Nano Materials – Bibliography

Nano Materials by A. K. Bandyopadhyay, GCE & CT, WBUT, Kolkata

CONTENTS
Preface ... (vii)
Acknowledgements ... (ix)
1. General Indroduction ... 1
Preamble ... 1
1.1. Introduction ... 1
1.1.1. What is Nano Technology ? ... 2
1.1.2. Why Nano Technology ? ... 2
1.1.3. Scope of Applications ... 2
1.2. Basics of Quantum Mechanics ... 2
1.2.1. Differential Equations of Wave Mechanics ... 3
1.2.2. Background of Quantum Mechanics ... 6
1.2.3. Origin of the Problem : Quantization of Energy ... 7
1.2.4. Development of New Quantum Theory ... 8
1.2.5. Quantum Mechanical Way : The Wave Equations ... 10
1.2.6. The Wave Function ... 16
1.3. The Harmonic Oscillator ... 19
1.3.1. The Vibrating Object ... 19
1.3.2. Quantum Mechanical Oscillator ... 20
1.4. Magnetic Phenomena ... 23
Preamble ... 23
1.4.1. Fundamentals of Magnetism ... 24
1.4.2. Antisymmetrization ... 25
1.4.3. Concept of Singlet and Triplet States ... 27
1.4.4. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism ... 28
1.5. Band Structure in Solids ... 31
Preamble ... 31
1.5.1. The Bloch Function ... 31
1.5.2. The Bloch Theorem ... 32
1.5.3. Band Structure in 3-Dimensions ... 35
1.6. Mössbauer and ESR Spectroscopy ... 38
1.6.1. Mössbauer Spectroscopy ... 38
Preamble ... 38
1.6.1.1. The Isomer Shift ... 40
1.6.1.2. The Quadrupole Splitting ... 41
1.6.1.3. The Hyperfine Splitting ... 42
1.6.1.4. Interpretation of the Mössbauer Data ... 42
1.6.1.5. Collective Magnetic Excitation ... 44
1.6.1.6. Spin Canting ... 45
1.6.2. ESR Spectroscopy ... 47
Preamble ... 47
1.6.2.1. The Theory of ESR ... 48
1.6.2.2. ESR Spectra of Iron containing Materials ... 49
1.7. Optical Phenomena ... 50
Preamble ... 50
1.7.1. Electrodynamics and Light ... 50
1.7.2. Transition Dipole Bracket ... 51
1.7.3. Transition Probabilities for Absorption ... 52
1.7.4. The Stimulated Emission ... 55
1.7.5. The Spontaneous Emission ... 56
1.7.6. The Optical Transition ... 58
1.8. Bonding in Solids ... 59
Preamble ... 59
1.8.1. Quantum Mechanical Covalency ... 59
1.9. Anisotropy ... 63
Preamble ... 63
1.9.1. Anisotropy in a Single Crystal ... 63
References ... 65
2. Silicon Carbide ... 67
Preamble ... 67
2.1. Applications of Silicon Carbides ... 67
2.1.1. Important Properties ... 67
2.1.2. Ceramic Engine ... 68
2.1.3. Other Engineering Applications ... 68
2.2. Introduction ... 69
2.2.1. Ultrafine Particles of Silicon Carbide ... 70
2.2.2. Problem of Preparing Nano Particles ... 70
2.2.3. Sintering of Ceramics ... 71
2.3. Nano Material Preparation ... 73
2.3.1. Attrition Milling ... 73
2.3.1.1. How Batch Attritors Work ... 73
2.3.1.2. Preparation of Nano Particles ... 74
2.3.1.3. Nano Particles of SiC ... 75
2.3.2. Optimization of the Attrition Milling ... 76
2.3.3. Purification of Nano Particles ... 82
2.4. Sintering of SiC ... 82
2.4.1. Role of Dopants ... 83
2.4.2. Role of Carbon ... 85
2.4.3. Role of Sintering Atmosphere ... 86
2.5. X-ray Diffraction Data ... 86
2.5.1. X-ray Data Analysis ... 87
2.5.2. The Dislocation Mechanism ... 90
2.5.2.1. Dislocation Behaviour ... 90
2.6. Electron Microscopy ... 92
