zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfjrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

Forum of Federations Myanmar Country Office

trSwf 5(u)? 5 vTm? e0&wfuGef'kd? prkHvrf;? '*kHNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/

zkef; - +95 1 387 551
 ykHESdyfjcif;
wwd,tBudrf (azazmf0g&Dv 2019)

tkyfa&
2000 tkyf

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zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

ykHESdyfol
OD;ausmfol? o'¨grkd;ykHESdyfwkduf (00008)

ykHESdyfxkwfa0rIwm0efcH
Golden Art
Printing & Advertising Media Service

rsufESmzkH;'DZkdif;
Mi Khayae Thin

bmomjyef
xufrif;vGif

pmwnf;
xGef;rif;OD;? oD[0ifhatmif

pD;yGm;a&;tusKd;tvkdYiSm &nf½G,fokH;pGJjcif; r[kwfvQif ,ckpmtkyfwGif

azmfjyxm;onfrsm;ukd z,f'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf\ trnfukd azmfjyvsuf
vGwfvyfpGm azmfjy? jzefYa0? ul;,lEkdifygonf/

321
xufrif;vGif (bmomjyef)
zuf'&,ftufaq;rsm;^
xufrif;vGif (bmomjyef)/ - &efukef
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf (jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;)? wwd,tBudrf? 2019/
114 pm? 13.96 x 21.59 pifwD/
(1) zuf'&,ftufaq;rsm;^
xufrif;vGif bmomjyefqkdonf/
]]zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfudk a½G;cs,fjcif;udpöESifh pyfvsOf;
vmvQif? ,if;NrdKUawmf\ wnfae&m? txdrf;trSwftaqmuftODrsm;
(monuments)? ,if;NrdKUawmfqkdif&mtkyfcsKyfpDrHrIudpörsm;rSm azmfjyyg
rwluGJjym;rIukd xif[yf&ef vkdtyfovkd wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif
jynfe,frsm;? a'orsm;ukdvnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; wwfEkdiforQ
bufvkdufrI uif;½Sif; &efvnf; vkdtyfayonf/}}
(zuf'&,fEidk if rH sm;½Sd Ekid if NhH rdKUawmfrsm;ukd pDrt
H yk cf sKyyf rHk S aumufEw
I cf su)f

]]odkYaomf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;twGuf tajccHvkdtyfonfh ,if;wkdY\

Oya'aMumif;tqifhESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;
wGif wjznf;jznf; ykdrkdazmfjyvmMuNyD jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vsuJhokdY
oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onfvnf; a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccH
Oya'wGif xnfhoGif;todtrSwfjyK&ef rMumao;rDuyif pOf;pm;vm
MuNyD jzpfonf/}}
(zuf'&,fpepftwGif;rS a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rS aumufEIwfcsuf)

]]b@ma&;qkdif&m zuf'&,f0g' (fiscal federalism) wGif a&eHwGif;

xGuf ypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmukd A[kdu aqmif
½Gufoifhonf[k ,lqMuovkd a&eHu@u EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;
twGuf ta&;ygNyD; tpkd;&tcGeft&yf&yfwGif ta&;BuD;onfhu@u
yg0ifaevQif þpOf;pm;csufrSm ykdrkdtm;aumif;rnf jzpfonf/
wenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ekdifiHwEkdifiHcsif;pD\ taetxm;tay: rlwnf
í tajctaetrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;oGm;onf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/}}
(obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS aumufEIwfcsuf)
 rmwdum

- trSm i

- zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf aemufcHorkdif; iii

- zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH; v

1/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd 1

pDrHtkyfcsKyfykH - EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf

2/ zuf'&,fpepftwGif;rS a'oEÅ&tpkd;& 33

3/ obm0o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm; 49
 trSm

zuf'&,fpepfESifh ywfoufvmvQif ajymqkdp&m taMumif;t&m

rsm;pGmwkdYteufrS ,ckpmtkyfrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd NrdKUawmfrsm;
taMumif;? a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;taMumif;ESifh o,HZmwukd zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;wGif rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0MuonfqkdonfhtaMumif;? taMumif;
t&mokH;cktay: EkdifiHwum EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf pmwrf;rsm;ukd
aygif;pnf;xkwfa0vkdufjcif; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;rSmvnf;
wausmif;w*gxm? w½Gmwyk'fqef; qkdovkd avSeH"m;xpf ykHpHrsKd;
r[kwf? EkdifiHtvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;MuykHukd oifcef;pm,lzG,fvnf;
½Sdygonf/ xkdufoifhonfh ykHpHukd a½G;cs,fEkdifzkdYvnf; arQmfvifhyg
onf/ BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonfh zuf'&,faqG;aEG;rIukd waxmifh
wae&mu yg0ifjznfhpGrf;Ekdifonf[k qkdvQifyif þzuf'&,ftufaq;
rsm;pmtkyfukd xkwfa0&jcif; &nf½G,fcsuf tjynfht0 &½SdNyD jzpfyg
aMumif;/

xufrif;vGif
Xmaeukd,fpm;vS,f
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf - jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;/

i
ii
 zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf aemufcHorkdif;

1999 ckEpS w f iG f uae'gtpd;k &\ uruxjyKrIjzifh Ekid if w H um zuf'&,f

uGefz&ifhw&yfudk uae'gEkdifiH? uGDbufjynfe,f? armifhx&rfbvwf
wGif usif;ycJhNyD; tESDuGefz&ifhonfyifvQif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf
(Forum of Federations) ukd tifpwDusL;½Sif;w&yftjzpf arG;zGm;ap
cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ uae'gEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepfukdvnf; ydkrkdaumif;
rGefap? tjcm;urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;½Sd zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;aom wkdif;jynf
rsm;ESifh A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs&ef aqmif½Gufaeaom wkdif;jynfrsm;rS
tawG t Y BuHKrsm;udkvnf; tjyeftvSef avhvmoif,lEkdifapqkdonfh
&nf½, G cf surf sm;jzifh zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nfh zk&d rfonf ,cktcgwGif MopaMw;vs?
b&mZD;? uae'g? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;? *smreD? tdE´d,? ruúqDukd?
Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;? ygupöwefESifh qGpfZmvef tzGJU0if (10) EkdifiH½SdNyD;
tar&duEkdifiHrsm;? Oa&my? ta½SUtv,fykdif;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh tmz&du
EkdifiHrsm;wGif vkyfief;rsm;aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ y#dyu©tvGef
wGif zuf'&,fpepfykHpH usifhokH;&ef (okdY) A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs&ef
BudK;yrf;aeonfh wkdif;jynfrsm;wGifvnf; zkd&rf\ vkyfief;rsm;ukd
wkd;csJUaqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfonf 2012
ckESpfwnf;u jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;rS t&yfbuf vlYtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh
yl;aygif;í A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsa&; avhvmrItpDtpOfjzifh oifwef;
rsm;ESifh tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;pGm jyKvkyfcJhygonf/ 2016 ckESpf Zlvkdif
wGif jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;udk zGifhvSpfí zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m aqG;aEG;
ajymqkdrIrsm; ydkrkdwkd;wufap&eftwGuf oufqkdifoltoD;oD;ESihf yl;
aygif;aqmif½GufrIrsm;ukd wkd;jr§ifhvkyfaqmifvsuf ½Sdygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm; zkd&rfonf rnfonfhEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepf (okdY)

A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsa&;enf;vrf;u rnfonfhEkdifiHESifh oifhawmfyg
\ qkdonfh aq;enf;ay;jcif;ESifh ewfvrf;ñTefjcif;rsm;ukd jyKvkyfjcif;
iii
tvsOf; r½Sdyg/ EkdifiHwEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fpepfonf ,if;EkdifiH\
aemufcHorkdif;aMumif;? yx0Dtaetxm;ESifh EkdifiHa&;jzpfay: wkd;wuf
rIwkdYtay: rlwnfí wkdif;jynfwGif;½Sd oufqkdif&m tusKd;½SiftoD;oD;
\ aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;rIrsm;rS ay:xGufvmonfh EkdifiHa&;oabmwlnD
csufrsm;t&om ,if;EkdifiH\ ukd,fykdifzuf'&,f ykHpHukd wnfaqmuf
Ekdifonfqkdonfhtcsufukd zkd&rfu t<uif;rJh vufcHxm;jcif;aMumifh
jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\ orkdif;0ifEkdifiHa&;toGif ul;ajymif;rI umv
twGif; zkd&rftaeESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½GufcGifh&onfhtay:wGifvnf;
rsm;pGm *kPf,lrdygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHtaeESifhvnf; jynfolrsm;\
oabmxm;qE´rsm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKaom EkdifiHa&;aqG;aEG;rIrsm;rS
wqifh jrefrmEkdifiHESifh udkufnDaom zuf'&,fpepfudk wnfaqmuf
Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k zkd&rfu tav;teuf,kHMunfygonf/

iv
 zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;

jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m ajymqkdaqG;aEG;rIrsm; ykdrkdwkd;

yGm;vmap&efESifh vufawGUusifhokH;rIrsm;wGif ykdrkdaumif;rGefonfh ykHpH
rsm;ukd tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;oif,lavhvmEkdif&ef &nf½G,fcsufjzifh
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdfifiH½kH;ukd 2016 ckESpf ZGefvwGif
&efukefNrdKU ü zGifhvSpfcJhygonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;taeESifh oufqkdif&m
tusKd;½SiftoD;oD;yg0ifonfh zuf'&,f tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;ESifh
oifwef;rsm;ukd aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdygonf/ trsKd;om;vTwfawmf?
&efukefwkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf? rEÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf?
{&m0wDwkdif; a'oBuD;vTwfawmf? rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf?
u&ifjynfe,fvTwfawmf? ½Srf;jynfe,fvTwfawmf? &ckdifjynfe,f
vTwfawmfESifh rGefjynfe,fvTwfawmfwkdYwGifvnf; zuf'&,fpepfqkdif&m
tvkyf½kHaqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfhenf;wl wkdif;&if;om;a&;&m
0efBuD;Xme? EkdifiHawmfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m ckH½kH;? trsKd;om;
ynma&; rl0g'aumfr½SifwkdYESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm; jyKvkyfcJhygonf/
xkdYjyif wkdif;jynfwGif;rS wwfodynm½Sifrsm;? owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifh
t&yfbufvlUtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhvnf; aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;? oifwef;rsm;
jyKvkyfvsuf ½Sdygonf/ &yf½GmtqifhwGifvnf; omrefjynfolrsm;
taeESifh zuf'&,fpepfukd em;vnfoabmaygufap&eftwGuf
&yf½GmtajcjyKoifwef;rsm;ukdvnf; rdwfzuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;
aygif;vkyfaqmifvsuf ½Sdygonf/

xkdYtjyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm; zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;taeESifh jrefrmEkdifiH

\ Nidrf;csrf;a&;jzpfpOfESifh zuf'&,fpepfwnfaqmufa&; udpö&yf
rsm;wGif xJxJ0if0if vkyfukdifaqmif½GufaeMuonfh tpkd;&? wyfrawmf
ESifh wkdif;&if;om;vufeufukdif tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS yk*¾dKvfrsm; yg0if
onfh tqifhjrifh jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukdvnf; uae'gEkdifiH\
v
zuf'&,fpepfukd avhvmEkdif&ef pDpOfaqmif½Gufay;cJhygonf/ xkd
c&D;pOfwGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh acgif;pOfrsm;rSm jrefrmEkdifiHtwGuf txl;
ta&;ygvSonfh acgif;pOfrsm;jzpfonfhtwGuf EkdifiHawmf\ twkdif
yifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf udk,fwkdif jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU
ESifhtwl aqG;aEG;yGJ wufa&mufí uae'gEkdifiH\ tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk
avhvmcJhygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHonf A[kdcsKyfukdifrIESifh jynfwGif;vufeufukdif y#dyu©

rsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm BuHKawG YcJh&NyD; ,cktcsdefwGif 'Drkdua&pDtoGif
ul;ajymif;a&;ESifh zuf'&,fpepfwnfaqmufa&; &nfrSef;csufrsm;\
orkdif;0iftcgw&yfwGif a&muf½Sdaecsdef jzpfygonf/ xkduJhokdY orkdif;
0iftcsdeftcgü jrefrmtpkd;&ESifh t"duyg0ifoifhyg0ifxkdufolrsm;
tm;vkH;BuHKawGUae&onfh pdefac:rIw&yfrSm rwluGJjym;aom rsKd;EG,fpk
rsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufxm;onfh jrefrmvlUabmiftzGJUtpnf;
twGuf pGrf;aqmif&nfjynfh0NyD; tm;vkH;yg0ifEkdifaom? jrefrmjynfol
rsm;tm;vkH;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKEkdifaom EkdifiHa&;pepfw&yf wnfaqmuf
a&;yif jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm; zkd&rftaeESifh xkdEkdifiHa&;
jzpfpOftwGif; waxmifhwae&mrS yl;ygif;aqmif½GufcGifh&onfhtwGuf
vnf; rsm;pGm *kPf,l0rf;ajrmufrdygonf/

zuf'&,fta&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ynm½Sifrsm;\ pum;ukd ukd;um;&rl It

is a long way (þum;c&D;½SnfBuD;? c&D;½Snfoavmuf yifyef;Mu&
onfvnf;jzpfí tDpvHa0[kyif qkd&rvkd) [lowwf/ zuf'&,f
[laom c&D;um;a0;vS\? ajcomvQif ,mOf½SdMuukef\ qkdovkdyif
uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifhvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fpepf yDjyifpGm ay:
xGufvma&;ESifh ydkrkdouf0if½Sifoefvma&;qkdonfh udpötwGuf
qufvufvkyfaqmifMuygOD;rnf/ þzuf'&,ftufaq;rsm; pmwrf;
i,fonf zuf'&,fc&D;½SnfBuD;ukd tm;oGefcGefpkduf csDaeMuaom
jrefrmhEkdifiHa&; jzpfpOftwGif;rS yk*¾dKvftoD;oD;twGuf vufuwkH;
vi
awmifa0S;ozG,f waxmifhwae&mtwGuf tokH;wnfhrnfqkdvQif
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf jrefrmEkdifiH½kH;u tifrwef 0rf;yef;wom
½SdygrnfhtaMumif;/

vii
 zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd pDrHtkyfcsKyfykH -
EIdif;,SOfavhvmcsuf

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf (capital cities) rsm;rSm tjcm;NrdKUawmfrsm;uJhokdYyif vlrsm;

aexkdif? tvkyfvkyfukdifMu? a'oqkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd &,lokH;pGJ
MuNyD; EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif½GufMuonfh
ae&mrsm;yif jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmffrsm;rSm tjcm;
NrdKUBuD;rsm;ESifh uGmjcm;aom tcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sdygao;onf/ NrdKUawmf
rsm;rSm wEkdifiHvkH;ukd tkyfcsKyfpDrHaom trsKd;om;tpkd;&ESifh ta&;BuD;
aom trsKd;om;tqifh (wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh) tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm; wnf
½Sd½kHrQrubJ? ,Ofaus;rIykdif;ESifh trSwftom;? txdrf;trSwfoabm
qkdif&m (symbolic) tcef;u@wGif xl;jcm;aom tcef;u@rS yg0if
vsuf ½Sdygonf/ wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifhqkdifaom NrdKUawmf\ tcef;u@
ESifh a'oqkdif&m tcef;u@wkdYrSm wcgw&H wckESifh wck y#dyu©
jzpfwwfayonf/ ,if;tajctaerSm NrdKUawmfudk tjcm;aom NrdKUBuD;
rsm;uJhokdY oabmxm;onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif ykdí qkd;½Gm;ay
onf/ taMumif;rSm NrdKUawmfukd jynfe,f\ pDrHcefYcGJrIatmufwGif
xm;½SdNyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ tcef;u@rSm tuefYtowfESifhom
wnf½Sdaeaom tajctaeaMumifh jzpfavonf/ zuf'&,fpepf usifh
okH;aom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EdkifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;rSm wjynfaxmifpepf
usifhokH;aom EkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;ESifhvnf; uGmjcm;rI ½Sdonf/
taMumif;rSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rI (vlrsKd;?
bmom? wkdif;&if;om;rsKd;EG,fpk rwluGJjym;rI) ½Sdwwfonfjzpf&m ekdifiHh
NrdKUawmfrsm;onf ,if;uGJjym;jcm;em;rI ½Sdonfh A[kdvlYtzGJUtpnf;ukd
udk,fpm;jyK&efqkdonfh wm0efw&yfydkvmjcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ xkdokdY
rwluGJjym;rIukd wwfEkdiforQ udk,fpm;jyK&ef vkdtyfonfh wNydKifeuf
xJrSmyif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf EkdifiHtwGif;½Sd jynfe,frsm;ukd buf
vkdufjcif;? wbufbufukd ykdrkdOD;pm;ay;jcif;rsKd; rjzpfapbJ wwfEkdif
orQ ormorwf½Sd&ef? Mum;ae&efvnf; vkdtyfayonf/
1
þokdY tajctae? aemufcHrsm;½Sdonfhtjyif zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;
onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifyif oufqkdif&m EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;\ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHrsm;
(governing structures)? tcef;u@ESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; (roles and
responsibilities)? &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&u NrdKUawmfukd tav;
xm;rIwkdYrSm uGmjcm;vsuf½Sdonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/ zuf'&,f
pepfukd usifhokH;onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf (wenf; EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmf) ukd rnfoYdk rnfyHk pDrcH efYcMJG uonf? b@ma&;qkid &f m axmufyrhH I
jyKMuonfudk þpmwrf;wGif EIid ;f ,SOaf vhvmazmfxw k o
f mG ;rnf jzpfonf/

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; EkdifihHNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd trsm;tm;jzifh

wEkdifiHvkH;twGuf ta&;BuD;aom trSwftom;wck? oauFwwck
(symbol) taeESifh ½Ijrifavh½SdMuygonf/ txl;ojzifh rwluGJjym;aom
okdYr[kwf e,fedrdwftm;jzifh BuD;rm;aom okdYr[kwf ,if;tajctae
ESpf&yfpvkH;½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif þtrSwftom;o½kyfouef
oabm (symbolism) rSm txl;oD;oefYtaeESifh t"dyÜm,faqmifyg
onf/ ,if;okdYjzpfonfESifhtnD zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif EkdifihHNrdKUawmf
udk a½G;cs,fjcif;udpöESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif? ,if;NrdKUawmf\ wnfae&m?
txdrf;trSwftaqmuftODrsm; (monuments)? ,if;NrdKUawmfqkdif&m
tkyfcsKyfpDrHrIudpörsm;rSm azmfjyyg rwluGJjym;rIukd xif[yf&ef vkdtyf
ovkd wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif jynfe,frsm;? a'orsm;ukdvnf; xnfh
oGi;f pOf;pm;NyD; wwfEidk o
f rQ bufvudk rf I uif;½Si;f &efvnf; vkt
d yfayonf/

okdYjzpf&m 0g½Sifwef'DpD (Washington D.C.)? atmhw0g (Ottawa)?

uifbm&m (Canberra) ESifh tbl*sm (Abuja) tygt0if zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;tm;vkH;vkdvkdyif orkdif;aMumif;t&a&m?
a'ot&? bmompum;t& okdYr[kwf vlrsKd;a&;t& Mum;ae&mrsm;?
wenf; tm;vkH;ESifh xdpyfaeaom ae&mrsm;wGif wnf½SdaeMuonfrSm
tHMozG,f&m r[kwfygacs/ Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf tbl*sm
qkdvQif rwluGJjym;rI BuD;rm;aom Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH\ yx0D
2
tcsuftcsmae&mwGif wnf½Sdovkd? ekdifiHwGif; t"duukd;uG,fonfh
bmomw&m;ESpfckukd udk,fpm;jyKonfh AvDBuD;wvkH;ESifh wEkdifiHvkH;
tqifh c&pf,mefbk&m;½Sdckd;ausmif; (uoD'&,fBuD;) wckvnf; wnf
½Sdaeonfudk awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ xkdenf;wlyif b,fvf*sD,H
EkdifiHNrdKUawmf b&yfqJvf (Brussels) rSmvnf; b,fvf*sD,HEkdifiH½Sd
t"dubmompum; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wnf½Sdaom a'ojzpfNyD; b,fvf*sD,H
EdkifiH\ bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m rwluGJjym;rIrsm;ukd
udk,fpm;jyKvsuf½Sdayonf/ qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf bef; (Bern)
qkdvQifvnf; yx0Dtaetxm;t& EkdifiH\ tv,feD;yg;wGif wnf
½SdaeNyD; NrdKU jya'owcktaeESifh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ta&;rygvSjcif;ESifh
jyifopfpum;ajyma'oESifh eD;uyfvsuf½Sdjcif;aMumifhyif qGpftpkd;&
\ NrdKUawmftjzpf wnf½Sdaejcif;jzpfayonf/ *smreDEkdifiHwGifvnf;
bmvifNrdKUawmfrSm ta½SUtaemuf ESpfEkdifiHaygif;pnf;a&;twGuf
wckwnf;aom t"du NrdKU jytcsuftcsma'ojzpfaejcif;aMumifh
*smreDtwGuf NrdKUawmftjzpf bmvifudk a½G;cs,fcJhjcif;rSm ta½SUykdif;
jynfe,frsm;twGufrl ta&;ygaom qkH;jzwfcsufw&yf jzpfayonf/
okdYjzpf&m tD&wfEkdifiHuJhokdYaom ay:xGef;p zuf'&,fEkdifiH trsm;pk
twGufrl rnfonfhae&mudk NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,frnf? rnfokdYaom
tqifhtwef; owfrSwfay;rnfqkdaom udpörSm ,ckxufwkdif vdyfcJ
wnf;vnf; udpöjzpfaeao;onfrSmvnf; tHhMozG,f&m r[kwfacs/

3
NrdKUawmfa½G;cs,fjcif;

EkdifiHq,fhwpfEkdifiHukd avhvmaom þppfwrf;t& EkdifiHrsm;onf

rwlnDaom taMumif;&if;rsm;? rwlnDaom vkyfaqmifol (actors)
rsm;tay: rlwnfí ,if;wkdY\ NrdKUawmfae&mrsm;ukd a½G;cs,fMuonf
ukd awGU&onf/ tcsKdUaom NrdKUawmfrsm;ukd ppfbufvkHNcHKa&;uJhokdY
aom vufawGUusonfh taMumif;&if;rsm;aMumifh a½G;cs,fMuonf
ukd awGU&rnfjzpfygonf/ 0dwkd&d,bk&ifru atmhw0g (Ottawa) ukd
uae'gEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;rSm xkdtcsdefu tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk\ usL;ausmf0ifa&mufrI ½SdEkdifaomaMumifh tar&duef?
uae'g e,fpyfrS tvSrf;a0;aom atmhw0gukd NrdKUawmftjzpf
a½G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ bef; (Bern) ukd qGpftpdk;&NrdKUawmftjzpf
a½G;cs,fjcif;rSmvnf; ,if;umuG,fa&;qkdif&m taMumif;t&mrsm;
tenf;ESifh trsm; yg0ifayonf/

wcgw&HwGifrl a½G;cs,fxm;aom NrdKUae&mwGif NrdKUwnfrnfqkdygu

aiGaMu;ukefusp&dwfjrifhrm;rnfjzpfonfhwkdif ,if;a'o\ trSwf
o½kyfozG,fjzpfrIaMumifhyif a½G;cs,fvkdufonfrsKd;vnf; ½Sdwwfyg
onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh (Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;\ NrdKUawmf) tbl*sm (Abuja) ESifh
(tDoD,dk;yD;,m;\ NrdKUawmf) t'pftbmbm (Addis Ababa) wkdYukd
NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif;wGif ,if;NrdKUESpfNrdKUpvkH;onf EkdifiHrsm;\
A[kdtcsuftcsmwGif ½Sdaejcif;ESifh oDtkd&Doabmt& wEkdifiHvkH;okdY
tmPmpuf ysHUESH Ekdifjcif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ bmvifukdNrdKUawmf
tjzpf a½G;cs,f&jcif;rSm trSwfo½kyf? oauFwoabmaqmifNyD;
*smreDESpfEkdifiHaygif;pnf;jcif;ukd ukd,fpm;jyKonfh oauFwjzpfae
jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif NrdKUawmfESpfck
½Sdaejcif; (NrdKUawmf y&Dwkd&D;,m;ESifh auhyfawmif;uvnf; oauFw
tm;jzifh EkdifiH\uGJjym;aeaom oabmobm0ukd azmfñTef;aejcif;yif
jzpfonf/
4
NrdKUawmfae&m a½G;cs,f&mwGif ta&;ygonfh tjcm;taMumif;&if;w&yf
rSm EkdifiH\ EkdifiHa&;tiftm;ukd pD;yGm;a&;t& tcsuftcsmusonfh
ae&mrS cGJxkwfxm;vkdjcif;qkdonfh tcsufyif jzpfonf/ (pD;yGm;a&;
tcsuftcsmusonfh) e,l;a,mufESifh zdv'JvfzD;,m;wkdYESifh eD;eD;
uyfuyf wnf½Sdraejcif;rSm 0g½Sifwef'DpDukd NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,f&
onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;xJuwckyif jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;ES,fES,f
yif tar&duefjynfaxmifpk½Sd jynfe,fNrdKUawmftrsm;pkrSm pD;yGm;a&;
tcsuftcsmjzpfonfh NrdKUrsm;r[kwfonfukd awGU&rnfjzpfonf/
tcsKdUNrdKUawmfrsm;ukd a½G;cs,f&mwGifrl ae&ma'owckukd NrdKUawmf
tjzpf a½G;cs,fvkdufygu ,if;jynfe,fu auseyfNyD; tjcm;jynfe,f
rsm;url ,if;jynfe,fukd rsufESmomay;onfqkdaom tjzpfrsKd;
rjzpf&avatmif jynfe,frsm; e,fedrdwfxdpyfaeaom Mum;ae&m
ukd a½G;cs,fMuonfvnf; ½Sdygonf/ ,if;aMumifhyif uifbm&m
NrdKUawmfrSm rJvbkef;ESifh qpf'eDMum;ae&mudk a½G;cs,fxm;jcif;jzpfNyD;?
atmhw0grSmvnf; ,if;tcsufukd xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;NyD; a½G;cs,fxm;
jcif;yif jzpfayonf/

NrdKUawmfae&m a½G;cs,fjcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ,if;uJhokdY taMumif;&if;

rsm;pGm ½Sdonhfwkdif? NrdKUrsm;uvnf; ,if;wkdYonfom zuf'&,f
NrdKUawmf jzpfxkdufaMumif;? jynfe,frsm;uvnf; rdrdwkdY jynfe,f
uomvQif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf wnf½Sdxkdufonfhae&mjzpfaMumif;
NydKifqkdifMuavh ½Sdygonf/ NrdKUrsm;u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpfvkdMujcif;
rSm *kPf½Sdjcif;aMumifh jzpfovkd? tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf; rsm;jym;
vmEkdifjcif;? c&D;oGm;{nfhonf ydkrkdrsm;jym;vmEkdifjcif; ponhf tvm;
tvmrsm;aMumifhvnf; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf jzpfoGm;NyD
qkdvQif jynfolrsm;twGuf tem;,ltyef;ajzp&m yef;NcH ponfhae&m
rsm;vnf; rsm;jym;wkd;wufvmrnfh tcGifhtvrf;½SfdNyD; ,if;twGuf
zuf'&,ftpkd;&uvnf; &efykHaiGrsm;pGm csxm;ay;rnfh tvm;tvm
½Sdjcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfonf/ NrdKUrsm;u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf
5
ta½G;cH&&ef olUxufig ,SOfNydKifMuonfh EkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u zuf'&,fNrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fjcif; rcH&onfh NrdKUrsm;
twGuf zuf'&,ftaxmuftyHhrsm; rnfokdYay;tyfrnf qkdonfh
uwdu0wfrsm;vnf; ay:xGufvmwwfygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh bef;
udk qGpfZmvefEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fvkdufaomtcg
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh Zl;&pfNrdKUtwGuf jynfaxmifpk enf;ynmodyÜH
tifpwDusKukd ay;tyfwnfaxmifygrnf[k ESpfodrfhonfhtaejzifh
uwday;ulnD&ygonf/ NrdKUawmfvkyfief;rsm;ukd NrdKUwNrdKUrS zuf'&,f
NrdKUawmfopfokdY ajymif;a½TUaponfhtcgwGifvnf; ,if;okdYyif ESpfodrfh
ay;avsmfrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh½Sdygonf/ OyrmrSm bmvifESifh bGef;NrdKU
wkdY NrdKUawmftjzpf NydKifqkdif&mu bmvifukd NrdKUawmftjzpf owfrSwf
vkdufaomtcg bGef;NrdKUukd ay;tyfaom ESpfodrfhay;avsmfrIrsm;ukd
Munfhygu awGUEkdifygonf/

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpfzkdY - jzpfvm&if bmtcGifhta&;awG &rvJ

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftjzpf a½G;cs,fcH&&ef wcgw&H NrdKU BuD;rsm;tMum;

tNydKiftqkdif½SdMuonf[k qkdcJhonfjzpf&m rnfokdYaom tusKd;tjrwf
rsm; &rnfjzpfí þokdY NydKifqkdifMujcif;jzpfoenf;[k pOf;pm;zG,f
½Sdavonf/ NrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;\ aumif;usKd;qkd;jypfukd pDppfo½kyf
cGJaom avhvmcsufrsm;rSmvnf; r½Sdoavmuf enf;yg;onf/ okdY&m
wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh NrdKUawmftpkd;&toD;oD;rS
udk,fpm;vS,frsm; bef;NrdKU (Bern) wGif aqG;aEG;csufu xGufay:
vmaom tpD&ifcHcsufwGif NrdKUawmfjzpfí bmtusKd;awG ½Sdrnf
enf;? bmawG tusKd;,kwfavsmhoGm;rnfenf; qkdonfudk wGuf
xkwfazmfjyxm;onf/ olwkdYtm;vkH; oabmwlonfu onfvkd/
NrdKUawmfjzpfvmvQif NrdKUay:ae pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm; wnfNidrfcdkifrm
jcif;qkdonfh tusKd;&rnf/ tpkd;&0efxrf;rsm; rsm;jym;onfhtavsmuf
,if;0efxrf;rsm;xHu 0ifaiGcGefESifh pm;okH;cGef&rnf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;
6
aMumifh *kPf½Sdonf/ [kdw,fawG? pm;aomufqkdifawGutcGef&rnf/
tm;vkH;oabmrwlMuonfh tjcm;tusKd;tjrwfawGvnf; ½Sdao;
onf/ tJ'gawGu NrdKUawmftwGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&u csD;jr§ifhcsxm;
aiG &rnf/ NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtavsmuf jynfwGif;jynfy tzGJUtpnf;
awG ½kH;pkdufwnf½Sdjcif;u &½Sdvmonfh tusKd;aus;Zl;awG½Sdrnf/

