingu-River/ Brazil; 5.7 Urrá I – the outstanding dignity of the affected indigenous
leaders/ Colombia; 5.8 Tehri/ India – international coherence as respects to
sustainability policy; 5.9 The development of international norms; 5.10 The World
Commission on Dams
The spatial impacts of large hydroelectric power stations very often mistakenly were estimated by the eviction process of those
affected by the flooding of the lake. However it is nowadays accepted that the spatial impacts of these projects might imply the
whole watershed. This has to be investigated in time before by environmental and social impact assessments.
Also the global climate impact has so far not been considered appropriately. Once the emissions from reservoirs of hydroelectric
dams on tropical forest areas have been estimated it became clear, that they not only affect local and regional but also global
interests.
It is important that the time, during which this dam can operate, has to be evaluated correctly. Only then the cost-benefit-ratio
can be elaborated beforehand in a satisfying way.

Literature:
Ab’ Saber, Azis N. (1994): Grundlegende Konzepte und notwendige Informationen für die Vorhersage von Auswirkungen, in:
Internationale Arbeitsgruppe für Technik und Umwelt in Ost, West und Süd (Hrsg.): Vorsorgen statt nur Schaden beseitigen,
Sozial- und Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in Ost, West und Süd, Dortmund. (vgl. auch in: C. Müller-Plantenberg; A. Ab’
Saber (eds.)(1995): Prevenção de Impacto, São Paulo.)

Aguirre, Monti; Switkes, Glenn (1999): Colombian Indigenous Nation seeks Asylum over Dam Murders, in: World Rivers Re-
view, Vol. 14, No.3.

Andrade, Lucia M. M. & E. Viveiros de Castro (1988): Hidrelétricas do Xingú: O estudo Contra as Sociedades Indigenas, in: In:
Leinard A. Santos & Luica Andrade (eds.): As Hidreletricas do Xingu e os Povos Indígenas. Comissão Pro-Indio de São
Paulo, São Paulo.

Coelho dos Santos, Silvio (1985): Areas Indígenas e Grandes Projetos no Brasil, Florianopolis.

Colchester, Marcus (1995): Forest politics in Suriname, World Rainforest Movement, Utrecht.

Comisão Pro Indio São Paulo/ CRAB (1994): The Plaintiff’s Case, in: Second International Water Tribunal, Dams, Utrecht.

Comission Mundial de Represas (2000): Informe, Represas y desarrollo: Un nuevo marco para la toma de decisiones, London.

Dorcey, Tony et al. (eds.) (1997): Large Dams, Learning from the past looking at the future, IUCN/ The World Bank, Gland.

Environmental Services Group WWF-India (ed.)(1987): Foresight at Bedthi, Documentation of the Experience in Environmental
management, Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India.

Fearnside, Philip (1995): Hydroelectric Dams in the Brazilian Amazon as Sources of ‘Greenhouse Gases’, in: Environmental
Conservation, Vol. 22, Nr. 1, Lausanne.

Forest Peoples Programme (22.2. u. 6.3.1997): Surinam update.

Gitlitz, Jennifer S. (1993): The Relationship between Primary Aluminium Production and the damming of world rivers, Interna-
tional Rivers Network, IRN Working Paper 2, Berkeley.

Goldsmith, Christopher, Hildyard, Nicholas (eds.) (1985): Social and Ecological Effects of Large Dams, 3 Vol., Wadebridge.

Heuwagen, Marianne (13.7.2001): Ein Staudamm als Testfall, An dem Vorhaben wird sich zeigen, ob Rot-Grün eine neue Ent-
wicklungshilfepolitik betreibt, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung.

Indigenous Leaders Under Attack in Colombia, Weekly News Update on the Americas, NACLA, Vol XXXV No.1, July/ August
2001.

International Rivers Network (2000): Guardianes de los Rios, Guía para activistas, Berkeley.

IUCN, The World Bank (ed.)(1997): Large Dams, Learning from the past looking at the future, Gland.

Jansahayog Trust (1999): Alternative Development, Some Reflections, Mumbai.

Lang, Ch./ N. Hildyard/ K. Geary/ M. Graininger (2000): Dams Incorporated – The Record of Twelve European Dam Building
Companies, A Report by the CornerHouse, London.

