Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Standard-‐
Setting
Guidelines
Early
Recovery
of
Agriculture
for
population
and
areas
affected
by
2010
Pakistan
floods
FINAL
DRAFT
Contents
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 5
5.1 Aims of Early Recovery in the Agriculture Sector ............................................................................... 19
5.3.1. Plan interventions on a thorough understanding of the context ........................................................... 21
5.3.4. Social Equity Principle to address Vulnerable Population ...................................................................... 23
ANNEXES .............................................................................................................................................. 27
Annex 2: Strategy for the Control of Water Logging ....................................................................... 27
3
ACRONYMS
AJK
Azad
Jammu
&
Kashmir
DCO
District
Coordination
Officer
DNA
Damage
and
Needs
Assessment
EAD
Economic
Affairs
Division
FAO
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of
the
UN
GB
Gilgit
Baltistan
GoP
Government
of
Pakistan
IASC
Inter-‐Agency
Standing
Committee
IDP
Internally
Displaced
People
IRSA
Indus
River
System
Authority
MDG
Millennium
Development
Goal
MINFAL
Ministry
of
Food,
Agriculture
and
Livestock
NDMA
National
Disaster
Management
Authority
NRSP
National
Rural
Support
Programme
NWP
National
Water
Policy
PARC
Pakistan
Agriculture
Research
Council
PaRRSA
Provincial
Reconstruction,
Rehabilitation
&
Settlement
Authority
PDMA
Provincial
Disaster
Management
Authority
PIDs
Provincial
Irrigation
Departments
PIFERP
Pakistan
Initial
Floods
Emergency
Response
Plan
R&R
Relief
and
Early
Recovery
SOPs
Standing
Operating
Procedures
UNOCHA
United
Nations
Office
for
Coordination
of
Humanitarian
Affairs
WAPDA
Water
and
Power
Development
Authority
4
1.
Introduction
This
document
is
prepared
keeping
in
view
NDMA’s
mandate
and
its
role
stated
in
the
National
Disaster
Management
Act
of
2010,
to
provide
direction
to
the
Early
Recovery
(ER)
interventions
in
the
aftermath
of
the
2010
flooding
disaster,
which
affected
the
lives
and
livelihoods
of
about
three
million
households
in
Pakistan.
While
the
flood
damages
are
multi-‐
sectoral,
agriculture
is
the
backbone
of
the
economy
in
the
flood-‐affected
areas
and
pivotal
on
the
path
towards
livelihood
recovery
and
normalcy.
The
assessment
of
flood
damages
and
the
selection
of
appropriate
interventions
are
building
blocks
of
the
Early
Recovery
phase.
The
Strategy
and
guidelines
presented
in
this
document
aims
to
guide
interventions
in
the
agricultural
sector.
Given
the
enormous
scale
and
impact
of
the
flooding,
it
is
important
that
the
provision
of
assistance
is
carried
out
in
the
best
possible
targeted
and
most
cost-‐efficient
manner.
This
requires
a
good
grasp
of
the
overall
context,
a
well-‐articulated
institutional
framework
and
good
coordination
amongst
the
partners.
The
first
section
of
the
document
is
devoted
to
background
information
on
flood
damages,
assessments
taken
place
to
date,
which
at
the
same
time
also
provides
the
basis
for
the
ER
response
actions.
The
section
also
looks
into
institutional
arrangements
and
coordinating
mechanisms.
The
early
recovery
interventions
are
discussed
briefly,
followed
by
a
more
detailed
listing
of
the
potential
activities
relevant
to
achieving
early
recovery
aims.
The
section
on
lessons
learned
sketches
the
mechanisms
to
learn
from
experience
in
order
to
improve
the
effectiveness,
efficiency
and
sustainability
of
ER
interventions.
Considerable
attention
is
devoted
to
the
aspect
of
disaster
risk
management.
Gender
and
environment
are
two
cross-‐cutting
subjects
considered
in
the
formulation
of
different
interventions.
The
vulnerability
criteria
used
for
the
humanitarian
assistance
is
in
the
process
of
being
strengthened
for
a
more
comprehensive
livelihood
analysis.
5
The
monsoon
floods
of
summer
2010
were
exceptional
in
their
nature,
geographical
coverage,
and
damages.
A
rare
combination
of
hydrological
processes,
strong
monsoon
from
the
Bay
of
Bengal,
westerly
depression,
and
stream
jet,
triggered
heavy
rains
during
three
weeks
of
July
and
August,
2010.
Prolonged
cloudbursts
in
the
northern
region
generated
heavy
flash
flows.
During
the
same
period,
higher
monsoon
rains
across
the
country
and
coastal
regions
generated
high
drainage
volumes.