'gjzifh bmawGaum udk,fhbufu pkduf&oenf;/ bmawGaum

udk,fhbufu ukefusygoenf;/ tpkd;&tvTmokH;vTmpvkH;u tcsuf
wckwnf;ukdom oabmwlMuonf/ ,if;rSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfjzpf
ojzifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif ypönf;Opömrsm;rS tcGefaumufcHí r&jcif;
ESifh EkdifiHjcm; oH½kH;rsm;udk tcGef uif;vGwfcGifhay;&jcif;/ tpkd;&tvTm
okH;vTmpvkH;u oabmwljcif;r½SdbJ tpkd;&w&yfxJuom azmfjyonfh
tjcm;ukefusrIrsm;? qkH;½IH;rIrsm;rSm NrdKUawmfjzpfojzifh NrdKUawmfESifh
wlwlwefwefjzpfatmif aqmif½Guf&mwGif tjcm;tykdukefusp&dwfrsm;
½Sdonf/ NrdKU jypD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; tEÅ&m,fusa&mufEkdifonfh tcGifh
tvrf;½Sdonf/ oG,f0kdufí tcGefqkH;½IH;rIrsm; ½Sdonf/ aemufwcku
tpkd;& tokH;p&dwfrsm;jym;ojzifh yk*¾vdu tokH;p&dwf? yk*¾vdu &if;ESD;
jr§KyfESHrI enf;yg;oGm;jcif;qkdonfhtcsufawG jzpfonf/

bef;NrdKUawmf? EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;tay: b@ma&;t& tusKd;

oufa&mufrI taxGaxG ppfwrf;[lí ,if;tvkyftzGJUu 2004
ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0onf/ ,if;ppfwrf;t& bef;NrdKUawmfonf EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmfjzpf&onfhtwGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifay;&
aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;twGufrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf ,if;p&dwf
pursm; tm;vkH;ukd jyefvnfESpfodrfhay;avsmfrI jyKvkyfay;onf/
okdY&mwGif tcGefoG,f0kdufqkH;½IH;jcif;ESifh tajccH0efaqmifrIvkyfief;
rsm;twGuf xyfrHukefusp&dwfrsm;ukdrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ axmufyHh
ay;avsmfrIrSm rvkHavmuf[k ,if;ppfwrf;u qkdonf/ NrdKUawmf
jzpfjcif;aMumifh aps;uGufqkdif&m tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? tcGefaumufcHrI
7
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;? NrdKUtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;? jynfe,ftwGuf
aomfvnf;aumif;? ykdrkd&½Sdaponf[kvnf; ,if;ppfwrf;u qkdonf/
*smreDEkdifiHrS taxmuftxm;rsm;t&rl bmvifwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&
½kH;pkdufjcif;aMumifh tNrJwrf;tvkyftukdifae&maygif; ig;aomif;
ESpfaxmif wkd;wufvmonf/ 1998 ckESpfrS 2001 ckESpftxd umv
wmwGif; NrdKUawmf\ *sD'DyDukd rusatmif xdef;xm;Ekdifonf/
NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtwGuf avmfbDorm;rsm;? wuúokdvfygarmu©rsm;
ESifh tpkd;&ESifh eD;eD;uyfuyf wnf½SdvkdMuolrsm;? vkyfukdifaqmif½Guf
Muonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukdvnf; qGJaqmifEkdifonf[k qkdonf/ uae'g
EkdifihHNrdKUawmf atmhw0gwGif aexkdifMuolrsm;u rMumcPqkdovkd
NrdKUawmfzGHU NzdK;a&;tay: usa&mufaeonfh EkdifiHvkH;qkdif&mESifh EkdifiH
wumqkdif&m twm;tqD;rsm;ukd xkwfazmfnnf;wGm;Muonf/
trsKd;om;txdrf;trSwfyGJawmfrsm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;\ BuD;us,fcrf;
em;rIESifh aiGukefaMu;usrsm;rIukdvnf; xkwfazmfajymqkdMuonf/
okdYaomf ,if;okdY xkwfazmfajymqkdonfh wNydKifxJrSmyif NrdKUawmf
jzpf&onfhtwGuf wkd;yGm;vmonfh ½kyf0w¬Kykdif; tm;omcsufrsm;ESifh
tqifhwef;ykdif;tm;omcsufrsm;vnf; ½Sdonf[k 0efcHMuavonf/

aocsmonfrSm NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;aMumifh &½Sdonfh tusKd;wckrSm

tqifhwef;jrifhrm;onfh vkyfief;rsm;[k ac:qkdMuonfh tpkd;&vkyfief;?
&mxl;ae&mrsm;? NrdKUawmfwGif tpkd;&wnf½Sdaejcif;aMumifh tpkd;&ESifh
qufpyfonfh tjcm;u@rsm;rS vkyfief;rsm;? ae&mrsm; ay:ayguf
vmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ c&D;oGm;vkyfief;vnf; wkd;wufvmonf/
,Ofaus;rIydkif;? *kPfodu©mykdif;qkdif&m tajccH taqmuftODrsm;
vnf; &½Sdrnf/ NrdKUawmfESifh wlwlwefwefjzpfatmif tvStywefqm
qif&rnfvJ jzpf&m NrdKUawmfvnf; om,mvSyrnf/ ,if;aumif;usKd;
rsm;ESifh qkd;jypfrsm;rSm b,f'if;u omonf? b,f'if;u ykdonfukd
a0zefykdif;jcm;&efrSm tenf;ESifh trsm;cufcJonf jzpfaomfvnf;
zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&Mum; b@ma&; tpDtrHrsm;tay:
8
rlwnfaeonfrSm taotcsmyif jzpfonf/ ,if;b@ma&;tpDtrH
rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í aemufykdif;wGif qufvufaqG;aEG;xm;ygonf/

zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;tm; tkyfcsKyfjcif;

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;onf EkdifiHtpkd;&rsm;u 4if;wkdY\ zGHU NzdK;rIukd txl;

*½kpkdufjcif;aMumifh xl;jcm;Muonf/ 4if;*½kpkdufjcif;onf zuf'&,f
tpkd;&\ OD;pm;ay; vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh a'ocHrsm;u a½G;
aumufwifajr§mufxm;aom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;
tpDtpOfrsm;tMum; wif;rmrIukd jzpfaponf/ ,if;wif;rmrIukd jzpfap
aom taMumif;t&if;rsm;teuf tcsKdUrSm tpkd;&t&yf&yf\ wm0ef
0wå&m;rsm; rwlnDjcif;? OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;pOfrsm; uGmjcm;jcif;?
b@ma&;tpDtrHrsm;? (NrdKUawmfonf topfwnfaqmufxm;aom
NrdKUawmfjzpfvQif topfjzpfonfh tm;avsmfpGm? a½S;a[mif;orkdif;0if
NrdKUawmfjzpfvQif orkdif;0ifNrdKUawmfw&yf\ t*Fg&yfESifh nDpGm)
ywf0ef;usif oifhavsmfxkdufwefrIESifh EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf\ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHwkdY
yg0ifonf/ tkyfcsKyfrIykHpHonf ta&;BuD;onf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;ykHpH
tay: rlwnfí zuf'&,ftpkd;&u NrdKUawmftay: vTrf;rkd;EkdifrI
twkdif;twmESifh NrdKUawmftaeESifh NrdKUawmf\ vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJ
ykdifrI twkdif;twmwkdY uGJjym;jcm;em;oGm;Mujcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/
a'otkyfcsKyfrI ykHpHtay: rlwnfNyD; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ EkdifihHNrdKUawmf
rsm;ukd okH;rsKd;okH;pm; cGJjcm;Ekdifonf/

9
 ˜ zuf'&,fc½kkdif (federal districts)

MopaMw;vs? tDoD,kd;yD;,m;? tdE´d,? ruúqDukd? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;?

ygupöwef? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrsm;wGif NrdKUawmfonf
zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH okdYr[kwf ,if;NrdKUawmfwnf½Sdonfh
jynfe,fESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;aom vkyfykdifcGifh ykHpH½Sdonf/
Oya'aMumif;t& oD;jcm;tqifh½Sdonfh e,fy,fwcktjzpf
wnf½Sdonf/ 1 zuf'&,fc½kdifukd tajccHOya't& wnf
axmifxm;NyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;& Oya'jyK tmPmtwGif; us
a&mufonf/ 4if;c½kdifrsm;onf jynfe,frsm;&½SdcHpm;aom
tajccHOya'u tyfESif;onfh tcsKyftjcmtmPmrsKd; r½SdMu
ay/ zuf'&,fc½kdifwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf NrdKUawmf\
b@ma&;ESifh tjcm;qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif twkdif;twmw&yf
txd yg0ifxdef;csKyfekdifonf/ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; a½G;cs,f
wifajr§mufonfhwkdif tcsKdUzuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;wGif ,if;
a'oqkdif&m bwf*sufudk A[kdtpkd;&u twnfjyKay;&ef
vkdonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdif\ tpkd;&rsm;onf (,if;c½kdif\)
NrdKU jyESifh jynfe,fqkdif&mwm0efrsm; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;ukd a,bk,s
tm;jzifh wm0ef,l&avh½Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif trsm;tm;jzifh
tjcm;jynfe,frsm;okdY tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfief;wm0efrsm;
tm;vkH;ukd wm0ef,ljcif; r½Sdacs/

1
(state, provine, canton, lander, regions, cultural communities [lonfh
pum;&yfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;[kyif NcHKikHac:a0: okH;pGJoGm;ygrnf/)
10
˜ NrdKUjyjynfe,f (city-state)

b,fvf*sD,HESifh *smreDwkdYwGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf NrdKU jy

jynfe,fw&yftjzpf wnf½Sdonf/ NrdKUawmf\ EkdifiHa&;t&
owfrSwfay;xm;aom e,fy,frsm;onf NrdKUawmfudk NrdKUawmf
taeESifhaomf vnf;aumif;? jynfe,ftaeESifh aomfvnf;
aumif; wnf½SdapNyD;? þNrdKU jyjynfe,fykHpHu NrdKUawmfvkyf
ykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;ESifh jynfe,f\ vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;? wm0ef
rsm; ESpfrsKd;pvkH;tyfESif;xm;onfhtwGuf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmykdrkd½SdNyD; tcGefaiG ykdrkdwkd;aumuf&ef vkyfydkif
cGifh &½Sdxm;onf/ okdYaomf EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfjzpfaom city-states
rsm;onf tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ESifh tajccHOya't& wlnDaom
ay;tyfjy|mef;rIrsm;ukd cHpm;Mu&jcif;r½Sdacs/

˜ jynfe,frsm;½Sd NrdKUBuD;rsm; (cities in provinces)

uae'g? awmiftmz&duEkdifiHESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHrsm;wGif

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfonf wkdif; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sd
aom jrLeDpy,fw&yfom jzpfonf/ 4if;EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;
onf a'o okdYr[kwf jynfe,f\vkyfykdifcGifh? pDrHcefYcGJrI
atmufwGif ½SdNyD; EkdifiHtwGif; tjcm;NrdKU BuD;rsm;ESifh Oya'
aMumif;t& wlnDaom tqifhtwef;½Sdonfom jzpfygonf/
okdYaomf zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ txl;aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIukd &½Sd
onf/

11
tkyfcsKyfonfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;

2009 ckESpfwGif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf 11 NrdKUawmfukd avhvmcJhaom

ppfwrf;t& NrdKUawmfajcmufckrSm zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;jzpfNyD; 2 ? NrdKUawmf
ESpfckrSm NrdKUjyEkdifiHykHpHrsm; jzpfum 3 okH;NrdKUawmfrSm jynfe,frsm;½Sd
NrdK YBuD;rsm; jzpfonf/ trsKd;tpm; (3) rsKd;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS
tkyfcsKyfa&;? b@ma&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;paom u@&yfrsm;ü a'o
tpkd;&\ qkH;jzwfcsufwGif yg0ifywfoufrI yrmPrSm uGJjym;rI
½Sdonf/

zuf'&,fc½kdif

zuf'&,fc½kdifonf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&\ zefwD;rI (okdYr[kwf)

tajccHOya't& tpkd;& ½kH;pkduf&m ae&mtjzpf zGJUpnf;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifonf jynfe,fwkdY\ e,fy,ftjyifwGif
½Sdonf/ (okdYjzpf&m jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif rusa&mufay)/
zuf'&,fc½kdif\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf EkdifiH\ tjcm;NrdK YBuD;rsm;
aqmif½Guf&onfh vkyfief;trsm;tjym;ESifh jynfe,frsm; aqmif½Guf

2
urÇmay:½Sd tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IvQif t"duawG Y&onfh
ykHpHrSm zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHyif jzpfonf/ þpmwrf;wGif yg0ifonfh NrdKUawmfrsm;
jzpfonfh tbl*sm? t'pftbmbm? uifbm&m? a'vD? ruúqDukdpD;wD;ESifh
0g½Sifwef'DpDwkdYtjyif b&mZD;EkdifiH½Sd b&m;ZD;vsm;NrdKUawmf? tm*sifwD;em;½Sd
bG,fEkdqkdif;&yfpfNrdKUawmf? AifeDZGJvm;½Sd um&uwfNrdKUawmf? ygupöwef½Sd tpövmrf
rmbwfNrdKUawmfESifh rav;½Sm;½Sd ylMwm*sm,wkdYrSm zuf'&,fc½kdife,frsm;yif jzpf
Muonf/ t'pftbmbmuJhokdYyif &yf½Sm;EkdifiH armfpukdNrdKUawmfudkvnf; zuf'&,f
NrdKUawmftjzpf azmfjyMuonf/
3
MopBwD;,m;½Sd AD,efemESifh pydef½Sd r'&dwkdYrSmvnf; NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm; jzpfMu
onf/ þpmwrf;wGif bmvifESifh b&yfqJvfwkdYukd avhvmxm;ygonf/

12
&onfh vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twkdif; vkyfaqmif&onf/ okdYaomf
jynfe,frsm;ESifh rwlonfrSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&wGif
zGJUpnf;ykHt& ay;tyfxm;aom vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ESifh tcGifhta&;
rsm; r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,fc½kdifukd ,if;uJhokdY xm;½Sd&jcif;\taMumif;&if;
rsm;teuf t"duusonfh tcsufwcsufrSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfonf
A[kdtpkd;& ½kH;pkduf&m NrdKUawmfjzpfonfhtavsmuf NrdKUawmfukd
jynfe,frsm;\ tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdifcGifhatmufwGif rxm;½Sdvkdjcif;qkdonfh
taMumif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH
onf EkdifiHwGif;½Sd jynfe,ftoD;oD;tMum; (rnfonfhjynfe,fukd
rsufESmomay;onf? rnfonfhjynfe,fukdbufvkdufonfqkdaom)
vufoifh&m pm;awmfac:onfh tajctaerS a½Smif½Sm;EkdifNyD; vkyfykdif
cGifhtmPmESifh pyfvsOf;í zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;
tMum; ay:aygufvmEkdifzG,f½Sdonfh yGwfwkdufrIrsm;ukd a½Smif½Sm;ay;
avonf/ A[kdtpkd;& vkdvm;csufrsm;ESifh a'ovkdvm;csufrsm;
tMum; ay:aygufvmEkdifaom y#dyu©ESifh pyfvsOf;í qkd&vQif
zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHonf A[kdvTrf;rkd;rIukd jzpfay:aponfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm a'ocHrsm;twGuf udk,fykdiftpkd;&[lí r½Sdawmh
bJ a'otusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ukd vspfvsL½Ixm;jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

a'oqkdif&m udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifh txl;ojzifh a'oqkdif&m

b@ma&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf; zuf'&,f
c½kdifrsm;tMum; rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rIrsm;½SdaMumif; þppfwrf;wGif
awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdiftm;vkH;vkdvdkwGifyif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&\ yg0ifpGufzufrIrsm; tenf;ESifh trsm; ½SdMuonfukdvnf;
awGU&onf/ tpGef;wzufwGif tbl*smNrdKUawmfukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&
vufatmufwGif csKyfudkifxm;½SdNyD; tjcm;tpGef; wzufwGifrl
uifbm&monf udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh trsm;tjym;½SdNyD;
city-state [k ac:qkdonfh NrdKU jyEkdifiHuJhokdY rsm;pGmtvm; oP²mef
qifwlonf/ tjcm;zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;\ zuf'&,ftpkd;&yg0ifrI
13
twkdif;twmrSm þEkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESpfck tMum;wGif ½Sdonf/ tbl*sm
(Abuja) ½Sd zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf e,fajr (Federal Capital Territory)
wGif jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY udk,fydkifOya'jyKEkdifcGifh r½Sday/ Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;
tpkd;&onf zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfe,fajr\ b@ma&;qkdif&m qkH;jzwf
csufrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif 0efBuD;tzGJUtpnf;wGif bwf*suf
ESifh tokH;p&dwfokH;oyfrIjyKí vnf;aumif;? National Assembly
\ b@mcGJa0vsmxm;rI vkyfief;pOfwGif vnf;aumif;? ,if;e,fajr
\ 0efBuD;cefYxm;rIwGifvnf;aumif; ADwkdtmPmokH;í twnfjyKcGifh?
y,fzsufcGifh ½Sdonf/ ,if;e,fajrtwGuf a½G;aumufcH NrdKUawmf0ef
vnf; r½Sday/ ,if;tpm; zuf'a&;½Sif;\ or®wonf zuf'&,f
uufbdeufrS tzGJU0ifwOD;udkom cefYtyfNyD; NrdKUawmfe,fajrukd
tkyfcsKyfonf/

tDoD,kd;yD;,m;NrdKUawmfjzpfaom t'pftbmbmNrdKUonf zuf'&,f

tpkd;&okdY wm0efcH&NyD; tDoD,kd;yD;,m;EkdifiH½Sd jynfe,frsm;uJhokdY
tajccHOya't& ay;tyfjy|mef;xm;onfh pDrHtkyfcsKyfykdifcGifh
(autonomy) r½Sdacs/ taMumif;rSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ pDrHrIatmuf
wGif ½SdaomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh r&½Sday/
NrdKUawmftpkd;&onf NrdKUawmfaumifpD (Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ Y) ukd wnf
axmifykdifcGifh½SdNyD; aumifpDrS a½G;aumufxm;aom NrdKUawmf0efu Ouú|
tjzpf ,if;tzGJ YwGif OD;aqmifNyD; udk,fykdiftcGefvnf; aumufcHEkdif
aomfvnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ukd y,fzsufekdif½kH
omru NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ Yudkyg zsufodrf;Ekdifavonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpktajccHOya'wGif zGJ Ypnf;ykH tajccHOya'u

Ekid if NhH rdKUawmfEiS hf pyfvsO;f onfh vkyyf idk cf iG hf tmPmt&yf&yfudk uGe*f &uf
vTwfawmfokdY tyfESif;xm;onf/ 1973 ckESpfwGif 'DpD (District of
Columbia) twGuf jy|mef;Oya'jyKvkyfay;cJhaom [krf;½l;tuf (the
Home Rule Act) t& a½G;aumufyGJrS wufvmaom tzGJU0if 13 OD;

14
yg0ifonfh NrdKUawmfaumifpDudk wnfaxmifekdifNyD; 'DpD (D.C.) taeESifh
a'oqkdif&m b@ma&;t& vGwfvyfpGm pDrHykdifcGifhudk tuefYtowf
ESifh cGifhjyKay;xm;onf/ 1995 wGif b@ma&; tajcrckdifrIaMumifh
NrdKUawmfwGif a<u;NrDrsm; wifusefaomtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf 'DpD
\ b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrItm;vkH;ukd vTJajymif;,lvkdufNyD; vGwf
vyfaom b@ma&;t&m½SdcsKyf½kH; Chief Financial Officer (COF)
ukd wnfaxmifcJhonf/

ruúqDukdEkdifiH\ zuf'&,fc½kdifudk 1824 ckESpf zGJ Ypnf;ykHtajccHOya'

t& wnfaxmifcJhonf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifudk 4if;\ yx0Dtaetxm;?
vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m 0daoo vu©Pm&yfrsm;tay: rlwnf
í EkdifiHa&;-tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tykdif; (16) ck cGJjcm;xm;cJhonf/
tajccHOya't& or®w½kH; (okdYr[kwf) ruúqDudk uGef*&uf
vTwfawmfukd NrdKUawmf\ udpöt00ESifh pyfvsOf;í qkH;jzwfcsufcsEkdif
onfh tcGifhtmPmay;xm;onf/ zuf'&,fc½kdifonf udk,fykdif
zGJ Ypnf;ykH Oya'r½SdbJ ruúqDudk uGef*&ufvTwfawmfu owfrSwf
jy|mef;ay;xm;onfh tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m y#dÚmOfESifhtnD tkyfcsKyfpDrH
cefYcGJ&onf/ ruúqDukd or®wu vkHNcHKa&;qkdif&mtwGif; 0ef½kH;t&m½Sd
rsm;ESifh a½SUae½kH; 0efxrf;rsm;ukd wkduf½kdufcefYtyfonfjzpf&m þonf
uyif zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ uefYowfay;xm;aom ukd,fykdifvGwfvyf
pGm pDrHykdifcGifhukd xif[yfaponfh om"uw&yfjzpfayonf/

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftay: vTrf;rkd;

csKyfukdifrI ½Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf 4if;onf &Jvkyfief;?
vkHNcHKa&;ESifh ajrae&mcsxm;a&;[laom ykHrSefjrLeDpy,fwm0efrsm;ukd
aqmif½Guf&jcif;aMumifh jzpfayonf/ xkdjhyif a'vD½Sd zuf'&,f
c½kdifykHpHwGif ekdifiHhNrdKUawmf 'DpBwdwftpkd;&tjyif jrLeDpy,fESpf&yfESifh
wyftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m bkwftzGJUwkdY yg0ifaejcif;aMumifh þpmwrf;
u avhvmaom tjcm;zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;xuf ydkrkd½IyfaxG;onf/
15
pDrHudef;ESifh zGGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;qkdif&m wm0efrsm;? vrf;rsm;ESifh tjcm;
ajrmufjrm;pGmaom 0efaqmifrIrsm;onf ,if;tpkd;&,lepfrsm;tMum;
a&m,Suf½IyfaxG;vsuf ½Sdonf/vkyfief;rsm; xkdokdY xyfaejcif;
onf ESpfxyfausmhaqmif½Gufrdjcif;? vpf[mjcif;rsm; jzpfay:apNyD;
rnfonfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd rnfolu wm0ef,lvkyfaqmifaeonfukd
jynfolvlxktaeESifh od½Sdem;vnf&ef cufcJaponf/

MopaMw;vsNrdKUawmfe,fajr Austaralian Capital Territory (ACT)

onf yrmPtm;jzifh usk,fus,fjyefYjyefY udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrH
tkyfcsKyfcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,fe,fy,fwck jzpfonf/ 4if;\ vkyfydkif
cGifhrsm;? wm0efrsm;rSm 1988 ckESpf MopaMw;vsNrdKUawmfe,fajr
(ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfcGifh) tufOya' Australian Capital Territory
(self-government act) t& ay:ayguf&jcif; jzpfonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&onf ACT twGuf Oya'jyKykdifcGifhukd &,lxm;NyD; NrdKUawmf
pDrHudef;rsm; aqmif½Guf&mwGif Oya'jyKcGifhtmPmukd okH;pGJcJhonf/
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ACT u jy|mef;xm;aom Oya'rsm;ukd y,f
zsufEkdifcGifh½Sdaomfvnf; ,if;okdY jyKrlaqmif½GufcJygonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&onf NrdKUawmfe,fajr½Sd ajrukd ykdifqkdifNyD; Oya't& "eo[m,
u tokH;jyKaom? odkYr[kwf "eo[m, udk,fpm; okH;pGJaom ajrukd
"eo[m,tzGJ Yu pDrH&rnf[k jy|mef;azmfjyygonf/

zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpH\ csKdU,Gif;csufwckrSm 'Drkdua&pDtajccHrlrsm;ukd

paw;aumif; paw;&EkdifzG,f½Sdonfh qkd;usKd;jzpfonf/ EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf
trsm;pkwGif EkdifiHom;rsm;u NrdKUawmf0efESifh aumifpD0ifrsm;ukd
a½G;cs,faomfvnf; ,if;okdY tNrJjzpfonf? a½G;cs,fEkdifonf r[kwf
yg/ e,l;a'vDwGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&taeESifh jynfolvlxk a½G;aumuf
wifajr§mufEkdifonfh NrdKUawmftkyfcsKyfa&;tqifhESpf&yfudk pDrHay;xm;
onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ ,if;tqifhESpf&yfrSm jynfaxmifpk
e,fajrtqifh Oya'jyKtzGJ YESifh jrLeDpy,ftqifh a½G;aumufwif
16
ajr§mufjcif;wkdYyif jzpfayonf/ ruúqDukdEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,fc½kdif
tpkd;&\ tBuD;tuJukd a½G;aumufyJGjzifh a½G;aumufwifajr§mufaomf
vnf; txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; or®wu tcsKdUaom
jynfolYa&;&mtrIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;ukd cefYtyfjcif;jzpfonf/ a'o
a½G;aumufyGJu wufvmonfh NrdKUawmf0efrsm;? aumifpDrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf;í jcGif;csufrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fc½dkifrsm;½Sd NrdKUawmf
rsm;rSm pepfwus pDrHxm;aom NrdKUopfrsm;tjzpfu pcJhMujcif;
jzpf&m tapmykdif;umvwGif aexkdifol tenf;i,fom ½SdNyD; ,if;
aMumifhyif ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf owfrSwfjy|mef; csufrsm;
r½Sdwwfay/

NrdKUawmftrsm;pkwGif NrdKUawmfaejynfolrsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;

twmOya'jyKa&;vTwfawmfwGif ukd,fpm;jyKjcif; cH&ygonf/ odom
xif½Sm;aom >cif;csufwckrSm 0g½Sifwef'DpDwGif aexkdifolrsm;onf
jynfe,frsm;wGif aexkdifolrsm;uhJokdY rJay;cGifhESifh Oya'jyKa&;u@
wGif ukd,fpm;jyKcHykdifcGifh r&½Sday/ t"dutm;jzifh 'DpDwGif aexkdifol
rsm;onf qD;edww f iG f (,if;wkYdtwGu)f ud,k pf m;jyKay;ol ud,
k pf m;vS,f
r½SdbJ atmufvTwfawmfwGifvnf; rJay;ydkifcGifhr½Sdonfh udk,fpm;vS,f
wOD;om &½Sdonf/ 4 'DpDaejynfolrsm;onf 1961 ckESpfrS píom
or®wa½G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ykdifcGifh ½SdMuonf/

4
okdY&mwGif 'DpDtaeESifh ,if;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh jynfe,ftjzpftwGuf
ukd,fpm;jyK ta&;qkday;Ekdif&ef qD;edwfvTwfawmftwGuf ESpfOD;ESifh atmuf
vTwfawmftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,fwOD;ukd shadow taeESifh a½G;aumufwifajr§muf
onf/ þ&mxl;ae&mrsm; ukd tar&duefjynfaxmifpk uGef*&ufvTwfawmfu
w&m;0iftwnfrjyKacs/ xkdYjyif vuf½Sdtajctaeü uGef*&ufvTwfawmfokdY
wifoGif;xm;aom Oya'Murf;w&yf½SdNyD; ,if;Oya'Murf;twnfjzpfvQif 'DpD
a'otwGuf rJay;ydkifcGifh½Sdaom atmufvTwfawmf trwfwOD; &½Sdrnf jzpfonf/

17
tcskKyftm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;rSm A[kdtpkd;&\ zefwD;rIrsm; jzpf
onf/ 4if;wkdYonf jynfe,frsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmjyifywGif ½SdNyD;
4if;wkdYonf a'oESifh jynfe,frsm; aqmif½Gufvkyfaqmifonfh wm0ef
rsm;ukd vkyfaqmifwm0ef,l&onf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'&,fc½kdif
rsm; vkyfykdifcGifhtm;jzifh wlnDonfh yrmPrSmvnf; zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf
rsm;tvkduf uGmjcm;csufrsm; ½Sdonf/

NrdKUjyjynfe,f (City-State)

NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;onf zuf'&,fEkdifiH\ NrdKU BuD;rsm;vnf; jzpfí

wNydKifeuf wnf;rSmyif jynfe,f (Oyrm jynfe,f okdYr[kwf province
okdYr[kwf canton) vnf; jzpfaom tajctaeudk qkdvkdjcif; jzpfonf/
2009 ckESpfavhvmcsuft& NrdKUjyjynfe,fjzpfaom bmvifESifh
b&yfqJvf 5 NrdKUawmfESpfckukd zkd&rfu *½kjyKavhvmcJhonf/ NrdKU jy
jynfe,frsm;onf zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;ESifh rwlnDbJ a'oESifh jynfe,f
wm0efrsm;ukd aygif;pnf;xm;NyD; 4if;wkdY\ jynfe,ftaeESifh aqmif
½Gufonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif uefYowfcsKyfcs,frIrsm;ukd rBuHKawGU&
ay/ 6 þykHpHwGif EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfaeolrsm;onf EkdifiHtwGif; tjcm;NrdKU jy

5
b&yfqJvfrSm b,fvf*sD,efzuf'a&;½Sif;\ NrdKUawmfjzpfovkd? b&yfqJvf
NrdKUawmfa'o? jyifopfuGefjrLewD? zvJrpf½SfuGefjrLewDESifh Oa&myor*¾wkdY\
NrdKUawmfvnf; jzpfonf/

6
NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm;rSm NrdKUawmfrsm;twGufom oD;jcm;r[kwfyg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
*smreD EkdifiHwGif [rf;bmh*fESifh b&Dref;wkdYrSm NrdKU jyjynfe,frsm; jzpfMuygonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdUwGif NrdKUawmfr[kwfonfh zuf'&,fNrdKU BuD;rsm; ½Sdwwfygonf/
Oyrm &yf½Sm;EkdifiHwGif pdefYyDwmpbwfESifh tDoD,kd;yD;,m;wGif [m&mNrdKUawmfwkdY
jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;NrdKU BuDrsm;rSm orkdif;aMumif;t& okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;t&
wEkid if v
H ;Hk twGuf ta&;ygonf[k A[kt d pk;d &rsm;u todtrSwjf yKjcif; cHMu&ygonf/

18
rsm;½Sd EkdifiHom;rsm;ESifh wef;wl 'Drkdua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh txl;
tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd &½SdMuonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf NrdKU jyjynfe,f
wcktay: zuf'&,fc½kdifavmuf jynfe,frsm;½Sd NrdKUtjzpf½Sdaom
NrdKUawmfrsm;avmuf vTrf;rkd;rI? csKyfukdifrI r½SdEkdifay/

okdYaomf b&yfqJvfNrdKUonf 4if;\ ukd,fykdiftkyfcsKyfrItwGuf

uefYowfcsufokH;ckukd &ifqkdif&onf/ yxrtcsufrSm zuf'&,f\
tjcm;a'orsm;uJhokdY tajccHOya't& ay;tyfxm;aom udk,fykdif
tkyfcsKyfrIukd wef;wl rcHpm;&ay/ (qkdvkdonfrSm tjcm;jynfe,frsm;
u ,if;wkdY\ tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd a'ovkdtyfcsufESifh udkufnD
atmif jyifqifEkdifaomfvnf; b&yfqJvfrSmrjyifqifEkdifay/)7 'kwd,
tcsufrSm Oya'jyK&mwGif zuf'&,ftmPmykdifrsm;u BudKwifokH;oyf
xdef;csKyfjcif;cH&NyD; ,if;Oya'rsm; twnfjzpfoGm;onfhtcgwGif
vnf; zuf'&,ftpkd;&u Oya'okH;oyfrIrsm; jyefvnfjyKvkyfEkdif
onfh xkH;"avh½Sdaejcif;yif jzpfonf/ wwd,tcsufrSm zuf'&,f
tpkd;&onf b&yfqJvftaeESifh ,if;\ EkdifiHwumNrdKU BuD;tjzpfESifh
NrdKUawmftjzpf aumuf,lazmfjyonfh trdefY? Oya' rnfonfukdrqkd
y,fzsufEkdifjcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkYaomf þxdef;csKyfrIrsm;ukd tajctae
trsKd;rsKd;jzifh taotcsmuefYowfxm;NyD; trSefwu,ftokH;rjyK
vSay/ wenf;qkdaomf b&yfqJvf tay: zuf'&,fxdef;csKyfrIonf
trSwftom; o½kyfoabmaqmif½kHrQom jzpfonf/