Milanez, Fernando (1992): Energieeinsparungspolitiken in Brasilien, in: C. Müller-Plantenberg (Hrsg.): Technik und Umwelt in
Ost, West und Süd, Ost-West-Kongress, Kassel, Bd. 4, Verlag Jenior & Pressler, Kassel.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1988): Indianergebiete und Wasserkraftwerke in Brasilien, in: Clarita Müller-Plantenberg (Hrsg.): In-
dianergebiete und Großprojekte in Brasilien, Kassel.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1995): Territorios Indígenas y Hidroelectricas en Colombia, en: ONIC, CECOIN, GhK (eds.): Tierra
Profanada, Grandes Proyectos en Territorios Indígenas en Colombia, Bogotá 1995. (C.M.-P.(1996): Indian Territories and
Hydroelectric Plants, in: ONIC, CECOIN, GhK (eds.): Desecrated Land, Large Projects and their Impact on Indian Territories
and the Environment in Colombia, Kassel/ Bogota).

ONIC, CECOIN, GhK (eds)(1995): Territorios Indígenas y Grandes Proyectos en Colombia, Bogota 1996; vgl. Auch ONIC, CE-
COIN, GhK (eds.)(1996): Desecrated Land, Large Projects and their Impacts in Indigenous Territories and the Environment,
Kassel, Bogotá.

Paranjpye, Vijay (1990): Dams at the Narmada River, New Delhi.

Paranjpye, Vijay (1990): Tehri dam, New Delhi.

Rodriguez, Miguel (1995): Mercurio en Guyana, Puerto Ordaz.

Teixeira, Maria Gracinda u.a. (1994): Analyse der Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungen von Großwasserkraftwerken in Bosnien, in:
Internationale Arbeitsgruppe für Technik und Umwelt in Ost, West und Süd (Hrsg.): Vorsorgen statt nur Schaden beseitigen,
Sozial- und Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in Ost, West und Süd, Dortmund. (vgl. auch in: C. Müller-Plantenberg; A. Ab’
Saber (eds.)(1995): Prevenção de Impacto, São Paulo.)

The Hydro-electric Complex of Xingu, in: Second International Water Tribunal, Dams, Utrecht 1994.

The National Planning Office of Suriname (Hrsg): Suriname Planatlas, Washington DC 1988

The resistence movement against the dams in the Brazilian Amazon (1994), in: Second International Water Tribunal, Dams,
Utrecht.

World Commission on Dams (2000): Report, Hidroelectric Dams and Development, London.

World Bank (1991): Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Vol. III Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energy and
Industry Projects, Environment Department, Technical paper No. 154, Washington

WWF-Indien Environmental Services Group (ed.)(1987): Foresight at Bedthi, Documentation of the Experience in Environmental
Management, published with the support of the Ministry of Environment and Forests Government of India.

(www.asprocig.colnodo.org).(www.dams.org)

8.12.05
6. Globalisation and its characteristics: regional overlapping of modes of
production in the Amazon region

6.1 Overlapping of modes of production; 6.2 Economic polarization, social eviction;

6.3 Weakening and strengthening the economy of nature; 6.4 Interests of the actors
in the social and cultural conflict; 6.5 Loosening spatial relations – “compression of
space”, 6.6 History of the Global Players of financial policy; 6.7 The international
financial system; 6.8 World Trade Organisation – power politics versus sustainability;
6.9 Acceleration – “compression of time”; 6.10 Short term economy against nature –
“tragedy of the commons”.
The impacts of large energy and mining-projects on the Amazon region are the result of the spatial overlapping of two different
modes of production.

Literature:

Altvater, Elmar (2001): Demokratische Fragen in Zeiten informeller Politik, in : Jahrbuch Lateinamerika, Berlin.

Altvater, Elmar; Birgit, Mahnhaupt (1996): Grenzen der Globalisierung, Münster.

Boster, James S. (1986): Exchange of Varieties and Information between Aguaruna, Manioc Cultivators, in: American
Anthropologist, Nr. 88.

Brose, Markus (1988): Vielfalt als Grundkonzept standortgerechter Wirtschaftsformen der amazonensischen Kulturlandschaft, in
: Projektgruppe Ökologie und Entwicklung: Amazonien - Eine indianische Kulturlandschaft, Kassel.

