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An analytical model is developed to describe the mechanics of behavior6 and weakening the flexural stiffness and moment
corrosion-induced bond strength degradation and its implications resistance of the member. Once bond along the shear span
on development capacity of bar anchorages. The model is a is degraded, reliance on the arching action to transfer the
frictional construct whereby bond strength is estimated from loads to the supports increases. This has several
the coefficient of friction and the normal confining pressure along
implications for safety, as development of the yield force
the anchorage. Both variables are evaluated considering the relevant
design parameters (cover, shrinkage, and transverse reinforcement) of the reinforcement (the tie of the arch) depends greatly on
and the effects of iron depletion. The model is used to interpret the the anchorage details of the bar near the support (usually a
behavior of corroded anchorages as documented in published cut-off point for flexural reinforcement).
experiments. To supplement model calibration with data representative The effect of corrosion on bond mechanics is the subject
of long anchorages, two series of flexural specimens designed to of the present investigation. To evaluate the influence of rust
fail in anchorage after yielding are tested after being conditioned in accumulation on bond strength, analytical modeling and
accelerated corrosion to a predefined damage level in the anchorage correlation with experimental testing have been pursued.
zones. The effects of corrosion on bond strength are also considered in The proposed model refers to the basic frictional construct
CFRP-patch repaired anchorages. The model correlates the exper- that underlies the ACI 3187 guidelines and accounts for the
imental evidence obtained from the various alternative test
arrangements and successfully reproduces the magnitude and
influences of corrosion penetration and rust buildup on
parametric sensitivity of corrosion-induced bond degradation. the coefficient of friction and the normal pressure acting
on the bar.
Keywords: anchorage; assessment; bond; corrosion; cover; cracking; FRP The predictive capability of the model is evaluated
jacket; modeling. through comparison with published test results from the
literature. Reported bond strengths vary substantially
INTRODUCTION between different investigations. The large range of values is
Corrosion of steel reinforcement has a detrimental influence interpreted with reference to the different test setups and the
on stiffness, ductility, and deformation capacity of exposed influence these have on the mechanics of bond. To analytically
reinforced concrete (RC) members and it may significantly reproduce this variability, it is necessary to properly represent
compromise their dependable strength.1 For this reason, the actual state of stress generated by the support and loading
corrosion is a critical parameter in assessment of residual conditions in the concrete cover and along the anchorage in
strength and service-life of old RC construction. In quantifying the analysis.8 For model calibration with data concerning
the residual strength and deformation capacity of an affected longer anchorages that are more representative of the field,
structural member, three primary effects need be considered: two series of RC specimens, cantilever beams, and simply
1) reduction in bar diameter (bar section loss) owing to iron supported slabs are included in the experimental part of the
depletion; 2) embrittlement of steel and the ensuing loss of present study. Before mechanical load testing, specimens are
dependable deformation capacity; and 3) the manifold subjected to accelerated electrochemical corrosion up to a
implications on bond and the development capacity of the predefined level of mass loss. Parameters of the experimental
reinforcement, which include: study are the post-corrosion residual bond strength and
• An effective reduction of the coefficient of friction on deformation capacity defined as functions of corrosion mass
the bar surface, as the gradually increasing rust layer loss. The efficacy of a repair scheme that included replacement
promotes separation and facilitates slippage between of the spalled concrete cover with a cement-based grout and
bar and concrete2; subsequent jacketing with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer
• Interruption of the chemical adhesion of concrete on (CFRP) wraps in the anchorage zones is assessed by reloading
the bar surface by the interpolated rust layer. This is the specimens after repair.
particularly evident after the bar is stressed, therefore
contracting laterally due to Poisson’s effect. Confining RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
pressure due to drying shrinkage of concrete may be Quantifying the dependable bond strength of corroded
enhanced by a small amount of rust deposited on the reinforcement is an essential step in the assessment of
bar. Therefore, for low corrosion level, a slight increase affected RC structures exposed to aggressive environments.
of bond may be seen before bond failure,3,4 a phenomenon The primary contribution of the paper in this direction is
that is more pronounced for smooth bars5; formulation and calibration of a simple analytical model for
• Reduction in rib height of ribbed bars, thereby loosening bond strength of corroded reinforcement. The model is based
mechanical interlock with concrete; and
• Cracking or even spalling of the cover, owing to the ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 6, November-December 2007.
MS No. S-2006-344 received August 21, 2006, and reviewed under Institute publication
expansive tendency of iron upon oxidation. Cover damage policies. Copyright © 2007, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including
corrupts bond along the bar, thereby reducing or even the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Pertinent
discussion including author’s closure, if any, will be published in the September-
eliminating the so-called beam action mechanism of October 2008 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received by May 1, 2008.
Effect of drying shrinkage σshr In Eq. (11), the term Δσconc is the local pressure increase
Drying shrinkage is accounted for as an isotropic (volume) (over the σconc value, which is the minimum value assuming
contraction with a magnitude that depends on the conditions a uniform cover equal to the minimum thickness as shown in
and duration of exposure. Accounting for that contraction as Fig. 5(a)) in the thicker part of the bar cover, that is, B ×
a uniform prestrain, the rust volume required to split the Δσconc = B(σc + σshr – σc(X) – σshr(X)).
Fig. 7—Model correlation. Data from: (a) conventional pullout tests; (b)
direct tension; (c) beam-end ((a), (b), and (c) concern short anchorages);
(d) slab strips; and (e) data from current test program ((d) and (e) concern long
anchorages).
a)
highlighted cracks
b)
Fig. A1 - Cracking pattern at the bottom face of corroded specimens: a) Beam-end and b) Slab.
1
: Δtip : Δsp
30 30 30
Load (kN)
B0
25 25 25
B0 B0
20 20 20 c
c
c
cR
15 15 15
cR cR
10 10 10
5 5 5
B1: X =10.9 (%) B2: X =6.8 (%) B3: X =9.6 (%)
0 0 0
30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
30 0 30 0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
c
Load (kN)
c
25 25 25
B0 B0 B0
20 20 20
B6: X=3.7 (%)
15 15 15
B4: X =10.2 (%)
10 10 10
cR
5 5 5 cR
c B5: X=2.96 (%)
0 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
displ. (mm) displ. (mm) displ. (mm)
Fig. A2 - Experimental load – displacement curves (B-group). Circles mark total cantilever tip displacement;
Triangles mark cantilever tip displacement due to slip of the bar at the support. c labels pre-repair corroded response
(series without connecting lines), R labels post-repair response (series with connecting lines) [1 kN = 0.225 kip ; 1
mm = 0.0394 in.]. 2
150
a) c)
S3c
120
Load(kN)
90
S1c
highlighted flexural crack 60 S2c
S1cR
b)
30 S2cR
S0
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21
Deflection (mm)
3
Table A1: Comprehensive results of the experimental program.
32