A Report on

TRANSMISSION LINE CONSTRUCTION

By

RITESH M. PANCHAL
Diploma Trainee [Electrical]
Emp.No:20759

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.

(A Government of India Enterprise)

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LTD.

(A Government of India Enterprise)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project

report entitled “Transmission
line Construction”, is the work
done by Mr. Ritesh M. Panchal
(Emp.No: 20759) and submitted
in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the training
process at Parbhani TLC
Office.(Maharashtra).
 Ritesh I. Mendhe Sushant G. Parhate Atul Srivastava
Engineer (TLC), Manager, Ambajogai Chief Manager.
Parbhani Ambajogai

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Shri Atul Srivastava,

Chief Manager, Ambajogai for his valuable suggestions and
encouragement.

My special gratitude extends to Shri.S.G. Parhate Manager, & Shri

R.I.Mendhe, Engineer (TLC) for their cooperation and support during
my training period.

I would like to thank all my friends, batchmates for their constant

help and support during my training period.

RITESH M. PANCHAL
 CONTENTS

Sr. No. Description Page No.

1. About POWERGRID 1

2. Introduction About PARLI Project 2

3. Surveying 7

4. Foundation 12

5. Tower Erection 24

6. Stringing 30

7. Compensation 33

8. Forest Case 35

9. Conclusion 39
 ABOUT POWERGRID

POWERGRID – EMPOWERING THE NATION THROUGH NATIONAL GRID

POWERGRID is a central transmission utility, wholly owned by

government of India which is entrusted with the task to install, own,
operate, and maintain regional/national transmission network across
the length and breadth of the country. It is one of the largest and best
managed transmission utility in the world which is consistently profit
making.

POWERGRID achieved unique distinction of being First Power Utility

and Second Company in the world to get certificate with Integrated
Management System (IMS) as per Publicly Available Specification,
PAS 99:2006 integrating requirements of ISO 9001:2000 (Quality),
ISO 14001:2004 (Environment) & OHSAS 18001:1999
(Occupational Health & Safety Management System) after extensive
audit. During the Financial Year 2007-08 POWERGRID achieved
another milestone in its quest for excellence in quality management
and got certified to Social Accountability Standards SA 8000:2001

POWERGRID, a Navratna Public Sector Enterprise, is one of the

largest transmission utilities in the world. POWERGRID wheels about
45% of the total power generated in the country on its transmission
network. POWERGRID has a pan India presence with around 69480
Circuit Kms of Transmission network and 116 nos. of EHVAC & HVDC
sub-stations with a total transformation capacity of 77217 MVA. With
17000MW Inter-regional Power transfers capacity. POWERGRID has
also diversified into Telecom business and established a telecom
network of more than 19,000 Kms across the country. POWERGRID
has consistently maintained the transmission system availability at
99.65% which is at par with the International Utilities.
 ABOUT PARLI PROJECT
A new 400/220KV Sub-station and associated lines are under construction at
Ambajogai (Parli) Dist.: Beed. The project is sanctioned by Ministry Of Power (Govt.
Of India) vide letter Dt. 12/07/2004 –PG dated July- 2006, has granted administrative
approval and expenditure sanction for Transmission lines and Sub-station under
WRSS-II scheme as per Electricity Act- 2003. This project is planned for System
Strengthening as well as supply power to Southern Maharashtra.
There are two incoming lines.

A. 400 KV H.V. Double Circuit, Wardha-Parli Transmission Line

B. 400 KV H.V.Double circuit, Bhadravati-Parli Transmission line.

Parli Substation has following three 400KV double circuit Outgoing lines.

a. 400KV double circuit Transmission line to MSEB Substation- Girwali

b. 400KV double circuit Transmission line to Pune (PGCIL) Substation.
c. 400KV double circuit Transmission line to Solapur (PGCIL) substation.

 400/220KV SUBSTATION:

1. SUBSTATION LOCATION:
New 400/220KV Substation is located on Parli-Beed State highway, village
Shepwadi (Ambajogai), Dist: Beed. Total 15.79 hector land is acquired for
Substation construction.
Substation planned for two incoming lines, three outgoing lines, associated
400KV bays, Future Extension(220KV), Residential building, Office,
Community Hall, LT switchyard, Fire fighting Pump house, etc.

2. SITE LEVELING:
Contract for Site leveling is given to M/s Nath Construction (Parli).Work for
Site leveling is started in February-2008, and completed in May-2008. Substation
site is situated 653.30mtr above MSL. Site leveling is completed in five step of
one meter height difference due to slope of land.

3. BOUNDRYWALL:
 Contract for construction of Boundary wall was awarded to M/s. R.B.Jain
(Parli) through LOA no. - WR-I/C&M/AB/BW/Parli/LOA/2008/41/413 dated
06/06/2008. Work of construction of boundary wall is in progress and 80% of the
construction work is completed. Total construction cost is 10,958,517/- INR.

4. SITE OFFICE:
Construction of Site Office is awarded to M/s. Aanand Engineers, Parli. Work
is started from 4TH May 2009 and is under progress.

5. RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS:
Construction work of Residential Quarters is awarded to M/s. Rudrani
Infrastructures Ltd. Aurangabad. Construction work is started from 10 TH
December, 2008 and is under progress.

6. APPROACH ROAD:
Construction work of Approach road with Culvert from main road (Parli-
Ambajogai state highway) to Substation is awarded to M/s. B.D.Sanap. Work is
completed in January-2009.

7. SWITCHYARD:
Construction, Equipment supply & Erection, Commissioning of 400KV
switchyard is awarded to M/s. ABB Ltd. Foundation work for Gantry is started.
Supply of Sub-station equipment has also started and some of the CTs, CVTs,
and BPIs etc. are arrived at site.

8. LT SUPPLY:
Temporary Supply from nearest 11KV line & Commissioning of 11/0.440 Kv
substation with Max. Demand of 100KVA with associated metering & switching
arrangement is awarded to M/s. Pratibha Electrical Engineers, Ambajogai
through L.O.A.- WRTS:B:DHQ:C&M:146/344 dated 15/07/2008.
Transformer of 11000/440 v, 250KVA is received from Wardha Substation.
Temporary LT supply work is completed.

INCOMING LINES:

A. 400KV Double Circuit Wardha-Parli Transmission Line:

As per WRSS-II, System Strengthening in Southern Maharashtra, A
400KV double circuit Quad Conductor Transmission line is constructed to
connect Parli Substation with Wardha Substation.
Preliminary Survey & Detail Survey is done by M/s Jyoti Structure Ltd.
Mumbai. Supply & Service Contract is also awarded to M/s Jyoti Structure
Ltd. Mumbai.

Brief Details of Wardha-Parli Tr. Line is given below:

 Total line length- 345.879 Km

 No. of Angle tower- 168No.
 Total forest area:
2.714 hector forest in Parbhani division (D-2 package)
 7.910 hector forest in Pusad division (D-2 package)

Total project is divided in three parts:

a. D-1 package:
 From Wardha to Arni
 From Angle tower 110 to 168
 Package length- 119 Km
 Work is supervised by Wardha Substation

b. D-2 package:
 From Arni to Basmat
 From Angle Tower 52 to 110
 Package length- 113 Km
 Work supervised by Bhadravati Substation

c. D-3 package:
 From Basmat to Parli (Ambajogai)
 From dead end tower (AP-0) to Angle tower 52
 Package length-115 km
 Work supervised by Parli substation.
Foundation, Tower Erection, & stringing work is under progress.

Brief Details of Construction work in D-3 package is given below:

 Check survey completed- 115 Km
 Check survey Approved- 100 Km
 Total Towers in D-3 package- 294 No.
 No. of foundation completed- 152no.
 No. of Tower erection completed- 50 no.
 No. of tower with Insulator hoisting- 12 No.
 Railway Crossing- Three railway crossing in D-3 package.
 Parbhani-Gangakhed (Non Electrified) Track. AP- 23 to AP-24
 Parbhani- Nanded (Non Electrified) Track. AP-34 to AP-35.
 Basmat- Akola (Non Electrified) track. AP-51 to AP-52.

 River Crossing- Two river crossing in D-3 package.

 Godavari river- AP- 19 to AP-20 (DB +6 tower, span-485mtr)
 Purna river- AP- 39 to AP- 40, (DB +6 tower, span-485mtr)

 National Highway Crossing: NH 222- Parbhani-Nanded (AP/47 to AP 48)

 CONDUCTOR:

Supply of 2790Km of ACSR Moose conductor for D-3 package is

awarded to M/s Hiren Aluminium Limited, Silvassa. Through N.O.A.- C-
33014-L175-1/NOA/2606 dated 08/08/2008, & Specification No.- C-33014-
L175-1. Total 428 drums of 1800+_5% mtrs are received at site till the date.
Standard Specification of ACSR moose conductor is given below.
  Aluminum Stranding/Diameter: - 54/3.53 mm
 Steel Stranding/ Diameter: - 7/3.53 mm
 Overall Diameter: - 31.77 mm
 Cross Sectional Area: - 597 Sq. mm.
 Ultimate Tensile Strength: - 16428 Kg
 Final module of Elasticity: - 7034 Kg/ mm2
 Designed load Tension: - 6214- 7414 Kg
 Co- efficient of liner expansion: - 1.9 E- 05
 Normal ruling Span: - 400 mtr.

Standard Specification of Earth wire is given below.

 G.I.Wire Stranding/ Diameter: - 7/3.66 mm

 Overall Diameter: - 10.98mm
 Unit mass: - 583 Kg/Km
 Designed load Tension: - 2560-3086 Kg

 INSULATOR :

Award for Supply of 120KN & 160KN disc insulator to M/s. Nanjing
Electric (Group) Co. Limited, China through Indian Agent M/s. Alpasso Ind.
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, Wide Supply NOA- C-33013-L179-1/NOA-I/2646, &
Service NOA- C-33025-L079-1/NOA-II/2647 Dated 22ND September 2008.
POWERGRID has been awarded Total 102228 Nos. of 120KN disc
insulator & 128570 Nos. of 160KN Disc Insulator supply in period of 16
month from the date of NOA.