Brose, Markus (1989): Vielfalt als Grundkonzept standortgerechten Landbaus in Zentralbrasilien, in: Entwicklungsperspektiven
Nr. 32, Kassel.

Kerr, Warwick Estevam/ Clement, Charles, R. (1988): Methoden der Pflanzenzüchtung bei den Indianern Amazoniens, in:
Projektgruppe Ökologie und Entwicklung: Amazonien - Eine indianische Kulturlandschaft, Kassel.

Khor, Martin (2002a): The WTO, the post-Doha Agenda and the future of the trade system: a development perspective, in Third
World Network, May 2002 (www.twnside.org.sg )

Khor, Martin (2002b): WTO: The New Threats to Developing Countries and Sustainability, in: Third World Network, No.13,
Briefings for WSSD, 2002.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1989): Eine andere Ökonomie, nachhaltiges Wirtschaften in Amazonien, in: Lateinamerika,
Analysen und Berichte, Bd.13, Hamburg.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1992): Amazonien – Lokales Wissen und globale Zerstörung, in: Globale Vergesellschaftung und
lokale Kulturen, Frankfurt a.M.

Quijano, Anibal (1972): Polo Marginal de la Economia y Mano de Obra Marginalizada, Santiago.

Posey, Darrell (1988): Kayapo Natural Resource Management, in: Denslow/Padoch (eds.).

Ribeiro, Berta; Tolaman Kenhiri (1988): Sternzeichen und Regenfälle, Die Kosmologie der Desana, in: Projektgruppe Ökologie
und Entwicklung (Hrsg): Amazonien - Eine indianische Naturlandschaft. Kassel.

Shiva, Vandana (1990): Das Geschlecht des Lebens, Frankfurt a.M.

UNCTAD (1999): Development Report. kolko@t-online.de kolko@t-online.dekolko@t-online.de

15.12.05
Tran boundary prevention of social and ecological impacts
7. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (EIA) (SIA)
7.1 Historic overview: measuring and prevention as relates to social impacts of
development; 7.2 EIA procedure in Germany; 7.3 EIA procedure in Brazil; 7.4 Are
social impacts being studied? 7.5 Social Impact Assessment (SIA) procedures to
understand changes; 7.6 The criteria for carrying out a social impact assessment
(SIA); 7.7 Environmental- and social Impact Assessment: Information- and
communication process; 7.8 Criticism towards EIA and SIA; 7.9 Tran boundary
Environmental- and social impact Assessment – Instrument, Information,
Communication?
Neoliberal globalisation has lead to rising numbers of people without work and to increasing destruction of nature. Therefore
initiatives from civil societies were formed with the aim to regulate the market in a way, that human needs can be satisfied and
that the maintenance of nature is guaranteed. Already at the end of the 60ies instruments for environmental protection
(Environmental Impact Assessments, EIA) were developed in the North American administration. Canada is following up in the
seventies, Europe in the eighties. New procedures are being elaborated in order to revise the environmental and social
sustainability of economic projects. With large economic projects these processes have regional dimensions and lead to the
conviction that the revision has to go along with regional planning.

Literature
Barrow, C.J. (1997): Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, London, New York.

Barrow, C.J. (2000): Social Impact Assessment, London, New York.

Baumgärtner, Thomas; Frieder Rubik, Volker Teichert (1989): Die gegenwärtige Produktpolitik und ihre Umgestaltung mit Hilfe
der Produktlinienanalyse, Freiburg.
Burdge, R.J. (1990): The benefits of social impact assessment in third world development, in: Environmental Impact Assess-
ment Review 1990 (10) S. 124-134.

Burdge, R.J. and Robertson, R.A. (1990): Social impact assessment and the public involvement process, in: Environmental im-
pact assessment Review (10) S. 81-90.

Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council (CEARC) (1985): Social impact assessment: A research prospectus,
Ottawa.

Chase, A. (1990): Anthropology and Impact Assessment: development pressures and indigenous interests in Australia, (10)
S.11-23.

Eberle und R. Grießhammer (Hg.)(1996): Ökobilanzen und Produktlinienanalyse, Freiburg.

Finsterbusch, Lynn u.a. (ed.) (1983): Social impact assessment methods, Beverly Hills.

Francis, P. and Jacobs, S. (1999): Institutionalising Social Analysis at the World Bank, in: Environmental Impact Assessment
Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, May 1999.