2.6.1. Scanning Electron Microscope ... 92
2.6.2. Sample Preparation for Microstructural Study ... 92
2.6.3. Transmission Electron Microscope ... 92
2.6.4. Sample Preparation for TEM Study ... 93
2.7. Sintering of Nano Particles ... 94
2.7.1. Preparation of Materials ... 94
2.7.2. Sintering of Nano Particles of SiC ... 94
2.7.3. Analysis of the Sintering Data ... 94
2.7.3.1. Role of Aluminum Nitride ... 94
2.7.3.2. Role of Boron Carbide ... 96
2.7.3.3. Effect of Carbon ... 98
2.7.3.4. Effect of Atmosphere ... 108
References ... 113
3. Nano Particles of Alumina and Zirconia ... 117
Preamble ... 117
3.1. Introduction ... 118
3.2. Other Methods for Nano Materials ... 118
3.2.1. Novel Techniques for Synthesis of Nano Particles ... 119
3.3. Nano Material Preparation ... 121
3.3.1. Attrition Milling ... 121
3.3.2. Nano Particles of Alumina ... 121
3.4. Microwave Sintering of Nano Particles ... 125
3.4.1. Microwave Sintering Route ... 126
3.4.2. Sample Preparation from Nano Particles ... 128
3.4.3. Sintering Procedures of Nano Particles ... 128
3.4.4. Sintering Data of Nano Particles of Alumina ... 129
3.5. Characterization ... 129
3.5.1. Electron Microscopy ... 129
3.5.2. Sample Preparation for TEM and SEM Study ... 130
3.6. Wear Materials and Nano Composites ... 131
3.6.1. Nano-Composite Ceramic Materials ... 133
3.6.2. Nano Composite Alumina Ceramics ... 133
3.7. Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 135
3.7.1. Applications of Zirconia ... 135
3.7.2. Synthesis of Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 136
3.7.2.1. Sol-Enulsion-Gel Technique ... 137
3.7.2.2. The Sol-Gel Technique ... 138
3.7.3. Phase Trasnsformation in Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 140
3.7.4. Characteristics of Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 141
3.7.5. Sintering of Nano Particles of Zirconia ... 143
References ... 144
4. Mechanical Properties ... 148
Preamble ... 148
4.1. Theoretical Aspects ... 148
4.1.1. Data Analysis of Theoretical Strength ... 151
4.2. Strength of Nano Crystalline SiC ... 152
Preamble ... 152
4.2.1. The Basic Concepts ... 152
4.2.2. Weibull Theory ... 154
4.2.3. Stress Intensity Factor ... 155
4.3. Preparation for Strength Measurements ... 156
4.3.1. Nano Powder Preparation and Characteristics ... 156
4.3.2. Strength Measurement ... 156
4.3.2.1. Flexural Strength ... 156
4.3.2.2. Fracture Toughness ... 157
4.4. Mechanical Properties ... 157
4.4.1. Comparison of Mechanical Data of - and -SiC ... 158
4.4.2. Flexural Strength of -SiC ... 158
4.4.3. Microstructure ... 162
References ... 167
5. Magnetic Properties ... 169
Preamble ... 169
5.1. Introduction ... 169
5.1.1. Diamgnetics ... 170
5.1.2. Paramagnetics ... 170
5.1.3. Ferromagnetics, Ferrimagnetics and Antiferromagnetics ... 171
5.1.5. Losses due to Eddy Currents in Magnetic Materials ... 173
5.1.6. Structural Ordering of Ferrites ... 173
5.1.7. The Mechanism of Spontaneous Magnetization of Ferrites ... 174
5.1.8. Magnetization of Ferrites and Hysteresis ... 175
5.2. Super-Paramagnetism ... 177
5.3. Material Preparation ... 180
