ASSIGNMENT ON : Sports bio-mechanics

SUBMITTED BY : A.JOHN JOSEPH (ROLL.NO: 16)

M.P.Ed II YEAR,
DEPT. OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS,
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY,
PONDICHERRY

SUBMITTED TO : MR.K.TIROUMOUROUGANE(lecturer)
DEPT. OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS,
PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY,
PONDICHERRY

SUBMITTED ON : 10/03/2011

Force
Definition:-

Force is a quantitative description of the interaction between two physical bodies, such as an object and its
environment. Force is proportional to acceleration. In calculus terms, force is the derivative of momentum with
respect to time.

Meaning:-

A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object's interaction with another object. Whenever there is
an interaction between two objects, there is a force upon each of the objects. When the interaction ceases, the two
objects no longer experience the force. Forces only exist as a result of an interaction.

Types :-

For simplicity sake, all forces (interactions) between objects can be placed into two broad categories:

• contact forces, and

• forces resulting from action-at-a-distance

• Contact force is defined as the force exerted when two physical objects come in
direct contact with each other. Other forces, such as gravitation and
electromagnetic forces, can exert themselves even across the empty vacuum of
space.

Examples:

Contact Forces
Frictional Force
Tension Force
Normal Force
Air Resistance Force
Applied Force
Spring Force

• The concept of force was originally defined by Sir Isaac Newton in his three laws
of motion. He explained gravity as an attractive force between bodies that
possessed mass (gravity within Einstein's general relativity doesn't require force).

Action-at-a-distance forces are those types of forces that result even when the two interacting objects
are not in physical contact with each other, yet are able to exert a push or pull despite their physical
separation. Examples of action-at-a-distance forces include gravitational forces. For example, the sun and
planets exert a gravitational pull on each other despite their large spatial separation. Even when your feet
leave the earth and you are no longer in physical contact with the earth, there is a gravitational pull
between you and the Earth. Electric forces are action-at-a-distance forces. For example, the protons in the
nucleus of an atom and the electrons outside the nucleus experience an electrical pull towards each other
despite their small spatial separation. And magnetic forces are action-at-a-distance forces. For example,
two magnets can exert a magnetic pull on each other even when separated by a distance of a few
centimeters.
Examples:

Action-at-a-Distance Forces
Gravitational Force
Electrical Force
Magnetic Force

Unit of force:-

Force is a quantity that is measured using the standard metric unit known as the Newton. A Newton is
abbreviated by an "N." To say "10.0 N" means 10.0 Newton of force. One Newton is the amount of force required
to give a 1-kg mass an acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be stated:

A force is a vector quantity. A vector quantity is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction. To fully
describe the force acting upon an object, you must describe both the magnitude (size or numerical value) and the
direction. Thus, 10 Newton is not a full description of the force acting upon an object. In contrast, 10 Newton,
downward is a complete description of the force acting upon an object; both the magnitude (10 Newton) and the
direction (downward) are given.

Because a force is a vector that has a direction, it is common to represent forces using diagrams in which a force
is represented by an arrow. Such vector diagrams are used throughout the study of physics. The size of the arrow
is reflective of the magnitude of the force and the direction of the arrow reveals the direction that the force is
acting. Furthermore, because forces are vectors, the effect of an individual force upon an object is often canceled
by the effect of another force. For example, the effect of a 20-Newton upward force acting upon a book
is canceled by the effect of a 20-Newton downward force acting upon the book. In such instances, it is said that
the two individual forces balance each other; there would be no unbalanced force acting upon the book.

Other situations could be imagined in which two of the individual vector forces cancel each other ("balance"), yet
a third individual force exists that is not balanced by another force. For example, imagine a book sliding across
the rough surface of a table from left to right. The downward force of gravity and the upward force of the table
supporting the book act in opposite directions and thus balance each other. However, the force of friction acts
leftwards, and there is no rightward force to balance it. In this case, an unbalanced force acts upon the book to
change its state of motion.
Moment of force :-

It is the tendency of a force to twist or rotate an object.Torque, also called moment or moment of force (see
the terminology below), is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis,[1] fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force
is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist.

The magnitude of torque depends on three quantities: First, the force applied; second, the length of the lever
arm[4] connecting the axis to the point of force application; and third, the angle between the two. In symbols:

where

τ is the torque vector and τ is the magnitude of the torque,

r is the displacement vector (a vector from the point from which torque is measured to the point where force is
applied), and r is the length (or magnitude) of the lever arm vector,
F is the force vector, and F is the magnitude of the force,
× denotes the cross product,
θ is the angle between the force vector and the lever arm vector.