Friedrichs, J. (1990): Methoden empirischer Sozialforschung, Opladen.

Grießhammer, Rainer et al (1991): Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur ökologischen Bewertung und zum Vergleich verschiede-
ner Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, Studie des Öko-Institutes e.V., veröffentlicht als UBA-Texte 16/ 91, Umweltbundesamt,
Berlin 1991.

Henry, R. (1990): Implementing social impact assessment in developing countries: A comparative approach to the structural
problems, in: Environmental Impact Assessment Review (10) S. 91-101.

Internationale Arbeitsgruppe Technik und Umwelt Ost, West, Süd (1994): Vorbeugen statt nur Schaden zu beseitigen, Sozial-
und Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung in Ost, West und Süd, Erfahrungen in Brasilien, Russland und Deutschland, UVP spezial
8, Dortmund.

International Centre for Public Enterprises (ICPE)/ International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women
(INSTRAW) (1993): Social Impact Assessment of investment/ acquisition of technology projects in developing countries,
with particular reference to the position of women, in: Public Enterprise Vol.13, Nos. 3-4, S. 239-256.

Leistritz, F. L. und Ekstrom, B.L. (1988): Integrating Social Impact Assessment into The Planning Process, in: Impact Assess-
ment Bulletin, Atlanta 6(2).

Müller-Plantenberg, C. (1999): Was bedeutet Sozialverträglichkeit – vor Ort und grenzübergreifend? Sozialstandards innerhalb
von Betrieben, außerhalb von Betrieben und Sozialstandards staatlicher Leistungen, Gemeinsame Konferenz Kirche und
Entwicklung, Bonn, Materialien der GKKE, Heft 22.

Muth, R.M. und Lee R.G. (1986): Social Impact Assessment in natural resource decision making: toward a structural paradigm,
Atlanta, 4 (3-4).

Projektgruppe Ökologisches Wirtschaften des Ökoinstituts (Hrsg.)(1987): Produktlinienanalyse: Bedürfnisse, Produkte und ihre
Folgen, Köln.

Rietbergen-Mc Cracken, J. and Narayan, D.(1998): Participation and Social Assessment, Tools and Techniques, World Bank,
Washington.

Ross, Helen (1990): Community Social Impact Assessment: a framework for indigenous peoples, in: Environmental Impact
Assessment Review (10), S.185-193.

Runge, Karsten (1998): Die Umweltverträglichkeitsuntersuchung, Internationale Entwicklungstendenzen und Planungspraxis,

Berlin/ Heidelberg.

Therivel, R. u.a. (1992): Strategic environmental assessment, London.

The World Bank: Participation, Washington 2000. (Buch und Film)

Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfungsgesetz(UVPG)(1990)(www.jura.uni-sb.de/BIJUS/umwelt/frameuvpg.htm)

Zenkl (Hrsg.)(1991): Umwelt- und Sozialverträglichkeit von Projekten und Maßnahmen, Ein erfüllbarer Anspruch?, Wien, Köln,
Weimar

22.12.05
8. Product line Analysis and actors cooperation:
example of non renewable resources
8.1 Mining and processing; 8.2 Mining, energy production and metal-production; 8.3
Impact of aluminium production on workers health; 8.4 Dimension of the product line
in the rainforest countries of the Guyana Shield; 8.5 Actors and their possibility of
influence; 8.6 State-Society-Company: projects and instruments; 8.7 Ways of action.
Resource extraction and export has been interpreted in different ways in development theory. We will look at the theories of
Rostow, neoliberal economic theory and at the sustainability concept as it was used in the Brundtland Report. We then look at
an instrument which permits to take account of tran boundary impacts: the product-line analysis as it has been introduced by the
German Ökoinstitute. We take the example of the bauxite-energy-aluminium product line in the three rainforest countries of
Guyana: Suriname, Venezuela and Brazil.

Literature:
Baumgärtner, Thomas; Frieder Rubik, Volker Teichert (1989): Die gegenwärtige Produktpolitik und ihre Umgestaltung mit Hilfe
der Produktlinienanalyse, Freiburg.

Cardoso, Fernando Enrique; Enzo Faletto (1979): Dependency and Development in Latin America, University of California
Press.

Centre Europe Tiers Monde (CETIM), Association Américaine des Juristes (AAJ), Fundación FICAT Barcelona (FICAT) (2000):
Sociétés transnationales et droits humains, Genève.