An
equally
important
role
was
played
by
reduced
conveyance
capacity
of
the
rivers
due
to
multiple
obstructions
and
non-‐optimal
operation
of
the
structures.
It
leads
to
historically
low
velocity
of
flood
flows
in
the
Indus
River,
causing
heavy
pressure
on
the
canal
and
drainage
system
leading
to
the
over-‐
topping
or
breaching
of
the
protection
bunds.
The
torrential
floods
in
the
northern
region,
especially
in
Khyber
PukhtunKhwa
(KPK),
washed
away
major
parts
of
the
infrastructure
and
caused
maximum
human
misery.
In
Peshawar
valley,
combined
peak
flows
of
Kabul
and
Swat
rivers
were
the
main
cause
of
floods.
Damages
by
the
flash
floods
were
aggravated
by
deforestation
and
lack
of
land
management,
which
has
eroded
water
retention
capacity
of
the
catchments.
The
extension
and
design
of
agriculture
and
other
infrastructure
has
further
reduced
natural
resilience
and
protective
capacity
of
the
steep
topographic
valleys
of
the
north.
The
Indus
River
received
higher
than
average
flows
from
its
Western
and
Eastern
tributaries.
Additionally,
hill
torrents
from
the
Sulaiman
Mountains
range
hit
the
Rajanpur
and
D.I.
Khan
districts
from
the
west.
The
river
floods
and
breaches
in
protection
bunds
caused
damages
in
highly
inhibited
flood
plains
and
adjacent
areas
in
four
districts.
The
area
has
intensive
cultivation
by
the
forest
department
and
individual
farmers.
The
capacity
of
the
drainage
systems
provided
to
carry
over
flash
floods
across
the
Kachi
canal
proved
insufficient,
as
well
the
emergency
flood
management
capacity
of
the
Taunsa
barrage.
The
lower
Indus
system
faced
supper
floods
and
an
exceptional
slow-‐down
of
the
flows
due
to
reduced
flood
management
capacity
of
the
river.
The
public
and
private
infrastructure
constructed
within
the
flood
plains,
close
to
the
major
structures
and
along
the
water
bodies
have
reduced
the
physical
capacity
of
the
system.
The
ambiguities
about
flood
carrying
capacity
of
the
system
made
its
regulation
far
from
the
optimal.
It
caused
the
large
breaches
in
the
main
river
system
and
numerous
secondary
breaches
in
the
irrigation
and
drainage
networks.
The
large
areas
became
under
water
in
Sindh
and
Baluchistan
and
remained
inundated
for
three
to
four
months.
After
six
months
of
floods,
water
is
still
standing
in
low-‐
lying
areas
because
of
mild
natural
slope
and
limited
drainage
potential.
6
The
major
agriculture
losses
by
floods
were
caused
by
the
full
or
partial
damage
of
about
2
million
hectare
crop
land
in
Pakistan,
followed
by
the
loss
of
livestock
(table
1).
Physical
damage
to
the
farmland
and
irrigation
facilities
occurred
on
relatively
smaller
portion
of
the
flooded
land,
but
remained
critical
in
nature.
The
flash
floods
in
the
north,
river
surge
in
heavily
inhibited
flood
plains
and
long
inundation
in
the
south
caused
these
damages.
The
heavy
silt
deposits,
damaged
on-‐farm
water
channels
and
tube
wells
needed
to
be
restored
to
resume
the
agriculture
activities.
In
addition
to
that,
household
stocks
of
food,
seed
and
animal
feed
were
destroyed
(table
1),
causing
substantial
indirect
losses.
7
As
shown
above
in
Table
2,
the
total
damage
in
crop
and
livestock
subsectors
expressed
is
estimated
at
$5.1
billion,
of
which
74%
is
in
the
form
of
direct
damage
and
26%
is
in
the
form
of
indirect
losses.
Among
the
provinces,
Sindh
suffered
most
with
46%
of
total
damage,
followed
by
Punjab
(36%),
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
and
Balochistan
(8%
each),
and
the
remainder
1
PDMA
Balochistan
8
shared
by
FATA,
Gilgit
Baltistan
and
AJK.
The
losses
were
largest
in
the
crops
sector,
which
includes
estimates
of
damages
to
Kharif
crops;
food
and
seed
stocks;
irrigation
facilities;
and
support
services
for
crops,
as
well
as
indirect
damages
to
the
forthcoming
Rabi
2010/11
and
Kharif
2011
crops.
Livestock
damages,
which
include
loss
of
animals,
distress
sales,
and
destruction
of
animal
health
support
services,
as
well
as
indirect
damages
due
to
reduced
milk
production,
accounts
for
11%
of
total
damages.