NrdKUjyjynfe,frsm;onf tjcm;NrdKUrsm;xuf vkyfykdifcGifhwm0efrsm;ESifh

tcGefaiGaumufcHEkdifpGrf; ydkrkdaomfvnf; tjcm;NrdKUrsm; &ifqkdif&aom
tcGefjyóemrsm;rS uif;vGwfonf[k wxpfcs rqkdEkdifacs/ NrdKUjy

7
Brussels Capital Region ½Sd
tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;ukd ygvDrefwGif rJcGJqkH;jzwfNyD;
zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m oD;jcm;tufOya't&om jyifqifajymif;vJEkdifygonf/

19
jynfe,frsm;onf EkdifiHtwGif;½Sd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf ykdrkdao;i,f
aomaMumifh NrdKUaevlOD;a&wkd;yGm;vmrIonf 4if;\ e,fy,frsm;ukd
ausmfvGefNyD; tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ukd 0ifa&mufwwfonfjzpf&m
jynfe,ftcsif;csif;Mum; BuD;rm;vmaom NrdKUjyjynfe,f e,fy,fESifh
ywfoufí tjiif;yGm;zG,f&m jzpfwwfavonf/ (zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;
wGifvnf; þenf;ESifESifyif jzpfwwfonf/) atmufwGif þudpöukd
tus,fxyfrH aqG;aEG;ygOD;rnf/ þudpö&yfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&
0efxrf; (yk*¾vdu 0efxrf;rsm;? wuúokdvfrsm;? avmfbDtkyfpkrsm;ESifh
tjcm;tkyfpkrsm;) trsm;tjym; aexkdifaom NrdKUawmfrsm;wGif ,if;
0efxrf;rsm;onf NrdKUawmfokdY vma&muftvkyfvkyfMuaomfvnf;
NrdKUawmfwGif; aexkdifjcif; r½SdbJ NrdKUawmf tpGeftzsm;a'orsm;wGif
aexkdifMuNyD; olwkdY tcGefay;aqmifjcif;r½Sdonfh NrdKUawmf\ 0efaqmifrI
rsm;ukd okH;pGJMuonfhtcg txl;ta&;BuD;onfh udpöjzpfygonf/

jynfe,f½Sd NrdKUBuD;tjzpfESifh NrdKUawmf

þavhvmrIt& NrdKUawmfonf jynfe,f okdYr[kwf canton wGif;½Sd

NrdKUBuD;wckjzpfNyD; tjcm;txl;tqifhtwef; wpkHw&m &½SdcHpm;&jcif;
r½Sdonfh NrdKUawmf½Sdonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH tenf;qkH; okH;EkdifiH½Sdonf
ukd awGU&onf/ (uae'gEkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf atmhw0g? qGpfZmvef
EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmf bef; 8 ESifh awmiftmz&duEkdifiHwGif y&ufwkd;&D;,m;
Pretoria/Tshwane ESifh auhyfawmif; Capetown NrdKUawmf)/ þykHpH
wGif NrdKUawmfonf tjcm;jynfe,f½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;\ tqifhtwef;ESifh
wlnDNyD; wlnDaom vkyfief;rsm;ukd jynfe,fNrdKUBuD;rsm; enf;wl vkyf
aqmif&onf/ tjcm;ykHpHESpfrsKd;ESifh rwlnDrlrSm þykHpHwGif jynfe,f
tpkd;&onf NrdKUawmf\ jrLeDpy,fudpö&yfrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&xuf
ykdrkdxdef;csKyfEkdifjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrm bef;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf

8
bef;rSm EkdifiH\ NrdKUawmfjzpfovkd jynfe,fNrdKUawmfvnf; jzpfygonf/
20
NrdKUawmfrS csrSwfaom EkdifiHa&; qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufyg0if
jcif;r½SdbJ zuf'&,fESifh a'oqufoG,faqmif½GufrItm;vkH;ukd
jynfe,f (uefwef) u wqifh jyKvkyf&jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ atmhw0g
wGifvnf; xkdenf;twkdif;yif jzpfonf/

atmhw0gwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u owfrSwfjy|mef;xm;onfh

trsKd;om; NrdKUawmfe,fajr National Capital Region NCR wGif
atmhw0g (w&m;0ifNrdKUawmf)ESifh *gwifEl; (Gatineau) wkdY yg0if
onf/ atmhw0gonf tGefw&D,kdjynfe,fwGif wnf½SdNyD; *gwifEl;
onf uGDbufjynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sdonf/ NCR wnf½SdrIonf
xkdjynfe,fESpfck½Sd jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd b@ma&;qkdif&m uGyfuJpDrHykdifcGifh
tay: wpkHw&m oufa&mufrI r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmfpDrHudef;rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í vTrf;rkd;yg0ifEkdif&ef trsKd;om;
NrdKUawmfaumfr½Sif (National Capital Commission) ukd zGJUpnf;xm;
½Sdonf/ NCC onf zuf'&,fykdif ajrae&mrsm;? ykdifqkdifrIrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf;í pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,f at*sifpDw&yf jzpfygonf/
okdYaomf jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdifcGifhatmuf½Sd ajr,m
rsm;ukd pDrHykdifcGifhrSm jynfe,frsm;ESifh a'oEÅ&rsm;\ vufatmufwGif
yif ½Sdayonf/ tpdrf;a&mifcg;ywfuJhokdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ ajr
ykdifqkdifrIu ,if;NrdKUrsm;½Sd ajrae&mrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrI
vufatmufwGif qufvufwnf½Sdap&ef tmrcHcsufay;avonf/

jynfe,ftwGif; wnf½Sdonfh EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;wGifyifvQif zuf'&,f

tpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; tvGwf
oabmqufqHa&; ,EÅ&m;rsm; wnf½Sdonf/ Oyrm - bef;NrdKUawmf
wGif zuf'&,f? uefwef (jynfe,f) tpkd;&ESifh NrdKUawmftpkd;&rsm;
tMum; udpö&yfrsm;ukd n§dEIdif;aqG;aEG;&ef ESpfpOfESpfwkdif; jyKvkyfonfh
tpnf;ta0;w&yf½Sdonf/ okdYaomf ,if;tpnf;ta0;wGif tpkd;&
tqifhtoD;oD;u vkdufemap&rnfh rl0g'qkH;jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf

21
avh r½Sday/ zuf'&,f? uefwef (jynfe,ftqifh) ESifh NrdKUtkyfcsKyfa&;
qkdif&m trIxrf;? t&mxrf;rsm;tMum; rdrdwkdY oufqkdif&m u@&yf
rsm;tvkduf vkHNcHKa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIydkif;qkdif&m pDrHaqmif½Gufjcif;
wkdYukd tqifhokH;qifhtMum; yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;aqmif½GufEkdif&ef tvkyf
oabmtqifh aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;a&; tpDtrHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/

aygif;pyfn§dEIdif;aqmif½Gufa&;twGuf tvGwfoabm vkyfxkH;vkyf

enf;rsm;tjyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf (atmhw0guJhokdY) NrdKUawmf
qkdif&m aumfr½Sifrsm; zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifjcif; (NrdKUawmfrsm;ESifh pyf
vsOf;í)? zuf'&,ftpdk;&\ tokH;p&dwf okH;pGJykdifcGifhrsm;ESifh zuf'&,f
ajr,mydkifqkdifrIwkdYjzifh 0ifa&mufvTrf;rkd;Ekdifayonf/ awmiftmz&du
EkdifiHwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'wGifyif azmfjytyfESif;xm;aomfvnf; A[kdtpkd;&u
a'oEÅ&vkyfydkifcGifh tmPmrsm;ukd xdef;n§donfukd awGU&rnf jzpf
onf/ xkdYjyif atmhw0gESifh bef;rSmuJhokdY r[kwfbJ ,if;A[kdtpkd;&
onf EkdifiHwGif;½Sd tjcm;NrdKUBuD;rsm;enf;wl auhyfawmif;ESifh ½S0kdif;
(y&ufwdk;&D;,m;) wkdYokdY tpkd;&Mum;vTJajymif;ay;tyfrI trsm;tjym;
ukd axmufyHhay;tyfvsuf ½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/ awmif
tmz&duEkdifiHwGif jynfe,frsm;taeESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd ay;tyf
vTJajymif;Ekdifonfh &efykHaiG r½Sdoavmufyif jzpfNyD; (aiGaMu;taxmuf
tyHhudk A[kdu ay;tyfonf jzpf&m) ,if;wkdY e,ferdwftwGif;½Sd
NrdKUawmfrsm;\ rl0g'rsm;ESifh pDrHcefYcGJrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif MoZm
vTrf;rkd;rI r½Sdoavmufyif jzpfacsonf/

A[kdESifh a'ovkdvm;csufrsm;tMum; ay:aygufwwfonfh y#dyu©

ESifh pyfvsOf;í Munfh½IrnfqkdvQif þykHpHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;
\ NrdKUawmftay: wkduf½kdufxdef;csKyfuGyfuJEkdifrIudk tjyif;txef
uefYowfxm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&tae
ESifh wEkdifiHvkH;tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd a½SU½Ií NrdKUawmfa&;&mrsm;ESifh ywf
22
oufonfh pDrHcefYcGJcGifhukd (þykHpHwGif) zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh cGifhrjyKacs/
,if;okdY cGifhrjyKjcif;aMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh jynfe,f
okdYr[kwf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ tcsKdUaom rl0g'e,fy,frsm; (Oyrm
- o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;? vkHNcHKa&;? pDrHudef;ESifh ZkefowfrSwfjcif; udpö
rsm;) wGif yg0ifywfoufjcif;rjyKEkdif jzpf&acsonf/ tcsKdUudpörsm;
wGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf pDrHudef;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd pDrH
cefYcGJjcif; rjyKvkyfEkdifovkd? ,if;\ taqmuftOD;rsm;\ wnfae&m
ESifh pyfvsOf;íyif 0ifa&mufpDrHcefYcGJjcif; rjyKEkdkifacs/ jrLeDpy,ftpkd;&
xHrS cGifhjyKcsufukd awmif;cH&ef vkdtyfayonf/ xkdYjyif NrdKUawmfukd
rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHcefYcGJrnfqkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf;
zuf'&,ftpkd;&wGif vkyfykdifcGifh tcef;u@ wpkHw&m r½Sdacs/
Oyrmtm;jzifh atmhw0gwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf jynfe,frsm;tae
ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ESifh atmufajctqifhrsm;ukd wqifhwnf;
tjzpf aygif;pnf;&ef 2001 wGif jynfe,frsm;u qkH;jzwfcsufudk yg0if
ywfoufcGifh r½SdcJhacs/ 2002 wGif *gwifEl;ukd ,if;okdY aygif;pnf;
&ef qkH;jzwfcsufudkvnf; yg0ifywfoufEkdifjcif; r½Sdacs/ awmif
tmz&duwGif jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwfrsm;ukd jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwf ykdif;jcm;
a&; bkwftzGJUu qkH;jzwfonf/ 9

jynfe,f½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;ukd NrdKUawmftjzpf xm;½Sdonfh ykHpHonf

zuf'&,fc½kdif ykHpHESifh pmvQif zuf'&,fMum;0ifrI avsmhenf;aomf
vnf; olwkdYonf EkdifiHhNrdKUawmftjzpf wnfaqmufEkdif&ef vkdtyfaom
vkyfief;rsm;twGuf avmufiSaom aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIESifh todtrSwf

9
þbkwftzGJUrSm oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonfh tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;w&yfjzpfNyD;
jrLeDpy,f e,ferdwfrsm; ykdif;jcm;owfrSwfjcif;tjyif c½kdifpDrHcefYcGJa&;e,fy,f
rsm; owfrSwfjcif;? a'oa½G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf tuGufrsm; owfrSwfjcif;
ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nfukd tuJjzwfwkdif;wmjcif;ukdyg aqmif½Guf
onf/ bkwftzGJU0ifrsm;ukd or®wu cefYtyfNyD; ig;ESpfoufwrf;jzpfonf/
23
jyKrIukd r&½Sd[k ,if;NrdKUawmfrsm;u tNrJwap apm'uwufMuay
onf/ 4if;wkdY\ aiGaMu;axmufyhHrIonf zuf'&,ftpkd;&xuf
jynfe,ftpkd;&ay:wGif ydkrkdrlwnfonf/

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&rl0g'

EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh pyfvsOf;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&rl0g'onf zuf'&,f

tpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&a½G;aumufwifajr§mufcH tmPmykdifrsm;tMum;
qufqHa&;tay: ta&;ygaom tusKd;oufa&mufrI ½Sdonf/ xkd
rl0g'rsm;onf a'oEÅ&tmPmydkifrsm;tay: bwf*sufxdef;csKyfrI
yrmP? EkkdifiHhNrdKUawmfESifh 0ef;usif½Sd ajrtokH;jyKrI pDrHudef;rsm;wGif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ tcef;u@? NrdKUawmftwGif;½Sd zuf'&,ftifpwD
usL;½Sif;rsm; ponfh udpö&yfrsm;wGif txl;xif½Sm;pGm awG YEkdifygonf/

bwf*suftm;jzifh zuf'&,fc½kdifrsm;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS cGifhjyKaom

bwf*sufukd &½Sdonf/ (Oyrm - tbl*sm? a'vD? ruúqDukdpD;wD;)/
,if;okdY a'oEÅ&bwf*sufukd zuf'&,ftpkd;& cGifhjyKcsufjzifh &½Sdjcif;rSm
pifppf ,if;NrdKUawmfrsm;\ a'oEÅ& b@ma&;qkdif&m vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf pDrHykdifcGifhukd avsmhusapygonf/ 0g½Sifwef'DpDwGif zuf'&,f
tpkd;&onf vGwfvyfaom aiGaMu;qkdif&m t&m½SdwpfOD;ukd cefYtyf
xm;onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm NrdKUawmfbwf*sufudpö&yfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;
vmvQif tkyfcsKyfa&; u@ESifh oD;jcm; jzpfap&ef &nf½G,fjcif;
jzpfygonf/

pDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufí 0g½Sifwef'DpD½Sd A[kdtpkd;&NrdKUawmf pDrHudef;

aumfr½Sif National Capital Planning Commision (NCPC) onf EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmfa'o National Capital Region (0g½Sifwef 'DpD? ar&Dvef;ESifh
Am*sD;eD;,m; teD;w0kduf qifajczkH;a'orsm;) wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif
ajrESifh taqmuftOD;rsm;ukd t"du pDrHcefYcGJonfh at*sifpD jzpfonf/
24
NCPC onf ajr,mpDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufvmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\
tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd udk,fpm;jyKonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf trdajrvkHNcHK
a&; vkdtyfcsuft& 0g½Sifwef NrdKUawmf pDrHudef; {&d,mrsm;ukd wkd;csJU
cJhonf/ 10 atmhw0gwGif A[kdtpkd;& NrdKUawmfaumfr½Sif National
Capital Commision u tGefw&D,kdESifh uGDbufe,fpyf½Sd trsKd;om;
NrdKUawmfe,fajrwGif;rS zuf'&,fykdif ajrrsm;ESifh tjcm;taqmuftOD;
rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh jynfolYa&;&m tpDtrHcsxm;jcif;ESifh ajr,m
tokH;jyKrI pDrHudef;rsm; csxm;jcif;udk aqmif½Gufonf/ ajr,m tokH;jyK
pDrHudef;rsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&yg0ifrIonf a'oEÅ&ESifh jynfe,f\
OD;pm;ay;vkyfief;tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh wcgw&H y#dyu©jzpfaponf/

EkdifiHtcsKdU½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf Oya'jyKa&;tzGJ Yudk EkdifiHhNrdKUawmf

wGif xm;½SdMuaomfvnf; tjcm;zuf'&,ftifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd
A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsonfhtaeESifh EkdifiHtESHYtjym;wGif wnf½Sdap
onf/ Oyrm - Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;? qGpfZmvef? uae'gwkdYwGif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf A[kdtqifh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;ukd A[kdcsKyf
ukdifrI avQmhcs&ef tom;ay;onfh rl0g' xm;½Sdonf/ Edkif*sD;&D;,m;
wGif ,if;okdY A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;jcif;jzifh zuf'&,f tifpwD

10
NCPC ukd 2012 trdajrvkHNcHKa&;tufOya't& trsKd;om;NrdKUawmfe,fajr
wGif ½Sdonfh jynfe,f? a'oESifh e,fajrcHtmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;toD;oD;
twGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;& tpDtpOfrsm;ukd apmifhMunfh&efESifh n§dEIdif;aqmif½Gufay;
&ef? tqifhqifhqufqHa&; qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukdvnf; apmifhMunfh&efESifh n§dEIdif;
aqmif½Gufay;&efqkdonfh ydkrkd us,fjyefYonfh vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm tyfESif;xm;
onf/ ,if;aMumifh jynfe,fESpfck½Sd jrLeD py,f 11 ckESifh ukdvHbD,mc½kdif (pkpkaygif;
{&d,mpwk&ef;rkdifaygif; 6000 us,f0ef;onfh) e,fajrtwGuf aqmif½Guf&
onf/(trdajrvkHNcHKa&;tufOya'? yk'fr 882? yk'frcGJ u-1) NCPC onf e,fajr
twGif; ta&;ay:tajctaersm;ukd BudKwifjyifqifxm;Ekdif&efESifh vkHNcHKa&; toifh
taetxm;½Sdaap&ef a'ocHvkyfief;tzGJUrsm; a'ocHta&;ay: vkyfief;aumfrwD
rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufonf/

25
usL;½Sif;rsm;udk EkdifiHt0Srf; rQwpGm wnf½Sdaponf/ qGpfZmvefEkdifiH
wGif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avsmhcsxm;jcif;tm;jzifh jyifopf pum;ajym?
jynfe,frsm;wGif A[kdtpkd;& tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;ukdwnf½Sdaponf
jzpf&m ,if;zuf'&,f tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;wGif vlenf;pkjzpfonfh
jyifopfpum;ajymvlpkrsm;ukd tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; zefwD;
ay;ouJhokdY jzpfonf/ A[kdw&m; pD&ifa&; tygt0if tjcm;aom
zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m tzGJ Ytpnf;rsm;onf NrdKUawmf
bef;wGif rwnf½SdbJ tjcm;a'orsm;wGif wnf½Sdonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;\ t"du tpdwftykdif;jzpfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;
Xmeudk bef;NrdKU tjyifbufwGif ae&mcsxm;onf/

uae'gEkdifiHwGif NrdKUawmfukd bmompum;ESpfrsKd;? ,Ofaus;rIESpfrsKd;

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- trsKd;om;jywkduf) wkdYukd NrdKUawmf atmhw0gwGif rxm;½SdbJ
*gwifEl;wGif xm;½Sdonf/

b@ma&;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rSwfom;zG,frsm;

NrdKUawmfw&yftaeESifh NrdKUawmftaeESifh wnf½Sdap&ef rnfa½GUrnfrQ

ukefusonfukd *Pef;tm;jzifh azmfjy&ef tpOfrvG,fulonfhwkdif
NrdKUawmfjzpf&jcif;twGuf ukefusp&dwfrsm;½Sdonf qkdonfhtcsufurl
xif½Sm;ygonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif taqmuftOD;rsm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;
oH½kH;rsm;rS aumufcH&½Sdrnfh tcGefrsm; r&½Sdjcif;? trsm;jynfolvkHNcHK
a&;? o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;ESifh yef;NcHrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;paom NrdKUawmf
vkyfief;rsm;twGufvnf; ukefusp&dwfrsm; ½Sdonfom jzpfayonf/
,if;okdY jzpfonfhwkdif NrdKUtrsm;pkonf NrdKUawmftjzpf wnf½Sdjcif;
26
aMumifh &½Sdonfh tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;jzpfaom tpkd;&tvkyftukdif
tcGifhtvrf;? tpkd;&ESifh qkdifaom tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd qGJ
aqmifEkdifjcif;? (Oyrm - avmfbDrsm;ESifh c&D;oGm;vkyfief;) ESifh EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmftjzpf wnf½Sd&jcif;[lonf *kPfoa&wkdYukd &½Sd&ef NydKifqkdif
vsuf ½Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif ukefusp&dwfrsm;xuf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;u
ykdrkdomvGefonf[k qkH;jzwfazmfjyEkdifaom avhvmpdppfcsufwpkHw&m
rxGufay:vmao;acs/

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onf/ (&Jvkyfief;? vkHNcHKa&;u@? ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m? yef;NcHrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh o,f,lykdYaqmifa&; ponfh) NrdKUawmft*Fg&yfESifhtnD
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,if;azmfjyyg vkyfief;rsm; aqmif½Guf&mwGif ukefusonfh ukefus
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vnf; ½Sdayonf/ tHhMozG,f&maumif;onfrSm rwlnDonfh tpkd;&
ykHpHrsm;tMum; wlnDrI wpkHw&m r½Sdjcif;yif jzpfacsonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;uJhokdY jyefvnfaxmufyHhjcif;ukd
zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHwGif tjcm;aom ykHpHrsm;xuf ykdrkdawGUU&onf[k
,wdjywf rqkdEkdifjcif;yif jzpfonf/

ykdifqkdifrI tcGefrsm;rSm EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tcGef

\ ta&;ygaom &if;jrpfrsm; jzpfMuayonf/ txl;ojzifh
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wkdYwGif jzpfonf/ ,if;okdY ta&;ygonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif
27
ydkifqkdifrIrsm;ESifh EkdifiHjcm;oH½kH;rsm;tay: tcGefpnf;MuyfrI ykHpHrsm;rSm
vnf; (EkdifiHudk vkdufí) rwluGJjym;onfukd awGU&ayrnf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u ,if;ykdiftaqmuftOD;rsm;twGuf ykdifqkdifrIcGef ay;tyfonfh
EkdifiHrsm; ½Sdonfukd awGU&ovkd ,if;okdY tcGefray;aomfvnf; tcGef
ay;ouJhokdY ay;tyfcGJa0rIrsm; jyKvkyfay;onfh EkdifiHrsm;vnf; ½Sday
onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif taqmuftOD;rsm;twGuf tcGefvkH;vkH;
ray;tyfonfh EkdifiHrsm;vnf; ½Sdayonf/ uae'gEkdifiHwGif tcGefay;
ouJhokdY ay;tyfcGJa0rIrsm; jyKvkyfonfh pepf½Sdaomfvnf; zuf'&,f
tpkd;&trsm;pkrSm ,if;wkdYykdif taqmuftOD;rsm;twGuf tcGef
okdYr[kwf ay;acsrI wpkHw&m jyKvkyfay;tyfMujcif; r½Sdacs/ tusKd;
qufrSm tpkd;&ykdifqkdifrI trsm;pk½Sdonfh NrdKUawmfrsm;tzkdY tcGefaiG
rvkHavmufjcif; jyóemESifh &ifqkdifMu&jcif;yif jzpfayonf/

zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;rSm olrwlonfh oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; ½Sdonf

qkdonfhwdkif EkdifiHwGif;½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm; &ifqkdifMu&onfh jyóemrsm;ukd
,if;wkdYvnf; &ifqkdifMu&onfom jzpfayonf/ uREkfyfwkdY ppfwrf;½Sd
NrdKU BuD;jyBuD; tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif NrdKUawmf\ yx0De,ferdwfonf
rufx½kdykdvDwef {&d,m okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&; jzpfxGef;&m a'o
ESifh wxyfwnf;usonf[k rqkdEkdifonfukd awGU&onf/ trsm;pk
zuf'&,ftpkd;&0efxrf;rsm; (okdYr[kwf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
vkyfukdifaeMuaom tvkyform;rsm;? tpkd;&vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyf
onfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;wGif vkyfukdifaeMuolrsm;) rSm NrdKUawmfwGif;½Sd
a'oEÅ&0efaqmifrI (vrf;rsm;? &Jvkyfief;? aq;½kHaq;cef;rsm; ponf
wkdYukd) okH;pGJMuNyD; NrdKUawmfokdY vma&muftvkyfvkyfMuaomfvnf;
NrdKUawmfwGif raexkdifbJ NrdKUawmfjyifywGif aexkdifMuonfh tae
txm;wGif txl;ta&;BuD;ygonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;wkdYonf
NrdKUawmfokdY tcGefaiG ray;bJ NrdKUawmf\ 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd okH;pGJMu
jcif;aMumifhjzpfNyD; ,if;rSm NrdKUawmfrsm;\ tcGefqkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIukd
BuD;pGm tusKd;oufa&mufapygonf/ jrLeDpy,f e,fedrdwftajymif;
28
tvJ jyKvkyf&efrSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;xJrS zJhxkwfxm;onfh NrdKUawmf
rsm;tzkdY txl;cJ,Of;apNyD; NrdKUawmfudk,fwkdifujynfe,fwckjzpfae
aom tcgrsKd;wGif tjcm;aom jynfe,frsm;ESifh jyóemrsm; &ifqkdif
BuHKawG Y&apEkdifaomaMumifh cufcJygonf/ jrLeDpy,fe,fedrdwf rsm;ukd
xdpyfausmfvGefaom 0efaqmifrIqkdif&m? pDrHudef;qkdif&mudpörsm;ukd
jrLeDpy,frsm;tMum; tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif½Guf
jcif;enf;jzifhom þjyóemudk NrdKUawmftawmfrsm;rsm;u ajz½Sif;Mu
&onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfygonf/

zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;\ tkycf sKyfa&;qkid &f m tqk;H owfaumufcsurf sm;

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm; awG YBuHK&aom pdefac:rIrsm;

onf wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsm;½Sd EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm; BuHKawG Y&aom
pdefac:rIrsm;ESifh wenf;wzkH uGJjym;rI ½Sdonf/ yxrtcsuftaejzifh
jynfaxmifpkESifh a'otpkd;&wkdYtMum; wif;rmrIonf zuf'&,fEkdifihH
NrdKUawmfrsm;twGuf xif½Sm;ygonf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf a,bk,s
tm;jzifh NrdKUBuD;rsm;onf wnf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;\ tkyfcsKyfpDrHykdifcGifh
atmufwGif usa&mufaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ rwlnDaom EkdifiHh
NrdKUawmf tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf vdktyfonfh ykHpHuGJrzefwD;ay;EkdifvQif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taejzifh NrdKUawmftay: vkdvm;ovkd vTrf;rkd;pDrHekdif
rnf r[kwfacs/ 'kwd,taejzifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd rwluGJjym;rIukd
xif[yf&efESifh wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jynfe,ftm;vkH;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;
udk csdefn§d&ef vkdtyfrIwkdYonf zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;twGuf xyf
aqmif;ay:aygufvmonfh pdefac:rIrsm;jzpfonf/ tqkH;owfwGifrl
zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfw&yf\ oGifjyifvu©Pm? NrdKUawmf½Sd a'otmPm
ykdif tzGJUtpnf;\ vkyfykdifcGifh? NrdKUawmfvkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;twGuf
aiGaMu;ponfwkdYESifh pyfvsOf;í ay:vpDa½G;cs,frIrsm; ½Sdonfom jzpf
ygonf/ þa½G;cs,frIrsm;ukd rnfokdY rnfykH jyKvkyfrnfqkdonfh
udpöwGifvnf; zGJUpnf;ykH uefYowfcsufrsm;ESifhvnf; BuHKawGUEkdifay
29
onf/ rnfodkYyif qkdapumrl uREkfyfwkdYtaejzifh atmufazmfjyyg
twkdif; a,bk,s rSwfcsufrsm; jyKEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/

˜ yxrqkH;taeESifh zuf'&,fc½kdifykHpHwGif NrdKUawmfta&;udpö

rsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&yg0ifrIESifh a'oqkdif&m vGwfvyfpGm
pDrHcefYcGJykdifrItMum; rQajcw&yfukd zrf;&ef vkdtyfonf/ a'o
qkdif&m vGwfvyfpGm pDrHcefYcGJykdifrI &½SdEkdifap&ef zuf'&,f
NrdKUawmfrsm;taeESifh a½G;aumufyGJu wufvmonfh aumifpD
rsm; (zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wkduf½kdufcefYxm;jcif;r[kwfonfh)
½Sd&ef vkdtyfrnfjzpfNyD;? tokH;p&dwfrsm;ukd umrdap&ef vkdtyf
onfh tcGefaumufcHykdifcGifh tmPmukd tyfESif;ay;xm;&ef
vkdonf/

˜ 'kwd,tcsufrSm EkdifiHhNrdKUawmfrsm;onf NrdKUawmfvkyfief;rsm;?

(vkHNcHKa&; ponf) aqmif½Guf&ef tykdukefusp&dwfrsm; &½Sd&
rnf/ okdYaomf ,if;okdY okH;pGJrIrsm; ½Sdovkd NrdKUawmfjzpfjcif;
aMumifh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;vnf; ½Sdonfqkdonfh tcsufukd xif
[yfapEkdif&rnf/

˜ wwd,taeESifh ykdifqkdifrItcGefrsm;tay: rSDckdaom z,f'&,f

NrdKUawmfrsm;twGuf zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&
ydkifqkdifrIrsm;twGuf tcGefay;aqmif&rnf? ,if;okdY ay;
aqmif&ef zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya't& rvkdtyfygu ,if;
ykdifqkdifrItcGeftpm;xkd; tjcm;ay;aqmifrIrsm; ay;tyf&rnf/

˜ pwkw¬tcsufrSm pD;yGm;a&;a'owcktjzpf EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh

aomfvnf;aumif;? yx0Dtm;jzifhaomfvnf;aumif;? ykdif;
jcm;xm;jcif; r[kwfonfh NrdKUawmfrsm;twGuf qkdvQif
ydkYaqmifa&;? ajrtokH;jyKrI pDrHcefYcGJjcif;ponfh e,fedrdwf
30
 jzwfausmf&onfh 0efaqmifrIrsm; &½SdEkdif&ef yl;aygif;aqmif
½GufrI? n§dEIdif;rIrsm; jyKvkyf&ef vkdtyfonf qkdonfh tcsuf
jzpfonf/ ,if;okdY aqmif½Guf&mwGifvnf; NrdKUawmfwGif
tNrJaexkdifolr[kwf olrsm;u NrdKUawmfu ,if;okdY aqmif
½Gufay;&onfhtwGuf tusKd;tjrwf jyefvnf&½Sdapatmif
pDrHxm;&rnf/ þudpö&yfrsm;rSm zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm;
twGufom oD;jcm;jzpfonfh oabmraqmifonfhwkdif
zuf'&,fNrdKUawmf\ e,fedrdwfrsm;ukd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;
twGif;okdY csJUxGif&efrSm txl;tm;jzifh cufcJygonf/

zuf'&,fNrdKUawmfrsm; pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI udpö&yfrSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm wkd;wuf

ajymif;vJvmcJhNyD jzpfonfhwkdif vlOD;a&taetxm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh
EkdifiHa&;tajctaersm; ajymif;vJonfESifhtrQ ,if;pDrHtkyfcsKyfykHonf
vnf; vkdufí ajymif;vJaeOD;rnfom jzpfygownf;/

31
Further Reading

Bird, Richard M., and Enid Slack. 2004. International Handbook

on Land and Property Taxation.
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc.