Standard Specification for Insulator is given below:

Sr.N Description Unit 120KN 160KN
o.
1 DIMENSION
a. Disc Insulator Diameter mm 255.00 280.00
b. Tolerance of diameter ±mm 11.00 13.00
c. Ball to ball spacing between disc. mm 145.00 170.00
d. Tolerance of spacing ± mm 4.0 5.0
e. min. Creepage distance mm 315.00 330.00
2 a. Power frequency flashover voltage- dry KVrms 75.00 78.00
b. Power frequency flashover voltage- wet KVrms 45.00 48.00
3 Power Frequency Puncture Voltage KVrms 120.00 125.00
4 Min. Visible discharge Voltage – dry KV rms 18.00 18.00
5 Max. RIV at 1MHz and 10KV rms microV 50.0 50.0
6 Min. mass of Zinc Coating Gm/sqm 600 600
7 Unit Price Euro 3.50 7.01
B. 400 KV Double Circuit Bhadravati -Parli Transmission Line:
As per WRSS-II, System Strengthening in Southern Maharashtra, A
400KV double circuit twin Conductor Transmission line is constructed to
connecting Parli Substation with Bhadravati Substation.
 Preliminary Survey & Detail Survey is done by M/s Shyama Powers India
Pvt.Limited. Supply & Service Contract is awarded to M/s L&T ECC division,
Mumbai.

Brief Details of Bhadravati-Parli Tr. Line is given below:

 BEE line length- 328.27 Km
 Total line length- 380.191 Km
 No. of Angle tower- 136 No.
 Total forest area:
3.70 hector forest in Pusad division, Mahagaon Tehsil

Total project is divided in two part:

G-1 package:
 From Bhadravati to Umarkhed
 From Angle tower 01 to 66
 Package length- 189.494 Km
 Total Nos. of Towers: 509 no.
 Suspension tower: 415 no
 Tension Tower: 92 no.
 Transposition Tower: 02 no
 Work is supervised by Bhadravati Substation
G-2 package:
 From Umarkhed to Parli [Ambajogai]
 From Angle Tower 66 to 136
 Package length- 190.697Km
 Total Nos. of Towers: 513no.
 Suspension tower: 380no
 Tension Tower: 132 no.
 Transposition Tower: 01 no
 Work supervised by Ambajogai Substation

Foundation, & Tower Erection, work is under progress.

Brief Details of Construction work in G-2 package is given below:

 Total Section length- 190.697 Km
 Check survey completed- 170Km
 Total Towers in G-2 package- 513 no.
 No. of foundation completed- 175no.
 No. of Tower erection completed- 16 no.
 Railway Crossing- Two railway crossing in G-2 package.
 Parbhani-Gangakhed (Non Electrified) Track. AP- 110 to AP-111
 Parbhani- Nanded (Non Electrified) Track. AP-107 to AP-108.

SURVEYING
Surveying is the most important activity in the transmission line construction and
it broadly consists of preliminary survey, detailed survey, Check survey.
(a) Preliminary Survey: - To finalize the Route alignment.
 (b) Detail survey: - Route marking, Profile plotting & Tower spotting.
(c) Check Survey: - Actual tower spotting on the ground.
Bee line (shortest distance) is identified between the two stations and survey is
carried on to obtain the shortest possible route between the points. The following
should be avoided in the line route as far as possible to avoid excessive cost of the
project:
 Forest areas
 Rivers and dams
 Highways and railway crossings etc.

 PRELIMINARY SURVEY [Route Alignment] :

Route Alignment shall be done using satellite imageries of NRSA ( PAN and LISS
III merged product of minimum resolution corresponding to 1:25000 scale) and
Survey of India topographical maps (scale 1:50000). The Contractor shall identify and
examine three alternative route alignments and suggest to the owner the optimal route
alignment.

Requirement of Transmission Line Route Alignment:

 The alignment of the transmission line shall be most economical from the point of
view of construction and maintenance.
 Routing of transmission line through forest (PF/RF) area should be avoided. In case
it is not possible to avoid forest, minimum tree cutting alignment should be
selected.
 The route should have minimum crossing of Major River, Railway line, National
highway, State Highway, Over head EHV power lines, and Communication lines.
 The number of Angle points should be kept minimum. Angle points should be
selected such that shifting of the point within 100 mtrs radius is possible at the time
of construction.
 The Route should be shortest possible consistent with the terrain encountered.
 Marshy and low lying areas, river beds and earth slip zones should be avoided to
minimize risk to the foundation. Preferably utilize level ground for alignment.
Areas subjected to flooding which require special foundation shall be avoided.
 Crossing of Power lines shall be minimum and alignment should be kept at a
distance of 300 mtr from Power line to avoid induction problems on LT lines.
 Crossing of communication line shall be minimized and should be near to right
angle. Parallelism shall be eliminated to avoid danger of induction to them.
 Restricted areas such as Civil & Military airfield shall be avoided. Care should also
be taken to avoid aircraft landing approaches.
 All alignment should be easily accessible both in dry and rainy seasons to enable
the line maintenance throughout the year.
 Certain areas such as quarry sites, tea, tobacco and saffron fields and rich
plantations, gardens, and nurseries should be avoided.
 The line routing should avoid large habitations, densely populated areas, Forest,
animal/ bird sanctuaries, reserve coal belt areas, oil pipe line, and underground
inflammable pipelines.

1.1 Detailed survey

 The detailed survey shall be carried out using GPS, Total station, Digital
theodolite etc. Along the approved route alignment, Soil resistivity to be measured
by four electrode method along the route.
Detail Survey involves following activities:
A. Route Marking
B. Profile Plotting
C. Tower Spotting, and
D. Clearance from ground, Buildings, Trees, etc.

A. Route making
The route of the transmission line shall be recorded using GPS of positional
accuracy less than 3 mtr. The co- ordinates of all the angle points as well as other
important crossings, land marks etc. Shall be recorded using GPS for easy
relocating. At starting point an Angle Spike of size 65X65X6 mm, 1000mm long to
be driven firmly into the ground to project 150mm above ground level. At an
interval of 750 mtr along the route, teak wood peg of size 50X50X650mm shall be
driven projecting 100mm above GL. At Angle Points, Stone/ Concrete pillars
minimum 150X150X300mm with POWERGRID marked on them shall be put on
the ground.

B. Profile plotting
The complete profiling along the route shall be carried out using modern
surveying equipments viz. Total Stations, Digital Theodolite, GPS, long range
scanners etc. From the field book entries the route plan with complete details and
profile shall be plotted and prepared to scale 1:2000 horizontal and 1:200 vertical
on 1.0, 10mm squared paper. Reference levels at every 20mtr along the route are to
be indicated on the profile.
Optimization of Tower Location: It shall be done using Computer Aided
tower spotting Data. The Sag-tension characteristics of the conductor and tower
spotting data shall be furnished by the Owner. Sag template curves shall be
prepared by the contractor.

C. Sag template and tower spotting data

Sag template prepared based on the supplied sag template curve drawing shall
only be used for tower spotting on the profiles. The templates shall be on the same
scale as that of the profile with the help of supplied sag template and tower spotting
data, tower locations shall be marked on the profiles. While locating the towers on the
profile sheet, the following shall be borne in mind.
(a) Span: The numbers of consecutive spans between the section points shall not
exceed 15 spans or 5 Km in plain terrain and 10 spans or 3 Km in hilly terrain.
(b) Extension/ Truncation: An individual span shall be as near to the normal
design span as possible. In case ground clearance is not available with normal
supports, the standard body/ leg extension is provided. In case of locations
having more ground clearance, the truncated tower can be used.
(c) Loading: There shall be not be any upward force on the suspension
towers under normal working conditions and min. Weight span is there. In case
uplift is unavoidable, it shall be overcome by adding extension or using tension
tower designed for uplift.
 The profile sheets duly spotted along with the preliminary schedules indicating type
of towers, type of foundations. Wind span, weight span, angle of deviation, river and
road crossing details shall be submitted for the approval of POWERGRID.

D. Check survey for tower location:

The check survey shall be conducted to locate and peg-mark the tower
positions on ground confirming to the approved profile and tower schedule. The
levels, up or down of each pit center with respect to the centre of the tower location
shall be noted and recorded for determining the amount of earthwork required to meet
the approved design parameters.
If the levels of the pit centers be in sharp contrast with the level of the tower centre
(say beyond a slope of 1:4), suitable “Leg Extension” may be deployed as required.

1.6Span and clearances:

(a)Normal span: The normal ruling span of the line is 400m

(b)Wind span: The wind span is the sum of the two half spans adjacent to the
support under consideration for normal horizontal spans this equals to normal ruling
span.

(c)Weight span: The weight span is the horizontal distance between the lowest
point of the conductors on the two spans adjacent to the tower. For spotting of
structures, the span limits are given according to the standards.

Ground clearance: Clearance from ground, building, trees and telephone lines
shall be provided in conformity with the Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 as amended up
to date.
Normally at the time of construction adequate clearance is provided between
lowest conductor and ground. The minimum ground clearance from the bottom
conductor shall not be less than 8840mm for 400KV at the maximum sag conditions.
The summary of the clearances are given in the following table.
Clearances 132KV 220KV 400KV 765KV
Ground clearance(m) 6.1 7.01 8.84 15

Railway Crossing Clearance:

a) Railway crossing should be finalized as per regulation said by Railway
Authority.
b) The crossing span shall be limited to 300m.
c) The crossing shall normally be at right angle to the railway track.
d) Crossing should be done with DD type tower.
e) Min. Distance of crossing tower from rail track should be Tower height plus 6
mtr.
f) The summary of the clearances are given in the following table:
Clearances 132KV 220KV 400KV 765KV
Railway track clearance(m) 14.60 15.40 17.90 24.70

Electrical clearances:
In case of line crossings, clearance between lowest conductor of line and top
conductor of the other line shall be as follows:
VOLTAGE AS PER I.E. RULES- 1956 AS PER FCA -1980
LEVEL
Ground Phase to Power Line Clearance Right Of
Clearance Phase Crossing Between Way
(min) Clearance Clearance Conductor
(After (min) and Tree
accounting (min)
Swing)
66 KV 5.50 1.64 2.44 3.40 18.00
110KV 6.10 1.87 2.75 3.70 22.00
132KV 6.10 3.07 3.05 4.00 27.00
220KV 7.00 4.12 4.58 4.60 35.00
400KV 8.80 6.49 6.10 5.50 46.00
765KV 12.10 10.89 11.50 5.50 64.00
HVDC 12.50 10.00 7.94 5.50 46.00
500KV

Clearance for Telephone line crossings:

The angle of crossing shall be as near to 90 as possible. However deviation to the
extent of 30 degree may be permitted under exceptionally difficult situation. The
minimum clearances between the conductors of power lines and telecommunication
lines are summarized as follows

(Voltage KV) Clearance(mm)

132 2745

220 3050

400 4880

Right of way:
Transmission line Voltage (KV) ROW (Mtrs.)Maxm

11 7.00
33 15.00
66 18.00
110 22.00
132 27.00
220 35.00
400 46.00
+/- 500KV HVDC & 400KV S/C 52.00
800 64.00
 RIVER CROSSING: In case of major river crossing, tower shall be of
suspension type and the anchor towers on either side. Clearance required by the
navigation authority provided. For non navigable rivers, clearance shall be reckoned
with respect to High Flood Level.