Fisheries
losses
are
estimated
at
around
$4.5
million.2
9
100%
75%
50%
25%
0%
Jacobabad
Naushehro
Benazirabad
Ghotki
Dadu
Larkana
Shahdakot
Thatta
Sukkur
Khairpur
Qambar
feroze
S.
levels
would
require
clearly
defined
beneficiary
selection
criteria.
The
provincial
crop
land
damaged
against
the
total
population
affected
is
only
indicative
of
the
regional
variations.
To
standardize
these
numbers,
in
addition
to
reliable
filed
data,
demographic
information
–
such
as
population
percentage
inside
the
agriculture
sector
and
land
holding
patterns
-‐
should
be
available.
10
The
need
for
having
reliable
base-‐line
data
at
the
district
level
is
critical
to
put
the
estimated
damages
in
a
proper
context
and
plan
efficient
and
effective
flood
assistance.
Without
reliable
district
level
land
use
data,
certain
variations
cannot
be
properly
explained.
For
example,
the
range
of
land
damages
is
10%
to
100%
of
the
cultivated
areas
in
2010
(DNA
October
2010,
P&D
Sindh
November
2010),
figure-‐1.
The
authenticity
of
“maximum
or
full
damages”
is
questioned
by
the
later
field
information.
Based
on
available
information,
it
could
not
be
ascertained
that
the
both
areas
are
measured
within
the
same
boundaries.
The
gross
damages
include
all
type
of
cultivated
land;
canal
irrigated,
rain-‐fed
and
flood
plains.
While,
the
normal
seasonal
recording
of
cultivated
areas
outside
the
canal
irrigation
system
is
very
weak
and
limited.
Figure
1:
Damaged
cultivated
Area
as
a
percent
of
total
cultivated
area
in
2010
–
data
provided
by
Planning
and
Development
department
Sindh
The
importance
of
complete
base-‐line
land
use
data
is
further
emphasized
in
Figure
2.
A
crude
classification
of
cultivated
land
based
on
satellite
imagery
shows
eight
major
categories
of
land
use
(Pie
percentage
graph).
Among
the
groups
shown
in
the
figure,
irrigation
and
revenue
departments
monitor
only
canal
irrigated
land,
which
is
a
large
fraction
but
not
all
of
the
cultivated
land.
The
district
level
cropped
areas
may
extend
into
four
land
categories
(including
forest,
barrani
and
range
land).
Cultivation
in
the
Katcha
areas
is
principally
outside
the
“irrigated
agriculture
category”.
While,
some
of
the
districts
have
a
large
share
of
damaged
land
in
the
Katcha
belt
(flood
plains).
6% 5%
1%3%
13%
9%
4% 59%
11
Figure
2:
Gross
categories
on
the
Flooded
Land
-‐
National
level
(SUPARCO,
NARC
October
2010)
The
Response
Plan
utilized
the
following
criteria
for
prioritization
of
projects
to
be
included
in
the
appeal.
§ Projects
that
support
restoration
and
improvement
of
basic
conditions
for
the
displaced
and
affected
populations
to
return
and
rebuild
their
lives,
in
particular
access
to
basic
services,
transitional
shelter
and
means
to
repair
houses,
and
food
security,
with
attention
to
increasing
equality
for
the
most
marginalized
population
segments.
§ Projects
that
support
spontaneous
recovery
initiatives
by
affected
women
and
men.
§ Projects
that
aim
to
support,
restore
and
improve
livelihoods,
access
to
services,
local
economy
and
coping
mechanisms
of
affected
populations.
§ Projects
that
address
the
protection
of
returnees,
non-‐displaced
affected
women
and
men,
as
well
as
their
properties
and
their
rights.
§ Projects
that
reduce
disaster
risk
through
immediate,
short-‐term
disaster
protection
measures.
§ Projects
that
reduce
reliance
on
relief
assistance
NDMA
developed
and
applied
nine
gross
project
evaluation
criteria
to
streamline
the
early
recovery
objectives,
individual
project
modalities
(budgeting,
costs,
staffing)
and
to
check
the
overlaps
of
areas
and
activities.
These
principles
have
been
applied
to
screen
the
projects
for
financing.
The
National
Disaster
Management
Commission
was
established
in
2006,
under
the
chairmanship
of
the
Prime
Minister
of
Pakistan.
As
an
executive
arm
of
the
NDMC,
the
National
Disaster
Management
Authority
(NDMA)
has
been
made
operational
to
coordinate
and
monitor
implementation
of
national
policies
and
strategies
on
disaster
management.
Provincial
Disaster
Management
Commissions
(PDMCs)
and
Authorities
(PDMAs)
have
been
established
in
KPK,
Punjab,
Sindh
and
Baluchistan,
while
similar
arrangements
have
been
made
in
AJ&K
and
Northern
Areas.
The
District
Disaster
Management
Authorities
(DDMAs)
have
been
notified
across
the
country.