Campbell, Scott. 2003. “The Enduring Importance of National

Capital Cities in the Global Era.” Urban
and Regional Research Collaborative, University of Michigan
Working Paper Series, URRC 03-08.

Paquet, Gilles. 1993. “Commentary: Capital Cities as Symbolic

Resources.” In Taylor, J., J.G. Lengellé,
and C. Andrew. Eds. 1993. Capital Cities: International
Perspectives. Ottawa: Carleton University Press.

Rowat, Donald,C. 1993. “Ways of Governing Federal Capitals.”

In Taylor, J., J.G. Lengellé, and C.
Andrew. Eds. 1993. Capital Cities: International Perspectives.
Ottawa: Carleton University Press.

Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Finance and

Governance of Capital Cities in Federal
Systems (Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2009)

32
 zuf'&,fpepftwGif;rS a'oEÅ&tpkd;&

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rSmrl uGjJ ym;Muonf/ tdE,
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33
a'oEÅ&tpk;d & uGjJ ym;rIukd xyfí awG Y&onf/ avhvmcJah om wq,fEh pS f
EkdifiHrS EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&axmifESifh csDí ½Sdonfh EkdifiH
rsm; ½Sdonf/ trsm;pk a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSm vlOD;a& tenf;i,f
ukdom wm0ef,lpDrHaqmif½Gufjcif; jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh pydefESifh
awmiftmz&du ESpfEkdifiHvkH;onf vlOD;a& 44 oef; wlnDpGm ½Sdaomf
vnf; pydefEkdifiHwGif jrLeDpy,f (8108) zGJU½Sdí awmiftmz&duwGifrl
284 zGJUom½Sdonf/ ao;i,fonfh jrLeDpy,faygif;rsm;pGm wnf½Sd
onfjzpf&m tcsKdUrSmrl aiGaMu;t& jynfhpkHrI r½SdMuay/ okdYjzpf&m
aygif;pyfzGJUpnf;rIudpö (amalgamation) rSm A[kdtpkd;& t*sif'gxJ
wGif yg0ifaeonfrSmvnf; tHhMop&m r½Sdacs/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHr[kwf
aom tif'kdeD;½Sm;uJhokdYaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm; wkd;yGm;
vmrIonf a'o\ zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd t[efYtwm; jzpfaponf
[k xifjrifvsuf ½Sdonf/ okdYaomf jrLeDpy,ftzGJUukd tajccHOya'
t& umuG,fay;xm;aom MopBwD;,m;EkdifiHwGifrl ao;i,faom
jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd EkdifiHa&;t& ykdrdkvdkvm;Muygvdrfhrnf/ jrLeDpy,f
rsm;pGm½Sdjcif;uvnf; jrLeDpy,fwckESifh wck\ rwluGJjym;jcm;em;rI
ukd zkH;uG,fxm;ovkd jzpfwwfonf/ Oyrm tcsKdUrufx½kdydkvDwef
jrLeDpy,ftzGJUrsm;rSm vloef;aygif;rsm;pGm ½SdNyD; tcsKdUaus;vufa'o
a'oEÅ& jrLeDpy,frsm;rSm vlOD;a&waxmifatmuf avsmhenf;onf
yif ½Sdwwfayonf/

jrLeDpy,ft½G,ftpm;onfvnf; wcgw&H ta&;ygwwfayonf/

BuD;rm;aom NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;onf aiGaMu;t& udk,fhtm;ukd,fudk;
Ekdifonf/ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKrIr½Sd
aom EkdifiHrsm; (Oyrm - uae'g) wGifyifvQif BuD;rm;aom NrdK Yjy
jrLeDpy,frsm;\ toHukd tpkd;&u todtrSwfjyK&onf/ qGpfZmvef?
MopaMw;vs ponfhEkdifiHrsm;wGif ao;i,faom jrLeDpy,frsm;rSm aiG
a&;aMu;a&;t& tqifajypGm &yfwnfEkdif&ef tcsif;csif; yl;aygif;aqmif
½GufaeMu&ayonf/ 1990 ckESpfrsm;wGif uae'gEkdifiHwGifNrdKU jy
34
ESihf qifajczk;H jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf aygif;pnf;jcif; (amalgamation)
onf vkyf½kd;vkyfxkH;w&yf jzpfvmonf/

zkd&rf\ a'oEÅ&tpkd;&avhvmcsufppfwrf;wGif tawG Y&trsm;qkH;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHrSm taxGaxG jrLeDpy,f vkyfief;rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI
tcsKdUay;aom a,bk,sqefonfh jrLeDpy,fykHpH jzpfygonf/ ,if;
okdYaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd trsm;pk awGU&ovkd ausmif;pDrHcefYcGJ
onfh c½kdife,frsm; (school districts)? a&pDrHrIqkdif&m udpörsm;ukd
wm0ef,laqmif½Gufonfh water authorities ESifh o,f,lykdYaqmifa&;
vkyfiefrsm;ukd wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&onfh transport authorities
ponfh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHuGJrsm;ukdvnf; awGU&onf/ ,if;okdYaom
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHuGJrsm;ukd txl;ojzifh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk
wGif trsm;tjym;awG Y&onf/

EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif wlnDrIrSm jrLeDpy,ftqifhqifh ½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/

yxrtqifh jrLeDpy,frsm; (primary municipalities) u c½kdife,f
okdYr[kwf aumifpDqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;ukd vkyfaqmifcGifh tmPm½SdNyD;
,if;wkdYu vkyfief;udpörsm;ukd n§dEIdif;ay;jcif;ESifh bulk services rsm;
aqmif½Gufay;onf/ okdYaomf awmiftmz&du Oyrmt& vkyfaqmif
cGifh tmPmrsm; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufpDrHjcif;onf jyóem½SdEkdifonf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif txl;ojzifh awG Y&NyD; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;
wGifvnf; tawG Yrsm;vmaom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ykHpHw&yfrSm gated
communities [k ac:qkdonfh vlaetdrfrsm;? NcHrsm;ukd pkpnf;wHwkdif;
um&Hxm;NyD; ,if;tdrf&mtwGif;½Sd vrf;rrsm;? oefY½Sif;a&;? vkHNcHKa&;?
trIdufypfa&;ESifh yef;NcHrsm; pDrHa&;ponfh jrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm;ukd
ukd,fykdifvkyfukdifonfh ykHpHrsKd; jzpfonf/ þykHpHu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\
wnfNidrfrIESifh xda&mufrIukd pdefac:vmNyD jzpfonf/

a'oEÅ& tpkd;&rsm;\ Oya'aMumif;t& wnf½SdrIrSmvnf; jynfe,f

35
rsm;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\ wnf½SdrIukd jy|mef;Oya'jyKEkdifonfh EkdifiH
trsm;pkwGif jynfe,fwckcsif;pDtay: rlwnfí uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/
oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;
onf jynfe,fOya'rsm;wGif jy|mef;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf&m a'oEÅ&
tpkd;&\udk,fykdifvGwfvyfcGifhonfvnf; ,if;Oya'rsm;tvkdt&yif
wnf½Sd&ayonf/ odkYaomf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;twGuf tajccHvkdtyf
onfh ,if;wkdY\ Oya'aMumif;tqifhESifh wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;ukd
zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif wjznf;jznf; ykdrkdazmfjyvmMuNyD jzpfonf/
MopaMw;vsuJhokdY oufwrf;&ifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onfvnf;
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;todtrSwfjyK&ef rMum
ao;rDuyif pOf;pm;vmMuNyD jzpfonf/

tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKjcif;

MopBwD;,m;ESifh (aemufydkif;wGif) ruúqDukdrSwyg; tapmykdif;

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;jzpfaom (tar&duef? qGpfZmvef? uae'g?
MopaMw;vs) wkdYwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; tajccHOya'wGif xnfh
oGif;azmfjyjcif; r½Sdacs/ ½SdcJhvQifvnf; jynfe,ftpdk;&\ vkyfykdifcGifh
e,fy,fwcktaeESifhom jzpfonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppftNyD;rSom
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf 'Drkdu&ufwpf tkyfcsKyfrIukd jyefvnfazmfaqmif
&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom t&mwcktjzpf zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif
yg0ifvmjcif; jzpfonf/ 1949 *smrefzGJUpnf;ykHwGif jrLeDpy,frsm;ukd
Oya't& owfrSwfxm;aom abmiftwGif; a'oEÅ&udpö&yfrsm;ukd
udk,fydkifwm0ef,l pDrHaqmif½GufykdifcGifhukd tmrcHay;xm;onf/ 1978
pydeftajccHOya'wGif jynfe,frsm; (autonomous communities)
zGJUpnf;Ekdif&ef t"duxm;cJhNyD; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;udkrl razmfjycJhay/

zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&;twGufESifh 'Drkdua&pDenf;us jynfolvlxkyg0ifa&;

(broad-based democratic participation) udk us,fjyefYpGm vkyfaqmif
36
vkdjcif;wkdYu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKEkdif
&ef wGef;tm;ay;vsuf ½Sdonf/ t&yfom;tpkd;&tjzpfokdY b&mZD;EkdifiH
ajymif;vJvmNyD; ay:aygufonfh 1988 b&mZD;tajccHOya'wGif
a'oEÅ&tpkd;udk txl;umuG,fay;xm;onf/ 1992 tdE´d,tajccH
Oya' 73 BudrfajrmufESifh 74 Budrfajrmuf jyifqifcsufOya'rsm;t&
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; zGJUpnf;ykHt& tumtuG,fay;xm;jcif;rSm zGH YNzdK;
a&;twGuf t"duylyefpkd;&drfrIaMumifh jzpfonf/ 1996 awmiftmz&du
tajccHOya'wGif 'Drkdua&pDESifh zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufa&; &nf½G,fcsufrsm;
twGuf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd ykdrkdumuG,fay;xm;onf/ 1999
ekdif*sD;&D;,m;tajccHOya'wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tpkd;&tvTmw&yff
taejzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;rSmvnf; þoabmt&yifjzpfonf/
,if;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh rwlnDonfh jzpfpOfrSm vufawGUvkyfaqmifaeaom
a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd qGpfzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u 1999 ckESpf
wGifrS xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif;yif jzpfonf/

zuf'&,ftajccHOya't& a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd todtrSwfjyKrxm;

vQif ,if;ukd jyefvnfukpm;onfhtaeESifh jynfe,ftajccHOya'rsm;
wGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tm; umuG,fay;xm;onf/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif
[krf;½l; (home rule) udk txl;umuG,fay;xm;jcif;rS MopaMw;vswGif
todtrSwfjyKjcif; oabmoufouftxd jzpfonf/ okdYaomf
MopaMw;vsonftajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyK&ef aumfr½Sifwck
ukd 2011 wGif zGJUpnf;cJhNyD; 2013 wGif jynfolYqE´cH,lyGJ jyKvkyf&ef
tpDtpOfESifh aqmif½GufcJhonf/

okdYaomf tdE´d,tajccHOya'uJhokdY tajccHOya't& taotcsm

todtrSwfjyKcH&onfhwkdif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tay: jynfe,ftpkd;&\
vTrf;rkd;rIukd rz,f½Sm;Ekdifqkdonfhtcsufukd aumif;pGm rSwfom;&ef
vkdtyfayonf/ ,if;okdY jzpf&jcif;rSm jrLeDpy,ftqifhrsm;\
pGrf;aqmif&nftay:wGif rlwnfovdk jynfe,frsm;u b@ma&;
37
qkdif&mwGif csKyfukdifxm;jcif;aMumifhvnf; jzpfayonf/ b&mZD;ESifh
awmiftmz&duEkdifiHrsm;omvQif jynfe,fu a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd
pDrHaqmif½GufrIESifh xdef;n§day;jcif;wkdYukd xdxda&mufa&muf ajzavQmh
xm;onf/

tqifhESifh wm0ef,lrIrsm;

EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jrLeDpy,ft½G,ftpm; uGJjym;onfhwkdif a'oEÅ&

tpkd;&ukdwlnDaom vkyfydkifcGifhESifh vkyfief;rsm;tm; cJGa0ay;xm;
onf/ vufawGUtm;jzifh tajccHjrLeDpy,fvkyfief;rsm;wGif a&ESifh
rdv’m? vrf;rsm;? tem;,ltyef;ajz&m ae&mrsm;? trsm;jynfol vkHNcHK
a&;ESifh tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGif ausmif;udpörsm; yg0ifonf/ okdYaomf
NrdKU BuD;jyBuD;rsm;\ a'oEÅ&vGwfvyfpGm tkyfcsKyfykdifcGifhtwGufrl
txl;tcGifhta&;rsm; wkd;í wkd;í ay;tyfvmMuonf/ a'oEÅ&
tzGJUrsm;rSm 4if;wdkY\ udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m vkyfief;rsm;tjyif
zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&wkdYu xyfwkd;csrSwfaom vkyfief;
rsm;ukd wkd;í wkd;í jyKvkyfay;aeMu&onf/

*smreDjrLeDpy,frsm;wGif xif½Sm;aom zufpyf (hybrid) vu©Pm

w&yf ½Sdonf/ 4if;rSm ,if;wkdYonf udk,fykdiftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUrsm; jzpf
½kHomru jynfe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;\ tedrfhqkH;tpkd;&tqifhvnf; jzpf
onf/ ppfwrf; aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif jrLeDpy,f
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUwkdYonf 4if;wkdYukd aiGaMu;tm;jzifh vkHavmufpGm cs
xm;ay;jcif;r½SdbJ 0efaqmifrIrsm; ydrkdcsxm;aqmif½Gufapvmonfh
twGuf apm'uwufrIrsm;½Sdaeonfukd awGU½Sd&ayonf/ pydefEkdifiH
wGif jynfe,frsm;u aiGaMu;tm;jzifh vkHavmufpGm csxm;ay;jcif;
r½SdbJ a'oEÅ&tqifh tpkd;&rsm;ukd aiGukefaMu;usrsm;onfh
0efaqmifrIrsm; aqmif½Guf&ef wm0efay;tyfvmjcif;onf y#dyu©
rsm;ukd jzpfyGm;vmaponf/ ,if;jyóemonf *smreDekdifiHwGif zGJUpnf;
38
ykHukd jyifqifonftxd jzpfapcJhNyD; jynfe,ftpkd;&taeESifh a'oEÅ&
tzGJUtm; wm0efrsm;ay;aomtcg ,if;wm0efrsm; aqmif½Guf&onfh
twGuf okH;pGJ&onfh aiGaMu;ukd jyefvnfay;tyfrSom wm0efay;
tyf&ef tajccHOya'ukd jyifqifcJh&onf/ ñTefMum;csufrsm;onf
aiGaMu;qkdif&m axmufyhHrIr½SdbJ rNyD;ajrmufEkdifay/ NrdKUawmfe,fajr
rsm;wGif jrLeDpy,frsm; rxdef;csKyfEkdifaom aiGaMu;qkdif&m axmufyHhrI
r½Sdonfh jyifyrS trdefYrsm;½Sdwwfonf/ taumif;qkH;OyrmrSm
jrLeDpy,frsm;onf ajymif;a½TUvmolrsm;ukd xdef;csKyfEkdifpGrf;r½SdbJ
ae&may;&efESifh pkpnf;&ef wm0ef½Sdonfqkdvmaomtcg ,if;
jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf 0efxkyf0efykd;jzpfvmjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 4if;rSm
zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;ESifh uae'guJhokdY a½TUajymif;cGifh½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGif
jzpfyGm;vsuf ½Sdonf/

jrLeDpy,fqkdif&m aiGaMu;udpörsm;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ b@ma&;tajctaerSm tcsKdUwGif ukd,fhajcaxmuf

ay: udk,f&yfEkdifonfh taetxm;rS tcsKdUwGif jynfe,f okdYr[kwf
zuf'&,ftpkd;&xHrS vTJajymif;aiGrsm;tay: vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm; rSDckd&
onfh taetxm;txd ½Sdonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh MopaMw;vs? uae'g?
awmiftmz&duwkdYwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY okH;pGJ
onfh 0ifaiG\ 80 &mckdifEIef;ausmfudk udk,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonf/
tdE´d,½Sd aus;vufa'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSmrl jynfaxmifpkESifh jynfe,f
vTJajymif;aiGrsm;ay:wGif vkH;vkH;rSDckdae&onf/ ,if;okdY jynfaxmifpk
ESifh jynfe,frsm;u vTJajymif;aiG trsm;pkrSmvnf; tpkd;&tpDtrH
rsm;ESifh ñTefMum;csufrsm; yg0ifonfh vTJajymif;aiGrsm; jzpfaeygonf/
tdE´d,½Sd jynfe,ftcsKdUrSm jynfe,fb@ma&;aumfr½Sifukd xlaxmif
NyD; a'oEÅ&tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd pnf;rsOf;tajcjyK vTJajymif;aiGrsm;
axmufyHh&ef aqmif½GufMuonfhwkdif ,if;rS a&muf½Sdonfh vTJajymif;
aiGrsm;rSm vGwfvGwfvyfvyf ½Sdygonf/ b&mZD;wGif vTJajymif;aiG
39
ay;tyfjcif;onf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rS wkduf½kdufvmNyD; NrdKU jywkd;wufrI
ukd tpjyK&ef jzpfonf/ MopaMw;vswGif NrdKU jyae&mrsm;onf
ta½SUajrmufuGif;pfvef;rSty jyefYusJí rnDnmaom wkd;wufrIrsm;
jzpfay:onfhtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf a'ozGH YNzdK;a&;twGuf 0if
a&mufn§dEIdif;ay;&mwGif t"dutcef;u@taeESifh yg0ifonf/

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;wGif t"duapm'uwckrSm a'oEÅ&tpkd;&twGuf 0ifaiG

trsm;pkrSm zuf'&,f tpkd;&xHrS vTJajymif;jcif;jzpfNyD; udk,fykdif0ifaiG
r½Sdjcif;onf okH;ckaygif;tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpH½Sd udk,fykdifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf
pDrHykdifcGifh\ t"dyÜm,fav;eufrIukd avsmhusaponfqkdonfhtcsufyif
jzpfonf/ a'oEÅ&taeESifh udk,fykdifaiGvkHavmufrI½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;
wGifyifvQif udk,fykdif&if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0rIü rnDrQrIrsm; ½Sdaeonf/
aus;vuf jrLeDpy,frsm;onf vTJajymif;aiG&rIay:wGif rlwnfae&NyD;
NrdKU jyjrLeDpy,frsm;rSmrl udk,fykdif0ifaiGay:wGif &yfwnfEkdifonf/
t"du udk,fykdif0ifaiGrsm;rSm ypönf;cGefrsm;? ukefoG,fcGef (commercial
tax) (*smreDuJhokdY) rsm;ESifh 0efaqmifrI tokH;jyKctcGefrsm; jzpfonf/
t"dutjiif;yGm;aom tcsufrSm jrLeDpy,frsm;onf 0efaqmifrIrsm;
ESifh tajccHtaqmuftODrsm; wkd;wufap&ef rvkyfaqmifEkdifonfh
ypönf;cGefrsm;ay:wGifom vkH;vkH;rSDckdaejcif;jzpfonf/ tar&duefEkdifiH
wGif ypönf;cGefay: tm;xm;jcif;ukd avQmhcsNyD; vufvDa&mif;cscGef
ESifh 0ifaiGcGefay:wGif ykdrkdtm;xm;vmonf/ xkdEkdifiHwGif okH;pGJcGef
(user charges) onf vsifjrefpGm BuD;xGm;vmNyD; udk,fykdif0ifaiG\
ta&;BuD;qkH; ykHpHjzpfvmonf/

40
BuD;Muyfjcif;

txuftqifhqifhtpkd;&rsm;\ BuD;MuyfrIqkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm

twkdif;twmu a'oEÅ&tpkd;& rnfrQ udk,fykdifvGwfvGwfvyfvyf
vkyfykdifcGifh½Sd r½Sdudk azmfjyonf/ ppfwrf;aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiH
trsm;pkwGif jynfe,frsm;onf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd apmifhMunfhjcif;
ESifh Mum;0ifjcif;tmPmrsm; ½SdMuonf/ Mum;0ifjcif;qkd&mwGif
enf;vrf;rsm;pGm ½Sdonfhteuf Oya'vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;ESifh nD? rnD
pdppf½kHoufoufrSonf 'Drkdua&pDenf;t& a½G;cs,fxm;aom
a'oEÅ&aumifpDrsm;ukd zsufodrf;Ekdifonftxd yg0ifonf/ awmif
tmz&duEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;qkdif&m xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhjcif; pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;ukd txl;wif;Muyfvkdufjcif;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;\
udk,fykdifvGwfvyfpGm pDrHydkifcGifhukd ysufpD;apvsuf½Sdonf/ EIdif;,SOf
MunfhvQif pydefa'oEÅ&tpdk;&pepfonf tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum;
tcsif;csif; xda&mufpGm qufoG,fqufqHa&;ukd ydkrkdtav;xm;vsuf
A[kdESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&\ xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhjcif;ukd uefYowfxm;
onf/

tpkd;&t&yf&yfMum; qufqHa&;

oDtkd&DESifh vufawG Yt& a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf tay:wkduf½kdufwqifh

jzpfonfh jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh t"duqufoG,frI½Sdonf[k qkd&rnf
jzpfaomfvnf; ,cktcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh wkduf½kdufqufoG,frIrsm;
wkd;wufvmonf/ þokdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&ESifh wkduf½kduf qufoG,f
jcif;wGif jynfe,fukd ckefausmfí a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;okdY b@maiGrsm;
cGJa0ay;jcif;rsm;ygovkd zuf'&,ftpkd;&tkyfcsKyfrIwGif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&
rsm; yg0ifvmjcif;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ MopaMw;vszuf'&,fpepf
ü a'oEÅ& tpkd;&onf tajccHOya'tm;jzifh todtrSwfjyKxm;jcif;
rcH&aomfvnf; tpDtpOfwus zGJUpnf;xm;aom a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf
41
EkdifiH\ xdyfwef;tpkd;&rsm;tMum; zkd&rf (top intergovernmental
forum) jzpfonfh MopaMw;vstpkd;&rsm; aumifpD (the Council of
Australian Governments) wGif wif;jynfhtzGJ Y0if jzpfonf/ tjcm;
wzufwGif uae'g½Sd a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf tpkd;&tzGJUwGif ae&m
wae&m &½Sd&ef awmif;qkdrIrsm; ½Sdonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&onf
jynfe,frsm;\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmukd 0ifa&mufpGufzufvkdpdwf r½SdvS
acs/ ,if;okdY zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wkHYqkdif;rIonf EkdifiHa&;t& vkyf½kd;
vkypf Of"avhaMumifo h mrubJ uae'gEkid if ½H dS jynfe,frsm;\ (MopaMw;vs
jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif) b@ma&;t& udk,fykdifvGwfvGwf
vyfvyf pDrHykdifcGifh½Sdjcif;udkvnf; xif[yfaeayonf/ *smreDEkdifiHwGif
vnf; a'oEÅ&tpkd;&onf zuf'&,f Oya'jyKa&;ESifh ,if;zuf'&,f
Oya'rsm;\ tusKd;oufa&mufrIudk wkdif;wmonfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;
wGif w&m;0ifae&m wae&m &½Sd&ef BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdonf/ awmif
tmz&duEkdifiHwGifrl w&m;0iftwnfwusjzpfonfh tpkd;&t&yf&yf
tMum; qufqHa&;ykHpHrsm;u a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;
twkdif;twm tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif aomhcsufusonfh vkyfazmfudkifzuf
tjzpf ae&m&½SdapNyD; jynfe,frsm;qkdif&m aumifpD (qD;edwf txuf
vTwfawmfESifhqifwlonf) wGif ,if;\ tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf ajym
qkdykdifcGifhudkyg &½Sdxm;aponf/

tpkd;&t&yf&yftMum; qufqHa&;rSm ab;wkdufqufqHa&;wGifvnf;

BuD;rm;us,fjyefYonf/ aygif;pyfjcif;qkdif&m zdtm;rsm;udk BuHhBuHhcHNyD;
jrLeDpy,frsm;onf tcsif;csif; qE´tavsmuf oabmwlnDcsuf
csrSwfNyD; yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufvsuf ½Sdonfukdvnf; awGU&ayrnf/
,if;tjzpfonf tar&duefESifh qGpfZmvefEkdifiHrsm;½Sd a'oEÅ&tpkd;&
rsm;wGif txl;xif½Sm;ygonf/

42
EkdifiHa&;"avh

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;rSm oabmobm0tm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykH

t& vnf;aumif;? NrdKU jyBuD;rsm;ukd pDrH&onfhtqifhrS awmaus;vuf
rsm;ukd pDrH&onfh jrLeDpy,ftqifhtxd trsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;Muonf
jzpf&m a'oEÅ&tpkd;&rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh EkdifiHa&;"avhrSmvnf;
EkdifiHwGif;üvnf; rsm;pGm uGJjym;ovkd? wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiHvnf; rwl
uGJjym;Muayonf/ jrLeDpy,fEkdifiHa&;rSm a,bk,stm;jzifh ygwDrsm;
tay: tajccHaom EkdifiHa&;rsKd; r[kwfacs/ qkdvkdonfrSm uae'g
EkdifiHOyrmukd MunfhvQif a'oEÅ&tpkd;&tqifhrS txuftqifh tpkd;&
rsm;okdY qufqHa&;wGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS vrf;aMumif;rsm;ukd rokH;pGJ
EkdifMuay/ *smreDuJhokdY ygwDEkdifiHa&; ½SdvQifvnf; jynfe,fESifh
zuf'&,ftqifhwkdYxuf ykdí enf;yg;ygonf/ tjcm;aom tpGef;
wzufü MopBwD;,m;ESifh awmiftmz&duwkdYwGif jrLeDpy,frsm;onf
vnf; ygwDvrf;aMumif;rsm;twkdif; zGJUpnf;xm;Muonfukd awG Y&ay
rnf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh z,fusOfcH&onfh vltkyfpkrsm;ukd udk,fpm;
jyK&ef aumifpD0ifvlBuD;rsm;? NrdKUawmf0efrsm; okH;ykHwpfykHonf
trsKd;orD;rsm; jzpf&rnfqkdaom tdEd́,\ a0ykHuspepf (quota system)
rSmvnf; xl;jcm;ygonf/ aumuf,lcJhaom EkdifiHrsm; ppfwrf;t&
a'oEÅ&a½G;aumufyGJrsm;onf tdE´d,wGif jynfe,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;
ESifh zuf'&,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;xuf rJay;ol ykdrkdrsm;onfh tajctae
½Sdovkd tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,fESifh zuf'&,fa½G;aumufyGJrsm;
atmuf rJay;ol OD;a&avsmhenf;onfukdvnf; awG Y&ayrnf/ þf
onfrSm ykdrkdtawG Yrsm;aom tajctaejzpfNyD; ppfwrf;aumuf,l
cJhonfh EkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif 'kwd,tajctaeukd awG Y&ygonf/

43
rufx½kdydkvDwef e,fajrrsm;

rufx½kdykdvDwef NrdKUjya'orsm; BuD;rm;us,fjyefYvmrIonf 21 &mpk

\wkd;wufvmaom jzpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ cefYrSef;wGufcsufrIrsm;t&
2025 ckESpfwGif urÇmhvlOD;a& oef; 8000 teufrS trsm;pkonf NrdKU
rsm;wGif aexkdifvmrnfjzpfNyD; ,if;teufrS 85 &mckdifEIef;onf zGH YNzdK;
qJEkdifiHrsm;wGif aexkdifvmMurnf/ 4if;onf ,cifpufrIawmfvSefa&;
twGif;üom awGU½SdcJh&aom ajymif;a½TUvmrIyrmPrsKd;jzpfay:vmap
vdrfhrnf/ ,cifajymif;a½TUrIrSm yrmPtenf;i,ftay:om tajccH
cJhonf/ NrdKU jya'orsm;onf vmrnfh q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vlrsm; ykdrkd
aexkdifvmvdrfhrnf[laom taMumif;aMumifhomru ay:vpDtjrif
t&yg ta&;BuD;onf/ NrdKU jyrsm;onf EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;tif*sifrsm;
jzpf½kHomr urÇmYpD;yGm;a&;tif*sifrsm;vnf; jzpfaomaMumifh txl;
ta&;BuD;ayonf/ Oyrm - uae'gEkdifiH\ vlOD;a& 7 &mckdifEIef; ae
xkdifaom wkd&efwkdNrdKUonf EkdifiHvkH;pD;yGm;a&;\ 11 &mckdifEIef;? tdE´d,
EkdifiH\ vlOD;a& 1.1 &mckdifEIef;aexkdifaom rGefbkdif;NrdKUonf EkdifiHh
pD;yGm;a&;\ 5 &mckdifEIef;xkwfvkyfay;vsuf ½Sdonf/ *vkdb,furÇm
BuD;wGif todynmtajccHpD;yGm;a&; (knowledge-based economy)
jzpfay:vmaom tajctaewGif qef;opfwDxGifjcif; (innovation)
onf csrf;omjcif;\ t"dutcsuf jzpfonf/ ,if;qef;opfwDxGif
jcif;trsm;pkonf NrdK U BuD;jyBuD;rsm;? rufx½kdykdvDwefae&mrsm;wGif
awG Y&NyD; pD;yGm;jzpfxGef;rIonf NrdKUBuD;rsm;\ tawG;tac:opfrsm;
xGufay:vmjcif;rS jzpfay:vm&ayonf/

txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwkdif; rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;onf

EkdifiHwGif; pD;yGm;a&;t& ajymif;a½TUaexkdifolrsm; (jynfwGif; ajymif;a½TU
aexkdifrIESifh e,fpyfjzwfausmfajymif;a½TUaexkdifrIrsm;) udk oHvdkuf
ozG,f qGJaqmifvsuf ½Sdonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepfrsm;ukd aemufcH
um;tjzpf xm;Munfhygu rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;onf tjcm;
44
jynfe,frsm;xuf ydkrkdBuD;rm;aom? tr,fpkHvifaom pD;yGm;a&;jzpf
xGef;&m ae&mrsm; jzpfonfudk awGU&ayrnf/