Cicin-Sain, Biliana and Robert W. Knecht (1995): Analysis of Earth Summit Prescriptions on Incorporating Traditional Knowl-
edge in Natural Resource Management, in: Susan Hanna and Mohan Munasinghe (eds.): Property Rights and the Environ-
ment, Social and Ecological Issues, Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and The World Bank.

Colchester, Marcus (1995): Forest Politics in Surinam, Utrecht.

Eberle, Ulrike und R. Grießhammer (Hg.)(1996): Ökobilanzen und Produktlinienanalyse, Freiburg.

El Ejercicio de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales (2.8.2000): La cuestión de las empresas transnacionales,
CETIM, AAJ,Pax Romana, Consejo Económico y Social, Naciones Unidas, Consejo Económico y Social, Genova.

Enquete Kommission “Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt” des Deutschen Bundestages (Autoren und Hg.)(1994): Die
Industriegesellschaft gestalten: Perspektiven für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Stoff- und Materialströmen, Bonn.

European Commission DG V (May 1999): Codes of Conduct and Social Labels, Ethical consumption and production, in: Euro-
pean social dialogue, Newsletter from the European commission DGV/D.

European Environmental Bureau (EEB) (2000): Shaping the New Europe, Working towards sustainable development, a leading
role for the European Commission, September.

Forest Peoples Programme (1997): The Kabalebo Dam Project in Suriname, Moreton-in-Marsh.

Friedman, Milton und Rose Friedman (1980): Chancen, die ich meine, Berlin, Frankfurt a.M., Wien.

Gawora, Dieter (1994): Konfligierende Raumnutzungsinteressen in der Region Rio Trombetas (Brasilien), Münster, Hamburg.

Gemeinsame Konferenz Kirche und Entwicklung (GKKE) und Aluminium-Zentrale (ALZ) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Evange-
lischen Akademie Mülheim an der Ruhr (Hrsg.)(2000): Internationaler Dialog über Aluminium: Globale Verantwortung von
der Rohstoffgewinnung bis zum Verbrauch, Materialien der GKKE, Heft D 24, Bonn.

Gitlitz, Jennifer S. (1993): The Relationship between Primary Aluminium Production and the Damming of World Rivers, Berke-
ley.

GKKE/ ALZ/ Forum Carajás (17.10.2000): Streitfall Aluminium, Global Social Standards in Focus, Best Practices - Codes of
Conduct and Monitoring, Expo 2000, Hannover.

GKKE/ ALZ, Ev.Ak.Mühlheim (2000): Internationaler Dialog über Aluminium: Globale Verantwortung von der Rohstoffgewinnung
bis zum Verbrauch, hier: AG1, Berichterstatter Dieter Gawora, Materialien der GKKE, Heft D 24, Bonn.

Grießhammer, Rainer et al. (1991): Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur ökologischen Bewertung und zum Vergleich verschiede-
ner Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel, Studie des Öko-Institutes e.V., veröffentlicht als UBA-Texte 16/91, Umweltbundesamt,
Berlin.

Guillen Pinto, Isabel (1997): Die Aluminiumproduktion in Venezuela, Externalisierte Kosten zu Lasten von Gesellschaft und
Natur, Entwicklungsperspektiven Nr. 63, Universität Kassel/ FB10, Kassel.

Hauff, Volker (Hrsg.): Unsere Gemeinsame Zukunft, Der Brundtland-Bericht der Weltkommission für Umwelt und Entwicklung,
Greven 1987.

Hayek, Friedrich (1967): Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, Chicago.

Johannes Hoffmann/Konrad Ott/Gerhard Scherhorn (Hrsg.)(1997): Ethische Kriterien für die Bewertung von Unternehmen,
Frankfurt-Hohenheimer Leitfaden – Deutsch und Englisch, Frankfurt, Stuttgart.

Hübner, Kurt; Susanne Dröge, Jürgen Meyerhoff (1998): Nachhaltigkeit und Globalisierung, Herausforderungen und Handlungs-
ansätze, Enquete-Kommission „Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt“ des 13. Deutschen Bundestages (Hrsg.), Berlin,
Heidelberg, New York.