POWER LINE CROSSING: Where EHV line is to cross over another

power line of same or Lower Voltage level, DD type tower with suitable extension
shall be used. Minimum clearance in meters between line when crossing each other
Are as follows.

Sr. No. System Voltage 132KV 220KV 400KV 800KV

1 132KV 3.05 4.58 5.49 7.94
2 220KV 4.58 4.58 5.49 7.94
3 400KV 5.49 5.49 5.49 7.94
4 800KV 7.94 7.94 7.94 7.94

DETAIL ENROUTE: All topographical details, permanent features, such as

trees, buildings etc. 23 mtr for 400 KV and 32 mtr for 765 KV on either side of the
alignment shall be detailed on the profile plan.

FOUNDATION
The foundations are designed to transfer all types of loads coming from structure to
the soil safely. The tower foundation cost approx 10 to 30% of overall cost of tower or
5 to 15% of the transmission line depending on the type of soil. The design of a safe
and economical foundation is based on soil properties, knowledge of soil structure
interaction and settlement analysis of tower foundation. Foundations are designed to
satisfy the criteria like location, depth, stability, bearing capacity and settlement
criteria. Foundation process involves the stages like

 Trial pit.
 Foundation classification
 Pit marking,
 Excavation,
 Concreting.

2.1 TRIAL PIT:

Trial pit shall be of minimum 2m X 2m size at the bottom so as to permit easy access
for visual examination of walls of the pit and to facilitate sampling and institute
testing operations. Pits shall be up to 4mtr deep or as per the direction of the engineer.
Precautions shall be taken to ensure the stability of pit walls including provision of
Shoring, if necessary, as per IS:4453. Precaution shall be taken to prevent surface
water draining into the pit. Arrangement shall be made for dewatering if the pit is
extended below water table. Trial pits shall be kept dry and ladder shall be provided
for easy access to bottom of the pit. In-situ tests be conducted and undisturbed
samples shall be collected immediately on reaching the specified depth so as to avoid
substantial changes in moisture content of sub soil. Arrangement shall be made for
barriers, protective measures and lighting necessary for the period the pits remain
open.
A note on the visual examination of soil strata shall be prepared. This should
include the nature, colours, consistency and visual classification of the soil, thickness
of soil strata, ground water table, if any, etc. Undisturbed samples shall be collected at
1.0 M, 2.0 M, and 3.0M depth and at the termination depth in all the pits.

2.2 Classification:
The construction of tower foundation shall be in accordance with IS: 4091:1979 and
POWERGRID technical specification.
Classification mainly depends on soil properties, sub soil water level and the
presence of surface water. Classification is very important due to any failure of the
foundation will cause serious disturbance on the line and the restoration cost of the
line will be quite high. The foundation is designed to resist the forces like uplift force,
down thrust and neutral load caused due to wind pressure.

Foundations classified based on soil type and subsoil water levels are listed below:
(A)Normal dry
(B) Sandy dry
(C) Wet
(D) Partially submerged (PS)
(E) Fully submerged (FS)
(F) Black cotton soil (WBC)
(G) Dry fissured rock (DFR)
(H) Wet fissured rock (WFR)
(I) Submerged fissured rock(SFR)
(J) Hard rock (HR)

Adoption of Foundations in Different types of Soils

S N Type of Soil Encountered Type of Foundation

01 a) In Good Soil
b) Where black cotton soil does not
extent beyond 30% of the depth from Normal Dry
top with good soils thereafter
c) Silty sand mixed with clayey soil
(In all of above cases water table is not
encountered in the pit)
 02 a) In paddy fields and sugar cane fields
b) Where black cotton soil exceeds 30% and extends up
to 45% from the ground level and good soil
thereafter. Wet
c) Where sub-soil water is encountered in the pit beyond
1.5 m from ground level.
d) Where silty sand mixed with clayey soil and water is
encountered in the pit beyond 1.5 m from ground
level.
03 a) Where black cotton soil extends up to 60% of the
depth from the ground level and good soil thereafter,
b) Where sub-soil water is encountered in the pit
between 0.75 m and 1.5 m depth from ground level Partially
c) Where silty sand mixed with clayey soil and water Submerged
table in the pit is betn 0.75 m & 1.5 m from ground
level.

04 a) Where sub-soil water is encountered in the pit within

0.75 m from ground level. Fully Submerged
b) Where silty sand mixed with clayey soil and water
table in the pit is within 0.75 m.
05 a) Where normal soil encountered with fissured rock at
the bottom without the presence of water. DFR (Dry Fissured
b) b) Where fissured rock is predominant in the pit Rock)
without presence of water.
c) c) Where hard rock thickness at the bottom of the pit
is less than 2.0 m.
06 Wherever black cotton soil extends beyond 60% of the depth
from ground level Wet Black Cotton
07 a) Where fissured rock is encountered Wet F R
with sub-soil water after 1.5 m
depth from ground level
b) Where fissured rock is encountered with sub-soil water SFR
within 1.5 m depth from ground
08 a) Where Hard Rock is encountered and the thickness of hard Hard Rock
rock layer below the bottom of foundation is more than 2.0 Fdn classification
m as per soil
b) Wherever hard rock is encountered with sub-soil water investigation &
approval of Engg.

Adoption of Foundation in Black Cotton Soil with Fissured Rock Combination

S N Type of Soil Encountered Type of Fdn

01 a) If fissured rock is encountered at the bottom of pit (with Dry Fissured Rock
black cotton soil at top) for a depth of not less than 1.0 m or Fdn with
the thickness of the bottom slab concrete of dry fissured Wet chimneys
rock foundation whichever is less.

b) If fissured rock in combination with water is encountered Wet Fissured Rock

at the bottom of the pit with black cotton soil at the top. Fdn to be adopted

Adoption of Foundation in Black Cotton Soil with Hard Rock Combination

S N Type of Soil Encountered Type of Fdn

01 a) If hard rock is encountered at the bottom of the pit Hard Rock

(with black cotton soil at the top) and the thickness Foundation
of the hard rock layer below foundation is more than with Wet Chimneys
2.0 m
b) If hard rock is encountered at the bottom of the pit Fissured Rock Fdn.
with black cotton soil at the top and the thickness of with Wet Chimneys
the hard rock layer depth is less than 2.0 m
c) If hard rock is encountered at the bottom with water Wet Fissured Rock
and black cotton soil at top and hard rock layer depth Foundation
is less than
2.0 meter.

Adoption of Foundation in Sand in combination of Sub-Soil Water

S N Type of Soil Encountered Type of Fdn

01 Predominantly sand mixed with clay or other soil (without Dry Sandy
sub-soil water)
02 Predominantly sand mixed with soils encountered with sub- FS/Wet Sandy
soil water in the pits.
03 Pure sand encountered with sub-soil water inside the pit. FS/Wet Sandy

Adoption of Foundation in Clay mixed with Silty Sand

S N Type of Soil Encountered Type of Fdn

 01 Pure clay encountered without water Dry Black Cotton

02 Predominantly clay mixed with silty sand encountered with Wet Black Cotton
sub-soil water in the pits.
03 Predominantly silty sand mixed with clay encountered with Normal Fdn based on
sub-soil water in the pits. water table to be
adopted

The proposal for these types of foundations shall be submitted by the

contractor based on detailed soil investigation and approval for the same shall be
obtained from POWERGRID.

2.2 Pit marking: For pit marking, the following factors are involved
 Back to Back length
 Tangent(stub slope angle)
 Diagonal length
 Pit size

Pit marking Details of 400KV Double circuit, Quad conductor Wardha-Parli Tr. Line is
mentioned below:

