By: Adrian Estrada

In medieval times, before the great voyages of discovery and

exploration that began in the 15th century, people assumed
that the earth was the whole universe. Many people
supported the idea of a flat earth-go to far and you would fall
over the edge.
The last of the great classical astronomers, an Alexandrain
Greek named Ptolemy, summed up the ancient concept of the
universe in about AD 150. The Ptolemy Universe had the
Earth at it’s center, with the sun, moon, and planets circling
around it, within a sphere of fixed stars.
In 1543, Astronomy was revolutionized when Copernicus put
forward the idea of a sun-centered universe. In the
Copernicus system, the earth and other planets traveled
around the sun in circular orbits, but astronomers couldn’t
match the observed motions of the planets with this idea.
Then German Johannes Kepler discovered why-the planets
traveled around the sun not in circles, but in ellipses. This
discovery formed Kepler’s first law of planetary motion.
 Echoes of the big bang
If the Big Bang really happened, physicists calculate that by now the
temperature of the whole universe would have fallen to about 5.5 f̊
above absolute zero. In 1965, U.S. physicists Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson picked up a weak radio signals coming from all parts of
the sky. They were equivalent to a cosmic background temperature
around -454 ̊f proving evidence for the Big Bang.
If there is enough matter in the universe, gravity will
eventually stop it from expanding. Maybe it will open then
contract, with all its matter pulled together into an infinitely
small point. This “Big Crunch” might then be followed by
another Big Bang to create a new , expanding Universe. But if
there is not enough matter in our universe, it will continue
forever.
A new born star is surrounded by a swirling disk of matter
with perhaps three times its mass, but not for ling. Powerful
stellar winds gather up the matter and force it away from the
star’s poles as twin jets. This is called outflow.
Iron builds up rapidly in a supergiant’s core- it cannot be
burned by the nuclear reactions in the same way as lighter
elements. When the core runs out of other fuel, it cannot
support itself and suddenly collapses. So much energy is
released that the star blasts itself apart in a supernova explosion
that can briefly outshine an entire galaxy. The explosion scatters
heavy elements across space, providing material for later of stars
and planets
When a collapsing star’s core is massive enough, it goes past
the neutron star stage and keeps on shrinking, with its
gravity growing stronger all the time. Think of space as thin
rubber sheet. If you place a heavy object on the sheet, it will
make a dent-a “gravitational well” .
Most galaxies give out the energy of hundreds of billions of
stars shining together, but some give out much more. We call
these active galaxies, and the include Radio galaxies,
Quasars, Blazars, and Seyfert galaxies.
Anti matter is said to end all life in the universe. When
Matter an Anti matter come in contact with each other,
devastating results will happen. There will be the biggest
explosion ever.