Internationale Arbeitsgruppe Technik und Umwelt (Hrsg.)(1994): Vorbeugen ist besser als nur Schaden beseitigen, Umwelt-und
Sozialverträglichkeit Ost, West, Süd, Erfahrungen aus Brasilien, Russland und Deutschland, UVP Spezial, Dortmund.

IPAI (1981): Health Protection in Primary Aluminium Production, Vol.2, London.

IRENE (2000): Controlling Corporate Wrongs: The Liability of Multinational Corporations, legal possibilities, initiatives and
strategies for civil society, Warwick.

IUCN-The World Conservation Union and the World Bank Group (1997): Large Dams: Learning from the Past. Looking at the
Future. Workshop Proceedings. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and the World Bank Group, Washington DC.

Kaitala, Veijo T. and Gordon R. Munro (1988): The Management of Tran boundary Resources and Property Rights Systems:
The Case of Fisheries, in: a.a.O.; Dharam Ghai: Participatory development: some perspectives from grass-roots
experiences, UNRISD.

Klaassen, Gerrit J. (Hydraulic Engineering Delft, IHE) (1982): Prediction of the environmental impact of the Kabalebo Hydro-
power project Suriname, Paramaribo.

Local Round Tables realizing their Full Potential (1994): A report on the Canadian experience with multi-stakeholder processes,
June.

Mori, Gregor; Werner, Adelhart u.a.(1998): Stoffmengenflüsse und Energiebedarf bei der Gewinnung ausgewählter
mineralischer Rohstoffe für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe und den Staatlichen Geologischen Diensten in der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Reihe H, Heft SH2, Hannover.

Moser, Claudio und Christine (1994): Streitfall Aluminium, Materialien der GKKE, Heft D9, Bonn.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1988): Indianergebiete und Bauxit- und Aluminiumindustrie, in: C. Müller-Plantenberg (Hrsg.): Indi-
anergebiete und Großprojekte Brasilien, Kassel.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1992): Schattenseiten der Aluminiumproduktion heute – und morgen? In: Lateinamerika Analysen
und Berichte, Jahrbuch Nr. 15, Lit Verlag Münster, Hamburg.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1996): Nachhaltige Aluminiumproduktion – eine erreichbare Utopie? In: GhK/ ELNI (Hrsg.):
Wirtschaftliche, soziale und kulturelle Rechte indigener Völker, Prävention gegenüber sozialen und ökologischen Schäden
der Ressourcenausbeutung, Entwicklungsperspektiven 59/60, Universität Gh Kassel, Kassel.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1999): Was bedeutet nachhaltige Entwicklung? Wirtschaftliche, Ökologische und Soziale Standards
weltweit in der Bauxit-, Aluminat-, Energie- und Aluminiumproduktion, Materialien der GKKE, Heft D23, Bonn.

Müller-Plantenberg, Clarita (1998): Was bedeutet Sozialverträglichkeit – vor Ort und grenzübergreifend? Sozialstandards inner-
halb von Betrieben, außerhalb von Betrieben und Sozialstandards staatlicher Leistungen, Materialien der GKKE, Heft 22,
Bonn.

O’Neill, Paul (6.3.1998): Science, Politics and Global Climate Change, Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer
Alcoa, Washington.

Norconsult/ Norway und Electrowatt/ Schweden (1975): Feasibility Study Kabalebo, World Bank, UNEP.

Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) (2000): Guidelines for multinational enterprises, Meeting of
the OECD Council at Ministerial Level, Revision 2000, Paris.

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Development Co-Operation Guidelines Series, Paris.

Petschow, Ulrich; Kurt Hübner; Susanne Dröge; Jürgen Meyerhoff (1998): Nachhaltigkeit und Globalisierung, Herausforde-
rungen und Handlungsansätze, Enquete-Kommission „Schutz des Menschen und der Umwelt“ des 13. Deutschen
Bundestages (Hrsg.), Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

Piepel, Klaus (2000): Sozialsiegel und Verhaltenskodizes, Eine Standortbestimmung, Misereor, Brot für die Welt, Fair Trade Po-
licy, No. 2, Aachen.

Projektgruppe Ökologische Wirtschaft (Hrsg.)(1987): Produktlinienanalyse: Bedürfnisse, Produkte und ihre Folgen, Ökoinstituts
Freiburg , Köln.