A B C

OE
 PIT MARKING DETAILS - DA TYPE

SL
FDN TOWER PIT M ( PIT
N OA OC OE OB OD
CLASSIFICATION EXTN SIZE CENTER)
O
01 DRY +0 M 7.8175 15.635 26.689 12.855 19.566 2.78 12.855
02   +1.5 M 8.0965 16.193 27.641 13.273 20.322 2.92 13.273
03   +3.0 M 8.305 16.61 28.353 13.69 20.739 2.92 13.69
04   +4.5 M 8.514 17.028 29.067 14.108 21.157 2.92 14.108
05   +6.0 M 8.723 17.446 29.780 14.526 21.575 2.92 14.526
06   +7.5 M 8.932 17.864 30.494 14.944 21.993 2.92 14.944
07   +9.0 M 9.1405 18.281 31.206 15.361 22.410 2.92 15.361
09 WET +0 M 8.5325 17.065 29.130 12.855 23.018 4.21 12.855
10   +1.5 M 8.8215 17.643 30.117 13.273 23.822 4.37 13.273
11   +3.0 M 9.03 18.06 30.828 13.69 24.239 4.37 13.69
12   +4.5 M 9.239 18.478 31.542 14.108 24.657 4.37 14.108
13   +6.0 M 9.448 18.896 32.255 14.526 25.075 4.37 14.526
14   +7.5 M 9.657 19.314 32.969 14.944 25.493 4.37 14.944
15   +9.0 M 9.8655 19.731 33.681 15.361 25.910 4.37 15.361
17 PS +0 M 8.7825 17.565 29.983 12.855 24.225 4.71 12.855
18   +1.5 M 9.0765 18.153 30.987 13.273 25.053 4.88 13.273
19   +3.0 M 9.285 18.57 31.699 13.69 25.470 4.88 13.69
20   +4.5 M 9.494 18.988 32.413 14.108 25.888 4.88 14.108
21   +6.0 M 9.703 19.406 33.126 14.526 26.306 4.88 14.526
22   +7.5 M 9.912 19.824 33.840 14.944 26.724 4.88 14.944
23   +9.0 M 10.1205 20.241 34.551 15.361 27.141 4.88 15.361
25 FS +0 M 8.9925 17.985 30.700 12.855 25.239 5.13 12.855
26   +1.5 M 9.2865 18.573 31.704 13.273 26.067 5.3 13.273
27   +3.0 M 9.495 18.99 32.416 13.69 26.484 5.3 13.69
28   +4.5 M 9.704 19.408 33.129 14.108 26.902 5.3 14.108
29   +6.0 M 9.913 19.826 33.843 14.526 27.320 5.3 14.526
30   +7.5 M 10.122 20.244 34.557 14.944 27.738 5.3 14.944
31   +9.0 M 10.3305 20.661 35.268 15.361 28.155 5.3 15.361
33 WBC +0 M 9.2675 18.535 31.639 12.855 26.567 5.68 12.855
34   +1.5 M 9.5615 19.123 32.643 13.273 27.395 5.85 13.273
35   +3.0 M 9.77 19.54 33.355 13.69 27.812 5.85 13.69
36   +4.5 M 9.979 19.958 34.068 14.108 28.230 5.85 14.108
37   +6.0 M 10.188 20.376 34.782 14.526 28.648 5.85 14.526
38   +7.5 M 10.397 20.794 35.495 14.944 29.066 5.85 14.944
39   +9.0 M 10.6055 21.211 36.207 15.361 29.483 5.85 15.361
41 DFR +0 M 7.8125 15.625 26.672 12.855 19.542 2.77 12.855
42   +1.5 M 8.0915 16.183 27.624 13.273 20.298 2.91 13.273
43   +3.0 M 8.3 16.6 28.336 13.69 20.715 2.91 13.69
44   +4.5 M 8.509 17.018 29.050 14.108 21.133 2.91 14.108
45   +6.0 M 8.718 17.436 29.763 14.526 21.551 2.91 14.526
46   +7.5 M 8.927 17.854 30.477 14.944 21.969 2.91 14.944
47   +9.0 M 9.1355 18.271 31.189 15.361 22.386 2.91 15.361
49 WFR +0 M 8.2775 16.555 28.259 12.855 21.787 3.7 12.855
50   +1.5 M 8.5665 17.133 29.246 13.273 22.591 3.86 13.273
51   +3.0 M 8.775 17.55 29.958 13.69 23.008 3.86 13.69
52   +4.5 M 8.984 17.968 30.671 14.108 23.426 3.86 14.108
53   +6.0 M 9.193 18.386 31.385 14.526 23.844 3.86 14.526
54   +7.5 M 9.402 18.804 32.098 14.944 24.262 3.86 14.944
55   +9.0 M 9.6105 19.221 32.810 15.361 24.679 3.86 15.361
57 SFR +0 M 8.6425 17.285 29.505 12.855 23.549 4.43 12.855
58   +1.5 M 8.9365 17.873 30.509 13.273 24.377 4.6 13.273
59   +3.0 M 9.145 18.29 31.221 13.69 24.794 4.6 13.69
60   +4.5 M 9.354 18.708 31.935 14.108 25.212 4.6 14.108
61   +6.0 M 9.563 19.126 32.648 14.526 25.630 4.6 14.526
62   +7.5 M 9.772 19.544 33.362 14.944 26.048 4.6 14.944
63   +9.0 M 9.9805 19.961 34.073 15.361 26.465 4.6 15.361

PIT MARKING DETAILS - DB TYPE

SL FDN TOWER PIT M ( PIT

OA OC OE OB OD
NO CLASSIFICATION EXTN SIZE CENTER)
01 DRY +0 M 9.609 19.218 32.805 14.658 25.666 4.56 14.658
02   +1.5 M 9.921 19.842 33.870 15.192 26.417 4.65 15.192
03   +3.0 M 10.197 20.394 34.813 15.744 26.969 4.65 15.744
04   +4.5 M 10.473 20.946 35.755 16.296 27.521 4.65 16.296
05   +6.0 M 10.749 21.498 36.697 16.848 28.073 4.65 16.848
06   +7.5 M 11.025 22.05 37.639 17.400 28.625 4.65 17.400
07   +9.0 M 11.301 22.602 38.582 17.952 29.177 4.65 17.952
09 WET +0 M 10.444 20.888 35.656 14.658 29.697 6.23 14.658
10   +1.5 M 10.775 21.55 36.786 15.21 30.515 6.34 15.21
11   +3.0 M 11.051 22.102 37.728 15.762 31.067 6.34 15.762
12   +4.5 M 11.327 22.654 38.670 16.314 31.619 6.34 16.314
13   +6.0 M 11.603 23.206 39.613 16.866 32.171 6.34 16.866
14   +7.5 M 11.879 23.758 40.555 17.418 32.723 6.34 17.418
15   +9.0 M 12.155 24.31 41.497 17.97 33.275 6.34 17.97
17 PS +0 M 10.739 21.478 36.663 14.658 31.121 6.82 14.658
18   +1.5 M 11.07 22.14 37.793 15.21 31.939 6.93 15.21
19   +3.0 M 11.346 22.692 38.735 15.762 32.491 6.93 15.762
20   +4.5 M 11.622 23.244 39.678 16.314 33.043 6.93 16.314
21   +6.0 M 11.898 23.796 40.620 16.866 33.595 6.93 16.866
22   +7.5 M 12.174 24.348 41.562 17.418 34.147 6.93 17.418
23   +9.0 M 12.45 24.9 42.504 17.97 34.699 6.93 17.97
25 FS +0 M 10.999 21.998 37.551 14.658 32.377 7.34 14.658
26   +1.5 M 11.321 22.642 38.650 15.192 33.176 7.45 15.192
27   +3.0 M 11.597 23.194 39.592 15.744 33.728 7.45 15.744
28   +4.5 M 11.873 23.746 40.534 16.296 34.280 7.45 16.296
29   +6.0 M 12.149 24.298 41.477 16.848 34.832 7.45 16.848
30   +7.5 M 12.425 24.85 42.419 17.4 35.384 7.45 17.4
31   +9.0 M 12.701 25.402 43.361 17.952 35.936 7.45 17.952
33 WBC +0 M 11.274 22.548 38.489 14.658 33.704 7.89 14.658
34   +1.5 M 11.596 23.192 39.589 15.192 34.504 8.000 15.192
35   +3.0 M 11.872 23.744 40.531 15.744 35.056 8.000 15.744
36   +4.5 M 12.148 24.296 41.473 16.296 35.608 8.000 16.296
37   +6.0 M 12.424 24.848 42.416 16.848 36.160 8.000 16.848
38   +7.5 M 12.7 25.4 43.358 17.4 36.712 8.000 17.4
39   +9.0 M 12.976 25.952 44.300 17.952 37.264 8.000 17.952
41 DFR +0 M 9.608 19.216 32.802 14.676 25.636 4.54 14.676
42   +1.5 M 9.9435 19.887 33.947 15.247 26.448 4.64 15.247
43   +3.0 M 10.2195 20.439 34.889 15.799 27.000 4.64 15.799
44   +4.5 M 10.4955 20.991 35.832 16.351 27.552 4.64 16.351
45   +6.0 M 10.7715 21.543 36.774 16.903 28.104 4.64 16.903
46   +7.5 M 11.0475 22.095 37.716 17.455 28.656 4.64 17.455
47   +9.0 M 11.3235 22.647 38.658 18.007 29.208 4.64 18.007
49 WFR +0 M 10.189 20.378 34.785 14.658 28.466 5.72 14.658
50   +1.5 M 10.52 21.04 35.915 15.21 29.284 5.83 15.21
51   +3.0 M 10.796 21.592 36.858 15.762 29.836 5.83 15.762
52   +4.5 M 11.072 22.144 37.800 16.314 30.388 5.83 16.314
53   +6.0 M 11.348 22.696 38.742 16.866 30.940 5.83 16.866
54   +7.5 M 11.624 23.248 39.684 17.418 31.492 5.83 17.418
55   +9.0 M 11.9 23.8 40.627 17.97 32.044 5.83 17.97
57 SFR +0 M 10.649 21.298 36.356 14.658 30.687 6.64 14.658
58   +1.5 M 10.971 21.942 37.455 15.192 31.487 6.75 15.192
59   +3.0 M 11.247 22.494 38.397 15.744 32.039 6.75 15.744
60   +4.5 M 11.523 23.046 39.340 16.296 32.591 6.75 16.296
61   +6.0 M 11.799 23.598 40.282 16.848 33.143 6.75 16.848
62   +7.5 M 12.075 24.15 41.224 17.4 33.695 6.75 17.4
63   +9.0 M 12.351 24.702 42.166 17.952 34.247 6.75 17.952