The
National
Disaster
Risk
Management
Framework
13
was
formulated
to
guide
the
disaster
risk
management
activities.
The
district
and
provincial
governments
have
played
a
key
role
in
the
collection
of
damage
assessment
data
at
the
provincial
level
and
distribution
of
agriculture
inputs.
For
the
field
implementation,
UN
clusters
work
with
provincial
line
departments,
Provincial
Disaster
Management
Authorities
(PDMAs)
and
District
Disaster
Management
Authorities
(DDMAs).
3.2.2.
Cluster
System
The
UN
humanitarian
assistance
is
organized
under
eleven
clusters
for
Relief
and
Early
Recovery
assistance.
The
IASC
Cluster
Approach
has
been
adopted
for
the
Relief
and
Early
Recovery
Period.
The
overall
leadership
for
donor
coordination
rests
with
the
Economic
Affairs
Division
(EAD),
whereas
the
NDMA
is
responsible
for
overall
coordination
of
disaster
response
efforts
by
both
the
government
and
the
international
community.
Provincial
Disaster
Management
Authorities
(PDMAs)
play
a
critical
role
as
an
interface
for
the
humanitarian
community.
The
Food
and
Agriculture
Organization
of
the
United
Nations
(FAO)
is
the
lead
agency
for
the
Agriculture
Cluster.
As
of
August
2010,
the
Agriculture
Cluster
is
present
in
Islamabad,
while
the
provincial
AC
in
KPK
was
active
since
2009
and
in
the
Punjab
and
Sindh
since
December
2010.
Once
the
agricultural
system
was
fully
established
it
managed
to
achieve
the
following:
▫ Creation
and
management
of
the
Agriculture
Cluster
Database.
▫ Development
of
Agricultural
Guidelines
▫ Constant
updates
to
humanitarian
community
on
funding
and
response
▫ Initiated
gap
analysis
▫ Support
to
NGOs
in
the
agricultural
sector
▫ Constant
lobbying
with
donor
community
14
In
addition
to
the
government,
key
donors
are
funding
crop
inputs
and
special
initiatives
through
the
Rural
Support
Programs
and
NGOs.
The
contribution
from
a
third
group
is
substantial.
Local
philanthropist
and
non-‐governmental
organizations
have
also
run
the
large
agriculture
input
programs.
For
the
aid
effectiveness
and
understanding
of
the
local
potential
of
the
sector,
it
is
critically
important
to
have
a
coordinated
response
mechanism
and
its
complete
monitoring
from
the
beginning.
4. Lessons
Learned
The
consistent
challenges
and
recovery
trends
shown
during
the
relief
phase
provide
an
opportunity
to
extract
some
lessons
and
take
them
forward.
There
are
still
pockets
of
standing
water
five
months
after
floods
and
returned
rural
population
in
need
of
humanitarian
assistance.
Physical
damages
such
as
standing
water,
siltation
and
smashed
infrastructure
will
be
responsible
for
non-‐revival
of
agriculture
activities
during
Rabi
2010.
Water
logging
may
continue
for
a
longer
period
in
the
saline
areas.
These
factors
may
affect
the
efficiency
of
irrigated
agriculture
even
after
the
revival
of
the
agriculture
activities.
Early
and
substantial
financial
support
to
achieve
the
agriculture
targets
by
the
Provincial
Governments
indicates
that
agriculture
and
livelihoods
is
an
important
priority
in
the
overall
humanitarian
response.
Early
interventions
in
the
agriculture
sector
assisted
in
facilitating
recovery
of
farming
systems.
Recovery
of
the
agriculture
sector
is
generally
16
satisfactory
as
more
than
95%
of
the
previously
cultivated
gross
areas
are
expected
to
be
revived
during
the
early
recovery
phase.
The
sector
has
shown
a
positive
response
in
a
relatively
short
period
for
resumption
of
the
cultivation
activities.
For
a
complete
recovery,
donor
funding
will
be
critical
to
sustain
the
gains
made
so
far.
Cooperation
and
coordination
between
the
Government
of
Pakistan
and
the
humanitarian
community
worked
well.
The
GoP’s
national
and
provincial
disaster
management
systems
and
the
humanitarian
community
support
played
constructive
role
in
supporting
the
recovery
process.
Because
of
multiple
direct
and
indirect
assistance
packages
and
subsidies,
the
sector
has
been
able
to
receive
substantial
support.
For
rest
of
the
recovery
phase,
higher
coordination
at
the
local
level
will
enhance
outcomes
of
the
interventions.
The
high
recovery
cost
of
the
agriculture
and
irrigation
sectors
is
an
important
factor
to
be
considered,
especially
for
the
disaster
preparedness
and
protection
through
enhanced
resilience.
