SREE VISVESVARAYYA INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY & SCIENCE

CHOWDARPALLY, MAHABUBAGAR.

SVITS QUEST-2007

A PAPER PRESENTATION ON

IN

WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

AUTHOR

Syed Ishaq Ahmed

III Yr ECE

Sree Visvesvarayya Institute of Technology & Science

Mahabubnagar

Andhra Pradesh
 EMAIL ID: Ish_Zero18@Yahoo.com

ABSTRACT:
The term Bluetooth refers to an open
specification for a technology to
enable short-range wireless voice and
data communications anywhere in the
world.
This paper provides a view about
the current status of wireless and
mobile
technology, summarizes their current
state of development and describes
the additional sources and guides us
to how to apply this particular
technology.
Bluetooth technology has been the
subject of considerable hyperbole
over the last year. This paper will
attempt to cut through the hype and
provide a reality check on the current
state and future advancement of the
technology. Specifically, the paper
will outline:
• History of Bluetooth
• What is Bluetooth;
• Bluetooth Architecture
• Protocols and Profiles
• Topology
• Security, Power Management
& Quality of Services
• Advantages, Applications &
Limitations.
• Conclusion
• Reference.
One of our wireless technology i.e.
Bluetooth which is helpful to
people all over the world is given
with a broad description about its
features, applications and about its
development.

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INTRODUCTION
Bluetooth is an open standard for
wireless connectivity with supporters
mostly from the PC and cell phone
industries. Not surprisingly, it primary
marker is for data and voice transfer
between communication devices and
PCs. In the way, it is similar in purpose
to the IrDA protocol, Bluetooth,
however, is a radio frequency (RI)
technology utilizing the unlicensed 2.5
GHz industrial, scientific, and medical
(ISM) band. Target applications include
PC and peripheral networking, hidden
computing, and data synchronization
such as for address bookstand
calendars. Other applications could
include home networking and home
applications of the future such as smart
appliances, heating systems, and
entertainment devices.
HISTORY
 Bluetooth is the codename for a
technology specification for small form factor,
low-cost, low-power, short range radio links
between mobile PCs, mobile phones and other
portable devices.
 A global specification for wireless
connectivity. Bluetooth is a cable replacement
technology that simplifies the interaction
between people as well as machines.
 Technology born in 1994 by Ericsson
Mobile Communications.
 Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group)
formed in Feb 1998
 Founders - Ericsson, Nokia,
Intel, IBM, Toshiba.
 Promoters - Lucent, Motorola,
3Com, Microsoft. (1 Dec 1999)
 About 1883 SIG members. (13
Aug 2000)
 Bluetooth legends. The technology is
named after:
 Harald II Blatand, 10th century
Viking king from Denmark
 Loved to eat blueberries, no
toothbrush at that time…..
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WHY BLUETOOTH?
laminates the feasibility of using Ir
Bluetooth attempts to provide
DA for chidden computing, where the
significant advantages over other data
communicating devices are carboy
transfer technologies, such as Ir DA
but not visible to one another.
and Home RF, vying for similar
Due to its RF nature, Bluetooth
markets. Despite comments from the
is not subset to such limitations. In
Bluetooth SIG indicating that the
addition to wireless device
technology is complementary to Ir
connections up to 10m (up to 100 m if
DA it is clearly a competitor for PC-to
he transmitter’s power is increased),
peripheral connection, Ir DA is
devices used not be within line of
already popular in PC peripherals, but
sight and may even connect through
is severely limited by the short
walls or other nonmetal objects. This
connection distance of 1 m and the
allows for applications such as a cell
line-or-sight requirement for
phone in a pocket or a briefcase acting
communication. This limitation
as a modem for laptop or PDA.

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SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE :

Bluetooth communication occurs in

the unlicensed ISM band at 2.4GHz.
The transceiver utilizes frequency
hopping to reduce interference and
fading. A typical Bluetooth device has
a range of about 10 meters. The
communication channel can support
both data (asynchronous) and voice
(synchronous) communications with a
total bandwidth of 1 Mb/sec.
The supported channel configurations
are as follows:

Max. Data Max. Data

Configuration Rate Rate
Upstream Downstream
3 Simultaneous 64 kb/sec X 64 kb/sec X 3
Voice Channels 3 channels channels
433.9
Symmetric Data 433.9 kb/sec
kb/sec
723.2
Asymmetric 57.6 kb/sec or
kb/sec or
Data 723.2 kb/sec
57.6 kb/sec

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The synchronous voice channels are
provided using circuit switching with
a slot reservation at fixed intervals. A
synchronous link is referred to as an
SCO (synchronous connection-
oriented) link. The asynchronous data
channels are provided using packet
BLUETOOTH TOPOLOGY
Introducing: The Piconet!
Bluetooth devices can interact with
one or more other Bluetooth devices
in several different ways. The
simplest scheme is when only two
devices are involved. This is referred
to as point-to-point. One of the
devices acts as the master and the
other as a slave. This ad-hoc network
is referred to as a piconet. As a matter
of fact, a piconet is any such
Bluetooth network with one master
and one or more slaves. A diagram of
a piconet is provided in Figure 1. In
the case of multiple slaves, the
communication topology is referred to
switching utilizing a polling access
scheme. An asynchronous link is
referred to as an ACL (asynchronous
connection-less) link. A combined
data-voice SCO packet is also
defined. This can provide 64 kb/sec
voice and 64 kb/sec data in each
direction.
as point-to-multipoint. In this case,
the channel (and bandwidth) is shared
among all the devices in the piconet.
There can be up to seven active slaves
in a piconet. Each of the active slaves
has an assigned 3-bit Active Member
address (AM_ADDR). There can be
additional slaves which remain
synchronized to the master, but do not
have a Active Member address. These
slaves are not active and are referred
to as parked. For the case of both
active and parked units, all channel
access is regulated by the master. A
parked device has an 8-bit Parked
Member Address (PM_ADDR), thus
limiting the number of parked
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members to 256. A parked device active and begin communicating in
remains synchronized to the master the piconet.
clock and can very quickly become
piconet(fig 1)

M Stands for Master And S stands for Slave

Introducing: The Scatternet!