PIT MARKING DETAILS - DC TYPE

SL FDN TOWER PIT M ( PIT

OA OC OE OB OD
NO CLASSIFICATION EXTN SIZE CENTER)
01 DRY +0 M 10.142 20.284 34.625 15.004 27.750 5.28 15.004
02   +1.5 M 10.5125 21.025 35.890 15.575 28.731 5.45 15.575
03   +3.0 M 10.789 21.578 36.834 16.128 29.284 5.45 16.128
04   +4.5 M 11.0655 22.131 37.778 16.681 29.837 5.45 16.681
05   +6.0 M 11.3425 22.685 38.723 17.235 30.391 5.45 17.235
06   +7.5 M 11.619 23.238 39.667 17.788 30.944 5.45 17.788
07   +9.0 M 11.8955 23.791 40.611 18.341 31.497 5.45 18.341
09 WET +0 M 11.017 22.034 37.612 15.004 31.974 7.03 15.004
10   +1.5 M 11.3975 22.795 38.911 15.575 33.004 7.22 15.575
11   +3.0 M 11.674 23.348 39.855 16.128 33.557 7.22 16.128
12   +4.5 M 11.9505 23.901 40.799 16.681 34.110 7.22 16.681
13   +6.0 M 12.2275 24.455 41.745 17.235 34.664 7.22 17.235
14   +7.5 M 12.504 25.008 42.689 17.788 35.217 7.22 17.788
15   +9.0 M 12.7805 25.561 43.633 18.341 35.770 7.22 18.341
17 PS +0 M 11.327 22.654 38.670 15.004 33.471 7.65 15.004
18   +1.5 M 11.7125 23.425 39.986 15.575 34.525 7.85 15.575
19   +3.0 M 11.989 23.978 40.930 16.128 35.078 7.85 16.128
20   +4.5 M 12.2655 24.531 41.874 16.681 35.631 7.85 16.681
21   +6.0 M 12.5425 25.085 42.820 17.235 36.185 7.85 17.235
22   +7.5 M 12.819 25.638 43.764 17.788 36.738 7.85 17.788
23   +9.0 M 13.0955 26.191 44.708 18.341 37.291 7.85 18.341
25 FS +0 M 11.607 23.214 39.626 15.004 34.823 8.21 15.004
26   +1.5 M 12.0025 24.005 40.977 15.575 35.925 8.43 15.575
27   +3.0 M 12.279 24.558 41.921 16.128 36.478 8.43 16.128
28   +4.5 M 12.5555 25.111 42.864 16.681 37.031 8.43 16.681
29   +6.0 M 12.8325 25.665 43.810 17.235 37.585 8.43 17.235
30   +7.5 M 13.109 26.218 44.754 17.788 38.138 8.43 17.788
31   +9.0 M 13.3855 26.771 45.698 18.341 38.691 8.43 18.341
33 WBC +0 M 11.872 23.744 40.531 15.004 36.102 8.74 15.004
34   +1.5 M 12.2725 24.545 41.898 15.575 37.229 8.97 15.575
35   +3.0 M 12.549 25.098 42.842 16.128 37.782 8.97 16.128
36   +4.5 M 12.8255 25.651 43.786 16.681 38.335 8.97 16.681
37   +6.0 M 13.1025 26.205 44.732 17.235 38.889 8.97 17.235
38   +7.5 M 13.379 26.758 45.676 17.788 39.442 8.97 17.788
39   +9.0 M 13.6555 27.311 46.620 18.341 39.995 8.97 18.341
41 DFR +0 M 10.117 20.234 34.539 15.004 27.629 5.23 15.004
42   +1.5 M 10.4925 20.985 35.821 15.575 28.635 5.41 15.575
43   +3.0 M 10.769 21.538 36.765 16.128 29.188 5.41 16.128
44   +4.5 M 11.0455 22.091 37.709 16.681 29.741 5.41 16.681
45   +6.0 M 11.3225 22.645 38.655 17.235 30.295 5.41 17.235
46   +7.5 M 11.599 23.198 39.599 17.788 30.848 5.41 17.788
47   +9.0 M 11.8755 23.751 40.543 18.341 31.401 5.41 18.341
49 WFR +0 M 10.757 21.514 36.724 15.004 30.719 6.51 15.004
50   +1.5 M 11.1375 22.275 38.023 15.575 31.749 6.7 15.575
51   +3.0 M 11.414 22.828 38.967 16.128 32.302 6.7 16.128
52   +4.5 M 11.6905 23.381 39.911 16.681 32.855 6.7 16.681
53   +6.0 M 11.9675 23.935 40.857 17.235 33.409 6.7 17.235
54   +7.5 M 12.244 24.488 41.801 17.788 33.962 6.7 17.788
55   +9.0 M 12.5205 25.041 42.745 18.341 34.515 6.7 18.341
57 SFR +0 M 11.257 22.514 38.431 15.004 33.133 7.51 15.004
58   +1.5 M 11.6525 23.305 39.782 15.575 34.235 7.73 15.575
59   +3.0 M 11.929 23.858 40.726 16.128 34.788 7.73 16.128
60   +4.5 M 12.2055 24.411 41.670 16.681 35.341 7.73 16.681
61   +6.0 M 12.4825 24.965 42.615 17.235 35.895 7.73 17.235
62   +7.5 M 12.759 25.518 43.559 17.788 36.448 7.73 17.788
63   +9.0 M 13.0355 26.071 44.503 18.341 37.001 7.73 18.341
PIT MARKING DETAILS - DD TYPE

SL FDN TOWER PIT M ( PIT

OA OC OE OB OD
NO CLASSIFICATION EXTN SIZE CENTER)
01 DRY +0 M 12.0395 24.079 41.103 18.259 32.308 5.82 18.259
02   +1.5 M 12.4425 24.885 42.479 18.965 33.256 5.92 18.965
03   +3.0 M 12.7955 25.591 43.684 19.671 33.962 5.92 19.671
04   +4.5 M 13.1485 26.297 44.889 20.377 34.668 5.92 20.377
05   +6.0 M 13.5015 27.003 46.094 21.083 35.374 5.92 21.083
06   +7.5 M 13.8545 27.709 47.299 21.789 36.080 5.92 21.789
07   +9.0 M 14.2075 28.415 48.504 22.495 36.786 5.92 22.495
09 WET +0 M 12.983 25.966 44.324 18.306 36.797 7.66 18.306
10   +1.5 M 13.379 26.758 45.676 18.988 37.745 7.77 18.988
11   +3.0 M 13.732 27.464 46.881 19.694 38.451 7.77 19.694
12   +4.5 M 14.085 28.17 48.086 20.400 39.157 7.77 20.400
13   +6.0 M 14.438 28.876 49.291 21.106 39.863 7.77 21.106
14   +7.5 M 14.791 29.582 50.496 21.812 40.569 7.77 21.812
15   +9.0 M 15.144 30.288 51.702 22.518 41.275 7.77 22.518
17 PS +0 M 13.308 26.616 45.434 18.306 38.366 8.31 18.306
18   +1.5 M 13.721 27.442 46.843 19.012 39.362 8.43 19.012
19   +3.0 M 14.074 28.148 48.049 19.718 40.068 8.43 19.718
20   +4.5 M 14.427 28.854 49.254 20.424 40.774 8.43 20.424
21   +6.0 M 14.78 29.56 50.459 21.130 41.480 8.43 21.130
22   +7.5 M 15.133 30.266 51.664 21.836 42.186 8.43 21.836
23   +9.0 M 15.486 30.972 52.869 22.542 42.892 8.43 22.542
25 FS +0 M 13.591 27.182 46.400 18.282 39.767 8.9 18.282
26   +1.5 M 13.999 27.998 47.793 18.968 40.766 9.03 18.968
27   +3.0 M 14.362 28.724 49.032 19.694 41.492 9.03 19.694
28   +4.5 M 14.715 29.43 50.237 20.4 42.198 9.03 20.400
29   +6.0 M 15.068 30.136 51.442 21.106 42.904 9.03 21.106
30   +7.5 M 15.421 30.842 52.647 21.812 43.610 9.03 21.812
31   +9.0 M 15.774 31.548 53.852 22.518 44.316 9.03 22.518
33 WBC +0 M 13.861 27.722 47.321 18.282 41.070 9.44 18.282
34   +1.5 M 14.2575 28.515 48.675 18.965 42.019 9.55 18.965
35   +3.0 M 14.6105 29.221 49.880 19.671 42.725 9.55 19.671
36   +4.5 M 14.9635 29.927 51.085 20.377 43.431 9.55 20.377
37   +6.0 M 15.3165 30.633 52.291 21.083 44.137 9.55 21.083
38   +7.5 M 15.6695 31.339 53.496 21.789 44.843 9.55 21.789
39   +9.0 M 16.0225 32.045 54.701 22.495 45.549 9.55 22.495
41 DFR +0 M 12.036 24.072 41.091 18.282 32.259 5.79 18.282
42   +1.5 M 12.439 24.878 42.467 18.988 33.206 5.89 18.988
43   +3.0 M 12.792 25.584 43.672 19.694 33.912 5.89 19.694
44   +4.5 M 13.145 26.29 44.877 20.4 34.618 5.89 20.400
45   +6.0 M 13.498 26.996 46.082 21.106 35.324 5.89 21.106
46   +7.5 M 13.851 27.702 47.287 21.812 36.030 5.89 21.812
47   +9.0 M 14.204 28.408 48.492 22.518 36.736 5.89 22.518
49 WFR +0 M 12.728 25.456 43.453 18.306 35.566 7.15 18.306
50   +1.5 M 13.136 26.272 44.846 19.012 36.538 7.26 19.012
51   +3.0 M 13.489 26.978 46.051 19.718 37.244 7.26 19.718
52   +4.5 M 13.842 27.684 47.257 20.424 37.950 7.26 20.424
53   +6.0 M 14.195 28.39 48.462 21.13 38.656 7.26 21.130
54   +7.5 M 14.548 29.096 49.667 21.836 39.362 7.26 21.836
55   +9.0 M 14.901 29.802 50.872 22.542 40.068 7.26 22.542
57 SFR +0 M 13.241 26.482 45.205 18.282 38.077 8.20 18.282
58   +1.5 M 13.659 27.318 46.632 18.988 39.097 8.33 18.988
 59   +3.0 M 14.012 28.024 47.837 19.694 39.803 8.33 19.694
60   +4.5 M 14.365 28.73 49.042 20.4 40.509 8.33 20.4
61   +6.0 M 14.718 29.436 50.247 21.106 41.215 8.33 21.106
62   +7.5 M 15.071 30.142 51.452 21.812 41.921 8.33 21.812
63   +9.0 M 15.424 30.848 52.658 22.518 42.627 8.33 22.518

2.3 Excavation:
According to the pit marking, the soil is excavated depending upon the type of the
tower. All the four footings of the tower and their extension shall be similar. The total
depth of the foundation except hard rock type, below the ground level shall not be
more than 3.5 meters. Excavation work in a section must not be started until the tower
schedule and profile of that section has been approved by POWERGRID.

