Clean Coal Technology

Development in China

CHEN Wenying
(chenwy@tsinghua.edu.cn)

Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Sept. 4, 2008
 Structure of the paper
ƒ China’s energy resources
ƒ Coal-dominated energy production and consumption
ƒ Local air pollution and global climate change
ƒ Current status and development of clean coal technologies
• Coal preparation technologies
• High efficiency combustion and advanced power generation
technology
ƒ Supercritical and ultra-supercritical technology
ƒ Circulating fluidized bed technology
ƒ IGCC technology
• Coal transformation (gasification and liquefaction)
• Emission control
ƒ FGD (Flue gas desulphurization) and NOx removal
ƒ CCS (Carbon capture and storage)
ƒ China’s policies and countermeasures to promote clean
coal technology development
ƒ Suggestions to further promote clean coal technology
development in China
China’s energy resources
 Fossil fuel
ƒ Coal
• Coal resource: 5570 billion tons
• Proved reserves: 1018 billion tons
• Proved recoverable reserves (PRR): 114.5 billion tones
(82 Btce, 12.6% of the world total)
ƒ Oil
• PRR: 2200 million tons (3.14Btce, 1.3% of the world
total)
ƒ NG
• PRR: 2350 billion cubic meters (3.13Btce, 1.2% of the
world total)
ƒ PRR: Oil and gas is 7.75% of coal
 Renewable energy
ƒ Hydro power
• 400GW, 1700TWh (210Mtce)
ƒ Wind
• 1000GW (250GW on shore + 750GW offshore)
• 2500TWh (307Mtce)
ƒ Solar PV
• 520GW, 1000TWh (130Mtce)
ƒ Biomass
• 500Mtce
ƒ Totally: 1.15Btce (17% of energy demand in 2050,
6.5Btce)
 Nuclear
ƒ 9.1GW on operation
ƒ 7.9GW under construction
ƒ 2020: 40GW, 260-280TWh
ƒ Assuming 500GW, 3500TWh(430Mtce)
(7% of energy demand in 2050, 6.5Btce)
Coal, the most abundant energy resources, will
continue to be dominant in China’s energy
scheme for a considerably long period of time
in the future.
Energy production and
consumption in China
 Primary energy production and consumption
2500 2500
Coal Oil NG Other

Primary energy consumption (Mtce)

Coal Oil Gas Other
Primary energy production (Mtce)

2000 2000

1500 1500

1000 1000

500
500

0
0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
 Power sector
1000 800 60
Total Capacity

Coal us ded for power s upply (M tc e)

700 Coal usded for power supply
50
800 Coal-based 600 Share
Capacity 622 40
500

S hare (% )
600 400 30
G
W 300
20
400 319
200
10
100
200 138
0 0
66
1991 1992 19931994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
0
1980 1990 2000 2006
 Power sector
Coal consumption for power supply (gce/kWh)

500 zDevelop supercritical or ultra-

450
400 supercritical with unit capacity over
350
300
600MW and large combine cycle units
250 zDevelop cogeneration power plants
200
150 zRetrofit medium-sized stations with
100
50
capacity ranging from 100-300MW per
0 unit
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2020 Japan
2000 zGradually close small stations with
unit capacity less than 100MW
 Coal share in each end-use demand
sector’s total final energy consumption
100
90 1991 1995
80 2000 2005
70
Coal share (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Agriculture Industry Transportation Commercial Residential
 Industry sector
ƒ About 25% of the total coal consumption in 2005
ƒ 500 thousand small- and medium- industrial boilers with
unit capacity only 2.5t/h and operation efficiency about
65%
ƒ 90% of these boilers are coal-fired with annual coal
consumption about 350 to 400 million tons, and coal
saving potential is estimated as around 70 million tons
annually.
ƒ Clean coal technologies such as cycle fluidized bed and
etc. are applied to retrofit small- and medium- coal-fired
industrial boilers and kilns, and it is expected their
efficiency will improve 5 and 2 percentile with annual
coal saving as 25 and 10 million tons respectively during
2005 to 2010.
 Residential and commercial sector
ƒ Residential: 4% of total coal consumption in 2005
ƒ Commercial: 1% of total coal consumption in 2005
ƒ Clean energy strategy
• Increase electricity, natural gas and coal gas consumption
• Encourage development of cogeneration power plants and
centralized boilers to replace small scatter boilers for space
heating
ƒ It is expected that district heating popularization rate will
increase from 30% in 2005 to 40% by 2010 with 40GW
newly built cogeneration for space heating and the annual
coal saving will reach 25Mtce
Thermal power plant is the most crucial one to
apply clean coal technologies, followed by
Industrial boiler/kiln.
Local air pollution and global
climate change
 SO2 and soot emissions