5.3.1. Nano Particles and X-ray Data ... 181
5.4. Magnetization of Nano Particles of Magnetite ... 181
5.4.1. Variation of Temperature and Magnetic Field ... 183
5.4.2. Magnetic Characteristics of Blank Glass ... 185
5.4.3. Magnetic Characteristics of the 700 and 900 Samples ... 186
5.4.4. Lattice Expansion in Ferrites with Nano Particles ... 190
5.5. Mössbauer Data of Nano Particles of Magnetite ... 192
5.5.1. Hyperfine Field in Nano Particles ... 195
5.5.2. Spin Canting in Nano Particles of Magnetite ... 199
5.6. ESR Spectroscopy ... 202
5.7. Small Angle Neutron Scattering ... 206
Preamble ... 206
5.7.1. Theoretical Considerations ... 207
5.7.2. Nucleation and Crystallization Behaviour ... 207
5.7.3. Small Angle Neutron Scattering ... 212
5.7.4. Interpretation of the SANS Data ... 214
5.7.5. Preparations for the SANS Study ... 215
5.7.6. SANS Data for Nano Particles ... 216
5.7.6.1. Validity of James’ Assumptions ... 217
5.7.6.2. Nucleation Maximum and Guinier Radius of Nano Particles ... 221
5.7.6.3. Ostwald Ripening for Nano Particles and the Growth ... 222
5.7.7. Redissolution Process for Nano Particles ... 223
References ... 227
6. Electrical Properties ... 229
6.1. Switching Glasses with Nano Particles ... 229
Preamble ... 229
6.1.1. Introduction ... 229
6.1.2. Preparation of Glasses with Nano Particles ... 229
6.1.3. Electrical Data of Nano Particles of Bismuth and Selenium ... 231
6.1.3.1. Electrical Conduction in Bismuth Glasses ... 231
6.1.3.2. Electrical Conduction in Selenium Glasses ... 234
6.1.3.3. Tunneling Conduction in Nano Particles ... 237
6.2. Electronic Conduction with Nano Particles ... 242
6.2.1. Introduction ... 242
6.2.2. Preparation of Nano Particles and Conductivity Measurements ... 243
6.2.3. DC Conduction Data of Nano Particles ... 244
6.2.3.1. Correlation between Electronic Conduction ... 245
and Magnetic Data
6.2.4. AC Conduction Data of Nano Particles ... 246
6.2.5. The Verwey Transition of Nano Particles ... 248
6.2.6. Electrical Conductivity of Other Nano Particles ... 250
6.2.7. Impurity States in Electronic Conduction ... 251
References ... 252
7. Optical Properties ... 254
Preamble ... 254
7.1. Introduction ... 254
7.2. Optical Properties ... 255
7.2.1. Some Definitions ... 255
7.2.2. The Refractive Index and Dispersion ... 255
7.2.3. The Non-Linear Refractive Index ... 255
7.2.4. The Absorption Coefficient ... 256
7.2.5. The Reflection ... 256
7.3. Special Properties ... 257
7.3.1. Accidental Anisotropy-Birefringence-Elasto-Optic Effect ... 257
7.3.2. Electro-Optic and Acousto-Optic Effects ... 258
7.3.2.1. The Electro-Optic Effect ... 258
7.3.2.2. The Acousto-Optic Effect ... 259
7.4. The Coloured Glasses ... 260
7.4.1. Absorption in Glasses ... 260
7.4.2. The Colour Centres : Photochromy ... 261
7.4.3. The Colour due to the Dispersed Particles ... 262
7.4.3.1. The Gold Ruby Glass ... 262
7.4.3.2. The Silver and Copper Rubies ... 262
7.4.4. The Luminescent Glasses ... 263
7.4.4.1. The Laser Glasses ... 264
7.4.4.2. Some Examples of Nano Particles ... 266
References ... 267
8. Other Methods and Other Nano Materials ... 269