2.4 Concreting:
Plain cement concrete/reinforced cement concrete footing shall be used for all type of
normal towers. The reinforcement cement concrete (RCC) used for the foundations
shall be nominal mix concrete of grade M-20 having 1:1.5:3 nominal mix ratio with
20mm coarse aggregate for chimney portion and 40mm aggregates for slab portion.
The Portland cement used in concrete shall confirm to 33grade or 43 grade or 53
grade.
Concrete aggregates shall confirm to IS: 383.
The water used for mixing concrete shall be fresh, clean and free from oil, acids &
alkalis, organic materials and other deleterious substances. Reinforcement shall
confirm to IS: 432 for MS bars

Setting of stubs
The stubs shall be set correctly and precisely in accordance with approved method at
the exact location, alignment and levels with the help of stub setting templates and
levelling instruments. Stub templates shall be of adjustable type and painted.
Main thing in Stub setting is Diagonal & Back to back measurement of Template.
Diagonal & Back to back distance of different tower with extension is mentioned
below: [Detail of 400KV double ckt. Quad Conductor Wardha- Parli Tr. Line]

SL TEPLATE
TYPE OF DIMENSION
N NORMAL +1.5 M +3 M +4.5 M +6.0 M +7.5 M +9.0 M HEIGHT
TOWER IN (MM)
O IN MTR
DIAGONAL 16388.6 16979.3 17570.1 18160.8 18751.5 19342.2 19932.9
01 DA BACK TO 0.825
11588.5 12006.2 12423.9 12841.6 13259.3 13677 14094.7
BACK
DIAGONAL 18189.09 18959.75  19750.41 20531.06 21311.72  22092.37 22873.03
02 DB BACK TO 1.150 
BACK 13716.03 14268.03 14820.04 15372.05 15924.06 16476.07 17628.07  
DIAGONAL 18967.2 19749.3 20531.4 21313.5 22095.6 22877.8 23659.9
03 DC BACK TO 1.125
13411.9 13964.9 14517.9 15071 15624 16177.1 16730.1
BACK
DIAGONAL 22803.7 23802.1 24800.4 25798.8 26797.1 27795.5 28793.8
03 DD BACK TO 1.06
16124.69 16830.63 17536.57 18242.54 18948.48 19654.42 20360.36
BACK
Mixing, placing and compacting of concrete
The concrete shall be mixed in the mechanical mixer. Mixing shall be continued until
there is uniform distribution of material and mix is uniform in color and consistency.
To avoid the possibility of reinforcement rods being exposed due to unevenness of the
bottom of the excavated pit, a pad of lean concrete 50mm thick and corresponding to a
1:3:6 nominal mix shall be provided at the bottom of the pad. Form boxes shall be
used for casting of all types of foundations
A mechanical vibrator shall be employed for compacting the concrete. After
concreting the chimney portion to the required height, the top surface should be
finished smooth with a slight slope towards the outer edge for draining rain water.

2.5 Curing:
The concrete shall be cured by maintaining the concrete wet for a period of at
least 14 days after placing. Once the concrete has set for 24 hours, the pit may be back
filled.

2.6 Back filling and removal of stub templates:

Back filling shall normally be done with the excavated soil, unless it is a clay type or
it consists of large boulders or stones, in which the boulders shall be broken to a
maximum size of 80mm.The backfilling, shall be carried to an elevation of about
75mm above the finished level to drain out water. After the pits have been backfilled
to full depth, the stub template can be removed.

2.7 Foundation check list:

 Alignment of Centre peg & line peg and Distance with respect to previous &
next location.
 Check for height of the excavated pit and pit size, undercutting if any, as per
approved drawing.
 All parts of the template should fix properly & fully tightened.
 Template alignment w.r.t. line peg and centre peg.
 In case of angle tower, template setting on Bisection, and Checking of Angle
of Deviation.
 Template Diagonal, Back to back, and template height measurement, water
level, should be checked.
 Stub cleat & support cleat are as per approved drawing and fitted water tight.
 Distance of lowest part of stub w.r.t. base of pit, min. 15 cm.
 Reinforcement should be equal to the approved drawing.
 Earth strip should be fixed in A leg.
 In case of Sub-soil water, proper De-watering arrangement is available at site.
 Sufficient Quantity & Quality of Cement, Coarse aggregate, Fine aggregate,
Water available at site.
 During Concreting, mixing ratio and quality of concrete mix must be checked.
 Checking of Template Diagonal & Level at regular Intervals.
  Mechanical Vibrator & Pocking Rod must be used for proper compaction of
concrete.
 Form boxes should of proper size & should be removed after 24 hours of
concreting.
 Removal of form boxes after 24 hour of concreting.
 Proper & sufficient Curing of concreting. At least up to 14 days after
concreting.
 Proper Backfilling & preparing sufficient size platform around each Chimney.
 Template is removed after complete back filling.
 Removal of excessive material & soil from the site.

2.8 Safety:

Safety should be given due preference in all the activities of the transmission line
construction. The following are the points to be remembered during the foundation
work for ensuring safety.
(a) Excavated soil should be kept 2m away from the pit edges.
(b) Mixer machine should be kept at safe distance from the pit and well
tightened.
(c) Persons working inside the pit should wear safety helmets, hand gloves and
gumboots.
(d) Strong Ladder of proper length should be used in the pit.
(e) First aid box should be available at the site.
(f) Jacks for template support should be placed at safe distance.

Tower erection
Tower erection can be started after 14 days of foundation date but it is preferred to
start erection after 28 days from the foundation date.(suspension-A/DA, tension-
B/DB,C/DC, and D/DD). Towers are segregated transported to site and shorted out.
Notch cutting and bending are to be checked properly before starting erection minor
defects in hot dip galvanized members shall be repaired by applying at least two coats
of zinc rich primer (90% zinc concentration)

During erection ensure the following points

 1. Use Tommy bars (less than 450mm length, for positioning the holes but never
strain the members for bringing into position. Before starting upper section, the
lower section shall be completely braced and all bolts/nuts provided as per
drawing and tightened adequately.
2. all plane diagonals for relevant section of the tower shall be placed before starting
upper section.
3. the bolts position in towers such that heads are outside and nut inside. All the
blank holes shall be fitted up by bolts/nuts.
4. tower shall be fitted with all tower accessories.
5. all nuts shall be tightened properly using correct size of spanners and fittings
washers/plates etc. in the gaps with the proper size bolts. The tightening shall be
progressively be carried out from the top to downwards and care being taken that
all bolts at every level are tightened simultaneously.
6. the threads of bolts projecting outside the nuts shall be punched at their position
and tack welded at two diametrically opposite places(10 mm each) to avoid theft
of tower members, after tack welding zinc rich paint (90% zinc content) shall be
applied to the welded portion.

Types of towers:

A. Classification according to number of circuits:

The majority of high voltage double circuit transmission lines employ a vertical or
nearly vertical configuration of conductors and single circuit transmission lines a
triangular arrangement of conductor, single circuit lines, particularly at 400 KV
and above. Generally employ horizontal arrangement of conductors. The number
of ground wires used on the line depends upon the isoceraunic level (number of
thunderstorm days/ hours per year) of the area, Importance of line, and the angle
of coverage desired.
Single circuit lines using horizontal configuration generally employ two ground
wires due to the comparative width of the configuration; whereas lines using
vertical and offset arrangements more often utilize one ground wire except on
higher voltage lines of 400 KV and above, where it is usually found advantageous
to string two ground wires, as the phase to phase spacing of conductors would
require an excessively high positioning of ground wire to give adequate coverage.

B. Types of tower according to the structure:

1. vertical/Barrel type towers:

1 G. W. cross arm
2 Cross arm
3 Cage
4 Waist level
5 Bracing
6 Tower body
7 Leg extension.
 8 G.L.
9 Stubs

2. Horizontal/ wasp waist type tower:

1 Boom
2 Peaks
3 Waist level
4 Tower body
5 Bracing
6 Concrete level
7 Stubs
8 Ground level

C. Classification according to use:

Towers are classified according to their use independent of the number of

conductors they support. A tower has to withstand the loading ranging from
straight runs up to varying angles and dead ends. To simplify the design and
ensure an overall economy in first cost and maintenance, tower designs are
generally confined to a few standards types as follows.

A) Tangent suspension tower-

Suspension tower are used primarily on tangents but often are designed to
withstand angles in the line up to two degrees or higher in addition to the
wind, ice, and broken conductor loads. If the transmission line traverses
relatively flat, featureless terrain, 90 percent of the line may be composed of
this type of tower. Thus the design of tangent tower provides the greatest
opportunity for the structural engineer to minimize the total weight of steel
required.

B) Angel towers-

Angel towers, sometimes called semi-anchor towers, are used where the lines
makes a horizontal angle greater than two degrees. As they must resist a
transverse load from the components of the line tension induced by this angle,
in addition to the usual wind, ice and broken conductor loads, they are
necessarily heavier than suspension towers. Unless restricted by site
conditions, or influenced by conductor tensions, angle tower should be located
so that the axis of the cross arm bisects the angle formed by the conductors.
Theoretically different line angles require different towers, but for economy
there is a limiting number of different towers which should be used. This
number is a function of all the factors which make the total erected cost of the
tower line. However experience has shown that the following angle towers are
generally suitable for most of the lines:

B type (light angel) - 2 to 15 degrees line deviation.

C type (Medium Angle) - 15 to 30 degrees line deviation
 D type(Heavy Angle/ Dead End)- 30 to 60 degrees line deviation (heavy
angel and dead end)

While the angles of the line deviation are for the span, the span may be increased
up to an optimum limit by reducing the angle of line deviation and vice versa. IS:
802 (Part I) - 1977 also recommends the above classification. The loading on a
tower in the case of a angle condition and dead end condition are almost the
same. As the number of locations at which 60 degree angle tower and dead end
towers are required are comparatively few. It is economical to design the heavy
angle towers both for the 60 degree angle condition and dead end condition,
whichever is more stringent for each individual structural member. For each type
of tower, the upper limit of the angle range is designed for the same basic span as
the tangent tower. So that a decreased angle can be accommodated with an
increased span or vice versa. It would be uneconomical to use 30 degree angle
towers in location where angles higher than 2 degree and smaller than 30 degree
are encountered. There are limitations to the use of 2 degree angle tower at higher
angles with reduced spans and the use of 30 degree angle tower with smaller
angles and increased spans. The introduction of a 15 degree tower would bring
about sizable economics.

 Pilot suspension insulator string-

This shall be used if found necessary to restrict the jumper swings to
design value at both middle and outer phases.

 Unequal cross arm-

Another method to get over the difficulty of higher swing of jumper is to
have unequal cross arms.