Projektgruppe Ökologisches Wirtschaften des Ökoinstituts (Hrsg.)(1987): Produktlinienanalyse: Bedürfnisse, Produkte und ihre
Folgen, Köln.

Rat von Sachverständigen für Umweltfragen (Hrsg.)(1994): Umweltpolitische Prioritätensetzung, Stuttgart.

Rietbergen McCracken, J. and Deepa Narayan (Compiler) (1998): Participation and Social Assessment, Tools and Techniques,
The World Bank, Washington 1998.

Rietbergen—McCracken, J. and Deepak Aryan (Compilation): Participation and Social Assessment, Tools and Techniques, the
World Bank, Washington 1998.

Rostow, W.W.(1990): The stages of economic growth, Cambridge, New York.

Sá, Paulo de (1990): The Brazilian Aluminium Industry: Past Choices and Present Issues, Paris.

Schmidheiny, Stephan (1994): Ecoefficiency and the entrepreneurial factor, in: Bruno Fritsch, Stephan Schmidheiny, Walter Sei-
fritz: Towards an ecologically sustainable growth society, physical foundations, economic transitions and political
constraints, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo 1994

Sen, Amartya (1999): Ökonomie für den Menschen, Wege zu Gerechtigkeit und Solidarität in der Marktwirtschaft, München
Wien.

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Survey, Preliminary Report, IPAI, London.
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Safety, Geneva.

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Projects, Environment Department, The World Bank, Technical Paper Number 154, Washington 1991.

World Dam Commission (2000): WCD Report, London. (www.dams.org)

(www.ilo.org) Internationale Arbeitsorganisation

12.1.06
Steps towards social prevention
9. Public and private norms: conventions, laws, codes of conduct, examples:
Oil-exploration, -exploration, -transport
9.1 Indigenous interests; 9.2 Social and ecological impacts of oil exploration and –
exploitation; 9.3 Demands from a sustainable perspective in the Ecuadorian
rainforest area (Oriente); 9.4 Dollarisation and new pipeline construction in Ecuador;
9.5 Oil production, debt – perspectives?; 9.6 The Urucu-project/ Brazil: affected
modes of production in the forest; 9.7 Principles for the posture of the companies
management in the oil- and gas-industry; 9.8 Participation; 9.9 Human Rights; 9.10
Environmental standards; 9.11 Participation and monitoring by the stakeholders.
Sustainable development should be planned and carried out according to their ecological, economic and social dimensions.
Without adapting the economic and social systems to the ecological conditions (see second class) the development processes
cannot be sustainable.
Therefore the social process of formulating norms has to refer to aims of protection and then to define indicators, which may
guarantee the aims of protection.
Usually these norms are being developed once the rights of social groups have been violated or once ecosystems of vital
relevance for society are put at risk. We can observe how in several branches of the economy public and private norms have
been developed systematically. In this process international organisations have been taken part as well as states, companies
and social organisations and groups. The question is how to guarantee that these norms will be respected so that a sustainable
development can take place?
We look at this question taking the example of the oil exploration and exploitation in the Amazon. We notice that many
indigenous territories in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia are affected by oil-concessions. The impacts of oil-exploration and –
exploitation are amongst others in the oil spills in water, which lead to illnesses and deformations of the newborn children.
We will look at the debate in Ecuador on oil-exploitation and –transport, then at the debate on the oil and gas-pipeline in Brazil
and finally at the Code of Conduct, which was developed by the oil-industry and groups of civil society in Europe.

Literature

Amazon Watch (April 2001): Mega-Project Alert, The New Heavy Crude Pipeline in Ecuador.

Bermann, Celio; Osvaldo Stella Martins (1999): Sustentabilidade Energética no Brasil, Limites e possibilidades para uma
estratégica sustentável e democrática, São Paulo.

Brot für die Welt (August 2000): Principles for the conduct of Company Operations within the Oil and Gas Industry with
particular emphasis on ecologically and socially sensitive areas, A Discussion Paper, Stuttgart.

Centro de Derechos Economicos y Sociales (1999): El petroleo no es eterno, Quito.

Conaie: Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador, in: http://conaie.nativeweb.org/map.html.

Environmental Defense Fund – EDF (1996): Project: Urucu Gas and Oil Project, Amazonas, Brazil, Washington.