Preamble ... 269
8.1. Process of Synthesis of Nano Powders ... 269
8.1.1. General Principles of Sol-Gel Processing ... 270
8.1.1.1. Precursor Alkoxides ... 270
8.1.1.2. Chemical Reactions in Solution ... 271
8.1.1.3. The Process Details ... 272
8.1.1.4. Behaviour of Some Gels ... 273
8.1.2. Electro Deposition ... 275
8.1.2.1. Electro-Deposition of Inorganic Materials ... 276
8.1.2.2. Nano-Phase Deposition Methodology ... 277
8.1.2.3. Electro-Deposition of Nano Composites ... 278
8.1.3. Plasma -Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition ... 279
8.1.4. Gas Phase Condensation of Nano Particles ... 280
8.1.4.1. Gas-Phase Condensation Methods ... 280
8.1.5. Sputtering of Nano Crystalline Powders ... 281
8.2. Important Nano Materials ... 282
8.2.1. Nano-Optics ... 282
Preamble ... 282
8.2.1.1. Structure and Function ... 283
8.2.1.2. Preparation of Nano-Optics ... 284
8.2.1.3. Integration Modes ... 285
8.2.1.4. Applications of Nano-Optics ... 286
8.2.1.5. Photonic Band Gap ... 286
8.2.1.6. Optical Chips > Semiconductor to MEMS ... 287
8.2.1.7. Subwavelength Optical Elements (SOEs) ... 288
8.2.1.8. Novel Properties of Nano Vanadium Dioxide ... 290
8.2.2. Nano-Magnetics ... 291
8.2.2.1. Magnetic Semiconductors ... 291
8.2.2.2. Spin Electronics ... 292
8.2.3. Nano - Electronics ... 294
Preamble ... 294
8.2.3.1. The Semiconductors ... 294
8.2.3.2. The Semiconductor Structures ... 295
8.2.3.3. The Quantum Wells ... 295
8.2.3.4. The Quantum Wires ... 295
8.2.3.5. The Quantum Dots ... 296
8.2.3.6. Quantum Computers ... 296
8.3. Other Important Nano Materials ... 296
8.3.1. Microelectronics for High Density Integrated Circuits ... 296
8.3.2. Si/SiGe Heterostructures for Nano-Electronic Devices ... 298
8.3.3. Piezoresistance of Nano-Crystalline Porous Silicon ... 298
8.3.4. QMPS Layer with Nano Voids ... 299
8.3.5. MEMS based Gas Sensor ... 299
References ... 301
REFERENCES
1. M. Prassas, J. Phalippou, L. L. Hench and J. Zarzycki, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 48 (1982) 79.
2. A. N. Goldstein (Ed.), ‘Handbook of Nanophase Materials’, Marcel Dekker Inc., New Yor,
USA, (1997), (excellent coverage on nano materials).
3. D. W. Hoffman, R. Roy and S. Komarneni, Ceram. Bull., 62 (1983) 375.
4. A. K. Bandyopadhyay, R. Jabra and J. Phalippou, ‘Association of OH Groups with Boron
and Silicon Atoms in SiO2—B2O3 Glasses by Infra-red Spectroscopy’, J. Mater. Sci., 8 (1989)
1464.
5. G.Sinha, K.Adhikary and S.Chaudhuri, ‘Variation of optical properties with structure in gallium
based nano-crystalline oxide thin films’, Proc. Natl. Conf. on Nano-Science and Technology,
J. U., Kolkata (India), January, (2005).
6. M. L. Ferrer, F. del Monte and D. Levy., J. Phys. Chem., B 105 (2000) 11076.
7. F. del Monte, M. L. Ferrer and D. Levy, Langmuir, 17 (2001) 4812.
8. F. del Monte, M. L. Ferrer and D. Levy, J. Mater. Chem., 11 (2001) 1745.
9. D. Levy, ‘The Encyclopedia of Materials : Science and Technology’, Vol. 7, The Optical and
Dielectric Properties of Materials : ‘Optical materials based on sol-gel technology’, Pergamon,
Elsevier Science, (2001) pp. 6449.
