Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations -1-

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations

(A) Relative Atomic Mass and relative Molecular Mass

1.
Relative atomic mass of an element = mass of one atom of the element
1/12 x mass of one carbon – 12 atom

2.
Relative molecular mass of a compound = mass of one molecule of compound
1/12 x mass of one carbon – 12 atom

Note: Relative molecular mass = Sum of relative atomic masses of all the atoms in the
molecule

(B) The Mole and the Number of Particles

x NA
number of moles number of particles
÷ NA

Example 1: Calculate the number of particles in

(a) 0.2 mole of copper atoms, Cu (Answer :1.2 x 1023)
(b) 0.03 mole of water molecules, H2O (Answer :1.8 x 1022)

Example 2: Calculate the number of atoms in

(a) 1.2 mole of chlorine gas, Cl2 (Answer :1.44x1024)
(b) 0.075 mole of ammonia gas, NH3 (Answer :1.8x1023)

Example 3: Calculate the number of moles of the following substance:

(a) 7.5x1021 chromium atoms (Answer :0.0125 mole atom)
(b) 9x1023 water molecules (Answer :1.5 mole molecule)

(C) Number of Moles and Mass

x molar mass
number of moles mass (g)
÷ molar mass
Example: Determine the mass of each of the following substance:
(a) 1.2 mole of sodium atoms. (Answer :27.6g)
(b) 0.075 mole of dichloro-difluoromethane, CCl2F2 (Answer :9.075g)
(Relative atomic mass: C,12; F,19; Na,23; Cl,35.5)

(D) The Mole and the Volume of Gas

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations -2-

1. x molar volume
Number of moles Volume of gas (dm3)
÷ molar volume

1 dm3 = 1000cm3

2. Example: Calculate
(a) the volume occupied by 3.5 moles of ammonia gas at s.t.p.( Answer :78.4dm3)
(b) the volume occupied by 2.8g carbon monoxide at s.t.p.( Answer :2.24dm3)

(E) Relationships between the number of particles, number of moles, mass and volume of
gases:

x NA x molar mass
Number of particles Number of moles Mass (g)
÷ NA ÷molar mass
x molar ÷ molar
volume volume

Volume of gas (dm-3)

(E) Chemical Formulae

Symbol of
hydrogen atom H2 The subscript 2 shows there
are two hydrogen atoms

Contains 1
1 molecule of
nitric acid HNO3 hydrogen atom, 1
nitrogen atom
and 3 oxygen
atoms.

(F) 1. Empirical formula of a compound gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of
each element in the compound.
2. Molecular formula of the compound shows the actual numbers of the atoms of the
elements that combine to form the compound.

3.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula) n whereby n is positive integer
 Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations -3-

4. Example :
Compoun Empirical Molecular formula n
d formula
Water H2O (H2O) 1 = H2O 1
Ethane CH2 (CH2) 2= C2H4 2
Glucose CH2O (CH2O) 2 = C6H12O6 6
Example 1:
A compound CxHyOz contains 40% carbon and 53.3% oxygen. If the relative molecular
mass of the compound is 180, find its
(i) empirical formula (Answer :CH2O)
(ii) molecular formula [Answer :CH2O)6 / C6H12O6]
(Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16)

Example 2:
When 14.4g of copper oxide is reduced by hydrogen gas, 12.8g of copper metal is
obtained. Determine the empirical formula of copper oxide. (Answer :Cu2O)
(Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Cu, 64)