NrdKU jya'owkdYrS jzpfay:vmEkdifaom tEkwfvu©Pmaqmifonfh

jzpf&yf (negative externalities) rsm;aMumifhvnf; 4if;wkdYonf
ay:vpDtjrift& ta&;ygonf/ zGH YNzdK;qJ EkdifiHrsm;ESifh zGH YNzdK;NyD; EkdifiH
rsm;½Sd NrdKU BuD;rsm;onf urÇmBuD; ylaEG;vmjcif;? ywf0ef;usif npfnrf;
apjcif;paom ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rIrsm;ukd t"du jzpfyGm;aponf/
NrdKU jya'orsm;onf NrdKU jyqif;&JrGJawjcif;rsm; wkd;yGm;vmrI? vlrIa&;
qkdif&m cGJjcm;qufqHrIrsm;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m rnDrQrIrsm;ukd azmfjy
aeonf/ zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;rS qif;&Jom;&yfuGufrsm;? zGH YNzdK;NyD; EkdifiHrsm;
rS a½TUajymif;tajccsrsm; aexkdif&m &yfuGufrsm;onf rnDrQrI\ jy,k*f
jzpfonf/ NrdKUjya'orsm;twGif; NrdKUawmfonf eD;pyf&m ae&mrsm;rS vl
rsm;? vma&muftvkyfvkyfNyD; olwkdY\ udk,fykdifae&mrsm;wGif r&½Sdaom
0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifaom a'oqkdif&m A[kdcsufjzpfonf/
xkdtcg NrdKU BuD;wGif aexkdifjcif;\ b0t&nftaoG;rSm oufa&muf
rIcH&onf/ (Oyrm - a&npfnrf;jcif;? oGm;vmrI cufcJjcif;?
&mZ0wfrI xlajymjcif;? aq;½kH? ausmif;wkdY\ jynfhMuyfjcif;/)

tem*wfwGif rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;\ aecsifpzG,f½SdrI (livability)

ESifh ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; (productivity) wkdYtay: oufa&mufrI½Sdaom
pdefac:rIESpf&yfukd ajz½Sif;Ekdif&ef oifhawmfaom tkyfcsKyfa&;wnf
aqmufykHrsm;ESifh b@ma&;pepfwkdY vkdtyfrnf jzpfayonf/ yxr
pdefac:rIrSm aumif;rGefaom b0t&nftaoG; (good quality of life)
ukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdifjcif;ESifh ywfoufonf/ ,if;udpörSm vlom;
&if;jrpfESifh ½kyfykdif;qkdif&m tajccHtaqmuftODwGif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
rsm;ESifh txl;ywfoufqufEG,fayonf/ 'kwd,pdefac:rIrSm NrdKUawmf
rsm;onf vlrIpD;yGm;t& tqifrajyrI? y#dyu©rsm;\ A[kdcsufrjzpfbJ
qef;opfwDxGifrI\ A[kdcsufrsm;tjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef tm;vkH;
45
yg0ifrI½Sdaom NrdKU jyrsm; ]inclusive cities} jzpfvmatmif zefwD;ysKd;
axmif&rnfh pdefac:rIyif jzpfayonf/ okH;oyfrIt& xif½Sm;aom
tkyfcsKyfrI ykHpH ig;rsKd;udk awGU&onf/

yxrtaejzifh MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif NrdKU BuD;rsm;udk rsm;jym;ao;i,f

aom jrLeDpy,frsm;tjzpf cGJjcm;xm;NyD; rufx½kdykdvDwef NrdKU jy
a'orsm;ukd jynfe,ftpdk;&u t"du pDrHcefYcGJonf/ 'kwd,ykHpHrSm
rufx½kdydkvDwefa'o½Sd a'oEÅ& tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;ukd ,if;
wkdY\ wnf½SdrI rysufapbJ yl;aygif;apNyD; vTrf;NcHKn§dEIdif;aygif;pyfay;
onfh tqifhwqifh xm;½Sdjcif;yif jzpfonf/ Oyrm - (1993)
tdE´d,tajccHOya'jyifqifcsufonf xkduJhokdYaom tkyfcsKyfa&;ykHpHukd
azmfjyxm;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ wwd,ykHpHwGif rsm;jym;aom jrLeDpy,f
rsm;onf txl;udpörsm;wGif yl;aygif;tvkyfvkyfjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/
þykHpHrSm 'kwd,ykHpHudk informal ykHpHrsKd;jzifh okH;pGJjcif; jzpfonf/ þ
ykHpHudk b&mZD;wGif usifhokH;aeaomfvnf; rsm;pGmatmifjrifrIr&½Sday/
qGpfZmvefekdifiH\ yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufonfh ykHpHonf ykdrkdatmifjrif
onf/ 4if;rSm tajccHOya't& todtrSwfjyKxm;aom NrdKU jyjrLeD
py,frsm;ESifh ywf0ef;usifjrLeDpy,frsm;udk zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& todtrSwf
jyKonfh pkpnf;jcif; ]agglomerations} ykHpHrsKd; jzpfygonf/ pwkw¬ykHpHrSm
vkyfaqmif&ef udpöwckwnf;udk OD;wnfaom a'otpkd;&ykHpHrsm;
(single-purpose local government structures) jzpfonf/ tar&duef
tESHYtjym;wGif txl;c½kdife,frsm;onf NrdKU jyb0jzpfaom jynfolY
ydkYaqmifa&;? ywf0ef;usifnpfnrf;rI umuG,fa&;? a&ESifh rdv’m
pepfrsm;? rD;ab;umuG,fa&; ponfh udpörsm;ukd udkifwG,fEkdifonfh
ad hoc tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; jzpfonf/ vlBudKuftenf;qkH;ykHpHrSm
rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;ukd pkaygif;apí vkyfief;rsm;pGm aqmif½Guf
aponfh EkdifiHa&;ykHpH wpkwpnf;wnf;tjzpf wnf½Sdapjcif;rsKd;? jzpf
onf/ rufx½kdykdvDwefa'oBuD;wckvkH;ukd jrLeDpy,fw&yfxJtjzpf
yl;aygif;jcif;rsKd;rSm vufawG Yaqmif½GufEkdifaom udpör[kwfonfh
46
tavsmuf ,if;okdY aqmif½GufEkdifjcif;rsKd; r½Sdygao;acs/

rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm; BuD;xGm;vmonfhtavsmuf xkda'orsm;

ukd xda&mufpGm tkyfcsKyfEkdifrIonf a'oEÅ&tpkd;&\ t"duwm0ef
rsm;xJrSwckyif jzpfonf/ *smreDwGif vuf½Sdjiif;ckHaeMuonfrSm
rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm;ukd rnfokdY pDrHcefYcGJoifhonf qkdonfh
taMumif;t&myif jzpfonf/ qufpyfaeonfh NrdKUrsm; yl;aygif;NyD;
tkyfcsKyfpDrHoifhonfavm? wkduf½kdufwifajr§mufonfh aumifpDrSwqifh
oD;jcm;tqifw h &yftaeESihf pDrt
H yk cf sKyfoifo
h nfavmqko d nft
h aMumif;
t&myif jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;wl ruúqDukdwGifvnf; rufx½kd
ydkvDwef yl;aygif;n§dEIdif;a&;tzGJUopfrsm; azmfxkwfwnfaxmif&efESifh
½Sd&if;pGJ tzGJUrsm;ukd tm;jznfhulnD&ef udpöwGif txl;pdwf0ifpm;vm
Muonf/ rufx½kdykdvDwefa'orsm; topfxGufay:vmaom tcef;
u@? wm0efrsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHESifh Oya'aMumif;rsm;t& ,if;a'orsm;
aqmif½Gufoifhonfh ykHpHrsKd;rsm;ESifh rsm;pGm uGJvGJrI ½Sdvmayonf/

ed*kH;

a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ukd tpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif vufwGJazmfw&yftjzpf

todtrSwfjyKvmjcif;onf zuf'&,ft,ltqrlabmifwGif us,f
jyefYpGm a½GUvsm;vmrIukd xif[yfonf/ tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd
tkyfcsKyfa&;tvTmESpfck (zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,f) Mum; ykdif;jcm;
tkyfcsKyfonfh bufESpfbufom½Sdaom zuf'&,ftjrifrS tkyfcsKyfa&;
tvTmokH;ckMum; ykdif;jcm;tkyfcsKyfvmonfh ykHpHukd odompGm a½GUvsm;
vmjcif; jzpfonf/ okdYaomf tpkd;&tvTm okH;&yftMum; qufEG,frI
onf oabmobm0tm;jzifhyif ydkrkd½IyfaxG;aom zuf'&,ftpkd;&
tkyfcsKyfrIpepfukd qufcHjzpfay:apNyD; zuf'&,foDtkd&DESifh vufawGU
zuf'&,f usifhokH;rIrsm;wGif awmif;qkdcsuftopfrsm; ay:ayguf
vmapvsuf ½Sdayonf/
47
Further Reading

Kincaid, John and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Local Government

in Federal Systems, Vol. 4 of Unity in Diversity: Learning from
Each Other (New Delhi: Viva Books and Forum of Federations,
2008).

Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Governance and

Finance of Metropolitan Areas in Federal Systems (Toronto: Oxford
University Press, 2013)

Slack, Enid and Rupak Chattopadhyay. Eds. Finance and

Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems (Montreal:
McGill Queens University Press, 2009)

Steytler, Nico. Ed. A Global Dialogue on Federalism, Volume 6:

Local Government and Metropolitan Regions in Federal Systems
(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008).

Steytler, Nico. An international perspective on the constitutional

recognition of local government - Comments on the Public
Discussion Paper of the Expert Panel on Constitutional
Recognition of Local Government (Ottawa: Forum of Federations,
2011)

48
 obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;

ed'gef;

obm0 o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; (natural resources) rSm EkdifiHrsm;\

EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;tajctaersm;twGuf rsm;pGm ta&;ygonf/ xkd
obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;teuf a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Y (oil and
gas) rSm wurÇmvkH;twkdif;twmtm;jzifh ta&;ygvsuf ½SdNyD; EkdifiH
rsm;pGmESifhvnf; ywfoufqufEG,fvsuf ½Sdayonf/ a&eHrSm EkdifiHrsm;
\ EkdifiHa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;rl0g' A[kdcsufwGif wnf½Sdaeonf/ ,if;
a&eH<u,f0csrf;omrIudk atmifjrifpGm pDrHcefYcGJEkdifa&;rSm pdefac:rI
w&yfyifjzpfNyD; aumif;pGm pDrHcefYcGJjcif;rjyKEkdifvQif qkvmbfonfyif
wcgw&HusdefpmjzpfoGm;wwfonfukd awG Y&ayvdrfhrnf/ a&eHcsrf;om
<u,f0rIukd aumif;rGefpGm pDrHcefYcGJekdif&efrSm EkdifiH½Sd EkdifiHa&;tifpwD
usL;½Sif;rsm; (institutions) \ oabmobm0tygt0if taMumif;
jcif;&mrsm;pGmtay: rlwnfygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfonfvnf; ,if;
EkdifiHa&;tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;xJu wcktygt0if jzpfEkdifygonf/

urÇmha&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUxkwfvkyfrI tawmfrsm;rsm;onf

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif wnf½SdMuonf/ urÇmha&eHxuf0ufyrmP
ESifh obm0"mwfaiGU xuf0ufausmfyrmPrSm zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u
ydkifqkdifjcif;? xkwfvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmwrf;u a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;
udkom txl;jyKavhvmxm;aomfvnf; a&eHukd avhvmjcif;üyif
vQif aqG;aEG;onfh taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm tjcm;jyefvnfjynfhwif;
NrJ r[kwfonfh wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm; (non-renewable natural
resources) ESifh ywfoufESD;EG,fonfh taMumif;t&m? udpö&yfrsm;
vnf; wygwnf; yg0ifNyD; jzpfonf/

49
a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS&aom tcGeftwkyfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJrIudpöwGif EkdifiH½Sd
zuf'&,f tifpwDusL;½Sif;qkdif&m tpDtrHrsm; (federal institutional
arrangements) u txl;ta&;ygaom ae&mu yg0ifvsuf ½Sdonf/
zuf'&,fEkdifiHa&;pepfwGif A[kd okdYr[kwf zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;
omru a'oqkdif&m tpkd;&rsm;ukdyg tkyfcsKyfpDrHcGifhtmPmrsm;
tyfESif;ay;xm;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ a&eHwGif;xGuf &if;jrpf
rsm;rSm obm0tavsmufyif zuf'&,fEkdifiH½Sd a'orsm;wGif ysHUESHY
wnf½Sdaeonfjzpf&m ,if;okdY rnDrQpGm ysHUESHYwnf½Sdaeonfh obm0
wGif;xGufrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;udk rnfokdY cGJa0okH;pGJrnfqkdonfh
udpörSm csrf;omonfh jynfe,frsm;twGuf omru wGif;xGuf
&if;jrpfrsm; r<u,f0aom jynfe,frsm;ESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;wGif
aexkdifonfh EkdifiHom;rsm;twGufyg ta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yfjzpfay
onf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif zGJUpnf;ykHtm;jzifh tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum;
tmPmcGJa0rI jy|mef;ay;xm;onfqkdonfhwkdif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmh
csrI twkdif;twmESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQifrl uGJjym;jcm;em;rI ½SdEkdifonfukd
awGU&rnf jzpfonf/ pifppftm;jzifh zuf'&,fr[kwfaom EkdifiH
tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;ESifh ,SOfvQif tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m
udpörsm;wGif rsm;pGm A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcsxm;onfukd awGU&onf/

zuf'&,fpepfESifh a&eHobm0&if;jrpfrsm;rSm xdvG,f½SvG,fonfh

ta&mtpyfvnf; jzpfjyefygonf/ zuf'a&;½Sif;rsm;rSm tm;vkH;
odMuNyD; jzpfonfhtwkdif; tpkd;&tvTmtoD;oD;tMum; tmPmESifh
vkyfydkifcGifhrsm; ykdif;jcm;xm;jcif;tay: tajccHxm;jcif; jzpfNyD;?
obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;? odkYr[kwf obm0
o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;tay: tcGefpnf;MuyfcGifhukdvnf; tpkd;&vTm
toD;oD;Mum; cGJjcm;xm;rIvnf; yg0ifayonf/ a&eH<u,f0onfh
zuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;rSm ,if;o,HZmwESifh ywfoufí tenf;ESifh
trsm;qkdovkd wif;rmrIrsm; ½SdMupNrJ jzpfygonf/ wif;rmrIqkd&m
0,f txufatmuf (A[kdESifh jynfe,f) tMum; wif;rmrIrsKd; (vertical
50
tensions) vnf; ½Sdovkd? obm0o,HZmw<u,f0aom jynfe,fESifh
r<u,f0aom jynfe,frsm;tMum; ab;wkdufwif;rmrIrsKd; (horizontal
tensions) vnf; ½SdEkdifayonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;u ,if;
tmPmrsm;ESifh vkyfykdifcGifhwm0efrsm;ukd azmfjyay;onfh rlabmifrsm;
csrSwfay;xm;onfqkdonfhwkdifatmif ,if;wif;rmrIrsm;ukd vufawGU
wGifrl EkdifiHa&;u tqkH;tjzwfay;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/

þpmwrf;wGifrl ,if;a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUt&if;tjrpfrsm;ESifh

pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,fpepfwGif rnfolu 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd
ykdifqkdifonf/ rnfolu ,if;wkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJonfESifh ,if;tcGef
b@mrsm;ukd rnfokdY aumufcHNyD; rnfokdYrnfykH cGJa0onfqkdonfh
t"duta&;BuD;onfh udpö&yf 3 &yfESifh pyfvsOf;í avhvmoGm;
rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY ppfykdif; avhvm&mwGif obm0o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm; xkwf,ltokH;jyK&mwGif xda&mufpGm pDrHcefYcGJEkdifatmif
zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u rnfokdYrnfykH tcGifhtmPmrsm; ay;tyfjy|mef;xm;
onf? tkyfcsKyfa&;ykdif;ESifh b@ma&;ydkif;qkdif&mwGif tqifajyatmif
rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHxm;onf qkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;ukd txl;tav;xm;azmf
xkwfoGm;rnf jzpfayonf/ þpmwrf;\ aemufqkH;u@wGifrl
zuf'&,fEkdifiH 12 EkdifiHwGif a&eHESifh wGif;xGufu@ukd zGJUpnf;ykH
tm;jzifh rnfokdYazmfjyxm;onf? vufawGUpDrHcefYcGJonfh tykdif;ESifh
b@ma&;qkdif&m cGJa0rItykdif; (ukef;wGif;? urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;) ukd
tao;pdwfazmfjyNyD; om"uxkwfaqmifoGm;rnf jzpfygonf/

51
zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m jy|mef;csuf rlabmif - rnfolu &if;jrpfrsm;ukd
ykdifqkdifovJ/

zuf'&,fpepfwkdif;wGif wkduf½kdufa½G;aumufwifajr§mufaom tpkd;&

taeESifh tpkd;&ESpf&yf okdYr[kwf ESpf&yfxufykdaom tpkd;&rsm; ½Sdavh
½SdNyD; ,if;tpkd;&t&yf&yf\ vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;udkvnf; zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHt& cGJa0jy|mef;ay;avh½Sdygonf/ zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u
a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU&if;jrpfrsm;ukd rnfolrnf0gu ydkifqkdifonf
ukdvnf; azmfjyavh½SdNyD; a&eHu@wGif pDrHcefYcGJrItykdif;ESifh b@ma&;
tykdif;rsm;ukdvnf; cGJa0csxm;ay;avh ½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'qkdonfrSm aemufcHEkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; tajccH
rsm; (contexts) tay: rlwnfí touf0ifjcif;? tmPmwnfjcif;
jzpfNyD; zGJUpnf;ykHpnf;rsOf;rsm;ukdvnf; ,if;tajccHrsm;tay: wifí
teuft"dyÜg,f aumuf,lzGifhqkdjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;? jyifqifjcif;
rsm;ukd vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; wnf½Sdonfh t,ltqrsm;? wGef;tm;rsm;
ESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif aqmif½GufMu&pNrJyif jzpfay
onf/ tcsKdUzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;rSm a&eHu@ray:xGef;rDuyif a&;qGJ
xm;jcif;jzpfNyD;? ajratmuf wGif;xGuf o,HZmwrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vm
vQif jynfe,frsm; bufukd tav;ykdMuonf/ tcsKdUzGJUpnf;ykHtajccH
Oya'rsm;rSmrl þudpöESifh ywfoufvmvQif jywfom;½Sif;vif;pGm
azmfjyxm;MuNyD; A[kdu xdef;csKyfrIukd OD;pm;ay;avh ½SdMuayonf/
zGJUpnf;ykHu rnfokdYyif qkdapumrl? t"duusonfh udpörSm vkyfykdif
cGifhtmPmcGJa0jy|mef;rIonf ekdifiHtwGif;½Sd EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;
tm;vkH;u oabmwlnDonfh ykHpHrsKd; jzpfrjzpf? ,if;cGJa0jy|mef;rItay:
ekdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; wif;rmrI ½Sdr½Sd qkdonfh udpöyif
jzpfayonf/ tu,fí EkdifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; &if;jrpfrsm;
cGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í wif;rmrIrsm; ½Sdygu vufawGUEkdifiHa&;u
zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd taumiftxnfazmfjcif;ukd cufcJapEkdif
avonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'u þu@ESifh
52
pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ukd cufcJapEkdifavonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'u þu@ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zuf'&,ftpkd;&ukd
ydkrkdcGifhjyKxm;onfjzpfap? a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ukd a&eHu@
ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;? b@ma&;qkdif&m tcGefrsm;ukd
txl;yrmPESifh &½Sdrnf[k zGJUpnf;ykHu cGifhjyKxm;onfjzpfap?
rnfodkYyif qkdapumrl vufawGUEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;\ oabmwlnD
rI? ,if;vufawGUEkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;tMum; þtcsif;t&mESifh
pyfvsOf;í wif;rmrI wnf½Sdjcif;? rwnf½Sdjcif; ponfwkdYuvJ
ta&;ygonf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/ oabmrSm zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'rsm;u ta&;ygonfqkdonfh tcsufrSm rSefaomfvnf;
,if;zGJUpnf;ykH jy|mef;csufrsm;rSm Zmwfvrf;BuD;wckvkH;xJu Zmwf
uGufwpdwfwykdif;om jzpfonfqkdonfh tcsufukd xif½Sm;apvkdjcif;
jzpfygonf/

zGJUpnf;ykHu rnfokdYyif jy|mef;xm;apumrl a&eHxGufaom e,fwGif

aexkdif Muolrsm;tzkdYrSm þa&eHonf rdrdwkdY a'ou xGufjcif;
jzpfonfhtavsmuf rdrdwkdY ykdifqkdifonfqkdaom pdwfcHpm;rIrsKd;
tenf;ESifh trsm; ½SdMurnfjzpfNyD;? wNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif wEkdifiHvkH;
twkdif;twmESifh ywfoufonfh trsKd;om;tqifh ekdifiHa&;orm;
rsm;ESifh EkdifiHom;rsm;? tjcm;e,frsm;wGif aexkdifMuolrsm;url þ
&if;jrpfrsm;rSm wrsKd;om;vkH;ESifh pyfqkdifonfh &wemokdufrsm; jzpf
aomaMumifh tm;vkH;cGJa0okH;pGJoifhonfom jzpfonf[k (tay:u
azmfñTef;cJhonfh jynfe,fom;rsm; cHpm;Muovdkr[kwfbJ) cHpm;
,lqMurnf jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;wGifrl (þudpöESifh
pyfvsOf;í) tm;vkH;oabmwlvufcHxm;onfh bkHvufcHcsufw&yf
(consensus) ½SdwwfMuNyD; tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl tjyif;
txef tjiif;tckHjyKaeMuayonf/ b@ma&;qkdif&m zuf'&,f0g'
(fiscal federalism) wGif a&eHwGif;xGufypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
vkyfykdifcGifh tmPmukd A[kdu aqmif½Gufoifhonf[k ,lqMuovkd
53
a&eHu@u EkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;ygNyD; tpkd;&tcGef
t&yf&yfwGif ta&;BuD;onfh u@u yg0ifaevQif þpOf;pm;csufrSm
ykdrkdtm;aumif;rnf jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifhqkdaomf ekdifiHwEkdifiH
csif;pD\ taetxm;tay: rlwnfí tajctaetrsKd;rsKd; uGJjym;
oGm;onf[k qkdvkd&if; jzpfayonf/

18 &mpkESifh 19 &mpkrsm;wGif ay:aygufvmcJhMuonfh oufwrf;&ifh

zuf'&,fzGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;rSm a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU
tBuD;tus,f acwfrpm;ao;cifu a&;qGJjy|mef;xm;Mujcif; jzpfay
&m ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;wGif ajratmuf&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif
rnfokdYrQ azmfjyxm;jcif;r½SdMuay/ odkYr[kwfyguvnf; jynfe,frsm;
twGufom qkdonfhbufu tav;omMuayonf/ ,if;oufwrf;
&ifhzGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u qkdcJhyg t&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,f
rsm;u vkyfydkifcGifh ½Sdonf[k jy|mef;xm;Muonfukd awG Yjrif&rnf
jzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;EkdifiHrsm;? zuf'&,fekdifiHtjzpf
ay:aygufvm&jcif;rSm ,cifoD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm wnf½Sdaeaom
ukdvkdeDrsm;? okdYr[kwf jynfe,frsm; yl;aygif;jcif;jzifh ay:aygufvm
jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm rdrdwkdY ydkifqkdifonfh &if;jrpf
rsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;? ukdvkdeDrsm;u toD;oD; jynfaxmifpktwGif;
okdY o,faqmifvmMujcif; jzpfay&m ,if;zGJUpnf;ykHrsm;u a&eHESifh
obm0"mwfaiGU&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,frsm;buf
okdY ydkrkdtav;omonf[k qkdvkd&if;jzpfayonf/ ESpfq,f&mpkwGif
udkvkdeDvufatmufrS vGwfajrmufvmaom EkdifiHrsm;ESifh trsKd;om;
vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf½Sm;rIrsm;tay: tajccHonfh EkdifiHrsm;½Sd zGJUpnf;ykH
tajccHOya'opfrsm;rSmrl tm;aumif;onfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&qkd
onfh bufukd ,drf;,dkifNyD; þwGif;xGufu@ESifh pyfvsOf;ívnf;
A[kdokdYom tyfESif;Muonfukd awG Y&onf/

54
tkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&m rlabmif - rnfolu þ&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJrnf
enf;/

ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif ½Sif;½Sif;vif;vif;

azmfjyjy|mef;xm;onf qkdonfhwkdif jzpf&yftawmfrsm;rsm;ukd avhvm
Munfh½IvQif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJonfh udpörSm yl;aygif;wm0ef,l
aqmif½Guf&onfh udpö (shared responsibility) jzpfwwfonf/
okdYr[kwfyguvnf; &if;jrpfudk rykdifqkdifonfh tpkd;&w&yfu wm0ef
,laqmif½Guf&onfvnf; jzpfEkdifonf/ zGJUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'u
tpkd;&w&yf&yftm; &if;jrpfrsm;udk ykdifqkdifap&ef tyfESif;xm;aomf
vnf; ,if;wkdYukd pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ,if;wkdYu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m
tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udkvnf; pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifh ½Sdaprnf? okdYr[kwfygu
vnf; txl;ywfouf,SufEG,frI½Sdonf[k ,wdjywfqkdEkdifayrnf[k
tvG,fwulpOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;EkdifMuaomfvnf; vufawGUrSm
þokdY r[kwfvSacs/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif obm0o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm; ydkifqkdifrIESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfonfhtpkd;&u ykdifonfqkd
onfrSm tm;vkH;wlnDrI r½Sdovkd? Oya'aMumif;? b@ma&;qkdif&m
ESifh EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m ta&;ygrIrsm;rSmvJ wEkdifiHESifh wEkdifiH rwlnDbJ
rsm;pGm uGJjym;jcm;em;Muonfukd awG Y&ygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiHwGif zGJUpnf;ykHyg jy|mef;csuft& obm0

o,HZmw &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&w&yfu t"duwm0ef
½Sdonf[k jy|mef;ay;xm;onfhwkdif tjcm;tpkd;&t&yf&yfwkdYukdvnf;
4if;&if;jrpfrsm; cGJa0rIESifh qufEG,fonfh tjcm;aom vkyfykdifcGifh
tmPmrsm; jy|mef;ay;xm;onfvnf; ½Sdekdifayonf (Oyrmtm;jzifh
obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh rsm;pGm pyfqkdifaom ywf0ef;usif
qkdif&m xdef;odrf;rIudpö&yfrsm;? ajrtokH;jyKrIqkdif&m? tcGefaumufcHrI
qkdif&m vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;)/ ,if;tjyif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'rsm;rSm
vnf; tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;vJwwfaom oabmobm0½Sdovkd?
55
EkdifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh &ifqkdifawGU rdonfhtcgrsKd;wGif ,if;EdkifiH
a&; tiftm;pktvkdt& jyifqifay;&aom oabmvnf; ½Sdayonf/

þ&if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif t"duta&;ygonfh vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;

rSm &if;jrpfrsm; wl;azmfcGifhESifh xkwfvkyfcGifhpnf;urf;ESifh pyfvsOf;
aom vkyfief;vkdifpifrsm; csxm;ykdifcGifhyg0ifovkd wzufwGifvnf;
tjcm;vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm; (other jurisdictional handles) uvnf;
&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ta&;ygEkdifayonf/ txl;ojzifh ajrokH;
pGJrI cGifhjyKrdefY (land use permits) uJhokdYaom jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;\
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtwGif; usa&mufonfh udpörsm;wGif ,if;vkyfykdifcGifh
udk rlwnfí &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif jynfe,ftpkd;&\ u@
vnf; ay:aygufvmEkdifayonf/ ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;qkdif&m
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh a'oEÅ& tusKd;pD;yGm;ponfh udpö&yfrsm;
uvnf; jynfe,ftpk;d &rsm;ukd &if;jrpfrsm; pDrcH efYcrJG w
I iG f yg0ifywfouf
apEkdifayonf/ þenf;tm;jzifh tpkd;&w&yfu &if;jrpfrsm;
pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;onfh t"du vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;ukd csKyf
ukdifxm;onfhwkdif tjcm;tpkd;&tqifhrsm;uvnf; a&eH pDrHcefYcGJrI
udpö&yfrsm;ESifh ywfoufí tcef;u tcsKdUyg½Sdaernfom jzpfonfukd
awG Y&ayrnf/ þwkduf½kdufr[kwfonfhwqifhcH vkyfykdifcGifhtmPm
rsm;ukd Oya'aMumif;t& azmfjyyg½Sdonfhtwkdif; okH;pGJjcif;rsKd;jzpf
onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfNyD; &if;jrpfrsm;pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif
aemufaz;wHcg;ayguf? rvG,fayguftaersKd; okH;pGJjcif;r[kwfonf
ukdvnf; rSwfom;&ef vkdtyfygonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm ,if;okdY tpkd;&
t&yf&yf yg0ifywfoufaejcif;aMumifh tpkd;&w&yf\ OD;pD;OD;½GufjyK
aqmif½GufrIukd taESmuft,SufjyK&m ra&mufbJ (zuf'&,ftpkd;&
jzpfap? jynfe,ftpkd;&jzpfap) &if;jrpfrsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJcGifh&oluvnf;
,if;\ rl0g'rsm;twkdif; aqmif½GufEkdifonf/ ,if;okdY aqmif½GufEkdif
&ef wNydKifeufxJrSmyif ajrtokH;jyKrI? ywf0ef;usifa&;&mESifh a'oEÅ&
tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh ywfoufaom pnf;rsOf;? pnf;urf;? pHEIef;rsm;ESifh
56
udkufnD&ef vkdtyfygonf/

ukef;wGif; o,HZmw (onshore)

zuf'&,fEkdifiHtrsm;pkwGif ajratmufo,HZmwrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;

onfh ykdifqkdifrIukd zGUJpnf;ykH tajccHOya'wGif xnfhoGif;jy|mef;xm;
avh½Sdonf/ okdY&mwGif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrItcGifhtmPmrsm; (powers
of resource management) ESifh tcGefpnf;MuyfcGifhESifh tcGefaumufcH
cGifh (resource revenue determination and collection) qkdonfh
vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmrsm;rSmrl rwluGJjym;jcm;em;Muonf/ atmufwGif
azmfjyxm;onfh Z,m;wGif trsm;pk zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif ukef;wGif;
o,HZmwESifh ywfoufonfh ykdifqkdifrIudk jynfe,frsm;udkom tyfESif;
xm;onfukd awG Y&onf/ okdY&mwGif b&mZD;? ruúqDukd? Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;
ESifh AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ukef;wGif;o,HZmwykdifqkdifrItm; A[kd
tpkd;& (zuf'&,ftpkd;&) ukd tyfESif;xm;onfukd awG Y&onf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGifrl þukef;wGif;o,HZmwydkifqkdifrIESifh
pyfvsOf;vmvQif olrsm;ESifhrwl wrluGJjym;jcm;em;onfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfygonf/ tar&duefEkdifiHwGif awG Y½Sd&m ajrtay:rlwnfí jynfe,f
ykdifajratmufwGif awG YvQif jynfe,fykdifjzpfNyD; A[kdtpkd;&ykdif ajr
atmufwGif awGYvQif A[kdtpkd;&ykdif jzpfonf/ xkdYjyif yk*¾vduykdif
ajratmufwGif awG YvQifrl ,if;ukef;wGif;ajratmuf o,HZmw
&if;jrpfrsm;rSm yk*¾vduykdif jzpfayonf/ &yf½Sm;ESifh ygupöwefEkdifiH
wkdYrSmvnf; trsm;ESifhrwl uGJjym;onfh EkdifiHrsm;jzpfNyD; ukefwGif;
o,HZmwrsm; ykdifqkdifrIrSm zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,frsm;u yl;wGJydkifqkdif
Muonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