A
comprehensive
analysis
of
all
strategic
issues
involved
in
the
sector
planning,
disaster
needs
assessment
procedures,
prioritization
of
assistance
and
the
role
of
cross-‐
cutting
sectors
should
be
carried
out.
Along
with
lessons
learned,
it
will
provide
guidance
to
the
recovery
phase.
The
aid-‐effectiveness
is
influenced
by
the
project
design,
funding
process
and
efficiency
of
the
field
activities.
The
knowledge
of
the
existing
system
and
capacity
to
accommodate
new
developments
helps
in
designing
effective
interventions.
A
vigilant,
interactive
and
responsive
planning
mechanism
should
be
able
to
monitor
and
accommodate
feedback
during
the
revival
process.
A
static
approach
based
on
the
first
assessment
of
quantitative
damages
and
costs
is
not
recommended,
because:
§ The
damages
have
high
geospatial
variation
across
the
sectors
and
sub
sectors,
a
fact
not
fully
understood
in
the
early
rapid
assessments.
§ Local
institutional
setups
and
capacities
are
limited
to
provide
quick
and
correct
feedback.
§ Households
suffer
to
different
level
within
and
outside
the
agriculture
sectors.
§ The
resilience
and
preparedness
level
of
the
natural
systems
and
communities
vary
in
a
large
range.
Different
agricultural
sub-‐systems
have
shown
highly
varied
recovery
potential
based
on
physical,
economic
and
social
factors.
A
part
of
the
flooded
land
has
recovered
with
better
opportunities
(mostly
informal
agriculture).
Seed
and
fertilizer
support
by
the
Government
and
NGOs
has
facilitated
the
farming
community
with
investment
cost.
The
soil
and
water
availability
are
supportive
and
farmers
have
selected
short
duration
cash
crops
(for
example
onions).
Changes
in
the
cropping
pattern
can
be
expected
without
a
big
upset.
Preliminary
trends
show
that
the
demand
side
influenced
like
local
livelihood
needs
and
markets
play
important
role
in
agriculture
response.
The
supply-‐side
interventions
are
refined
at
user’s
end
to
accommodate
multiple
factors,
hence,
needs
to
be
well
documented.
17
No
good
documentation
is
available,
yet
though
there
are
several
assessments
that
are
planned
in
the
upcoming
months
by
the
humanitarian
community.
Early
recovery
choices
by
the
farmers
may
impact
overall
productivity.
Sowing
of
the
small
duration
crops
in
some
of
the
flood
affected
areas
and
about
four
months
long
sowing
period
of
wheat
(across
the
country),
indicates
potential
of
the
local
farming
systems.
However,
higher
risk
is
attached
with
this
pragmatic
approach.
The
large
oil-‐seed
promotion
campaign
is
not
received
with
a
fervor.
The
actual
Rabi
performance
will
determine
success
of
the
intervention
strategies.
However,
a
need
for
comprehensive
understanding
of
the
cropping
systems,
feasibility
of
the
alternate
crops
and
the
local
market
factor
cannot
be
underestimated.
Leverage
other
livelihood
schemes
by
the
federal
and
provincial
governments.
National
Rural
Support
Program
(NRSP)
and
others
are
examples
of
strategies
by
the
Government
of
Pakistan
that
already
have
a
presence
in
the
most
rural,
underserved
areas.
Their
presence
and
programming
has
to
be
integrated
into
the
next
phase
of
interventions.
Cash
for
work
is
a
viable
option
for
providing
communities
with
income
in
the
short
term
to
help
with
their
livelihoods
needs.
The
majority
of
the
work
is
envisaged
as
labor
support
for
the
rehabilitation
of
agricultural
and
community
infrastructure,
closer
inter-‐cluster
coordination
at
the
field
level
will
be
necessary
to
implement
cash/food
for
work
projects.
Some
interlinked
areas
can
highly
influence
sustainable
agriculture
revival
§ The
forest
department
has
the
main
responsibility
for
the
Katcha
(riverine)
area
and
flood
plains
management.
The
rapid
development
of
agriculture
in
Katcha
areas
is
not
well
monitored
and
recorded.
The
long-‐term
institutional
arrangements
are
required
between
the
Forest,
Agriculture,
Irrigation
and
Revenue
departments.
§ The
maintenance
of
irrigation
network,
drainage
and
SCARP
tubewell
directly
influence
the
fresh
water
availability
and
aquifer
management.
In
the
saline
groundwater
zone,
raised
aquifer
levels
can
cause
both
salinity
and
water-‐logging,
especially
in
case
of
deferred
functioning
of
surface
drains
and
SCARP
wells.
See
Annexure
2
for
some
referring
guidelines
to
manage
the
salinity
and
water-‐logging.