(G ) Chemical Formulae and Equations

Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations -4-

Cation and Anion

No Formula Cation No Formula Anion
cation anion
1 H+ Hydrogen ion 1 F- Fluoride ion
2 Li+ Lithium ion 2 Cl- Chloride ion
3 Na+ Sodium ion 3 Br- Bromide ion
4 K+ Potassium ion 4 I- Iodide ion
5 Rb+ Rubidium ion 5 O2- Oxide ion
6 Mg2+ Magnesium ion 6 P3- Phosphide ion
7 Ca2+ Calcium ion 7 OH- Hydroxide ion
8 Al3+ Aluminum ion 8 Cr2 O72- Dichromate(VI) ion
9 Cu2+ Copper (II) ion 9 MnO4- manganate(VII) ion
10 Zn2+ Zinc ion 10 PO43- Phosphate ion
11 Pb2+ Lead (II) ion 11 CO32- Carbonate ion
12 Fe2+ Iron (II) ion 12 NO3- Nitrate ion
13 Fe3+ Iron (III) ion 13 SO42- Sulphate ion
14 Ag+ Silver ion
15 Cr3+ Chromium (III)
ion
16 Mn2+ Manganese (II)
ion
17 NH4+ ammonium ion

(I) Chemical Formula of ionic compound

Example:
1. Calcium Chloride
Answer:
Formula of ion Calcium ion, Ca2+ Chloride ion, Cl-
Charge of ion +2 -1
Ratio 1 2

Chemical formula is CaCl2

2. Aluminum oxide
3. Sodium hydroxide
4. Potassium nitrate
5. Sodium sulfate
6. Copper (II) sulfate
7. Aluminium phosphate
8. Ammonium carbonate
9. Magnesium nitrate
10. Aluminum sulfate
(II) Write down the chemical formula of the following substance:
Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations -5-

1. NaNO3 ______________________________

2. FeSO4 ______________________________

3. CO2 ______________________________

4. Zn(NO3) 2 _____________________________

5. CaCO3 ______________________________

(H) Chemical Equation

produce
Reactants Products
Example:
Zn (s) + Cl2 (g) ZnCl2 (s)
HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

Write down the chemical equation of the following reactions

1. Sodium reacts with oxygen to produce a white metallic oxide.

2. Chemical reaction between magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, and dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl. Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2, water and carbon dioxide are formed.

3. Aluminum reacts with copper (II) oxide to produce copper and aluminium oxide.

4. When copper (II) nitrate is heated, it decomposes to produce copper (II) oxide, nitrogen
dioxide and oxygen.

5. Iron reacts with chlorine, a brown iron (III) chloride is formed.

Practice Chapter 3:
1. Aspartame is an artificial sweetener that has no calorie. Its molecular formula is C14H18N2O5
Chapter 3 Chemical Formulae and Equations -6-

Calculate its relative molecular mass. (Answer: 294)

[Ar: H=1; C=12; N=14; O=16]

2. Find the mass of the following:

a. 4.5 x 1022 chromium atom (Answer: 3.9 g Cr)
b. 3 x 1024 helium atom (Answer: 20 g He)
[Ar: Cr= 52; He= 4. NA = 6 x 10 mol-1]
23

3. 5.5 g of gas Y occupies a volume 3 dm3 at room temperature. Find the relative molecular
mass of gas Y. (Answer: 44 g)
[Ar: C= 12; H= 1; O= 16; N= 14. 1 mole of gas occupies a volume 24 dm3 at room
temperature]

4. Magnesium can burn in oxygen to produce magnesium oxide.

a. Write the chemical equation showing the reaction.
b. Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide that formed if 4.8g of magnesium is burnt.
(Answer :8g)
c. Calculate the volume of oxygen needed for this combustion 3g of magnesium at room
temperature. (Answer: 1.5 dm3 oxygen)
[Ar: O= 16; Mg= 24. 1 mole of gas occupies a volume 24 dm3 at room temperature]

5. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes to give water and oxygen. Write the chemical
equation showing the reaction. If 1.7g of Hydrogen peroxide decomposes, calculate
a. the volume of oxygen produced at room conditions. (Answer: 600 cm3)
b. the number of molecules of oxygen produced in the reaction.
(Answer :1.5x1022 molecules)
[NA=6x1023 mol-1]

Disediakan oleh PUI MUI FOONG

SM Teknik Miri
May 2008