Evangelische Akademie Mülheim, Ruhr (2000): The challenge of better practice in the oil and gas industry, Dialogue between
European Civil Society Groups and Multinational Oil Companies, Summary of the round Table Conference results,1st to 3rd
of November.

Fiero, Carlos (1-3.11.2000): An Ecuadorian experience in dialogue and negotiation between oil companies and indigenous peo-
ples (the Secoya-Occidental Case), Project of the CDG-COICA/ Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano-Harvard, Mülheim.

Feldt, Heidi (1996): Erdölexploration und -förderung in Ecuador, in: Gesamthochschule Kassel, ELNI (Hrsg.): Wirtschaftliche,
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Gawora, Dieter (Januar 2001): Soziale, ökologische und ökonomische Auswirkungen des Erdöl- und Erdgasprojekts Urucu im
Bundesstaat Amazonas (Brasilien) Zwischenbericht 1998-2000, Kassel.
Gawora, Dieter (2001): Urucu. Impactos sociais, ecológicas e econômicas do projeto petrolífera „Urucu“ no Estado do Amazo-
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Gawora, Dieter: Urucu (2001), Entwicklungsperspektiven 71/ 72, Kassel 2001.

Hames, Raymond B.; Vickers, William T.: Teorías sobre las respuestas adaptativas de los nativos de la Amazonía, Quito
1987Kimerling, Judith (1993): Crude in the Amazon, Quito.

Jochnick, Chris; Roger Normand, Sarah Zaidi (1994): violaciones de derechos en la Amazonia Ecuatoriana, Las Consecuencias
Humanas del Desarrollo Petrolero, Centro para Derechos Económicos y Sociales, Quito Enero-Marzo.

Naikiai, Verónica (1992): El uso del ecosistema en el antiguo pueblo Shuar, en: Juncosa, José E. (comp.): Los Guardianes de
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Oil watch: The best place in the forest: Oil production in Cofan territory, in: Texaco Rainforest: Yana Curi Report Summary

Uquillas, Jorge (1993): Adjudicación y demarcación de territorios indígenas en la cuenca Amazónica: el caso del Ecuador, in:
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Bogotá 1993, S. 91

http://www.oilwatch.org.ec/tegantai/english/tengantai8/english.zip(10.10.2001)

http://www.texacorainforest.org/case/summary.html(10.10.2001)

19.1.06
10. On the way to sustainability: Prevention by social actors
in local and global contexts
10.1 The initiative of the European Parliament to create a Monitoring Platform; 10.2
The Secretary General of the United Nations proposes in 1999 in Davos a ‘Global
Compact’; 10.3 The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD) revises its standards for Transnational Companies; 10.4 Green book of the
European Union – European Conditions for the social responsibility of companies;
10.5 Trilateral declaration of the ILO as respects to the principles for multinational
companies and social policy; 10.6 UN-Sub commission for the Promotion and
Protection of Human Rights; 10.7 Guidelines for the export-credit-agencies and
credentials; 10.8 Conflict- and negotiation locally and globally; 10.9 Effective
negotiation of indigenous peoples: North America and Canada.
The European Commission, the United Nations and other international bodies have created instruments to guarantee the
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of Transnational Corporations. A Monitoring Platform, Hearings and other methods are
already institutionalized in order to create information, communication and monitoring of Corporate Social Responsibility. This
chapter gives an overview of the instruments and mechanisms designed and on their relative importance. Monitoring of Export
Credit Agencies is another example of a campaign that is heading for the social and environmental monitoring of export credits.
Fair negotiations between not only trade unions and companies but rather additionally of the state, environmental groups and
indigenous peoples in Canada teach us a much broader approach for resolving conflicts by civil society. Finally we report on a
comparison of negotiations on social and environmental impacts of economic projects in Canada and the United States revising
their different approaches and outcomes.

Literature:
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(IDPs), The Brookings-CUNY Project, Norwegian Refugee Council, US Committee for Refugees, London.
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culturales: la cuestión de las empresas transnacionales: Comisión de Derechos Humanos, Consejo Económico y Social,
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companies, Geneva 2002

(http://www.davos2001.ch/pdf/KonventionzurKontrollevon Konzernen.pdf)
(CSR@CEC.EU.INT) Corporate Social Responsability

26.1.06
Papers by the participants

2.2.06
Papers by the participants

9.2.06
Papers by the participants

16.2.05
Final debate