§ Water
quality
of
the
water
bodies
and
rivers
may
have
higher
link
with
wastewater/sewage
management
in
the
post
disaster
scenario.
This
section
is
divided
into
three
parts,
the
first
part
list-‐out
a
generic
list
of
activities
in
agriculture
sub-‐sectors
corresponding
to
three
general
aims
of
the
early
recovery.
These
18
activities
include
the
planning
process,
risk
reduction
measures
and
cross
cutting
areas.
The
second
section
presents
interventions
carried
out
during
Rabi
2010-‐11
.
The
3rd
section
briefly
describes
the
guiding
principles
to
select
and
prioritize
the
interventions.
1. Provide
emergency
assistance
to
restore
normalcy
in
agriculture
sector
by
bringing
back
flood-‐affected
people
to
the
crop
and
livestock
systems,
while
ensuring
their
self-‐
reliance.
To
plan
accurately
is
the
first
task
for
effective
emergency
assistance.
The
need
assessment
in
agro-‐livestock
sectors
have
three
distinct
features;
mapping
of
reliable
base
line
for
agriculture
and
support
sub-‐sectors,
assessment
of
the
damages
and
recovery
needs,
and
identification
of
the
vulnerability
parameters
for
the
affected
communities.
After
a
widespread
disaster,
crop
inputs
and
livestock
protection
become
the
early
demands
linked
to
the
onset
of
a
cropping
season.
The
rehabilitation
of
the
farm
land
and
infrastructure
is
a
prerequisite
to
start
cultivation
in
heavily
damaged
areas.
The
horticulture,
small
local
systems
support
livelihood,
which
could
be
more
vulnerable.
2. Support
local
recovery
initiatives
by
building
capacities
and
identifying
measures
for
the
risk
reduction
Restoring
the
institutional
capacities
of
local
governments
will
enable
them
to
become
rapidly
operational
within
the
context
of
appropriate
institutional
policies
and
legal
frameworks.
In
order
to
effectively
manage
the
recovery
process,
it
is
essential
to
empower
communities,
restore
the
capacities
of
Local
and
National
authorities
and
determine
the
root
causes
and
vulnerabilities
that
make
societies
disaster-‐prone.
External
support
should
build
on
the
existing
capacities,
knowledge
and
strengths,
and
fill
gaps
where
needed.
3. Support
the
stakeholders
in
building
foundations
of
long-‐term
recovery
and
rehabilitation
in
line
with
the
long-‐term
development
agenda.
In
order
to
plan
Early
Recovery
Interventions,
which
take
into
consider
different
needs,
resources
and
vulnerabilities
of
women
and
men,
area
specific
assessments
should
be
conducted
at
the
early
stages
of
the
Early
Recovery
phase.
The
assessment
will
also
help
to
identify
National
and
Local
stakeholders
that
should
take
part
in
the
planning
and
programming
initiatives
and
that
can
lead
the
development
of
early
recovery
policies.
Coordination
mechanisms
in
an
Early
Recovery
situation
should
cast
on
the
local
authorities
and
should
take
into
account
different
self-‐established
and
non-‐governmental
community
institutions.
19
The
following
section
groups
the
response
activities
and
interventions
to
be
carried
out
in
the
relief,
early
recovery
and
transitional
phases.
Crop Supports
§ Distribute
critical
agricultural
inputs,
including
seeds
and
fertilizers
inputs
for
the
major
Rabi
crops;
wheat,
vegetables
and
fodder,
and
small
agricultural
tools
The
selection
criteria
for
the
package
consider
certification
of
seeds
and
quality
of
fertilizers.
§ Technical
support
during
the
cultivation
season.
§ Protect
and
restore
livestock
productivity
of
surviving
animals
through
the
provision
of
animal
feed,
medication,
and
shelter.
§ Provide
vegetable
seeds,
particularly
focusing
on
women
and
female
heads
of
households,
to
support
immediate
resumption
of
kitchen
gardening
activities
in
order
to
respond
to
immediate
food
security
requirements.
§ Provide,
oilseeds
package
and
technical
capacities
through
traininfs
to
the
areas,
have
missed
Rabi
crops.
§ Support
small/family
scale
vegetables
cultivation
with
initiatives
like
kitchen
gardening
§ Support
livelihood
revival
and
local
markets
by
introducing
especial
initiatives
like
food
or
cash
for
work
Kharif
Activities
Provide
crop
inputs,
seeds
and
fertilizers
for
cotton,
vegetables
and
fodder
to
the
§
small
and
vulnerable
farmers.
