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ABACUS
INTRODUCTION TO "ABACUS"
Complied by George kojo Lutterodt
forefinger. (subtraction)
In the case of putting in the counter in the
lower part, push up the counter with the thumb.
(addition)
Push down the counter with the forefinger.
(means addition in the case of five counter)
(means subtraction in the case of one counter)
A counter already placed, i.e., a counter which
has already been "put in" and which remains
(13)
• Addition
(A) 2 + 1
Answer: 3
In this case, first put in 2 with
the thumb, second, put in 1 with
thumb.
(14)
(B) 2 + 6
Answer: 8
In this case, put in 2 with the
thumb first.
Then put in 5 (upper part) with
the forefinger, and simultaneously
put in 1 (lower part) with the
thumb.
(15)
(C) 2 + 4
Complied by George kojo Lutterodt
Answer: 6
First, put in 2 with the thu-
mb; Second, to add for put in
5 of the upper part and take
off 1, of the lower part with
the forefinger.
(16)
(D) 9 + 7
Answer: 16
First, put in 9 with the for-
efinger and thumb. Then to
add 7, take off 3 with the for-
efinger, and put in 1 in place
with the thumb, i.e., think 7
and 3 are 10. So take off 3 and
carry the 1 ten which is put in
the tens' the tens' place with thumb.
(17)
(E) 36 + 75
Answer: 111
To add two place
numbers and above,
always commence ad-
ding from the left to
the right.
In this case put in
7 tens i.e., add 7 tens of 75 to 3 tens of 36 in the
same method as in example D. Next add 5 ones to 6
ones in the following way.
(18)
• Subtraction
(F) 10 - 3
Answer: 7
In this case there are no ones.
Consequently 1 ten is borrowed
by taking off 1 ten with the
forefinger and 3 ones are subtra-
cted from it by putting in 7 ones,
the remainder, with the forefinger and thumb.
(20)
(G) 12 - 6
Answer: 6
In the same there are not enou-
gh) ones to subtract from. Cons-
equently, as in example (F) 1 ten
must be borrowed. With the
forefinger 1 ten is taken off and
the remainder 4 ones are put in
by putting in a five counter and taking off a one
counter in the ones' place.
(21)
(H) 100 - 58
Complied by George kojo Lutterodt
Answer: 42
In subtraction involving
two place, three place num-
bers and above, always com-
mence from the left to the
right as in the case of addi-
tion. In this case subtract 5
tens of the number 58 from the tens. However, as
there are no tens, 1 hundred is borrowed in a same
manner as in example F. Next, in subtracting 8
(22)
"How to exercise?"
You need not care about the unit position.
(1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 First of all, put in
(2) 2 4 6 9 1 3 5 7 8 "123,456,789" on the
(3) 3 7 0 3 7 0 3 6 7 "Abacus", and then
(4) 4 9 3 8 2 7 1 5 6 put in "123,456,789"
(5) 6 1 7 2 8 3 9 4 5 eight times, i.e., and
(6) 7 4 0 7 4 0 7 3 4 "123,456,789" to "123,
(7) 8 6 4 1 9 7 5 2 1 456,789" eight times.
(8) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 2
----------------------
(9) 11 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1
(24)
• Multiplication
14
12
---
134
Compare the last figure
of the multiplicand, i.e., 7
on the upright B, with the
multiplier 2. "2 x 7 is 14"
therefore, after taking off
7 from the upright B,
place 1, the first figure of
14, on the upright B, and
(28)
9 x 7 = 63
Complied by George kojo Lutterodt
63
Compare the multiplicand, i.
e., 8, with the multiplier 7. "9 x 7
is 63", ---therefore, take off
9 and place 6, the first figure
of 63, on the upright A, and
place 3, the second figure on
the upright. B, after taking off
9 from the upright A. The pro-
duct is 63
(30)
26 x 14 = 364
0 6
2 4
0 2
0 8
-------------
3 6 4
(31)
2 4 (1)
3 2 (2)
4 0 (3)
2 1 (4)
2 8 (5)
3 5 (6)
1 8 (7)
2 4 (8)
3 0 (9)
---------------
Required answer... 2 3 3 9 1 0
(35)
• Division
93 / 3 = 31
divisor dividend
3 A B C D
9 3
3 9
---------
3 0 0 3
1 -3
---------
3 1
(43)
1476 / 12 = 123
divisor dividend
12 A B C D E F
1 4 7 6
1
-1
-2
---------------------
partial........2 7 6
dividend 2
-2
-4
---------------------
partial..........3 6
dividend 3
-3
-6
---------------------
quotient 1 2 3 0
(47)
-- E N D --
Complied by George kojo Lutterodt
(57)