2500 SO2
Soot
Emissions(10 ktons)

2000

1500

1000

500

0
1981 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
 Acid rain
End of 1990s 2001

2005

2005
• 40% of land area with pH
value of rain <5.6
• The land area with pH
value of rain <5 increased
 Air Pollution
• Air pollution
• ¾ Chinese cities do not have clean air
• China hosts 10 of world’s 20 most polluted cities in 2005
• 40.5% cities’ annual average concentration of TSP exceeded
the national standard grade II (200µg/m3), 22.6% cities’ annual
average concentration of sulfur dioxide exceeded the national
standard grade II (60µg/m3) in 2005
• Direct cost amounts to 3% of GDP, but WB warns pollution
could cost 13% of GDP by 2020.
 Carbon emission
1500 2.5
0.8 3.5

Intensity/(KgC/2000US$
emission
Carbon emission/MtC

C arb o n in ten sity (Kg C /2 0 0 0 US$

0.7

Per cap ita emissio n (tC /cap )

3
1200 intensity 2
0.6
2.5
0.5
2
900 1.5 0.4
1.5
0.3
1
0.2
600 1
0.1 0.5

0 0
300 0.5 China OECD World
1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005 Carbon intensity (exchenge rate) Carbon intensity (PPP)

Carbon emission per capita
 Coal is the culprit for 70% of soot emissions, 90% of SO2
emissions, 67% of NOx emissions and 70% of CO2
emissions in China.
To make it possible to utilize coal in a manner harmonious with
the environment and increase the utilization efficiency of
coal, it is important to develop and expand the use of the
clean coal technology.
Current status and development of
clean coal technologies in China
 Coal washing