57
Z,m; 1 - zuf'&,fEkdifiH q,fhESpfEkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif; o,HZmw
ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a&eHo,HZmwtcGefaumufcHrI

ykdifqkdifrI &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif; &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef

EkdifiH
(Ownership) (Resource Management) (Resource Revenue)

tm*sifwD;em; jynfe,f jynfe,f jynfe,f^zuf'&,f

MopaMw;vs jynfe,f jynfe,f jynfe,f

b&m;ZD; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd) jynfe,f^zuf'&,f^jrLeDpy,f

uae'g jynfe,f jynfe,f jynfe,f

tdEd´, jynfe,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

rav;½Sm; jynfe,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

ruúqDukd zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd)

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f^jynfe,f

ygupöwef yl;wGJ (Joint) zuf'&,f (A[kd) jynfe,f

&yf½Sm; yl;wGJ (Joint) zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd)

tar&duef jynfe,f^ jynfe,f^zuf'&,f jynfe,f^yk*¾vdu
jynfaxmifpk zuf'&,f^
yk*¾vdu
AifeDZGJvm; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f (A[kd)

tpkd;&w&yf&yfu &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfqkdjcif;jzifh &if;jrpfrsm;

tay: tvkH;pkHpDrHcefYcGJcGifh ½Sdonfqkdaomoabm? ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS
&½Sdonfh ckdifaMu;rsm;? tcGefrsm;ukd ,if;tpkd;&w&yfwnf;uyif
&½SdcHpm;Ekdifrnf qkdaomoabmrsKd; roufa&mufay/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH
q,fhESpfEkdifiHteuf ½SpfEkdifiHwGif &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh ywfouf
onfh t"duvkyfykdifcGifhwm0efukd (&if;jrpfrsm;udk) ykdifqkdifrIESifhtwl wGJ
ay;xm;NyD; (qkdvkdonfrSm &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifoluyif 4if;&if;jrpf
58
rsm;ukd pDrHcefYcGJonfukd qkdvkdNyD;) usefav;EkdifiHwGifrl ,if;okdY
r[kwfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tdE´d,ESifh rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwkdY
wGif jynfe,frsm; ydkifqkdifaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk zuf'&,ftpkd;&u
pDrHcefYcGJjcif;? ygupöwefESifh &yf½Sm;wkdYwGif (A[kdESifh jynfe,f) yl;wGJ
ydkifqkdifaom &if;jrpfrsm;udk pDrHcefYcGJolrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&jzpfonf
ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ okdYjzpf&m ykdifqkdifrIrSm t<uif;rJhoabm
raqmifbJ rwlonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif rwluGJjym;jcm;em;onfh
vkyfukdifaqmif½GufrIykHpHrsm; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&onf/

(A[kdtpkd;&? jynfe,ftpkd;&ESifh a'oEÅ&tpkd;&ponfh) tpdk;&t&yf&yf

Mum; obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefukd cGJa0&,l
MuonfwGif twdtus rnfodkY rnfykHa0zefcGJa0rI jyKonfqkdonfh
udpö? wGufcsufonfh udpörSm tvGef½IyfaxG;onfh udpö&yfw&yf jzpf
onfhwkdif? EkdifiHwEkdifiHcsif;pDtwGuf a,bk,sobm0ykHpHrSmrl em;
vnfvG,fonf/ ½Sif;vif;onf[k qkd&rnfjzpfygonf/ (twdtus
cGJa0rIqkdonfhudpörSm ,if;tcsdef? ,if;taetxm;wGif ½Sdaom
aps;EIef;rsm;ESifh rl0g'rsm;tay:wGifvnf; rlwnfNyD; tajymif;tvJ½Sd
Ekdifayao;onf/) Z,m;-1wGif zuf'&,fEkdifiH 12 EkdifiHteufwGif
ajcmufEkdifiHwGifom &if;jrpfrsm;udk ykdifqkdifonfh tpkd;&tqifhu
&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefaiGtrsm;pkukd &½Sdonfukd awGU&rnf jzpf
ayonf/ (þwGifvnf; tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;u ay;aqmifMu
onfh þu@rsm;u ykHrSeftcGef ryg/) tdEd´,? rav;½Sm;ESifh
&yf½Sm;wkdYwGifrl ukef;wGif;o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;?
okdYr[kwf (&yf½Sm;wGif) zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,f yl;wGJ ykdifqkdifonf
qkdonfhwkdif ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukdrl zuf'&,f
tpkd;&u trsm;pk (okdYr[kwf tm;vkH;vkdkvkd) &½Sdonfudk awGU&rnf jzpf
ygonf/ b&mZD;EkdifiHESifh Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiHwkdYwGifrl ,if;okdY r[kwf
bJ ajymif;jyefjzpfygonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ydkifqkdifonfqkdonfh
wkdif ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefwGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&u &½Sd
59
onfhtcGefxuf jynfe,frsm; (b&mZD;wGif jrLeDpy,frsm;yg yg0if
onf) u &½Sdonfh tcGefu ydkrkdrsm;jym;aeonfukd awG Y&rnf
jzpfygonf/ ,if;teuf &if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sd?xGuf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;
ukd txl;OD;pm;ay;xm;onfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;
enf;wlyif tar&duef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u jynfe,frsm;wGif ajrtrsm;
tjym; ydkifqkdifxm;onfjzpf&m zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ,if;ajrrsm;
u xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd &½SdykdifcGifh½Sdonfhwkdif jynfe,frsm;okdYom
ay;tyfxm;onfukdvnf; awGU&ygonf/

urf;vGef (offshore)

Z,m; 2 wGif urf;vGefa&eHESifh wGif;xGuf obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpf

rsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGefxGufrsm;ukd
rnfokdY cGJjcm;NyD; &,lokH;pGJMuonfukd azmfjyxm;ygonf/ zuf'&,f
EkdifiHwkdif;wGif zuf'&,f tpkd;&u us,fjyefYonfh pD;yGm;a&;Zkef
tygt0if urf;vGefydkifeufrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifMuayonf/ (ukvor*¾\
yifv,fjyifOya'uGefAif;½Sif;yg jy|mef;csuft&qkdvQif ]xdxda&muf
a&muf} ykdifqkdifMuonf[k qkd&ayrnf/) taMumif;rSm urf;vGef
ydkifeufqkdonfrSm jynfe,frsm;\ e,fedrdwfjyifywGif usa&muf wnf
½SdaeaomaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ okdYjzpf&m urf;vGefae&mrsm;udk xdef;
csKyfpDrHrIESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'u zuf'&,f
tpkd;&rsm;okdYom tyfESif;xm;onfukd awGU&rnf jzpfayonf/
rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGif urf;vGefudk abmfeD½kduRef;pkjynfe,frsm;u ydkif
qkdifonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u pDrHcefYcGJonfukd om"utaeESifh
awGUEkdifygonf/ ygupöwefekdifiHwGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'wGif
yl;wGJykdifqkdifEkdif&ef rMumao;rDurS Oya'jyK jy|mef;cJhonfukdvnf;
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

60
,if;urf;vGefa'orsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tcGifhtmPm
rsm;? vkyfykdifcGifhrsm;ukd Oya'jyKa&;t&vnf; ajzavQmhjy|mef;í &yg
onf/ uae'gEkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh urf;vGefvkyfykdifcGifh?
pDrHcefYcGJydkifcGifhrsm;ESifh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd uae'gekdifiH\ jynfe,f
ESpfckokdY vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhonfukd awG YjrifEkdifygonf/ MopaMw;vs
wGifvnf; urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrIukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u xdef;
odrf;xm;onfhwkdif pDrHcefYcGJrIukdrl A[kdESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum;
yl;aygif;vkyfaqmifonfh ykHpHwck zefwD;azmfxkwfNyD; aqmif½Gufvsuf
½Sdonfukd awG YjrifEkdifygonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk jynfe,frsm;
rSm urf;vGef a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í xdef;csKyfvkyfykdifcGifh
r½Sdonfhwkdif jynfe,ftcsKdUurl urf;vGef "mwfaiGU xkwfa0onfh
ukrÜPDrsm;twGuf ajr,mtokH;jyKcGifhudk wif;MuyfpGm xdef;csKyf? jiif;
qkdonfh enf;vrf;jzifh jynfe,frsm;bufuvnf; ta&;qkdykdifcGifh
½Sdatmif aqmif½Gufxm;onfukd awG Yjrif&rnf jzpfygonf/ b&mZD;
EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkifqkdifNyD; xdef;
csKyfpDrHonf/ okdYaomf jynfe,frsm;ESifh (txl;ojzifh urf;vGef
&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh eD;uyfonfh jynfe,frsm;) ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;u
,if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGeftrsm;pkukd &½Sdonfudk awG Y&onf/

61
Z,m; 2/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH q,fhESpfEkdifiHwGif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;
ykdifqkdifrI? pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh a&eHo,HZmwtcGef aumufcHrI

ykdifqkdifrI &if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJjcif; &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef

EkdifiH
(Ownership) (Resource Management) (Resource Revenue)

tm*sifwD;em; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

MopaMw;vs zuf'&,f (A[kd) yl;wGJ zuf'&,f

b&m;ZD; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f jynfe,f^

zuf'&,f^jrLeDpy,f
uae'g zuf'&,f (A[kd) jynfe,f^yl;wGJ jynfe,frsm;

tdEd´, zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

zuf'&,f^
rav;½Sm; zuf'&,f zuf'&,f
jynfe,frsm;

ruúqDukd zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f^jynfe,frsm;

ygupöwef yl;wGJ zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

&yf½Sm; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

tar&duef zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

AifeDZGJvm; zuf'&,f (A[kd) zuf'&,f zuf'&,f

tcGefb@mqkdif&m rlabmif - tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdY aumufcHNyD;

rnfokdY cGJa0oenf;/

&if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aom tcGefukd enf;vrf;rsKd;pkHjzifh aumufcHEkdif

onf/ Oyrm - aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;\ 0ifaiGcGef (corporation income
taxes)? ckdifaMu; (royalities)? vkyfief;vkdifpiftc (licence fees)? ajrcGef
(land use fees)? ydkYukeftcGef (export taxes) ESifh þu@tay:
62
pnf;Muyfonfh tjcm;tcGeftcrsm;/ ckdifaMu;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ckdifaMu;
qkdonfrSm &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifol (okdYwnf;r[kwf tpkd;&) xH
ay;tyf&onfh tcGeftjzpf ,lqMuaomfvnf; tcsKdUaom zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;wGif ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkifqkdifolr[kwfonfh
tpkd;&rsm;rSwqifh a&muf½SdpD;qif;jcif;rsKd;jzpfNyD; &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdif
qkdifonfh tpkd;&yif ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd rowfrSwfEkdifacs/ EkdifiHykdif a&eH
ukrÜPDrsm; ta&;ygonfh (okdYr[kwf vuf0g;BuD; tkyfxm;onfh)
EkdifiHrsm;wGif ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm ,if;ukrÜPDrsm;u pDrHowfrSwfEkdif
onfh b@ma&;pepftwkdif; aqmif½Guf&onfvnf; ½SdNyD; tpkd;&udk
,if;&½Sdonfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;xJu ay;tyfwifoGif;onfukdvnf;
awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

a&eHESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tcGeftcrsm;ukd tpkd;&tqifhw&yf&yf (one

order of goverment) u pnf;MuyfowfrSwfí tcGefaumufcHEkdif
onfrSefaomfvnf; ,if;pnf;Muyfonfh aumufcHonfh tpkd;&tqifh
(tpkd;&w&yf) onf ,if;okdY pnf;Muyfekdifjcif;? aumufcHEkdifjcif;
aMumifh ,if;tcGeftctm;vkH;ukd &½Sdodrf;ykdufEkdifonf[kvnf; rqkd
omacs/ taMumif;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;udk
cGJa0&mwGif oD;jcm;pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm;? okdYr[kwf b@maiG
cGJa0jcif;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm; BuD;rm;us,fjyefYpGm ½Sdaejcif;
aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ þpnf;urf;enf;vrf;rsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykH tajccH
Oya'yg ay;tyfjy|mef;csufrsm;? b@maiGcGJa0jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;"avhrsm;ESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHtwGif; rQwrIjzpf
atmif jyefvnfcGJa0ay;onfh xkH;pH"avhrsm;tygt0if a'owck
ESifh wcktMum;rS t[ (qkdvkdonfrSm orkdif;aMumif;? EkdifiHa&;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m wif;rmrIrsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;? xkwfvkyfonfh
jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdYae&mwGif xGuf½Sdonfh &if;jrpfrsm;rS
&½Sdvmonfh tcGeftwkyfrsm;ukd tjcm;jynfe,frsm; okdYr[kwf A[kdESifh
rQa0vkdonfh taetxm;r½SdonfhtcgrsKd;rsm;) ponfhtaetxm;
63
rsm;ukd xif[yfaeygonf/ tcsKyfqkd&aomf zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;½Sd
tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum; &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh b@mtcGefaumuf
cH&mwGif enf;vrf;rsKd;pkH? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsKd;pkH
½Sdaeonfukd xif½Sm;apvkd&if; jzpfygonf/

1/ Derivation

Derivation qkdonfrSm a&eH&if;jrpfrsm; xGuf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u

,if;a&eHrS &½Sdonfh tcGefteuf (,if;jynfe,fwGif xGuf½Sdjcif;
aMumifh &½Sdonfh) tcGef&mckdifEIef;udk qkdvkdonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;
rSm tpkd;&ESpf&yftMum; tcGefb@mvkyfykdifcGifhtmPmESifh pyfvsOf;í
wEkdifiHESifh wekdifiH rwluGJjym; Muovkd (Oyrm ckdifaMu; owfrSwfcGifh
ukd rnfonfh tpkd;&udkom tyfESHxm;onf? tjrwfcGefudk rnfonfh
tpkd;&uom aumuf,lcGifh ½Sdonfponf) A[kdu aumufcHpnf;Muyf
ykdifcGifh½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jyefvnfcGJa0ay;&mwGifvnf; wEkdifiHESifh
wEkdifiH rwlnD? uGJjym;aom pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;? vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;
rsm; ½SdMuayonf/ ,if;okdY wnf½Sdaomfvnf; principle of derivation
onf &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom tcGefrsm;ukd oufqkdif&m (&if;jrpfxGuf
½Sd&m) jynfe,frsm;okdY jyefvnfcGJa0ay;tyf&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom
tcef;u@u yg0ifayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh b&mZD;EkdifiHwGif xkwf
vkyfonfhjynfe,frsm;u ,if; derivation tay: tajccHí &if;jrpf
rsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;\ twkdif;twmw&yfukd &½Sdonf/ tdE´d,
EkdifiHESifh rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwkdYwGifrl ckdifaMu;udkom jynfe,frsm;u
&½SdMuNyD; &yf½Sm;ekdifiHwGifrl &if;jrpfwnf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u ,if;
jynfe,frsm;twGif; aumufcH&½Sdonfh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;rS wpkHw&m cGJ
a0&½Sdjcif; r½SdbJ 0ifaiGcGefrS twkdif;twmyrmPwckukd derivation
tay: tajccHí cGJa0&½Sdonf/ okdYjzpf&m principle of derivation
onfvnf; vufawG YtokH;csonfh ae&mwGifomru ykHpHwGifvnf;
uGmjcm;Mu onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
64
2/ tcGefaumufcHcGifhtmPmcGJa0jcif;ESifh tokH;jyKjcif;

tcGefrsm; (taxes or levies) rsm;ukd rnfolu pnf;MuyfcGifh½Sdonfqkd

onfhtcsufuvnf; tcGefb@mcGJa0jcif; u@wGif tusKd;ouf
a&mufrI ½SdNyD; tpkd;&t&yf&yftaeESifh rnfokdYaom tcGefrsKd; owfrSwf
xm;½Sdrnfqkdonfh rufvkH;rsm;tay:vnf; oufa&mufrI½Sdonfukd
awG Yonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&u tcGefw&yf&yfukd
jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY cGJa0ay;tyf&ef wm0ef½SdNyD; tjcm;tcGefw&yf
ukdrl xkdokdYcGJa0ay;tyf&ef rvkdonfhtcgrsKd;wGif? cGJa0ay;&ef rvkdonfh
tcGefrsKd;ukd pnf;MuyfaumufcH&ef A[kdtpkd;&taeESifh ydkrkdpdwf0ifpm;
rnfjzpfonf/ taMumif;rSm ,if;tcGefu &½Sdonfh b@mrsm;ukd
rnfolESifhrQ cGJa0ay;&ef vkdtyfrnf r[kwfjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/

A[kdtpkd;&rsm;taeESifh trsKd;om;ykdif a&eHu@udk tm;aumif;oefrm

ap&ef us,fjyefYonfh b@ma&;qkdif&m enf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; okH;pGJ
Ekdifonf/ oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;ESifh a&eHoGif;ukefrsm;\ ta&twGuf
qkdif&m xdef;csKyfrIrsm;ukd ,ckacwftcgwGif tokH;rjyKawmhonfh
wkdif? ,cifurl ,if;oGif;ukeftcGefrsm;ESifh ta&twGufxdef;csKyfrI
rsm;u ppfat;umvaESmif;ykdif; q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif 0,f,lolrsm;
twGuf aps;EIef;jrifhNyD; a&eHukrÜPDBuD;rsm;? xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,f
rsm;? c½kdifrsm; tusKd;½Sdatmif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh uae'gEkdifiH
wkdY\ a&eHu@rsm;wGif ta&;ygcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/
tdE´d,ESifh ygupöwefuJhokdYaom zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;uvnf; b@ma&;
qkdif&m tcGefrsm; &½SdEkdifonfh &if;jrpfwcktjzpf vnf;aumif;? a'ocH
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd umuG,fay;onfh enf;vrf;wpfcktjzpf
vnf;aumif;? ,if;wkdYukd tokH;jyKcJhMuonfukd awG Y&ygonf/ 0,f,l
okH;pGJolrsm;tzkdY 0efxkyf0efykd; ydkrkdjzpfaponfhwkdif? a'oqkdif&m
xkwfvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufrIukd t½Sdefjr§ifhwifay;Ekdif
onftjyif qufvufwkd;wufonfh u@rS tpkd;&taeESifh tcGef
65
b@mrsm; wkd;jr§ifh&½SdEkdifonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

tcsKdUaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ta&;ygaom o,HZmwtcrsm;

rSm tpkd;&\ aiGpm&if;rsm;wGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyjcif; rcH&onf
ukdvnf; awG Y&ygonf/ ,if;okdY jzpf&jcif;rSm ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd
bwf*sufjyify aiGpm&if;rsm;okdY xnfhoGif;vkdufjcif;aMumifhvnf;
jzpfEkdifovkd EkdifiHykdif a&eHukrÜPDrsm;u ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd csKyfukdif
xm;jcif;rsKd;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,if;tjzpftysufrsKd;rSm
wcgw&HwGif tpkd;&rsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGeftcrsm;
ukd aumufcHjcif; rjyKbJ jynfwGif;tokH;jyKonfh a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y
vufvDta&mif;aps;rsm;ukd 0,f,lolrsm;twGuf subsidy taeESifh
aps;avQmhay;jcif;rsKd;aMumifhvnf; jzpfEkdifayonf/ ,if;okdY a&eHESifh
"mwfaiG Yaps;rsm;ukd avQmhay;jcif;rsKd;rSm A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&
wkdYtMum; tcGefrsm;ukd rQa0&ef vkdtyfonfh tajctaersKd;½Sdonfh
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;ayonf/ ,if;okdY vkyfvkdufjcif;
aMumifh zuf'&,fESifh jynfe,ftMum; cGJa0&rnfh tcGefrsm;ukd avsmh
enf;oGm;apovkd jynfe,frsm;taeESifhvnf; &if;jrpfrsm;rS tcGef&½
EdkifonfhtcgrsKd;wGif aps;avQmhvkdufjcif;aMumifh ,if;wkdY &½Sdoifhonfh
tcGeftcatmuf avsmhenf;í &½Sdaponf/ a&eHaps;EIef;BuD;jrifhjcif;
rS qif;&Jonfh omrefvlxkukd umuG,fay;&ef zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdU
wGif tpkd;&rsm;u a&eHaps;ukd xdef;csKyfowfrSwf xm;wwfMuonf/
odkYaomf þenf;rSm a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd EkdifiHtaeESifh pDrH
cefYcGJ&mwGifrl jyóemrsm; ay:aygufvmapEkdifonf/

3/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@maiGrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;í ,SOfNydKifjcif;

zuf'&,ftpkd;&uaum jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;uyg a&eHu@wGif tcGef

rsm; pnf;MuyfEkdifonfh ekdifiHrsm;wGif BuHKawG Y&onfh tjcm;tcuftcJ
wckrSm ,if;tcGef pnf;MuyfEkdifonfh tpkd;&tqifhtoD;oD;u NydKif
66
qkdifovm; odkYr[kwf yl;aygif;aqmif½Gufovm;qkdonfh udpöyifjzpf
onf/ jynfe,frsm; u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD;? ckdifaMu;rsm;
pnf;Muyfjcif;? vkyfief;vkdifpifxkwfay;jcif;rsm;? aqmif½Gufonfh
tcgrsKd;wGifrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh (w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;onfh
tcgrsKd;wGif) (ykdYukeftcGefuJhokdYaom) tcGefrsKd;ukd pnf;MuyfEkdifNyD;
o,HZmwtcGeftc\ wpdwfwykdif;ukd &½SdEkdifonf/ xkduJhokdY ykdYukef
tcGefrsKd;u a&eHpdrf;aps;udk usqif; apEkdifaomfvnf; (a&eHaps;us
onfhtavsmuf) jynfe,frsm;u a&eHrS tcGefenf;í &½Sdaomtcg
jynfe,fESifh A[kdtMum; EkdifiHa&;t& wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmEkdif
ayonf/ txl;ojzifh zGJ Ypnf;ykHjy|mef;csuft& A[kdtpkd;&u tcsKdU
aom tcGefrsm;ukd a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh cGJa0p&m rvkdtyf
onfh tajctaersKd;wGif okdYr[kwf taxGaxGb@ma&;qkdif&m cGJa0
ay;tyfrI (general fiscal transfer) wGif xnfhoGif;cGJa0ay;p&m
rvkdaom tajctaersKd;wGif jzpfonf/ tpkd;&tqifhqifhonf &if;jrpf
rsm;rS tcGefwkd;jr§ifh&½Sda&;ESifh zGH YNzdK;wkd;wufapa&;twGuf rufvkH;
rsm; zefwD;ay;&ef tcsif;csif;tMum; yl;aygif;aqmif½GufEkdifonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tcsKdUaom pufrIu@rsm;twGuf tcGefoD;oefYuif;
vGwfcGifhay;onfh enf;vrf;rsKd;jzpfonf/

tcGefb@mrsm; cGJa0jcif; - &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;

onf oD;oefYoabmaqmifaom txl;tcGefb@mrsm;avm/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onf a,bk,stm;jzifh tcGefcGJa0rI (revenue

sharing in general)? txl;tm;jzifh qkd&vQif &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdaom
tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í rwluGJjym;aom tawG;tac: t,ltq
rsm; ½SdMuayonf/ okdY&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm;vkH;yif &if;jrpfrsm;
rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;okdY rQa0ay;jcif;? okdYr[kwf
transfer [kac:onfh vTJajymif;aiG ay;tyfjcif;rsm; aqmif½GufMu
onfcsnf;om jzpfygonf/ tqkdyg vTJajymif;aiGrsm;rSm owfrSwfcsuf
67
ESifh vTJajymif;aiG (conditional) jzpfEkdifovkd owfrSwfcsufrJh vTJajymif;
aiG (unconditional) vnf; jzpfEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH tawmf
rsm;rsm;wGif ,if;zuf'&,ftpkd;&u vTJajymif;ay;tyfonfh vTJajymif;
aiGrsm; (okdYr[kwf) tcGefb@mcGJa0jcif;rsm;tay: jynfe,frsm;u
txl;trSDo[JjyK&onfh ykHpHrsKd; ½Sdovkd? jynfe,frsm;taeESifh udk,fh
tcGefaiG udk,f½Smí ukd,fhajcaxmufay: udk,f&yfEkdifonfh zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;
tm;vkH; b@ma&;pGrf;&nftaejzifh wEkdifiHvkH; vTrf;NcHKnDrQonfh
trsKd;om;pHw&yf ½Sd&avatmif tcGefukd rQwpGm cGJa0ay;jcif;
(strongly equalizing) ykHpHrsKd;½Sdovkd tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSmrl jynfe,f
wjynfe,fESifh wjynfe,f b@ma&; pGrf;&nfrwlnDonfvnf; ½Sd
ayonf (major fiscal dispartities)/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGef
b@mcGJa0rI ykHpHwGif a,bk,s csOf;uyfrItjyif tcsKdUzuf'a&;½Sif;
rsm;wGif o,HZmwtcGefb@mrsm;ukd rQa0&ef (okdY) rrQa0&ef txl;
tpDtrHrsm;vnf; ½Sdygonf/ (some federations have special
arrangements for sharing - or not sharing - resource revenues.)

,if;ykHpHESpfrsKd;teuf rnfonfhykHpHukd usifhokH;onfjzpfap t"duus

onfh ar;cGef;rSm obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;
ukd cGJa0jcif;ESifh pyfvsOf;í rnfokdY oabmxm;rnfenf;qkdaom
ar;cGef;ESifh ,if;tcGefrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGefrsm;uJhokdY r[kwfbJ oD;oD;
oefYoefY oabmxm;oifhoavmqkdonfh ar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfayonf/
txl;tm;jzifh obm0o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sdonfh jynfe,f
rsm;taeESifh ,if;jynfe,frsm;wGif o,HZmwxkwfvkyfokH;pGJonf
jzpf&m tjcm;o,HZmw rxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;xuf ydkrkdí tcGef
b@mrsm; &½Sdaponfh tusKd;cHpm;cGifh jyKoifh rjyKoifhqkdonfh ar;cGef;
yif jzpfayonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;udk ydkifqkdifcGifh½Sdonfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH

68
rsm;wGif &if;jrpfrsm; ydkifqkdifonfh jynfe,frsm;u olwkdYonf &if;jrpf
rsm; ydkifqkdifolrsm; jzpfonfESifhtnD olrsm;xuf wyef;omonfh
tcGifhta&;&Sdoifhonf[k jynfe,frsm;u tckdiftrmqkdMuonfvnf;
½Sdygonf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm; e,fedrdwftwGif; okdYr[kwf eD;uyf
onfh urf;vGefa'orsm;wGif ½Sdonfh zuf'&,ftpkd;&ydkif &if;jrpfrsm;
xkwfvkyfokH;pGJjcif;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;udk ,if;jynfe,frsm;
u txl;tcGifhta&;taeESifh &oifh&xkdufonf[k awmif;qkdrIrsm;
rSm atmifjrifcJhonfh tjzpfrsKd;½Sdjcif;udk taMumif;jyí jynfe,f
rsm;taeESifhvnf; &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifonfqkd½kHjzifh ,if;&if;jrpfrsm;
\ pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh tcGefb@mukd pDrHcefYcGJEkdifonfh tcGifhtmPm
tm;vkH;ukd jynfe,fu ydkifqkdifonf[k qkd&eff rjzpfEkdifacs/ &if;jrpf
xGuf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm; taeESifhvnf;olwkdY jynfe,frsm;twGif;
obm0ywf0ef;usif ysufpD;rI? ,if;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh qufpyfonfh
0efaqmifrIvkyfief;rsm;twGuf vkdtyfonfh tajccHtaqmuftODukd
wnfaqmufay;&rIESifh &if;jrpfrsm; ukefcef;onfhtcg pD;yGm;a&;
,kdifvJroGm;ap&ef vkdtyfonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrsm;twGufqkdonfh
taMumif;rsm;ukd rlwnfí jynfe,frsm;ukd tcGeftcGifhta&; ykday;
xkdufonf[kvnf; awmif;qkdvkdMuayrnf/

,if;t,ltqukd qefYusifolrsm;uvnf; þokdY jyefvnfacsywkHY

jyefMuayvdrfhrnf/ jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm; ukefqkH;oGm;jcif;
udk pdwfylyef onfqkdvQif ajrBuD;xJ½Sd 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd ydkufqH
(t&if;) tjzpf ajymif;vJNyD; ,if;bPfu twkd;tyGm;awmufavQmuf
xkwfay;aeygvdrfhrnf[k qkdzG,f&m ½Sdonf/ &if;jrpfrsm; wnf½Sdae
onfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh tvkyftukdif tcGifhtvrf;vnf; tjcm;
jynfe,frsm;xufykdrkd&½SdNyD; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIrSvnf; tusKd;tjrwfrsm;
&½SdaeNyDjzpf&m olwkdYtwGuf xyfrHí txl;b@ma&;qkdif&m tcGifh
ta&;rsm; vkdtyfawmhrnf r[kwf[kvnf; qkdaumif;qkdzG,f&m ½Sd
ayonf/ &if;jrpf<u,f0onfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh tom;wiftusKd;
69
tjrwfrsm;pGm &½SdNyD; <u,f0aom tpkd;&tpDtpOfrsm;ESifh tcGefrsm;
ukdvnf; avQmhcsay;xm;jcif;uJhokdYaom taetxm;rsKd;u vkyfief;
udkifief;rsm;ukd rsm;pGm qGJaqmifEkdifonfjzpfaomaMumifh csrf;omonfh
jynfe,frsm;ESifh qif;&Jonfh jynfe,frsm;tMum; ab;wkduf rnDrQrI
(horizontal imbalance) jzpfay:vmvQif wEkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&; rnDrQykH
ysufrIrsKd; jzpfvmEkdifonf[kvnf; apm'u wufzG,f&m ½Sdygonf/

vufawG YtawG YtBuHKrsm;u ñTefjyonfrSm ,if;okdY t,ltqrsm;?