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You may be wondering what would
happen if two piconets were within
the same coverage area. For example,
you might have a piconet consisting
of your cell phone and your PC, while
a scatternet (fig 2)
Because the two piconets are so close,
they have overlapping coverage areas.
This scenario is provided for in the
Bluetooth specification and is referred
to as a scatternet. As a matter of fact,
slaves in one piconet can participate
in another piconet as either a master
the person in the neighboring cubicle
has a piconet consisting of a cell
phone, headset, and business card
scanner. A diagram is presented in
Figure 2 below.
or slave. This is accomplished
through time division multiplexing. In
a scatternet, the two (or more)
piconets are not synchronized in
either time or frequency. Each of the
piconets operates in its own frequency
hopping channel while any devices in
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multiple piconets participate at the
appropriate time via time division
multiplexing. Returning to
example, you may want to set up your
neighbor’s business card scanner to
also transmit the information that is
Bluetooth Protocol Overview
Bluetooth specifications include
protocols [4] and profiles [5].
Protocols specify the workings of an
individual component (RFCOMM or
L2CAP, for example), while the
profiles specify how a set of protocols
can be used for implementing a
particular usage model. Profiles are
important to have a common
understanding of the protocol stack in
order to promote interoperability of
usage model implementations.
The Link Management Protocol
(LMP), baseband, and radio are
typically implemented in the
Bluetooth hardware modules. These
scanned to your PC so that you will
have access to his business contacts
the information. Of course, this would
have to be a mutually agreed upon
usage. This brings us to the next topic,
Bluetooth security.
modules can interface to the host
using different interfaces. However,
all Bluetooth controllers should
implement the Bluetooth Host
Controller Interface (HCI).
The Logical Link Control and
Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP)
implements a second link-layer
protocol to address protocol
multiplexing, segmentation, and re-
assembly. L2CAP hosts a set of client
protocols. A couple of such protocols
are the Service Discovery Protocol
(SDP) and a serial cable emulation
protocol called RFCOMM. Figure 1
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summarizes the Bluetooth protocol
stack.

Figure 1: Summary of Bluetooth protocol stack

The L2CAP is a core component of the stack that contributes to the overall throughput that can
be achieved.

Power Consumption power, 1 mW radios (Class 3 radio

As acable-replacement technology,
it’s not surprising that Bluetooth
devices are usually
battery-powered devices, such as
wireless mice and mobile phones.
To conserve power,
Bluetooth devices operate as low-
power). This gives Bluetooth
devices a range of about 5–10
meters. This range is far enough
for comfortable wireless peripheral
communication but close enough
to avoid drawing too much power
most from the device’s power source.

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Security

Security is a challenge faced by known as SAFER+ to authenticate

every communications standard. a device’s identity. The generic-
Wireless communications present access profile depends on this
special security challenges. authentication for its device-
Bluetooth builds security into its pairing process. This process
model on several different levels, involves creating a special link to
beginning with the security create and exchange a link key.
inherent in its frequency-hopping Once verified, the link key is used
scheme At the lowest levels of the to negotiate an encryption mode
protocol stack, Bluetooth uses the the devices will use for their
publicly available cipher algorithm communication.

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SOME BLUETOOTH DEVICES:

Bluetooth I Pod WL MOUSE WL PRINTER WL HF EXT

BLUETOOTH MOBILE BLUETOOTH PEN DRIVE BLUETOOTH REMOTE BLUETOOTH PEN DRIVE

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS OF BLUETOOTH

capable of supporting one
Bluetooth can handle data and voice
asynchronous data channel and up to
simultaneously. It is capable of
supporting one between computers
three synchronous voice channels, or
and their connected units. Bluetooth is
one channel for both voice and data.
an open standard for wireless
This capability combined with adhoc
connectivity with supporters mostly
device connection and automatic
from the PC and cell phone industries.
service discovery make it a superior
Its primary market is for data and
solution for mobile devices and
voice transfer between
Internet applications.
communication devices and PCs. It is

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 Bluetooth finds applications in PC channels, or one channel for both
and peripheral networking , hidden voice and data. This capability
computing ,data synchronization for combined with adhoc device
address books and calendars, home connection and automatic service
networking and home appliances such discovery make it a superior solution
a s heating systems and entertainment for mobile devices and Internet
devices. Asynchronous data channel applications.
and up to three synchronous voice

LIMITATIONS OF BLUETOOTH

The main drawback of Bluetooth is its used for unidirectional data transfer. It
limited connection distance and less is perfectly adequate for file transfer
transmission speeds. It supports data and printing applications.
rates up to 780kb/s which may be

CONCLUSION
In the years to come, Bluetooth will
With-its relativelylow implementation
become a worldwide connectivity
costs, Bluetooth technology seems
among electronic devices, leading to
destined to dominate the electronic
applications unthinkable by today’s
landscape, as humans worldwide will
technological standards. Because the
be able to form personal area
radio frequency used is globally
networks with devices and completely
available, Bluetooth can offer fast and
simplify the way in which they
secure connectivity all over the world.
interact with electronic tools and each
other.

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REFERENCES:

1. J.C. Haartsen et al. ,”The Bluetooth Radio System” IEEE pers.

Commum.,Feb.2000 .

2. “Bluetooth in Wireless Communications” IEEE Communications

Magazine June 2002

3. Bluetooth IEEE Microwave Magazine September 2002

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