10. S. Roy, D. Chakravorty and D. L. Agrawal, J. Appl. Phys., 74 (1993) 4746.
11. C. Cannas, D. Gatteschi, A. Musinu, G. Piccaluga and C. Sangregorio, J. Phys. Chem., B 102
(1998) 7721.
12. C. Cannas, A. Musinu and G. Piccaluga, ‘Synthesis and Methodologies in Inorganic Chemistry’,
Eds. S. Daolio, E. Tondello and P.Vigato, (1997) pp. 7.
13. S. Takehuci, T. Isobe and M. Senna, J. Non Cryst. Solids, 194 (1996) 58.
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15. K. Baba, N. Shohata and M. Yonezawa, Appl. Phys. Lett., 54 (1989) 2309.

NANOMATERIALS HANDBOOK
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Materials Science at the Nanoscale
C.N.R. Rao and A.K. Cheetham
Chapter 2 Perspectives on the Science and Technology of Nanoparticle Synthesis
Ganesh Skandan and Amit Singhal
Chapter 3 Fullerenes and Their Derivatives
Aurelio Mateo-Alonso, Nikos Tagmatarchis, and Maurizio Prato
Chapter 4 Carbon Nanotubes: Structure and Properties
John E. Fischer
Chapter 5 Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes
Eduard G. Rakov
Chapter 6 Graphite Whiskers, Cones, and Polyhedral Crystals
Svetlana Dimovski and Yury Gogotsi
Chapter 7 Nanocrystalline Diamond
Olga Shenderova and Gary McGuire
Chapter 8 Carbide-Derived Carbon
G. Yushin, A. Nikitin, and Y. Gogotsi
Chapter 9 One-Dimensional Semiconductor and Oxide Nanostructures
Jonathan E. Spanier
Chapter 10 Inorganic Nanotubes and Fullerene-Like Materials of Metal Dichalcogenide
and Related Layered Compounds
R. Tenne
Chapter 11 Boron Nitride Nanotubes: Synthesis and Structure
Hongzhou Zhang and Ying Chen
Chapter 12 Sintering of Nanoceramics
Xiao-Hui Wang and I-Wei Chen
Chapter 13 Nanolayered or Kinking Nonlinear Elastic Solids
Michel W. Barsoum
Chapter 14 Nanocrystalline High-Melting Point Carbides, Borides, and Nitrides
Rostislav A. Andrievski
Chapter 15 Nanostructured Oxide Superconductors
Pavel E. Kazin and Yuri D. Tretyakov
Chapter 16 Electrochemical Deposition of Nanostructured Metals
E. J. Podlaha, Y. Li, J. Zhang, Q. Huang, A. Panda, A. Lozano-Morales,
D. Davis, and Z. Guo
Chapter 17 Mechanical Behavior of Nanocrystalline Metals
Mingwei Chen, En Ma, and Kevin Hemker
Chapter 18 Grain Boundaries in Nanomaterials
I.A. Ovid’ko, C.S. Pande, and R.A. Masumura
Chapter 19 Nanofiber Technology
Frank K. Ko
Chapter 20 Nanotubes in Multifunctional Polymer Nanocomposites
Fangming Du and Karen I. Winey
Chapter 21 Nanoporous Polymers — Design and Applications
Vijay I. Raman and Giuseppe R. Palmese
Chapter 22 Nanotechnology and Biomaterials
J. Brock Thomas, Nicholas A. Peppas, Michiko Sato, and Thomas J. Webster
Chapter 23 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Meredith L. Hans and Anthony M. Lowman
Chapter 24 Nanostructured Materials for Field Emission Devices
J.D. Carey and S.R.P. Silva

Chapter 25 Tribology of Nanostructured and Composite Coatings

Ali Erdemir, Osman Levent Eryilmaz, Mustafa Urgen, Kursat Kazmanli,
Nikhil Mehta, and Barton Prorok
Chapter 26 Nanotextured Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage
François Béguin and Elzbieta Frackowiak
Chapter 27 Low-Dimensional Thermoelectricity
Joseph P. Heremans and Mildred S. Dresselhaus