9961 coal washing plants, capacity: 838 million tons per year
9Coal washing ratio will achieve 50% by 2010
Supercritical and ultra-supercritical
technology
ƒ Efficiency
• Subcritical 37%~38%
• Supercritical 40%~41%
• Ultra-supercritical 44%~45%
ƒ World: 600 supercritical or ultra-supercritical units
60 ultra-supercritical units
ƒ The research on supercritical and ultra-supercritical technology in
China started late relatively
ƒ However, since the government’s policy to develop supercritical or
ultra supercritical with unit capacity over 600MW and large
combine cycle units was issued, 600 MW units have become
dominated among newly built power generation plants in recent
years
 Supercritical technology
ƒ 2×600 MW Shanghai Shidongkou (1992)
• The first application of supercritical boilers in China
• Operated by China Huaneng Group (China’s largest power
producer)
• Technologies imported from Switzerland and USA
• Efficiency 39.5 %
ƒ 600MW Henan Qinbei (2004)
• Operated by China Huanneg Group
• First implement and operation domestic made 600MW
supercritical unit in China
• Investment: about 4000RMB/KW
ƒ From 2004 to 2006, about 7200 MW of 600 MW supercritical
units was in operation or under construction.
ƒ So far more than 100 units consisting of 600 MW or 1000 MW
supercritical units are under construction or in order.
 Ultra-supercritical plants
ƒ 4×1000MW Zhejiang Yuhuan (2006-2008)
• Operated by China Huaneng Group
• First commercially operated domestic made 1000 MW ultra-supercritical
pressure boilers
• Efficiency 45%
• Coal consumption per kWh electricity supply 285.6 gce/kWh, 80.4
gce/kWh less than the national average level in 2006
ƒ 2×1000MW Shandong Zouxian (2006-2007)
• Operated by China Huadian Corporation
• Efficiency 45%
• Dust removal efficiency 99.5%
• Desulphurization efficiency 95%
ƒ 2×1000 MW Jiangsu Taizhou operated by China Guodian
Corporation, 2×1000 MW Shanghai Waigaoqiao operated by China
Guodian Corporation, 2×600MW Liaoning Yingkou opeated by
China Huaneng Group, 2×600MW Kanshan operated by China
Power Investment Corporation
ƒ At present, about 8 GW of ultra-supercritical units have been put into
operation and about 100 GW are under construction.
4×1000MW Yuhuan power plant in Zhejiang Province
 Supercritical and ultra-supercritical
technology development perspective
ƒ During 2010 to 2020, new power plants with unit
capacity 600MW and above will be all required to
be supercritical, and about half of newly built
power generating units will be ultra-supercritical.
ƒ It is expected that by 2010 supercritical and ultra-
supercritical units will account for over 40% in
the total newly built thermal power generating
units.
ƒ Supercritical units will share over 15% and 30%
in the total power capacity by 2010 and 2020
respectively.
Circulating fluidized bed technology
ƒ Advantages
• Low emissions
• Fuel flexibility
ƒ A key option in China for the mid-sized (300-450 MW) and
larger (400-600 MW) utility unit applications
ƒ First 210 MW CFBC of 1025t/h boiler put into commercial
operation in Jiangxi in 2006
ƒ 300MW Sichuan Baiba CFB demonstration, a major milestone
in the process of CFB technology transfer, proving Alstom’s
capability to successfully design and build large-scale CFB
boilers in China
ƒ There are several other 300MW CFB units in operation.
ƒ In addition there are many other 300 MW CFBs projects in
China planned for implementation on the co-production or
license basis, with substantial opportunities for further
development in the CFB field.
 Integrated Gasification Combined
Cycle (IGCC) technology
ƒ 18 IGCC power plants with capacity of 4200 MW in operation
and 12 IGCC power plants with capacity of 3800 MW under
construction in the world.
ƒ Efficiency: 42%-46%，expected to hit 50%
ƒ Soot emission close to zero
ƒ Sulfur removal rate over 98%
ƒ NOx removal rate 90%
ƒ 30%-50% less water needed than conventional steam turbine
ƒ In 2006, IGCC was set to be one of the key technologies for
future power generation according to the National Program for
Medium-to-Long-Term Scientific and Technological
Development (2006-2010) issued by the State Council of China
 IGCC development goal
ƒ Over development goal
• To form clusters of the advanced coal technologies, support the
development of China’s energy equipment manufacturing industry,
and achieve the efficient, clean, and affordable use of coal.
ƒ Development goals by stages
• First stage by 2010
ƒ Commercial demonstration of IGCC
ƒ Coal gasification based polygeneration of electricity and liquid
fuel
• Second stage by 2020
ƒ 20GW installed capacity of IGCC
ƒ 50 million tons of crude oil substituted by synthetic liquid fuel
and chemical products annually
ƒ Polygeneration of hydrogen and electricity
ƒ Near-zero emission of CO2
IGCC projects operated and planned
ƒ Yankuang demonstration project put into
operation in 2006
• First coal gasification-based polygeneration system with
an output of 60 MW and 240 thousands tonnes of
methanol per year
ƒ China Huadian Corporation will build a 200MW
IGCC power plant in Hangzhou, Zhejiang
Province.
ƒ Dongguan Electricity and Chemicals Industry Co.,
Ltd. will build a 200MW IGCC power plant and
retrofit a 120MW combined cycle power plant into
IGCC in Dongguan, Guangzhou province
 GreenGen project
ƒ Huaneng Group launched the
GreenGen project Tianjin,
the first near-zero-carbon-
emission IGCC power plant
in China
ƒ 2006-2009: 250MW IGCC
ƒ 2010-2012: 400MW IGCC
2013-2015: 400 MW
GreenGen demonstration
• H2 and electricity
• Near Zero emission of
carbon with application of
CCS
 Cost comparison

Unit Type PC+ SC+ USC+ IGCC CFB

FGD FGD FGD

Capacity (MW) 300 600 1000 400 300

Class
Unit cost 4596 3919 3924 7751 4799
RMB/kW
Air pollutants control
Technology
 Soot emission control
ƒ Soot emissions from power sector have
been effectively control, 32% reduction in
2005 compared to 1980, due to
popularization of high-efficient electric
dust removal plants with removal
efficiency of as high as 99.6%.
 Flue gas desulphurization
Item 2006 2007