400KV SINGLE CIRCUIT TOWERS:

The bundled conductors are kept in horizontal configuration with the minimum
clearance of 11 mtrs. the latticed parts are fully galvanized. Galvanized hexagonal
round head bolts and nuts are used for fastening with necessary spring or plate
washers. Normally types of single circuit towers are used as detailed below:

a) A- Type Towers ( Suspension Tower) :

These towers are used as tangent towers for straight run of the transmission
line. These are called suspension or tangent tower. These towers can carry
only vertical loads and are designed for carrying the weight of the
conductor, insulator and other accessories. These towers are also designed
for a deviation up to 2 degree.
b) B – Type Tower ( Small Angle Tower) :
These towers can be used as sectionalizing towers without angle and angle
towers from degree up to 15 degree deviation.
c) C-Type Tower ( Medium Angle Tower) :
These towers can be used for deviations ranging from 15 degrees up to 30
degree. They are also being used as transposition towers without any angle.
d) D-Type Tower ( Heavy Angle Tower) :
 These towers can be used as Dead end or Anchor Towers without any
angle on the towers. Also these towers can be used for deviations ranging
from 30 degree to 60 degree.
These towers are normally provided as terminal towers near gantry with
slack span on one side or as anchoring tower before major river crossing,
Power line crossing, Railway crossing etc.

400 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT TOWERS :

These towers are designed to carry two circuits consist of 3 phases each,
having bundled conductors. Here, the circuits are placed in a vertical
configuration. A minimum phase to phase clearance of 8 mtrs is
maintained. A minimum clearance of 11 mtrs is maintained from one
circuit to another. Two earth wires are placed above each circuit in such a
way to provide the required shielding angle. Like single circuit towers,
these towers are also galvanized, lattice steel type structures designed to
carry the tension and weight of the conductor along with the insulators,
earth wire and its accessories. Normally these towers are identified as P
( D/C suspension towers),Q,R, and S ( D/C tension towers) or as DA, DB,
DC, and DD respectively. As in the single circuit towers, DA/P towers are
used as suspension tower used for 0 to 2 degree deviation, DB/Q, DC/R
and DD/S towers are used as tension towers with angle of deviation from 2
to 15 degree, 15 to 30 degree, and 30 to 60 degrees respectively. DB type
towers are also used as sectionalized towers without angle. DC towers are
also used as Transposition Tower without any angle. The double circuit
towers are use while crossing reserved forest, major river crossing, narrow
corridors near switch yards etc. so as to make provision for future
transmission lines since the approval from various authorities can be
obtained at one time ( for example, from forest, aviation authorities etc.)
and to minimize expenditure in lying foundations in rivers.

 River crossing tower-

The height and weight of towers vary considerably depending on the span,
minimum clearance above water, ice and wind loads. Numbers of
unbroken conductors etc, usually the governing specification requires that
towers employed for crossing of navigable water ways be designed for
heavy loading conditions and utilize larger minimum size members than
the remainder of the line. in addition to these structural requirements it is
often necessary to limit the height of tall crossing towers because of the
hazard they present to aircraft.

 Railway crossing tower-

Angel or dead end towers (type B, C and D) with suitable extensions and
with double tensions insulator strings are employed for railway crossing in
conformity with the relevant specification of railway authorities.

 High way crossing towers-

Angel towers with suitable extension and with double tension strings are
employed for high way crossing angle towers are used for high way
 crossing angle towers are used for national high way crossing to make the
crossing span as a section so as to facilitate independent and prompt
stringing.

 Transposition tower-
Power transmission lines are transposed primarily to eliminate or reduce
disturbances in the neighboring communication circuits produced by the
geometric imbalance of power lines. An incidental effect of transposing
power line section is the geometric balancing of such circuits between
terminals which assumes balanced conditions at every point of the power
transmission system. Improvements and developments in both the
communications and power fields have, however, greatly reduced the need
for transposition of high voltage lines at close telecommunication system
has ruled that “the power supply authorities need not provide transposition
on power lines for coordination with telecommunication lines”. However,
when transposition is eliminated, there are the effect of geometric
imbalance of the conductor arrangements on the power system itself, and
the residual current to be considered. The imbalance of the three phase
voltages due to asymmetry of conductor arrangement is not considered
serious in view of the equalizing effect of the three phase transformer bank
and synchronous machinery at various points on the system. The remaining
consideration viz. residual currents due to the elimination of transposition
might be important from the point of view of relay settings to prevent
causing undesirable tripping of ground current relays. Operating
experience has shown that many disturbances on high voltage line occur of
transposition towers and statistical records indicate that at least one of the
four outages is physically associated with a transposition. A good practice
would be to adopt about 200KM as the permissible length of the line
without taking recourse to special transposition structures, transposition
being confined to substation and switching station only provides they are
located at suitable intervals. Tower type C under 0 degree deviation limit
and with suitable modification shall be used for transposition for line
maintaining all the required clearances and shielding.

 Multi circuit towers-

To transmit bulk power at a economical rate, Multi circuit towers are used.
It may be mentioned here that a double circuit line is cheaper than two
independent single circuit lines and four circuit line cheaper than two
independent single circuit lines, and four circuit line cheaper than two
double circuit lines. However, the capital lay out involved become heavy
and it is not easy to visualize the manner in which the loads build up and the
power flow takes place in the long-term prospective. Further, reliability
considerations become very important at extra voltages. A balance has
therefore to be struck between the two somewhat opposing consideration.

Tower extensions:
All towers are designed in such a way that they can be provided with standard
tower extensions are designed as +3, +6,+9 and +25 in mtrs. these extension can
be used along with standard towers to provide sufficient clearance over ground or
while crossing power lines, Railway lines, Highways, undulated, uneven ground
etc.

Stringing

Insulator hoisting:
Suspension insulators string shall be hoisted after tightening and punching of
tower. Insulators shall be properly cleaned before installation and IR value should
be taken.

Handling of conductor:
There should be no any damage to the tower or conductors during stringing.
While running out the conductors, care should be taken that conductors do not
touch or rub against the ground or objects, which could causes scratches/damages
to the strands. Running blocks are provided at all suspension tower and ground
rollers at ground.
The sequence of running out shall be from top to downward i.e. earth wire to
be run out first.
Care shall be taken that all sub conductors of bundle are from the same batch
of conductor so that creep behaviors of sub conductor remain identical.
Adequate safety precautions are to be taking in case of power line
crossing/parallelism. Proper shut down and PTW have to be arranged and proper
earthing at site before starting stringing.
Towers not designed for one side stringing shall be well guyed and all safe
steps to be taken to avoid damage.
Adequate safety precautions to be taken for personnel protection.
Derricks or other equivalent methods ensuring that normal services need not
be interrupted nor damage damage cause to property shall be used during stringing
operations where roads, channels, P & T lines, Power lines, Railway lines have to
be crossed.
Contractor shall be entirely responsible for damage to any tower, conductor,
earth wire, and accessories during stringing/ proper handling at side.

Stringing of conductor and earth wire:

The stringing of conductor shall be done by standard stringing method
according to the approved stringing sag tension chart. Conductors creep to be
compensated by over tensioning.
Repairs of conductor shall be carried out with repair sleeve in case of minor
damage; scuff marks etc, each part of joint shall be cleaned and be properly
greased with anticorrosive compound. All joints (compression type) will be made
at least 30 mtrs away from the towers. No joints shall be allowed in the spans
crossing over NH, Railway crossing, River crossing and main power line crossing.
Not more than one joint per sub conductor per span shall be permitted. Suitable
protector for mid span joint to be used to avoid any damage to joints while passing
over rollers. Conductor shall not be hanging in stringing blocks more than 96
hours.

 Sagging in operation:
Tensioning/ sagging shall be done in according to the approved stringing chart
(initial stringing chart for conductor and final stringing chart for earth wire )
conductor shall be pulled up to the desired sag and left in position for at least one
hour after which the sag shall be rechecked and adjusted. Sag will be checked in
first and last span of section of 8 spans and for more spans at one intermediate
span also.
Dynamometer is used for measuring tension and sag board is also fixed at
required sag as per sag tension chart.
Clipping of conductor shall be done in accordance with the recommendation of
the manufacturer within 36 hours of sagging. Armor rods will be provided at
suspension clamps.
All accessories shall be installed as per the design requirement within 24 hours
of clamping.

 Replacement:
If any replacements are to be effected after stringing and tensioning or during
maintenance, leg members and main bracings shall not be removed without
reducing the tension on the tower with proper guying or releasing the conductors.
If the replacement of cross arms become necessary after stringing, the conductor
shall be suitable tied to the tower at tension points of transferred to suitable roller
pulleys at suspension points.

 No. of insulators to be installed-

1 disc/ 11 kV, 14/15 discs-22 kV, 23 discs-400 kV, 45 discs-765 kV.

 TRANSPOSITION OF LINE :
Normally three Transposition towers are provided at 1/3 rd distance. When
a Power line and a telecom line run parallel to each other, voltages may be induced
in the two lines due to conductive and inductive coupling between two lines,
which may affect the communication circuits as danger to insulation, danger to
person and acoustic shocks. Method of reducing interference is the transposition,
which nullify the inductive and capacitive coupling.
 Corona ring:
Equal voltage distribution across the string to give 100% string efficiency.
 String efficiency:
Flashover voltage of string of n units/ n times flashover voltage of one
unit.
 Arcing horn:
To bypass the spike voltages directly without coming through insulator
string.
 Ground wire:
Protection of line from lightening and the resulted high voltage surges.
 Final checking:
 All works to be inspected thoroughly keeping in view the following.
 Proper back filling, no extra burden, no damage to foundation.
 All tower members are fitted correctly according to the drawing.
 All bolts are of proper size, properly tightened and tack welded.
 All conductor and earth wire accessories properly installed.
 All tower accessories have been installed.
 All tower have been properly grounded.
 Proper clearances are available with conductors.
 All required drawings in original and additional copies have been submitted
for records.
 The insulation of the line as a whole is to be tested (line meggering)
 The line is finally tested satisfactorily for commissioning purpose.