tjiif;tckHrsm; rnfokdYyif uGJvGJygap? EkdifiHa&;"avhESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiH
½Sd xkH;wrf;pOfvmrsm;u vufawG Yydkrkdta&;ygonfqkdonfhtcsufyif
jzpfygonf/ zGJUpnf;ykHu jynfe,frsm;twGuf txl;tav;ay;xm;
vQif? a'oEÅ& "avhp½kduf vu©Pmrsm; (strong regional identities)
jyif;xefvQif? A[kdcsKyfukdifrI rjzpfEkdifonfh tajctaersm; ½SdaevQif
jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &ykdifcGifh tcGifhtvrf;rsm;ukd ydkrkdawmif;qkd&ef
tvm;tvm½Sdayonf/ tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl &if;jrpf½Sdonfh
jynfe,frsm;twGuf b@maiGrsm; ydkrkdcGJa0Ekdif&ef derivation [k
ac:qkdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh A[kdu aumufcH&½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd
cGJa0ay;onfvnf; ½Sdayonf/

a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;rSm tpkd;&\ t&yf&yftcGef

yrmP\ tenf;i,fom ½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl ,if;a&eH
o,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefcGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í txl;tjiif;yGm;
rIrsKd; r½SdvSacs/ yrmPwpkHw&m ½Sdaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl
&if;jrpfwnf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;u ,if;jynfe,frsm;\ a'oEÅ&
tusKd;pD;yGm;ukd wkd;jr§ifhvkdrI okdYr[kwf umuG,fvkdrIaMumifh ,if;tcGef
cGJa0rIESifh pyfvsOf;í aqG;aEG;ajymqkd&avh ½Sdygonf/ ,if;enf;tm;
jzifhyif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif jynfe,f e,fedrdwftwGif;½Sd
zuf'&,ftpkd;&ykdif ajrae&mrsm;rS &½Sdonfh a&eH&if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd
jynfe,frsm;u awmif;qkd&½SdoGm;jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;enf;wlpGm
70
yif uae'gEkdifiH½Sd twåvefwpfjynfe,fi,fESpfckukdvnf; (,if;
jynfe,frsm; qif;&Jjcif;ESifh EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;aMumifh)
urf;vGefa&eH &if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;ukd ,if;jynfe,frsm;okdY
ay;tyf&jcif;yif jzpfayonf/ trsKd;om;tqifh (wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh)
wGif ta&;ygrI twkdif;twmtay: rlwnfíao;i,faom? pkpnf;
onfh tusKd;tjrwf (small, concentrated interests) aMumifhyif
tdE´d,? ygupöwefESifh tm*sifwD;em;EkdifiHrsm;wGif jynfe,ftpkd;&
rsm;u A[kdtpkd;&xHrS tcGefqkdif&m tavQmhay;rIrsm;ukd &½Sdjcif; jzpfay
onf/ (qkkdvkdonfrSm wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twmtaeESifh &if;jrpfu
&½Sdonfh tcGefu yrmP rajymyavmufonfhtcg zuf'&,ftpkd;&
rsm;u jynfe,frsm;okdY rsufESmomay;? tavQmhay;aphpyfonfukd
qkdvkdjcif; jzpfygonf/)

a&eHu@\ us,fjyefYaom pD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m tusKd;oufa&mufrIrsm;

ukd pDrHcefYcGJjcif;

a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mtay: rsm;pGm rSDckd&onfh zuf'&,fEkdifiH

rsm;rSm tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif rufc½kdpD;yGm;a&;qkdif&m
pDrHcefYcGJrI udpö&yfrsm;wGif ykHpHrwlaom pdefac:rIrsm;½Sdonfukd awG Y&
ygonf/ taMumif;rSma&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;onf rwnf
Nidrfjcif;ESifh tcsdefwkdtwGif; ajymif;vJoGm;Ekdifjcif;wkdYaMumifhyif jzpf
ayonf/ xkdYjyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHtcsKdU½Sd a&eH&if;jrpfu &½Sdonfh tcGef
b@mtay: txl;rSDckd&aom jynfe,frsm;taeESifhvnf; b@ma&;
qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrIwGif txl;oD;oefY oabmaqmifonfh pdefac:rI
rsm;ESifh BuHKawG Y&ygonf/

,if;uJhokdY pdefac:rIrsm;wGif tjcm;u@rsm;tay: tav;rxm;ekdif

bJ a&eHtay:om rSDckd&onfh a&eHusdefpm okdYr[kwf 'wfcsfa&m*g
]Dutch disease} qkdaom pdefac:rIrsKd; jzpfonf/ aumif;rGefaom
71
t&nftaoG;jrifh tkyfcsKyfrI (good quality governance) ½Sdaom?
a&vwfrS a&½Snf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI rl0g'okdY tm½kHpkdufaom pD;yGm;a&;
jzefYusufrI½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl a&eH<u,f0csrf;omrIonf trSef
wu,f ta&;BuD;onfh &wemwyg;ozG,f jzpfEkdifygonf/ okdYaomf
aumif;rGefaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdonfrSm a&eH<u,f0onfh zGH YNzdK;qJEkdifiH
rsm;tzkdY tcgcyfodrf; vG,fulonfh udpör[kwfay&m a&eHonfyif
vQif ta[moduHjzpfrI (waste)? tusifhysufjcpm;rI (corruption)?
tedrfhtjrifh oHo&mESifh tvGef tuJrSDckdvmrIrsKd;ukd vuf,yfac:
ovkd jzpfwwfygonf/

b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHudef;a&;qGJrI (fiscal planning) wGif t"du tBuD;

qkH; tcuftcJrSm a&eHaps;EIef; raocsmjcif;ESifh a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGef
rsm; raocsmjcif;yif jzpfayonf/ &if;jrpftay: rSDckd&onfh pD;yGm;a&;
½Sdaeaom ae&mrsKd;wGif vlokH;ukefypönf; aps;EIef;jrifhwufvmrIrsKd;
ay:aygufonfh tcsdefwGif tBuD;tus,f zdtm;rsm; ½SdaomaMumifh
tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfrSmvnf; wufvkdufusvkdufjzpfav&m ekdifiHtae
ESifhvnf; wnfNidrfrI r½SdvSay/ ,if;okdY aps;EIef;rsm; ½kwfw&uf
jrifhrm;jcif;onf txdemavmufonfh aygufuGJrIrsm; aemufqufwGJ
ay:xGufvmNyD; b@ma&;qkdif&m tokH;p&dwfjzwfawmufrIrsm;ESifh
BuHKawG Y&ayonf (major fiscal cuts)/ a&eH<u,f0onfh zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;tzkdY A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tMum; b@ma&;
rl0g'rsm; tjyeftvSef n§dEIdif;xm;jcif; r½SdrIaMumifh ay:vmaom
aemufxyfjyóemudkvnf; &ifqkdif&Ekdifonf/ txl;ojzifh vTJajymif;
aiGpepfrsm; ckdifckdifrmrmr½SdvQif þjyóemrSm ydkrkd qkd;½Gm;ygonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif b@ma&;qkdif&m tpDtrHrsm;u A[kdtpkd;&

rsm;xuf jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ukd ydkrkdckdifrmonfh tcGefb@mrsm; &½Sd
apygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiH tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif jynfe,frsm;tae
ESifh a<u;NrD; acs;iSm;EkdifrItenf;i,fom ½SdNyD; ,if;twuftusjref
72
onfh b@ma&; tajctaeudk pDrHcefYcGJ&ef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u wm0ef
,l&avonf/ tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGifvnf;
jynfe,frsm;u ydkrkdwnfNidrfonfh tpkd;&tokH;p&dwfqkdif&m wm0efrsm;
(stable spending responsibilities) ½Sdayonf/ Oyrm - tajccH
ynma&;ESifh vlrIa&;qkdif&m 0efaqmifrIrsm;/ odkYjzpf&m jynfe,f
rsm;okdY vTJajymif;aiGrsm; ay;tyfonfh pepfukd pepfwus ykHpH
azmfxkwfxm;jcif;? 'DZkdif;qGJxm;jcif;rSm txl;ta&;BuD;onfukd awG Y
&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;okdY vTJajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm;u yrmP
wpkHw&m BuD;rm;vmonfhtcg ,if;vTJajymif;aiGrsm;\ yrmPonf
cefYrSef;wGufcsufEkdifonfh tajctae½SdxkdufNyD; tajccHtpDtrHrsm;
twGuf ykHrSefvTJajymif;ay;rI ½Sdoifhayonf/

&if;jrpfrS xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&u aumuf

cHNyD; a'oqkdif&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh cGJa0ay;onfh zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpdk;&bwf*sufonf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Ytay:
cefYrSef;wGuf csufxm;onfh aps;EIef;tay: tajccHa&;qGJayrnf/ ,if;
aps;EIef;ESifhyifvQif jynfe,frsm;okdY a&eH&if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd ueOD;
cGJa0ay;tyfrIrsm; jyKvkyfayrnf/ rSef;onfhaps;EIef;enf;oGm;vQif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh tcGefrsm;pGm vuf0,fusef½SdrnfjzpfNyD;
tcsKdUw0ufukd EkdifiHwGif wif½Sdaeonfh a<u;NrD;rsm; ay;qyfEkdifrnf
jzpfNyD; EkdifiHh&efykHaiGrsm; xlaxmifEkdifrnf/ txl;ya&m*sufrsm; aqmif
½GufEkdifayrnf/ jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;twGufvnf; xyfaqmif;ay;tyf
rIrsm; aemufykdif;wGif jyKvkyfEkdifrnf jzpfonf/ okdYaomf rarQmfvifhbJ
tcGefrsm;pGm ykd&jcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ wrifoufoufaps;ESdrfNyD;
jynfe,frsm;ukd tcGefcGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd;jzpfvQif jynfe,frsm;\
bwf*sufvkyfief;pOfudk ykHysufapekdifNyD; tcGefcGJa0rItay: rlwnfí
EkdifiHa&;qkdif&m wif;rmrIrsm; jzpfay:vmayvdrfhrnf/

73
bwf*sufjzpfpOfwGif ,if;uJhokdY vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm; aps;EIef;
tajymif;tvJukd tqifajyacsmarG Yatmif pDrHEkdifonfh enf;vrf;
w&yfrSm wnfNidrfa&; &efykHaiG (stabilization fund) w&yfukd wnf
axmifxm;onfh enf;vrf;yif jzpfayonf/ ,if;&efykHaiGukd tpkd;&
okdYr[kwf A[kdbPfu xlaxmifxm;NyD; &if;jrpfrsm;u&½Sdonfh tcGef
b@mtajymif;tvJrsm;\ tEÅ&m,frS jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;ukd um
uG,fEkdif&ef jzpfayonf/ ESpfpOf &okH;rSef;ajcaiG pm&if;yg cefYrSef;
aps;EIef;xuf ykdrkdí tcGefrsm; &½SdvQif ykdvQHtcGefukd bkH&efykHaiGokdY
vTJajymif;ay;NyD; cefYrSef;aps;EIef;atmuf avsmhenf;í tcGef&½Sdonfh
tcg xkdkbkH&efykHaiGrS xkwf,lokH;pGJEkdifonf/ xkduJhokdY xkwf,lokH;pGJ
jcif;jzifh vlokH;ukefypönf;rsm;qkdif&m aps;EIef;rsm; twuftusMurf;
vQif tpkd;&taeESifh ykHrSeftqifhw&yfukd xdef;odrf;xm;Ekdif&ef
&nf½G,f&if; jzpfaomfvnf; zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiHtwGuf aoao
csmcsm a&;qGJxm;ygvQif jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;xH ydkrkdonfh tcGefrsm;
ukd BudKBudKwifwif rSef;qNyD; cGJa0ay;Ekdifonfh ta&;ygaom tcef;
u@w&yfukdvnf; &½SdapEkdifonf/

tusifhysufjcpm;rI? yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrI (Corruption,

Transparency and Accountability)

&if;jrpfcsrf;om<u,f0rI (txl;ojzifh a&eHESifh "mwfaiGY) ESifh tusifh

ysufjcpm;rIwkdYrSm trsm;tm;jzifh ywfoufqufEG,favh ½Sdygonf/
taMumif;rSm jynfolvlxkxHu aumufcH&½Sdonfh tcGefb@mukd
tvGJokH;jcif;? bkH;jcif;xuf a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m
ukd tvGJokH;&ef? tusifhysuf jcpm;&efu tDvpftvTmtzkdY ydkrkdvG,ful
onfhtwGufaMumifhyif jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif &if;jrpfrsm;ESifh
qufpyfonfh ukrÜPDrsm;uvnf; tvG,fwul tusifhysufjcpm;
Ekdifayonf/ taMumif;rSm &if;jrpfrsm;xkwfvkyf&ef olYxufig
tNydKiftqkdif BudK;pm;Mu&ovkd? vkyfukdif&mwGifvnf; ukrÜPDtwGuf
74
ydkrkdaumif;rGef? wGufajcukdufonfh tajctaersm; &½Sdatmif BudK;pm;
Mu&jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfayonf/

tusifhysufjcpm;rIykHpHrsm;rSm yk*¾vducsrf;om<u,f0rItwGuf jcpm;

jcif;omrubJ jynfolykdif tcGefb@mrsm;ukd tokH;csNyD; a½G;aumuf
yGJrormrIrsm;ESifh w&m;r0if ygwD&efykHaiGrsm;tjzpfokdY ajymif;vJ
a&muf½SdoGm;Ekdifjcif;txd yg0ifygonf/ þvufawG Yjzpf&yfrsm;u
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wjynfaxmifpepftpdk;&rsm;xuf ydkí
tusifhysufjcpm;&ef vG,fulayovm;qkdonfh ar;cGef;ay:aygufvm
aponf/ &if;jrpfrsm; <u,f0onfh EkdifiHrsm;taeESifh wjynfaxmif
pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap? zuf'&,f pepfESifh tkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap?
ykdrkdyGifhvif;jrifomrI½SdNyD; ykdrkdwm0efcHrI½Sdonfh 'Drkdua&pDykHpHrsKd; (tm;
aumif;aom txdef;taxpepfrsKd;) ydkí vkdtyfayovm;qkdonfh
ar;cGef;vnf; ay:aygufvmonfukd awG Y&ayonf/

yGifhvif;jrifomrI (transparency) ESifh wm0efcHrI (accountability)

wkdYrSm eD;uyfqufpyfrI ½Sdonfhwkdif oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfh t,ltq
ESpf&yfjzpfayonf/ yGifhvif;jrifomrIrSm &½SdEkdifonfh owif;rsm;\
vTrf;NcHKEkdifrI (scope) ESifh t&nftaoG; (quality) ESihf ywfoufquf
EG,fNyD; wm0efcHrIqkdonfrSmrl tpkd;&½kH;t&m½Sdrsm; (tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfap?
Oya'jyKa&;jzpfap) ESifh ,if;tpkd;&½kH;rsm;ukd xdef;n§dapmifhMunfhonfh
rJqE´½Sifrsm;ESifh tpkd;&½kH;rsm;tMum; ywfoufqufEG,frI jzpfay
onf/ auseyfzG,f&m ½Sdonfh wm0efcHrI ay:aygufvmap&ef yGifhvif;
jrifomrIrSm r½Sdrjzpfonfh tajctaew&yf jzpfayonf/ zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;wGif wm0efcHrIqkdonfrSm tpkd;& (tkyfcsKyfa&;r@dKif) u Oya'
jyKa&;r@dKifokdY wm0efcHrI? a½G;aumufcHEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;u ,if;wkdY
\ rJqE´½Sifrsm;xH wm0efcHrIESifh (tajctaetcsdeftcgtay: rlwnf
í) jynfe,frsm;u (conditional grants qkdonfh A[kdu jynfe,f
okdY csxm;ay;onfh owfrSwfcsufESifh vTJajymif;aiGrsm;twGuf)
75
zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;okdY wm0efcHrIrsm;ukd qkdvkdjcif; jzpfayonf/

zuf'&,fpepfwGif ykdí tusifhysufjcpm;rI½Sdonf[k a,bk,srSwf

csufjyK&efrSm cufcJonfhwkdif a&eH<u,f0 csrf;omrIu (txl;ojzifh
EkdifiHa&;t& wm0efcHrI tuefYtowf½Sdonfh? qif;&Jonfh vlYtzJG Y
tpnf;rsm;wGif) tusifh ysufjcpm;rI ykdrkdjzpfay:aprnfh tvm;tvm
rsm; ½SdonfqkdonfhtcsufrSm xif½Sm;ygonf/ A[kdcsKyfukdifrI avQmhcs
jcif; (decentralization) onf tm;aumif;aom EkdifiHa&;t& wm0efcH
EkdifrIESifh wGJpyfvQif tusifhysufjcpm;rI avsmhenf;jcif;ESifh ywfouf
qufEG,frI½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/ tjynfjynfqkdif&m yGifhvif;jrifom
rItzGJ Y (transparency International) taeESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;
tygt0if urÇmhEkdifiHrsm;\ tusifhysufjcpm;rI tajctaersm;ukd
ESpfpOf pm&if;jyKpkxkwfjyefavh½Sd&m zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;ESifh wjynfaxmif
pepfEkdifiHrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfvQif zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u ydkí tusifh
ysufjcpm;onf? wjynfaxmifEkdifiHrsm;u ykdí tusifhysufjcpm;onf
[lí rqkdEdkifaMumif; awG Y½Sd&rnf jzpfygonf/

pifppftcGefcGJa0rIqkdif&m pm&if;r½Sif;vif;rIu zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;

wGif aemufxyfzdtm;wck xyfrHay:aygufaponf/ wjynfaxmif
pepfwGif tpkd;&w&yftwGif; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrIukd wkd;
jr§ifhay;Ekdifrnfh tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm; (institutional checks and
balance) ½SdNyD; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;taejzifhvnf; tpkd;&t&yf&yfrsm;
tMum; yGifhvif;jrifomrIESifh wm0efcHrIukd wkd;jr§ifhay;&ef tqkdyg
tifpwDusL;½Sif;rsm;jzifh aqmif½GufEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;
wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u pnf;MuyfNyD; aumufcHaom tcGefb@m
rsm;ukd jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh cGJa0&avh½Sd&m jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;
taeESifh ,if;wkdYtwGuf tusKd;tjrwf½Sd&mjzpfaom zuf'&,ftcGef
aumufcHrIqkdif&m udpö&yfrsm;wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ yGifhvif;jrifomrI
ukd txl;pdwf0ifpm;Muayonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&
76
rsm;taeESifhvnf; ,if;wkdY vTJajymif;ay;vkdufaom owfrSwfcsufrJh
vTJajymif;aiGrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u rnfokdY rnfykH okH;pGJonfukd
okH;oyf&ef tcGifhtmPmr½Sd jzpfMuavonf/ &if;jrpfrsm;rS tcGef
b@mwkd;wuf&½SdvmonfESifhtrQ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;twGuf yGifhvif;
jrifomrI½Sdaom? wm0efcHrI½Sdaom enf;vrf;rsm;ukd ykdrkdwkd;jr§ifhpOf;pm;
vmMu&ayonf/ b&m;ZD;EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;& pnf;Muyfaom
tcGefrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;vmvQif jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u zuf'&,ftpkd;&
ukd wm0efcHrI ½Sd&ayonf/ þykHpHrSmvnf; rkd',fwckjzpfygonf/
aemufwenf;rSm tjyeftvSeftxdef;taxvkyfonfh enf;vrf;
jzpfonf (mutual checks and balances)/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&\
aiGpm&if;rsm; yGifhvif;jrifomrI½Sdap&ef zuf'&,ftpkd;&u jynfe,f
tpkd;&rsm;ukd tmrcHxm;&ovkd (,if;okdY tmrcHxm;jcif;jzifh
jynfe,frsm;taeESifh yGifhvif;rQwonfh b@mcGJa0rIrsm;ukd &½SdMu
ayonf/) jynfe,ftpkd;&aiGpm&if;rsm;ukdvnf; A[kdtpkd;&\ vkyfxkH;
vkyfenf;rsm;twkdif; vkdufemNyD; yGifhvif;jrifomrI ½Sdap&ef aqmif
½Gufay;&ayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJrI - urÇm

wvTm;rS om"ursm;

zuf'&,ftkyfcsKyfrI pepfwGif ykHpHwykHpHwnf;? rkd',fwckwnf; r½Sd

ouJh okdYyif zuf'&,fEkdifiHwkdif;wGif olYenf; olY[efESifh a&eH&if;jrpf
rsm;u &onfhtcGefrsm;ukd pDrHcGifh? enf;pOfzGH YNzdK;ydkifcGifhESifh cGJa0ykdifcGifh
pepfrsm; oD;jcm;pD ½SdMuayonf/ EkdifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif yx0D
taetxm;? pD;yGm;a&; tajctaeESifh ,Ofaus;rIqkdif&m reD;½kd;pGJ ½SdrI
rsm; ½Sdaomfvnf; þEkdifiHrsm;\ zuf'&,ftawG YtBuHKrsm;rS &½Sd
xGufay:vmonfh oifcef;pmrsm;ukdrl uREkfyfwkdYtaeESifh em;vnf
oabmayguf&efESifh ,if;tawUGtBuHKrsm;ukd oufqkdif&m tajctae
tay: wifMunfh? jrifMunfhEkdif&efvnf; ta&;BuD;aMumif; txl;
77
xif½Sm;ygonf/ atmufazmfjyyg EkdifiHtoD;oD;\ tajctaersm;rSm
NyD;jynfhpkHonf r[kwfonfhwkdif &if;jrpfrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH ydkifqkdif
Muonf? pDrHcefYcGJMuonfESifh cGJa0Muonfukdrl tMurf;zsif; ykHazmf
jyEkdif&eftwGuf jzpfygonf/

tm*sifwD;em;

tm*sifwD;em;rSm A[kdESifh awmiftar&duwGif pwkw¬trsm;qkH; a&eH

xkwfvkyfonfhEkdifiHjzpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Y 'kwd,trsm;qkH; xkwf
vkyfonfh EkdifiH jzpfonf/ tm*sifwD;em;onf ,if;a'owGif;
[kduf'½kdumAGef aps;uGufwGif ta&;ygonfh ae&mwGif ½Sdonf/
2011 pm&if;rsm;t& tm*sifwD;em;wGif reserve taeESifh a&eHpnf
oef;ESpfaxmifhig;&m ½SdNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Y ukArDwm 0.3 x&DvD,H
½Sdonf/ 2011 wGif obm0"mwfaiG Y ukArDwm oef;axmifaygif;
38.8 rDwm xkwfvkyfNyD; w&ufvQif a&eHMurf; pnfaygif; 607000
pnf xkwfvkyfcJhonf/

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m ykdifqkdifcGifhtygt0if owåKwGif;qkdif&m

tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd xGuf½Sdonfh ae&ma'otay: rlwnfí jynfe,f
rsm;u jzpfap? A[kdtpkd;&u jzpfap ykdifqkdifonf/ ,if;rSm yk*¾vdu
ykdifqkdifcGifhESifh oD;jcm;pDjzpfonf/ 1994 ckESpf zuf'&,fzGJ Ypnf;ykH
jyifqifcsuft& obm0 o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; ([kduf'½kdumbGef
&if;jrpfrsm;tygt0if) ukd wnf½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;u ykdifqkdifygonf/
2007 wGif urf;rS 12 rkdiftuGm {&d,m½Sd a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yokduf
rsm; tygt0if jynfe,frsm; ykdifeuftwGif;½Sdaom a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y
okdufrsm; tm;vkH;\ t&yf&yf vkyfykdifcGifhukd A[kdtpkd;&u ,if;
oufqkdif&m jynfe,ftoD;oD;odkY vTJajymif;ay;tyfcJhygonf/
Argentine continental shelf (tm*sifwD;em;urf;OD;a&wdrfydkif;) wGif
wnf½Sdaom a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh urf;rS 12 rkdiftvGef½Sd a&eHokdufrsm;
78
udkrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&\ oD;oefY vkyfykdifcGifhtmPmtjzpf owfrSwf
xm;ygonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD; ckdifaMu;rsm; pnf;Muyfjcif;?

vkyfief; vkdifpifaMu;rsm; &½Sdjcif; ½Sdonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u
vnf; ykdYukeftcGefukd pnf;MuyfEkdifayonf/ ykdYukeftcGefrSm (tjcm;
tcGefrsm;ESifh rwl) jynfe,frsm;ukd cGJa0ay;p&mrvkdbJ &if;jrpfrsm;rS
&½Sdonfh tcGefb@m\ wpdwfwykdif;ukd A[kdtpkd;&twGuf &½SdapNyD;
jynfe,ftpkd;&&½Sdaom ckdifaMu;rsm;ukd avsmhenf;aponfjzpf&m
jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;ESifh A[kdtpkd;&tMum; wif;rmrI wjznf;jznf; jrifh
wufvmvsuf ½Sdygonf/

MopaMw;vs

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif;a&m? urf;vGefa'owGifyg a&eHESihf

"mwfaiG Y&if;jrpfrsm; jynfe,frsm;ESifh ajrmufykdif;a'orsm;wGif ysHUESHY
wnf½dSonf/ a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu@rSm MopaMw;vs pD;yGm;a&;\
t"duusaom tpdwftykdif;w&yf jzpfygonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiH
\ a&eHxkwfvkyfrIrSm 1980 rS pwifí wjznf;jznf;wkd;wufvmcJhNyD;
2000 jynfhESpfwGif tjrifhrm;qkH; a&muf½SdcJhavonf/ vuf½Sdtajctae
wGifrl a&eHxkwfvkyfrI usqif;vsuf ½Sdygonf/ MopaMw;vsEkdifiH
rSm "mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;vnf; <u,f0NyD; vuf½Sd urÇmYobm0"mwfaiG Y
vkdtyfcsuf\ 70 &mckdifEIef;cefYrSm MopaMw;vswGif jzpfay:wnf½Sd
vsuf ½Sdygonf/ (yrmPtm;jzifh "mwfaiG Yokduf ukAayaygif;
x&DvD,H 400 aywnf½Sdonf[k cefYrSef;&ygonf/)

jynfe,frsm;ESifh txl;e,fajrrsm; (territory) rsm;rSm ,if;wkdY ykdifeuf

twGif; wnf½Sdaom a&eHokdufrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom vkyfykdifcGifhukd
ydkifqkdifMuygonf/ ,if;okdY jzpfonfESifhtnD yk*¾vduykdif½Sifrsm; r½SdbJ
79
oufqdkif&m tpkd;&rsm;u a&eHxkwfazmfa&;? xkwfvkyfa&;ESifh pyfvsOf;
aom pnf;rsOf; pnf;urf;rsm; xkwfjyefNyD; pDrHcefYcGJMuygonf/
zuf'&,f0efBuD;u OD;aqmifrIu@wGif ½Sdonfhwkdif MopaMw;vs
taeESifh urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJa&;twGuf A[kdESifh jynfe,f
yl;aygif;tpDtrHw&yf csrSwfxm;NyD; jzpfonf[k od&ygonf/

MopaMw;vsEkdifiHwGif b@ma&;qkdif&m rQwrI½Sdatmif cGJa0ay;

onfh pepfw&yf ckdifrmtm;aumif;pGm wnf½Sdonfjzpf&m a&eHxkwf
vkyfonfh jynfe,frsm; &½Sdonfh b@ma&;qkdif&m tm;omcsufrsm;rSm
ydkrkdus,fjyefYonfh oabmaqmifaom b@ma&;vTJajymif;rIrsm;tm;
jzifh y,fzsufxm;NyD; jzpfonfukd awG &Y onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&tae
ESifh jynfe,f toD;oD;\ b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nf (fiscal
capacity) ESifh tokH;p&dwfvkdtyfcsufrsm;tay: us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
tajccHwGufcsufNyD; jynfe,frsm;okdY b@maiGvTJajymif;ay;rI jyKvkyf
onf/ tcsrf;omqkH; jynfe,frsm;yifvQif tcGefb@myrmP
trsm;pkukd zuf'&,ftpkd;&cGJa0ay;rIu &½Sdonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh ,if;okdY cGJa0ay;&jcif;taMumif;rSm jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH;
wEkdifiHvkH; twkdif;twm b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfESifh tokH;
p&dwfqkdif&m pHw&yfESifhtnD jzpfap&ef cGJa0ay;jcif;yif jzpfonf/
okdYjzpf&m MopaMw;vs½Sd jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh
b@mrsm;rSm jynfe,ftoD;oD;\ b@ma&;qkdif&m ukd,fykdifpGrf;
aqmif&nfukd jrifhrm;aponfhwkdif a&½Snfb@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif
&nfukdrl xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wkd;jr§ifhay;Ekdifjcif; r½Sdacs/

b&mZD;

ukef;wGif;? urf;vGef owåK&if;jrpfrsm;tm;vkH;ukd (azmfxkwfawG Y½Sd

jcif; rjyKrD uwnf;uyif) zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ykdifqkdifonf/ urf;vGef
&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm; (txl;ojzifh
80
uyfvsufwnf½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;) ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;u trsm;pk
&½SdMuonf/

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Ywl;azmfjcif;? xkwfvkyfa&mif;csjcif;vkyfief;rsm;rSm

zuf'&,f tpkd;&uom vkyfykdifcGifh½Sdaom vkyfief;rsm; jzpfonf/
okdY&mwGif zuf'&,f tpkd;&taeESifh toD;oD;? n§dEIdif;NyD; EkdifiHykdif
a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YukrÜPDrsm;okdY jzpfap? yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm;okdY jzpfap
vTJajymif;ay;tyfEkdifonf/ yk*¾vduykdif ajrrsm;rSm a&eHESifh obm0
"mwfaiG Y wkl;azmf&½SdvQifrl xkdajrydkif½Sifrsm;taeESifh ESpfpOf a&eHESifh
"mwfaiG YxkwfvkyfrI\ 1 &mckdifEIef;ukd cHpm;&,lykdifcGifh½Sdonf/

xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh &if;jrpftcGefrsm;ukd derivation

tay: tajccHNyD; cGJa0&½Sdonf/ iSm;&rf;crsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;ESifh
jrLeDpy,frsm; rwlnDonfh tcsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh &½SdMuonf/ (ckdifaMu;
\ 70 &mckdifEIef;? txl;owfrSwfaumufcHonfhtcGef\ 50 &mckdifEIef;?
0ifaiGcGef\ 48 &mckdifEIef;)/ b&mZD;EkdifiH\ tBuD;qkH; zufpyfa&eH
ukrÜPDBuD;jzpfonfh ywfx½kdb&ufpf (Petrobras) rS &½Sdonfh tusKd;
tjrwfukdom zuf'&,ftpkd;&u &½Sdonf/ ,if;okdY derivation
principle tay: tajccHwGufcsufNyD; cGJa0ay;jcif;u tvsm;vkduf-
ab;wkdufb@ma&;rnDrQrI (horizontal fiscal imbalance) ukd w
jznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vmaponf/ jynfe,frsm;ESifh jrLeDpy,frsm;okdY
cGJa0ay;aom tcGefb@mrSm a':vm 7 bDvD,Hausmf½SdNyD jzpfaomf
vnf; ,if;yrmP\ 80 &mckdifEIef;rSm &D,kd 'D *seJ½kd; (Rio de Janeiro)
ESifh tufpfyD&Dwkd qefwkd; (Espirito Santo) jynfe,fpku &½Sdonfukd
awG Y&rnf/ ,if;jynfe,fESpf&yfrSm ysrf;rQ b&mZD;jynfe,frsm;ESifh
EIdif;,SOfvQif ykdrkdcsrf;om<u,f0Muonfukd awG Y&rnf/