§ Support
small/family
scale
vegetables
cultivation
with
initiatives
like
kitchen
gardening
§ Design
special
initiatives
for
the
cash
and
food
for
work
programs
Livestock
Support
20
§ Support
clearance
and
de-‐silting
of
the
critical
on
farm
irrigation
infrastructures
§ Repair
on-‐farm
infrastructure
-‐
water
courses,
tube
wells,
water
harvesting
structures,
drainage
structure
§ Land
rehabilitation/preparation
21
Agriculture
activities
in
early
recovery
should
have
the
participation
and
ownership
of
a
wide
group
of
stakeholders
particularly
all
levels
of
government,
the
international
humanitarian
community,
civil
society
and
the
beneficiary
communities.
Consultation
with
stakeholders
should
be
intrinsic
from
assessments
to
program
implementation
to
monitoring
and
evaluation.
Coordination
structures
should
be
as
much
as
possible
area
based
to
reflect
stakeholders
participation
in
early
recovery
activities
and
the
geographical,
social,
economic
peculiarities
of
each
province.
Information
exchange
among
stakeholders
involved
in
implementation
of
early
recovery
programs
and
existing
coordination
mechanisms
established
during
the
emergency
phase
must
be
maintained
and
enhanced
during
the
recovery
process.
Strong
coordination
within
the
agriculture
sector
and
in
the
agriculture
cluster
in
particular,
should
constitute
a
permanent
dialogue
and
consensus
building
mechanism
with
government
agencies
(NDMA
and
MINFAL),
civil
society
organizations,
nongovernmental
actors,
donor
and
other
lending
institutions.
An
organizational
development
capacity
approach
will
be
adopted
for
restoring/developing
strong
partnerships
between
the
affected
communities,
community
based
organizations
(CBOs)/NGOs,
private
sector
and
government
institutions
in
all
aspects
of
farm
household
restoration.
22
An
action-‐oriented
integrated
participatory
approach
needs
to
be
adopted
for
the
restoration
of
agricultural
lands
and
infrastructure,
the
repair
of
fish
farms
and
hatcheries
and
reviving
on-‐farm
and
fisher
livelihoods,
and
the
restoration
of
forestlands
and
stabilization
of
landslide
prone
areas.
Experience
has
shown
that
gender
analysis
can
help
planners
and
policy
makers
improve
the
performance
of
their
endeavors.
The
early
recovery
process
faces
a
major
challenge
of
providing
equitable
support
services
to
the
households
having
inequitable
resource
base.
The
concept
of
social
equity
in
public
services
was
introduced
by
H.
George
Frederickson
in
1968,
basically
to
surpass
the
inequitable
ownership
of
the
resources.
While
possession
of
natural
and
economic
resources
is
unequal
in
all
societies,
the
access
to
livelihood,
education
and
other
services
is
highly
unequal
in
rural
Pakistan
like
other
third
world.
The
post
flood
recovery
of
agriculture
and
livestock
requires
providing
fair,
just
and
equitable
provision
of
services
to
those
having
small
or
no
direct
possessions.
Within
agriculture
community,
flood
affected
farmers
are
predominantly
tenants
(land
less
sharecroppers
or
farm
labor)
followed
by
small
land
owners,
while
the
highest
percentage
of
the
land
is
owned
by
a
small
percent
of
big
land
holders.
The
women
and
children
form
a
23
group
more
vulnerable
during
and
after
disaster,
because
of
their
lack
of
mobility
and
limited
involvement
in
production
and
economic
processes.
The
vulnerability
criteria
ensure
an
access
to
the
marginal
rural
communities
and
households.
In
addition
to
the
mainstream
agriculture,
livestock,
and
horticulture,
women
focused
and
community
oriented
projects
are
important.
The
disaggregated
data
collection
and
differential
monitoring
and
evaluation
should
be
integrated
into
proper
M&E
procedures.
The
level
of
risk
during
a
disaster
and
its
management
has
physical,
institutional,
and
environmental
properties.
These
characteristics
evolve
during
pre-‐flood
developments,
response
to
the
floods
and
post
flood
behavior
of
the
hard
and
soft
systems.
The
Risk
Management
during
and
after
a
disaster
is
closely
linked
with
capacities
and
preparedness
of
the
institutions,
communities
and
physical
systems.
The
acquired
resilience
of
a
system
or
sector
depends
upon
many
factors
including
good
knowledge
of
the
disaster
24
impacts
and
management
skills
of
the
institutions.
To
control
and
minimize
the
disaster
impacts,
effective
response
and
recovery
is
the
central,
which
to
a
large
extent
depends
upon
the
national
capacity
to
plan
and
to
guide
the
recovery
process.
The
quantification
of
risks
includes
two
important
components,
quantification
of
the
vulnerabilities
and
the
gap
analysis.
Actions
in
the
agriculture
sector
can
be
divided
into
three
groups,
as
listed
in
Annexure
3.