COMPENSATION
 Ministry Of Power India, through Gazette notification dated
24.12.2003 issued under section 164 of the Electricity Act- 2003, is authorised
to exercise all the Power of Telegraphic Act to Power Grid. As per
Telegraphic Act 1885, Part- III, Section 10, POWERGRID has to power for

    Power for telegraph authority to place and maintain telegraph lines and
posts – The telegraph authority may, from time to time, place and maintain a
telegraph line under, over, along, or across, and posts in or upon any
immovable property:

Provided that –

a. the telegraph authority shall not exercise the powers conferred by this
section except for the purposes of a telegraph established or maintained by
the [Central Government], or to be so established or maintained;

b. the [Central Government] shall not acquire any right other than that of user
only in the property under, over, along, across in or upon which the
telegraph authority places any telegraph line or post; and

c. except as hereinafter provided, the telegraph authority shall not exercise

those powers in respect of any property vested in or under the control or
management of any local authority, without the permission of that
authority; and

d. in the exercise of the powers conferred by this section, the telegraph

authority shall do as little damage as possible, and, when it has exercised
those powers in respect of any property other than that referred to in clause
(c), shall pay full compensation to all persons interested for any damage
sustained by them by reason of the exercise of those powers.

In the transmission line construction, the line route encounters with trees and
agricultural lands which may not be avoided. As per above Telegraphic Act- 1885, &
Indian Electricity Act- 2003 POWERGRID is not authorized for land acquisition for
tower placing, So compensation is to be given to the owners of the trees and the crop
as early as possible to carry on the construction work smoothly without any
disturbances.
Compensation can be divided into two categories like tree compensation and
crop compensation.

 Tree compensation:

During stringing activity while constructing a transmission line and smooth

operation of transmission line after commissioning, we required tree cutting. ROW of
Transmission line depends upon voltage level of the line. For 400 kV D/C
transmission line ROW is 46 meters. Trees are divided in two categories viz. Fruit
bearing & Non fruit bearing trees.
 In Detail Survey, Tree Enumeration Procedure is done. As per tree
enumeration report, we have to submit case for tree evaluation and get permit for tree
cutting. For Non Fruit bearing trees, permission is granted from Forest division, and
for cutting Fruit bearing Trees, permission is granted from Agriculture Office. In
Forest Area, permission is granted from only forest department.
For tree compensation, we issue notice to the tree owner and the notice is
submitted to the revenue department then joint verification of the tree is done by the
revenue department and POWERGRID. As soon as the verification is completed, we
issue CCTC to the tree owner then, on the order of the district collector, tree cutting is
done and the payment of compensation is released by POWERGRID.

 Crop compensation:

For crop compensation, notice is issued to the owner of the crop before crop
damages. Notice contains, Name and address of land owner, Crop details, Gut no.
And address of land, Tehsil and district And CCTC is issued after work completion.
CCTC shows the details and area of the damaged crop.
A list is prepared and sent to the revenue department (Tahsildar) for the
valuation & verification of damage of crop. After getting valuation from revenue
department list is send to finance department for the payment of compensation. We
pay the compensation in form of Demand Draft.
The process of the crop compensation takes approx. 3-4 months to reach the
compensation to the owner. But we try to minimize time of compensation process for
smooth construction work without any disturbances.

FOREST CASES

As per Forest Conservation Act- 1980, section 2, there is a restriction on the

use of forest land for non-forest purpose without prior approval of Govt. of India,
MOEF. Here non- forest purpose means use of forest land for any other than re-
aforestation.
 Rule-6 the Forest Conservation Rules-2003, prescribes the procedure for
submission of the proposal for seeking prior approval of the Central Govt. under
Section 2 of the Act. The form appended to the Rules, specifies the particulars to
be furnished with the proposal
 All proposal to diversion of forest land up to 40 hectors area and proposals for
clearing of naturally grown trees for reforestation shall be sent to the concerned
Regional Office of the MOEF by the State/ UT Govt. or other authority. All
other proposals shall be sent by State/ UT govt. or other authority to the
Secretary to the Govt. of India. MOEF mentioning “Attention – FC Division” on
the covering letter envelope. Moreover a copy of all these proposals irrespective
of area should also be sent to concerned Regional Office of the MOEF>
 For small development and public utility projects involving diversion of
forestland up to 5 hectors, the state Govt. may authorised the Nodal Officer to
submit the proposal to the Regional Office.
 The project covered under notifications issued from time to time under
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, shall require clearance separately from
environmental angle, as per procedure laid down by the Environment Wing of
the Ministry of Environment & Forests. To be applied simultaneously
 General Conditions stiputed in Forestry Clearance:
1. Legal status of forest land to remain unchanged.
2. Compensatory afforestation as per guide lines.
3. Transfer and mutation of non-forestland in favour of Forest Dept. Notification
of such land as RF/PF under the Indian Forest Act-1927
4. The forest land shall not be used for any other purpose than specified.
5. User agency to provide fuel wood to the labourers and the staff working at the
site, so as to avoid any damage and preserve on adjacent forest area.
6. Rehabilitation of project affected families, if any
7. Environment Clearance, if required
8. Minimum trees to be falled.
9. Plantation of dwarf species (preferably medical plants) in ROW under the
transmission line.

A. FLOWCHART FOR FOREST CLEARANCE CASES UPTO 5

HECTOR
 MOP
MOP order
order under
under Sec
Sec Proposal
Proposal submitted
submitted to
to
68(1)
68(1) Electricity
Electricity Act
Act Nodal
Nodal Officer
Officer
2003 Tree
Tree Enumeration
Enumeration // Forest
Forest
2003
Stretches
Stretches
Proposal
Proposal Formulation
Formulation by
by Cost
Cost Benefit
Benefit Analysis
Analysis
Divisional
Divisional Forest
Forest Officer
Officer Land
Land Identification
Identification for
for
(DFO)
(DFO) Compensatory
Compensatory
DFO’s
DFO’s Recommendation
Recommendation Afforestation
Afforestation
Yes
Yes No
No

CF/CCF
CF/CCF Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

Nodal
Nodal Officer’s
Officer’s
Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

PCCF’s
PCCF’s Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

Sec.
Sec. Forest
Forest (State
(State Govt.)
Govt.)
Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

RMoEF’s
RMoEF’s Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

In
In Principal
Principal Approval
Approval Accorded
Accorded

Compliance
Compliance of
of Condition
Condition by
by POWERGRID
POWERGRID

Compliance
Compliance report
report by
by State
State Govt.
Govt. to
to RMoEF
RMoEF

Final
Final Approval
Approval by
by RMoEF
RMoEF

B. FLOWCHART FOR FOREST CLEARANCE CASES >5 UPTO

40 HECTOR
 MOP
MOP order
order Under
Under Sec
Sec Proposal
Proposal submitted
submitted to
to
68(1)
68(1) Electricity
Electricity Act
Act Nodal
Nodal Officer
Officer Tree
Tree Enumeration
Enumeration // Forest
Forest
2003
2003 Stretches
Stretches
Proposal Cost
Cost Benefit
Benefit Analysis
Analysis
Proposal Formulation
Formulation by
by
Divisional
Divisional Forest
Forest Officer
Officer Land
Land Identification
Identification for
for
(DFO)
(DFO) Compensatory
Compensatory
DFO’s
DFO’s Recommendation
Recommendation Afforestation
Afforestation
Yes
Yes NO
NO
oo
CF/CCF
CF/CCF Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes NO
NO

Nodal
Nodal Officer’s
Officer’s
Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

PCCF’s
PCCF’s Recommendation
Recommendation
No
No

Sec.
Sec. Forest
Forest (State
(State Govt.)
Govt.)
Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

RMoEF’s
RMoEF’s Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

Minister
Minister Approval
Approval

In
In Principal
Principal Approval
Approval Accorded
Accorded

Compliance
Compliance of
of Condition
Condition by
by POWERGRID
POWERGRID

Compliance
Compliance report
report by
by State
State Govt.
Govt. to
to RMoEF
RMoEF

Final
Final Approval
Approval by
by RMoEF
RMoEF

C. FLOWCHART FOR FOREST CLEARANCE CASES MORE

THAN 40 HECTOR
 MOP
MOP order
order under
under Sec
Sec Proposal
Proposal Submitted
Submitted
68(1)
68(1) Electricity
Electricity Act
Act to
to Nodal
Nodal Officer
Officer Tree
Tree Enumeration
Enumeration //
2003
2003 Forest
Forest Stretches
Stretches
Proposal Cost
Cost Benefit
Benefit Analysis
Analysis
Proposal Formulation
Formulation by
by
Divisional Forest Officer
Divisional Forest Officer Land
Land Identification
Identification for
for
(DFO)
(DFO) Compensatory
Compensatory
DFO’s
DFO’s Recommendation
Recommendation Afforestation
Afforestation
Yes
Yes No
No

CF/CCF
CF/CCF Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

Nodal
Nodal Officer’s
Officer’s
Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

PCCF’s
PCCF’s Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No

Sec.
Sec. Forest
Forest (State
(State Govt.)
Govt.)
Recommendation
Recommendation
Yes
Yes No
No
RMoEF
RMoEF
Inspection
Inspection FAC
(>100 FAC recommendation
recommendation
(>100 Ha.)
Ha.) Yes No
Yes No

Minister’s
Minister’s Approval
Approval

In
In Principal
Principal Approval
Approval Accorded
Accorded by
by MoEF
MoEF

Compliance
Compliance of
of Condition
Condition by
by POWERGRID
POWERGRID

Compliance
Compliance report
report by
by State
State Govt.
Govt. to
to MoEF
MoEF

Final
Final Approval
Approval by
by MoEF
MoEF

CONCLUSION:

As an Diploma Trainee in power grid, transmission line construction work is one of

the most challenging jobs. There will be lot of travelling, lot of public dealing,
requires a lot of patience, will power, endurance and most important quick decisions

at the site. There will be occasions when we have to become harsh, even we have to

argue with the contractors regarding quality of work. Initially it seems that no

technical knowledge is required in line construction but as we get involved and get

deeper with the technical issues we realise that line construction needs require

technical knowledge about line design parameters, quality issues, methods of

foundation, erection and stringing and the various safety factors to be ensured while

construction .I personally feel that while in a line construction we have to be more

sound in Mechanical and Civil engineering aspects, but the construction experience

gives us a lot of field knowledge and the aspects which we cannot know until we go to

the construction site. I have learned a lot form this experience which will help me

serve Power Grid efficiently in future.