Registered desulphurization
Contracted 276 374
companies
capacity
GW Top 20 desulphurization
261 360
companies
Registered desulphurization
Capacity in 118 208
companies
operation
GW Top 20 desulphurization
112 201
companies

ƒ 2005: 50GW on operation

ƒ Cost reduction: 1000RMB/kW– 200RMB/KW
 SO2 emission control policy and
perspective
ƒ Newly-built coal-fired generating units must be
simultaneously accompanied with the construction of high-
efficiency desulphurization and dust removal facilities.
ƒ Power plants with a capacity of 135MW per unit in service
should complete the renovation of their desulphurization
facilities as soon as possible.
ƒ Shut down more than 1200 small thermal power units with
a total capacity of 50GW during 2005 to 2010.
ƒ Installation rate of FGD is expected to reach 80% in 2010,
90% in 2020 and 95% in 2030.
ƒ National SO2 emission in 2010 is expected to be 10% less
than 2005.
 NOx emission control
ƒ Capital and operating costs of high-efficiency NOx removal
technologies is relatively high.
ƒ Several SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) demonstration
projects are in operation and about 6000 MW SCR units are in
construction.
ƒ Experts estimate that the installation rate of SCR for power
generation will reach 10% in 2010, 30% in 2020 and 50% in
2030.
Carbon capture and storage
technology
 CCS related policies in China
ƒ CCS was integrated into “The Outline for National
Medium and Long-term S&T Development Plan towards
2020” as leading-edge technology
ƒ Developing CCS is included as one of the key areas of
GHG reduction in China by “China’s National Climate
Change Program”
ƒ “China’s Scientific and Technological Actions on Climate
Change” defines CCS as one of the key tasks of the
development of GHG control technology in China
ƒ MOST is organizing related experts to design “Program of
CCS technology development in China”
 National S&T Programs
ƒ National Key Technology Program
• Strategic studies on CCS

ƒ National Basic Research Program (973 Program)

• 4 key projects are been implemented (EOR, polygeneration and etc.)
ƒ The National High Tech Program (863 Program)
• Project “Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies”
ƒ National Fund: 20 Million RMB
ƒ Key areas
• Capture: Absorption technologies
• Storage: Capacity assessment, safety assessment, and
monitoring
 Enterprises’ Activities
ƒ PetroChina
• China’s first CO2 storage project (EOR) at Jilin Oil
Field since 2006
• Investment: 200 million RMB
• CO2 injection at 10 wells
ƒ Huaneng Group
• GreenGen
• First post-combustion technology demonstration
ƒ in Beijing Thermal Power plant with 3000 t co2/y
captured, in operation before 2008 Olympic
 International cooperation
ƒ MOST signed two MoUs on CCS with UK in December 2005
and with Europe Committee in February 2006
ƒ Both MoUs contain common objectives to be completed under
the three phases of the collaboration
• Phase one is exploring the options for near-zero emissions coal
technology through CCS in China during 2006 to 2009
• Phase two is defining and designing a demonstration project from 2010
to 2011
• Phase three is construction and operation of a demonstration project
from 2012 to 2015.
GeoCapacity
ƒ COACH, NZEC
ƒ Others (GeoCapacity…)
COACH
NZEC

Geological map of the Bohai and Ordos Basins

Suggestions to further promote clean
coal technology development in China
ƒ 1) There is a need for formulation of policy to regulate
industry development and deployment of clean coal
technology, especially IGCC and coal-to-liquid;
ƒ 2) Although the Chinese government already provides clean
coal technology projects with preferential fiscal policies on a
case-by-case basis, there is a need for comprehensive policy
combining environmental protection policies, energy policies,
industrial policies, energy conservation policies and high and
new technology policies;
ƒ 3) The reasonable national standard need to be built;
Suggestions to further promote clean
coal technology development in China
ƒ 4) The government should pay more attention on R&D of key
and advanced technologies of clean coal technology;
ƒ 5) The policies and measures should be established to
encourage and support public and companies participation in
the clean coal technology development. Consequently, the
mechanism of clean coal technology development leading by
companies will be created;
ƒ 6) Further enhancement of international collaboration on
CCS should be strengthened in the future, especially
establishment and improvement of the financial mechanism
for R&D of clean coal technology, so well as technology
transfer.
Thanks for your attention!