In
the
shorter
term,
practices
to
maximize
use
of
natural
resources/assets
such
as
reduce
water
wasteage
(i.e.
use
of
run-‐off
in
small
scale
vegetable
gardening),
improved
irrigation
methods
that
minimize
evaporation
and
building/rehabilitation
of
water
harvesting
structures
in
rain
fed
areas
are
just
a
few
examples.
In
the
medium
term,
available
information
(i.e.
advanced
satellite
imagery,
measurement
of
rainfall,
changing
meteorological
maps)
should
be
used
to
provide
farmers
with
coping
mechanisms
for
droughts,
floods
and
other
inevitable
natural
disasters
and
phenomena.
The
introduction
of
cropping
methods
that
are
resistant
to
diseases,
pests
and
droughts,
as
well
as
crop
varieties
with
shorter
cycles
of
maturation,
are
a
few
ways
to
help
farmers
to
weather
climate
change.
Environment:
The
vast
agriculture
areas
of
Pakistan
face
multiple
environmental
challenges,
from
the
old
issues
of
water
and
land
quality
to
the
emerging
challenge
of
Climate
Change.
Current
super
floods
just
eight
years
after
a
prolonged
draught
of
two
years,
are
an
example
of
increased
frequency
of
extreme
events.
In
both
cases
agriculture
has
been
the
major
sufferer.
Current
glacier
melt
and
monsoon
patterns
indicate
higher
probability
of
erratic
and
intensive
rains,
late
monsoons,
dry
winters,
and
prolonged
dry
spells
are
expected.
26
ANNEXES
Annex
1:
References
for
Minimum
Standards
in
Agriculture
Major
Crops
• Wheat
and
Rice
Advisory
Boards.
• Standing
Committees
of
Agricultural
Prices
Commission
on
various
crops.
• Governing
Board
of
Pakistan
Agricultural
Research
Council.
• Governing
Body/Standing
Committees
of
Pakistan
Central
Cotton
Committee.
• Board
of
Directors
of
Pakistan
Cotton
Standard
Institute.
• National
Seed
Council.
Fertilizers
and
Pesticides
Agricultural
Pesticides
Ordinance
(APO)
was
promulgated
in
1971.
A
registration
policy
was
introduced
in
1992.
The
Government
has
enforced
following
laws
to
regulate
the
quality
of
the
agriculture
items:
• Pakistan
Animal
Quarantine
(Import
and
Export
of
Animal
Products)
Act,
• 1985.
• Pakistan
Plant
Quarantine
Act,
1976.
• Pakistan
Fish
Inspection
and
Quality
Control
Act,
1988.
• Seed
Act,
1976.
• Pakistan
Standards
and
Quality
Control
Authority
Act
1994.
• Agricultural
Produce
(grading
and
marking)
Act,
1937.
• Pakistan
Pure
Food
Laws
1960.
(Provincial)
27
• Guiding
farmers
to
adjust
field
size
and
irrigation
timings
according
to
the
physical
properties
of
the
soil:
a
smaller
field
size
for
relatively
sandy
or
more
permeable
soils
and
larger
fields
for
clayey
or
less
permeable
soils;
short
watering
periods
to
check
flooding
in
the
more
permeable
soils.
• Temporarily
embanking
and
slightly
lowering
the
level
of
small
saline
patches
within
cultivated
fields
would
effectively
leach
their
excess
salts;
for
the
reclamation
of
slick
spots,
gypsum
would
have
to
be
used
(1-‐1.5
kilograms
per
square
meter
of
the
affected
area)
alongside
the
above
practice.
Use
of
Saline
Groundwater
(Tubewell)
in
Irrigated
Areas
• Testing
of
quality
of
groundwater
used
for
irrigation:
The
maximum
permissible
Electrical
Conductivity
(EC)/salt
concentration,
Sodium
Absorption
Ratio
(SAR)
and
Residual
Sodium
Carbonate
(RSC)
values
of
irrigation
water
for
different
kinds
of
soils
have
been
standardized
by
WAPDA
and
PARC.
However,
new
standards
are
required
by
keeping
in
view
extended
uses
by
the
saline
groundwater.
• Disposal
of
poor
quality
groundwater
pumped
by
tubewells
through
drainage
ditches
or
canals
and
distributaries,
instead
of
use
for
irrigation,
locally.
This
water
may
be
used
for
the
irrigation
of
sandy
soils
and
for
growing
a
few
salt
tolerant
crops.
• Amelioration
of
soils
affected
by
poor
quality
water
through
the
application
of
gypsum
(2-‐
3
tones
per
ha)
since
most
of
these
soils
are
afflicted
only
by
sodicity.
Popularizing
the
continuous
use
of
gypsum
on
soils
already
affected
by
poor
quality
water
or
where
irrigation
with
poor
quality
water
is
unavoidable.
28
29