81
uae'g

uae'gEkdifiHwGif jynfe,frsm; (provinces) u ukef;wGif; &if;jrpf

rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifNyD; pDrHcefYcGJonf/ ,if;u &onfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;
ukdvnf; cHpm;onf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u 0ifaiGcGefudk rlwnfNyD; tcGef
rsm;ukd aumufcHonf/ (2020 wGif 0ifaiGcGefa':vm bDvD,H 50
aumufcH&½Sdrnf [k cefYrSef;xm;onf) jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;u ckdifaMu;
rsm;? vkyfief;vkdifpifaMu;rsm;ESifh tjcm;tcGefrsm;ukd aumufcHonf/
(2020 wGif a':vm bDvD,H 70 aumufcH&½Sdrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;
onf)/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd zuf'&,f tpkd;&u ydkifqkdifaomfvnf;
(zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& r[kwfbJ) Oya'rsm; jy|mef;jcif;tm;jzifh ,if;urf;vGef
xkwfvkyfrI aqmif½Gufvsuf½Sdonfh jynfe,f ESpfjynfe,fokdY xda&muf
aom pDrHcefYcGJrI wm0efESifh tcGefb@mcHpm;cGifhukd tyfESif;xm;onf/

uae'gEkdifiHtaeESifh qif;&Jaom jynfe,frsm;ukd wEkdifiHvkH;tqifh

b@ma&;qkdif&m pGrf;aqmif&nfpHtajctaew&yftxd a&mufap&ef?
rQwa&; tpDtrHw&yf azmfxkwfpDpOfxm;onf/ a&eH<u,f0onfh
jynfe,frsm;\ b@ma&; tm;omcsuf (txl;ojzihf t,fAmwm
jynfe,f) u EkdifiHa&;qkdif&mt"du jyóemw&yftjzpf ay:ayguf
vmatmifxd rBuD;rm;acs/ okdY&mwGif 1979 ckESpf 'kwd,a&eHa½Smhcf
(second oil shock) wGif t,fAmwmjynfe,f\ tcGefb@mrsm;rSm
wEkdifiHvkH; ysrf;rQ\ ESpfqausmf jzpfoGm;jcif;aMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh tusyf½kdufp&m jzpfcJh&onf/ xkdYaMumifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&
taeESifh o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@mrsm;ukd jyefvnf
&,l&ef vlBudKufrrsm;vSonfh ykdYukeftcGef aumufcHjcif;jzifh aqmif
½GufcJh&onf/ ,if;tajctaeu t,fAmwmESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&
tMum; jyif;xefonfh EkdifiHa&;wif;rmrIukd jzpfay:apcJhNyD; 1982 ckESpf
wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh a&eHtay: ykdYukeftcGef aumufcHykdifcGifh
r½Sdap&qkdonfh zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH Oya'jyifqifrI w&yfudk jzpfay:ap
82
cJhonf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;tMum; b@ma&;qkdif&m rnDrQrI
jyefvnfay:aygufvmcJhNyD; þwBudrfwGifrl aps;EIef;jrifhrm;vmjcif;?
t,fAmwmjynfe,f\ xkwfvkyfrIyrmP wkd;wufvmjcif;ESifh &if;jrpf
<u,f0onfh jynfe,fopfrsm; ay:aygufvmjcif;wkdYaMumifh jzpfonf/

tdE´d,

tdE´d,EkdifiHwGif ukef;wGif; o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u

ydkifqkdifonf/ okdYaomf A[kdtpkd;& (zuf'&,ftpkd;&) u pDrHcefYcGJonf
jzpf&m? 4if;&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@maiGtrsm;pkukd A[kdtpkd;&u
&½Sdonf/

a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u ckdifaMu; yrmPw&yfukdom &½Sdonf/

okdYaomf ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;xm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&u qkH;jzwfonf/
zuf'&,ftpkd;&uvnf; ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;xm;ukd wwfEkdiforQ avQmh
Ekdif&ef BudK;pm;onf/ ,if;okdY ckdifaMu;avQmhjcif;jzifh jynfe,frsm;
ukdvnf; avQmhí cGJa0ay;&rnfjzpfaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ ,if;okdY
ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd avQmhxm;jcif;jzihf zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh jynfe,f
rsm;ESifh cGJa0p&mrvkdonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm; (Oyrm - a&eH tusKd;cGef
petroleum profit tax) ukd pnf;Muyf&ef tajctae ay;vmonf/

a&eHu@rSm tdE´d, b@ma&;\ t"du u@BuD;w&yfjzpfNyD;

jynfaxmifpk tpkd;&twGufa&m? jynfe,frsm;twGufyg ta&;ygaom
b@ma&; &if;jrpfw&yfjzpfonf/ 2000 jynfhESpfwGif urf;vGef?
ukef;wGif; a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS jynfaxmifpktpkd;& &½Sdonfh tcGef
b@mrSm tcGefr[kwfaom tjcm;b@m\ 35 &mckdifEIef;xd wkd;jr§ifh
&½SdcJhNyD; ,if;rSm pkpkaygif; tcGefb@m\ 7 &mckdifEIef; jzpfonf/ þ
u@ukd ajzavQmhay;jcif;ESifh ruf½kdpD;yGm;a&;tr,fpkHvmapjcif;wkdYu
,if;yrmPukd jynfaxmifpktpkd;&\ tcGefr[kwfaom tjcm;b@m
83
\ 10 &mckdifEIef;ESifh t&yf&yf tcGefb@m\ 2.5 &mckdifEIef;okdY avQmh
csvmEkdifcJhonfukd awG Y&rnf/ tcsKdU jynfe,frsm;twGufrl þu@
rSm ta&;ygaom &if;jrpfw&yf jzpfvsuf ½Sdonf/ 2005 ckESpfwGif cGJa0
&½Sdonfh ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm xkwfvkyfonfh jynfe,frsm;\ ukd,fykdif
tcGefb@m\ 25 &mckdifEIef; xd ½Sdonfukd awG Y&onf/

rav;½Sm;

tdE´d,EkdifiHrSmuJhokdYyif rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGifvnf; ukef;wGif; a&eH

&if;jrpfrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;u ydkifqkdifaomfvnf; A[kdtpkd;&uyif
pDrHcefYcGJonf/ xkdYjyif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukd abmeD,kduRef;pkrsm;u
ykdifqkdifonfhwkdif urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm; pDrHcefYcGJrIukd zGJ Ypnf;ykHt& A[kd
tpkd;&okdY tyfESif;xm;onf/ þokdY jynfe,frsm;u a&eH&if;jrpf
rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfqkdonfhwkdif A[kdcsKyfukdifrI jyif;xefjcif;u
rav;½Sm; zuf'a&;½Sif;EkdifiH\ taxGaxGA[kdcsKyfukdifrI oabm
obm0ukd xif[yfaejcif;vnf; jzpfonf/ qkdcJhygtwkdif; ,if;
tajctaersKd;wGif ajr,mtokH;jyKcGifhESifh pyfvsOf;onfh vkyfykdifcGifh
rsKd;u jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;udk tcsKdUaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif ta&;yg
aom tcef;u@w&yfu yg0ifEkdif&ef xdef;n§day;aeonfukdvnf;
awG Y&ygonf/ ,if;okdYaom vkyfydkfifcGifhqkdif&m rQajcrsm;u &if;jrpf
rsm;? pDrHcefcGJrIwGif ta&;ygvmonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

rav;½Sm;EkdifiHwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u tcGeftrsm;pk (tm;vkH;eD;yg;)

ukdyif &½Sdonf[k qkd&rnfjzpfNyD; a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ukd
ckdifaMu;tcsKdUukdom cGJa0ay;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&uyif ,if;ckdifaMu;EIef;ukd qkH;jzwfay;onf/ (vuf½SdwGif 10
&mckdifEIef;jzpfonf/) ,if;ckdifaMu;rsm;ukd a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,f
rsm;ESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&tMum; tnDtrQ cGJa0onf/ jynfe,f
rsm;rSm A[kdtpkd;&ESifh EIdif;,SOfvQif vkyfaqmif&onfh tcef;u@
84
enf;yg;onfjzpf&m þtenf;i,faom ckdifaMu;tcGefrsm;uyif a&eH
xGufonfh jynfe,fokH;ckudk tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf b@ma&;tm;
jzifh ydkrkdckdifrmawmifhwif;aponfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/ BuD;rm;
onfh jynfe,f tus,ft0ef;? zGH YNzdK;rI tajctae edrfhusrIESifh vlOD;a&
enf;yg;rIwkdYtay: rlwnfívnf; A[kdtpkd;&u cGJa0ay;onfjzpf&m
,if;wkdY\ wOD;csif; cGJa0&½Sdonfhf tcGefyrmPrSm a&eH rxGufonfh
jynfe,frsm;½Sd wOD;csif;&½Sdonfh tcGefyrmPxuf okH;qrS ajcmufq
txd ydkrkdrsm;jym;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/

ruúqDukd

ruúqDukdrSm 2013 udef;*Pef;rsm;t& a&eHpnfaygif; 10 bDvsH

xGuf½SdEkdifonfh a&eHokdufrsm;½SdNyD; vuf½Sdtajctae cefYrSef;csufrsm;
t& a&eHpnfaygif; 125 bDvsHxdyif xGuf½SdEkdifonf[k qkdygonf/
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI avsmhus vmjcif;u ruúqDukdEkdifiHukd a&eHxkwfvkyf
onfh EkdifiHtqifh ajcmufrS ukd;okdY usqif;apcJhonfjzpf&m vuf½Sd
or®w tef&pf yDnm Ekdifwkd tpkd;&u jynfwGif;jynfy yk*¾vduu@
ukd a&eHu@wGif tvkyfvkyfudkifcGifhjyKjcif;jzifh jyKjyifajymif;vJEkdif&ef
BudK;pm;vsuf ½Sdayonf/ ruúqDukdEkdifiH\ zGJUpnf;ykHt& vuf½Sd
tajctaetwGuf a&eHu@wGif yk*¾vdu vkyfukdifcGifhukd cGifhrjyKacs/

ruúqDukdEkdifiH zGJUpnf;ykH yk'fr 27 u ruúqDukdEkdifiHwGif ½Sdonfh

[kduf'½kdumAGef &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ruúqDukd ekdifiHvkH;u ykdifqkdifonf
[k azmfjyxm;NyD; yk*¾vduu@ukd rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ yg0ifywf
oufcGifh rjyKacs/ a&eHESifh pyfvsOf;onfh udpö&yft00ukd ruúqDuef
zuf'&,ftpkd;&u xdef;csKyfxm;NyD; EkdifiHykdif a&eHukrÜPD (Pemex)
ukd wnfaxmifxm;onf/ ½SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;rsm;
tm;vkH;ukd EkdifiHawmfuom vkyfykdifcGifh½Sdonfh vkyfief;rsm;tjzpf tcGifh
tmPmtyfESif;xm;NyD; ,if;vkyfief;rsm;tm;vkH;ukd EkdifiHykdif Pemex
85
a&eHukrÜPDuom aqmif½Gufonf/ okdY&mwGif Pemex ukrÜPDtae
ESifh a&eH½SmazGjcif;ESifh xkwfvkyfjcif; vkyfief;pOfwGif 0efaqmifrI
vkyfief;rsm; &,laqmif½Guf&ef vkdtyfygu yk*¾vduukrÜPDrsm;xHrS
,if;0efaqmifrIrsm; &,lykdifcGifh ½Sdavonf/ okdY&mwGif ,if;ukrÜPD
taeESifh 0efaqmifrIay;tyfjcif;uwGifom yg0ifEkdifrnf jzpfNyD; a&eH
ESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m vkyfief;rsm; vkyfykdifcGifh r½Sdovkd a&eH
okdufrsm;rS &½Sdrnfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udkvnf; cHpm;ykdifcGifh r½Sday/
,if;ukrÜPDrsm;ukd iSm;&rf;&m wGifvnf; aiGaMu;jzifhom tcaMu;aiG
ay;&rnfjzpfNyD; Pemex \ tusKd; tjrwfrsm;ukd ckdifEIef;jzifh cHpm;cGifh
r½Sdovkd a&mif;cs&rItay: rlwnfí tusKd;cHpm;cGifhvnf; r½Sday/

Pemex ukrÜPDESifh pyfvsOf;onfh (a&eHvkyfief;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh) tcGef

tcrsm;ESifh ckdifaMu;rsm;rSm zuf'&,ftpkd;&bwf*suf\ 35 &mckdifEIef;
yif ½Sdonf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;rSmrl a&eHxkwfvkyfrIrS
tusKd;tjrwf r&½Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u ,if;
&if;jrpfrsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGefb@mrsm;
ESifh aygif;pyfNyD; jynfe,frsm;tm; cGJa0ay;onf/ cGJa0ay;&mwGif
vnf; a&eHxGufaom jynfe,frsm;twGuf txl;cGJa0ay;jcif;rsKd;
r½Sdacs/ okdY&mwGif a&eHaps;aumif;í cefYrSef;wGufcsufxm;onfh aps;
xuf ausmfvGef&½SdvQifrl ,if;a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh
a&eHu &onfh tcGefyrmP tenf;i,fukd tydkaqmif;&½Sdygonf/
okdY&mwGif ,if;okdY &½Sdonfh yrmPrSm txl;ajymyavmufonf r½Sdyg/

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;

EkdifiH\ ydkYukefwefzkd; 95 &mckdifEIef;rSm a&eHu@u xGuf½Sdonfjzpf&m

Ekdif*sD;&D;,m; pD;yGm;a&;rSm a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yu@u txl;ta&;ygonf/
a&eHokdufrsm;u a&eHpnf bDvsHaygif; 37.2 bDvsH xGuf½Sdrnf[k
twnfjyKEkdifNyD; tmz&duwGif tBuD;qkH;a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yxkwfvkyf
86
onfh EkdifiHjzpfonf/ urÇmay:wGif eHygwf 11 tBuD;qkH; jzpfonf/
xkdYjyif Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiHonf obm0"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;rS "mwfaiG Y
ukAay x&DvD,efaygif; 187 x&DvD,H xkwfvkyfay;Ekdifrnf jzpfNyD;
,if;aMumifhyif tmz&duwGif tBuD;qkH;"mwfaiG Yokduf ykdifqkdifonfh
EkdifiHjzpfNyD; urÇmay:wGif owår tBuD;qkH;"mwfaiG Yokduf wnf½Sdonfh
EkdifiH jzpfonf/

zGJ Ypnf;ykH tajccHOya'u zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm; a&ay:a&atmuf

a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Y&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifcGifh jyKxm;ovkd pDrHcefYcGJykdifcGifh
tyfESif;xm;onfukdvnf; awG Y&onf/ okdY&mwGif jynfe,frsm;u
zuf'&,ftpkd;& &½Sd onfxuf ykdrkdaom cGJa0ay;rIrsm;ukd &½SdMuNyD;
"mwfaiG YxGufonfh jynfe,f rsm;ukdvnf; ykdí OD;pm;ay;xm;onfukd
awG Y&ayonf/

a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u ,if;wkdYESifh eD;uyfpGm wnf½Sdonfh

urf;vGef (a&wdrfykdif;) ESifh ydkifeuftwGif; xGuf½Sdonfh tcGefyrmP
\ 13 &mckdifEIef;&½SdMuonf/ usefaom tcGefrsm;ukd tjcm;tcGef
t&yf&yfESifh aygif;NyD; vlOD;a&? jynfe,frsm;tMum; nDrQapa&;?
jynfwGif; tcGefxGufEIef;? ajr{&d,mtus,ft0ef;ESifh vlOD;a& xlxyfrI
wkdYtay: rSDwnfNyD; cGJa0ay;onf/ tqkH;owf&v'frSm a&eHxGuf
onfh jynfe,fu t&yf&yftcGefrsm;\ 50 &mckdifEIef;ukd cGJa0&½Sd
MuNyD; a&eHrxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif wOD;csif; &½Sd
onfh EIef;xm;tm;jzifh okH;qcGJ (350 &mckdifEIef;) omvGefonfukd
awG Y&rnf jzpfonf/

okdY&mwGif Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;EkdifiH tawG YtBuHKt& derivation tay:

tajccHonfh tcGefb@mrQa0jcif;onf &if;jrpfcsrf;om<u,f0rIukd
OmPftajrmftjrif½Sd½Sd okH;pGJrnf[k uHaouHr ajymí r&onfukd
awG Y&onf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u tjcm;jynfe,frsm;xuf
87
rsm;pGm omvGef&½SdNyD; ,if;okdY &½Sdonfhwkdif tusifhysufjcpm;rIESifh
ta[moduHjzpfrItwGufom OD;wnfoGm;onfukd awG Y&ygonf/
vlom;t&if;jrpfzGH YNzdK;rI edrfhusaejcif;? ywf0ef;usif ysufqD;jcif;?
tajccHtaqmuftODD vkdtyfaeao;jcif;ESifh jynfolYa&;&m 0efaqmif
rIrsm; tqifhedrfhusaejcif;wkdYu jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;taeESifh &½Sdonfh
tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH okH;pGJonfESifh pyfvsOf;NyD; wm0efcHrI r½Sd
onfhtcsufukd xif[yfaponf/

ygupöwef

ygupöwefEdkifiHu aeYpOfa&eHpdrf; pnfaygif; 60000 pnfxkwfvkyf

NyD; aeYpOf okH;pGJrIrSm 400000 pnf½Sdonfjzpf&m a&eHtBuD;tus,f
wifoGif;onfh EkdifiHwekdifiHjzpfvmonf/ aemufqkH;awG Y½SdrIrsm;t&
ygupöwefonf tem*wfwGif a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGUtBuD;tus,f
wifykdYEkdifrnf[k arQmfvifhxm;Muonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk pGrf;tif
qkdif&m owif;tcsuftvuftzGJUu rMumao;rDuyif ygupöwef
taeESifh ukAayaygif; 105 x&DvD,H½Sdonfh "mwfaiG Y (shale gas) ESifh
a&eHpnfaygif; 9 bDvD,H wifykdYvmEkdifrnf[k cefYrSef;xm;onf/ ,cif
rawG Y½Sd&ao;onfh a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;vnf; ½Sdaeao;onf/ vuf½Sd
tajctaewGif ygupöwefonf a&eH wifoGif;rItay: rsm;pGm rSDckdae&
NyD;? b@ma&;qkdif&m pDrHcefYcGJ&mwGif ygupöwef jynfwGif;a&eHaps;
ukd tpkd;&u t½IH;cH xdef;n§dae&onfjzpf&m (jynfwGif; xkwfvkyfrIrS
&½Sdonfh tcGeftaumufukd wkd;jr§ifhjcif;? ajymif;vJjcif;xuf) ,ckuJhokdY
rxd&ao;? rwkdY&ao;onfh a&eH&if;jrpfokdufrsm; awG Y½Sdygu ygupöwef
EkdifiH\ rufc½dkpD;yGm;a&;wnfNidrfrIudk wkd;wufaprnf jzpfonf/

ygupöwefEkdifiH½Sd ukef;wGif;&if;jrpfrsm;ukd A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,f

tpkd;&rsm;u yl;wGJykdifqkdifMuonf/ okdYaomf ,if;wkdYukd zuf'&,f
tpkd;&uom pDrHonf/ rMumao;rDu zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd
88
ajymif;vJcJhNyD; urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;ukdyg yl;wGJykdifqkdifonfh pepfukd
pwifusifhokH;vmcJhNyD jzpfonf/ tjcm;zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;uJhokdY
r[kwfbJ? ygupöwefEkdifiHwGif a&eHxGufonfh ae&mrsm;rSm vlOD;a&
t& rsm;jym;onfh (okdYaomf vlrsm;pkr[kwfao;bJ? vlenf;pktjzpf
om ½Sdaeao;onfh) c½kdifrsm;wGif wnf½Sdvsuf ½Sdaeayonf/

ygupöwefwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;u EIef;xm;owfrSwf pnf;Muyfí

aumufcHaom tcsKdUtcGefrsm;ukd A[kdESifh jynfe,fcGJa0usifhokH;jcif;
jzifh a'gifvkduf b@ma&; rnDrQrIukd jznf;jznf;csif; jyif,lvsuf ½Sd
onf/ vuf½Sdaqmif½Gufaeonfh rQwa&; tpDtpOftjyif derivation
enf;pOfukd okH;í &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdvmonfh tcGefrsm;ukd cGJa0ay;
rIvnf; ½Sdygonf/ taumufcGefESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yu &½Sdonfh
ckdifaMu;ukd ,if;"mwfaiG Yokdufrsm;½Sd&m jynfe,frsm;okdY cGJa0ay;yg
onf/ ,if;okdY cGJa0ay;&mwGif tjcm;tcGefcGJa0ay;rI enf;vrf;pOf
rsm;ESifh pyfqkdifjcif; r½SdbJ tvGwfcGJa0ay;jcif; jzpfonf/

&yf½Sm;

ygupöwefEkdifiHuJhokdYyif &yf½Sm;EkdifiHrSmvnf; &if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrIukd

A[kdtpkd;&ESifh jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;tm; cGJa0ay;tyfxm;aomfvnf;
zuf'&,ftpkd;&uyif pDrHcefYcGJygonf/ 'Drkdua&pDtoGiful;ajymif;
I dk avQmch sonfh decentralization
a&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;twGi;f A[kcd sKyfuidk rf u
aqmif½GufcJhonf/ okdYaomf ,if;aemufwGifrl zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'
ukd vGefcJhonfh q,fESpftwGif; qufwkduf jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm;
jyKvkyfvmcJhNyD; zuf'&,ftpkd;&tm; a&eHu@ukd pDrHcefYcGJonfh tcGifh
tmPmtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd zGJUpnf;ykHt& tyfESif;xm;onf/

&yf½mS ;wGif wcsKUd jynfe,frsm;ü o,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; pka0;wnf½adS eNyD;

ao;i,faom jynfe,fESpfcku a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiGU xkwfvkyfjcif;
89
ukd vTrf;rkd;xm;onf/ xkdaMumifh o,HZmwxkwfvkyfjcif;rS &½Sdaom
b@mt&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd armfpukdrS csKyfukdifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/

jynfe,frsm;u &if;jrpfrsm;ukd ykdifqkdifonfhwkdif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u

trsm;pk (tm;vkH;eD;yg;) jzpfonfh ukef;wGif; o,HZmwtcGefrsm;ukd
&½Sdonf/ derivation tay: tajccHonfh cGJa0rIvnf; r½Sdacs/ a&eH
xGufonfh jynfe,frsm;rSm a&eHo,HZmwu &½Sdonfh tcGefb@m
rsm;ukd r&aomfvnf; &yf½Sm;EkdifiH\ b@ma&;pepft& 0ifaiGcGef
(wOD;csif;pDrS &½Sdonfh 0ifaiGcGefESifh aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;rS &½Sdonfh 0ifaiG
cGefrsm;) jrifhrm;onfh a'orsm;twGuf tcGeftcsKdUukd cGJa0ay;onfh
derivation principle rsm;½Sd&m a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;½Sdonfh jynfe,frsm;
twGuf tcGeftcsKdU &½Sdonf[krl qkdEkdifayonf/ t&yf&yfrQwa&;
qkdif&m vTJajymif;ay;tyfrIrsm; tm;vkH;&½SdNyD;aemuf wGufcsufMunfh
rnf qkdvQif a&eHxGufonfh ao;i,fonfh a'orsm;onf armfpukd
ESifh pdefYyDwmpbwfeD;eD; tcGefb@maiGrsm; &½SdaeNyD; ,if;&½Sdonfh
tcGefrsm;rSm a&eHrxGufonfh a'orsm;ESifh EIdif;pmvQif ig;qrQ
ykdrkd rsm;jym;vmonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfayonf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpk

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf urÇmay:wGif wwd,tBuD;qkH; a&eH

xkwv f yk af &mif;csonfh ekid if jH zpfNyD; obm0"mwfaiG Yvnf; twkid ;f twm
wcktxd us,fus,fjyefYjyefY xkwfvkyfa&mif;csonf/ EkdifiHrS xkwfvkyf
a&mif;csonfh a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yrsm;tm;vkH;ukd jynfwGif;ü
okH;pGJNyD; jynfwGif;0,fvkdtm;ukd jznfhwif;&ef ukefMurf; jzpfonfh
a&eHESifh tjcm;a&eHxGuf ypönf;rsm;ukd EkdifiHjcm;rS tajrmuftjrm; wif
oGif;ae&onf/ a&eHrSm trsKd;om;pD;yGm;a&;t& EIdif;pmvQif &mckdifEIef;
tenf;i,fom ½Sdonf[k qkd&onfhwkdif yrmPrSm BuD;rm;onf/
tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yxkwfvkyfa&mif;csrIukd
90
pDrHcefYcGJrIrSmrl Oya'aMumif;t&aum? b@ma&;qkdif&m vkyfxkH;vkyf
enf;rsm;t&yg wausmif;w*gxmqkdovkd uGJjym;jcm;em;onf/ a&eH
ESifh "mwfaiG Yudk yk*¾vdu ydkifqkdifEkdifovkd aumfykda&;½Sif;rsm;? Xmae
tif'D,ef; rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;? a'oEÅ&? jynfe,frsm;ESifh zuf'&,ftpkd;&
u ykdifqkdifonfvnf; ½Sdonf/ ,if;tqifhqifh tpkd;&rsm;u ukd,fykdif
tcGefEIef;xm;rsm;jzifh udk,fwkdifpnf;MuyfEkdifovkd? twkdif;twmwck
txd Oya'rsm;ESifh vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;ukdvnf; a&;qGJxkwfjyefEkdif
Muonf/ zuf'&,ftpkd;&u EkdifiHw0Srf;½Sd a&eH? "mwfaiG YESifh owåK
wGif;ukrÜPDrsm; vkdufem&rnfh pnf;urf;rsm; vkdufemap&ef xdef;n§d
apmifhMuyfonfhwkdif? zuf'&,ftpkd;&u zuf'&,fykdif ajrae&mrsm;rS
xGuf½Sdonfh obm0o,HZmwrStcGefukdom &½SdEkdifonf/ (okdY&m
wGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u aumfykd&dwf0ifaiGcGefukdrl &½Sdonf/)

a&eHESifh obm0"mwfaiG Yqkdif&m Oya'rsm;rSmvnf; jynfe,frsm;

tvkduf uGJjym;jcm;em;aomfvnf; txufazmfjycJhonfh ykdifqkdifrI
obm0rSmrl jynfe,fwkdif;tm;vkH;twGuf twlwlyif jzpfonf/
ajrykdifqkdifolwOD;taeESifh (wpkHw&m oabmwlnDcsuf okdYr[kwf
aqmif½GufrIrsKd;jzifh cGJa0xm;jcif; r½SdvQif) ,if;ajratmuf½Sd owåK
wGif;xGuf ypönf;rsm;ukdyg ykdifqkdifEkdifonf/ ajra&mif;cs? 0,f,l?
vTJajymif;ouJhokdYyif ajratmuf½Sd a&eHESifh "mwfaiG Yqkdif&m ykdifqkdifrI
ukd cGJa0a&mif;csEkdifovkd 0,fvnf; 0,f,lEkdifonf/ vTJajymif;ay;
tyfydkifcGifhvnf; ½Sdonf/

tar&duefpepfrSm ajymif;vJjyifvG,f½Sdonfh pepfvnf; jzpfonf/

tb,faMumifhqkdaomf a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;taeESifh ,if;wkdY
\ e,fedrdwftwGif;½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&ydkif ajrae&mrsm;rSm xGuf½Sd
onfh a&eHtcGefrsm;ukdyif &atmif awmif;qkdEkdifaomaMumifh jzpf
onf/ urf;vGef&if;jrpfrsm;rSmrl zuf'&,ftpkd;&rsm;u &½Sdonfh tcGef
b@mrsm;ukdyg cGJa0ay;apvkdonfhtavsmuf urf;vGefow¬Kokduf
91
rsm; wl;azmf&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh ajrukd xda&mufpGm
rokH;Ekdifatmif jynfe,frsm;u wm;jrpfonfh enf;vrf;jzifhvnf;
ta&;qkdykdifcGifh ½SdMuayonf/

AifeDZGJvm;

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiHrSm urÇmay:wGif 'kwd,trsm;qkH; a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;½Sd

onfh EkdifiHjzpfonf/ a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGeftcrsm;tay:wGif rsm;pGm
rSDckd&onf/ tpkd;&0ifaiG\ 45 &mckdifEIef; (cefYrSef;) rSm a&eHrS &onfh
tcGefjzpfonf/ ykdYukef\ 95 &mckdifEIef;rSm a&eHo,HZmwwl;azmf
onfh vkyfief;ujzpfNyD; 2010 jynfhESpfEkdifiHvkH; tom;wifxkwfvkyf
rI wefzkd; (*sD'DyD) \ 20 &mckdifEIef; ½Sdonf/

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiH a&eHxkwfvkyfa&;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd a&eH

xGufonfh jynfe,frsm;u r&½SdMuoavmufyif jzpfonf/ zuf'&,f
tpkd;&rSmvnf; edrfhyg;onfh cefYrSef;wefzkd;rsm;tay:rlwnfí bwf*suf
ukd a&;qGJNyD; ,if;bwf*sufwGifjynfe,frsm;twGuf ueOD; cGJa0ay;rI
rsm; yg½Sdonf/ ,if;aemufwGifrS xyfwkd;cGJa0ay;rIrsm; jyKvkyfonf/
okdY&mwGif zuf'&,ftpkd;&u a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh b@m
trsm;pkukd ukdifwG,fokH;pGJNyD;? aiGaMu;azmif;yGrI jrifhrm;onfhtcgwGif
zuf'&,ftpkd;&uom tusKd;tjrwf&½Sdonfukd awGU&onf/

AifeDZGJvm;EkdifiH\ txl;cGJa0ay;rIrsm; Oya'u jynfe,ftpkd;&rsm;

okdY t&yf&yfrQwa&;rlt& vTJajymif;ay;rIrsm; ay;tyf&ef zefwD;xm;
onf/ xkdYjyif a&eHESifh "mwfaiG YrS &½Sdonfh tcGefb@mrsm;ukd xyfwkd;
cGJa0ay;rIvnf; jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;Oya't& jynfe,frsm;ESifh A[kd
tpkd;&½kH;pkduf&m c½kdifwkdYtwGuf (a&eHrS &½Sdonfh tcGefrsm;a&m? a&eH
r[kwfonfh tjcm;tcGefrsm;ukdyg) &½Sdonfh ykHrSefb@ma&;0ifaiG\
20 &mckdifEIef;ukd cGJa0ay;tyfonf/ ,if;odkfY cGJa0ay;tyf&mwGif xkd
92
20 &mckdifEIef; yrmP\ 30 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,frsm;tm; wef;wl
nDrQpGm cGJa0ay;NyD; 70 &mckdifEIef;ukdrl vlOD;a&ESifh cGJa0ay;tyfonf/
xkdYjyif zuf'&,ftpkd;&taeESifh a&eHu &½Sdonfh tcGef0ifaiG\
tenf;qkH; 25 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,frsm;odkY cGJa0ay;tyf&ef wm0ef
½Sdonf/ ,if; 25 &mckdifEIef;teuf 42 &mckdifEIef;udk jynfe,ftpkd;&
rsm;okdY cGJa0ay;tyfNyD; jrLeDpy,frsm;twGuf 28 &mckdifEIef;ESifh a'o
aumifpDrsm; (community councils) twGuf 30 &mckdifEIef; cGJa0ay;
tyfonf/

ed*kH;

qkdcJhyg pum;tpOft& zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;onf zuf'&,fpepfusifh

okH;jcif;aMumifh tkyfcsKyfpDrH&ef cufcJonf r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfpDrH
&ef cufcJaomaMumifh zuf'&,fpepfusifhokH;&jcif;yifjzpfonf qkd
onfh tcsufrSm xif½Sm;NyD; jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ tawG Y
tBuHKrsm;u ñefjyaeonfrSm ,if; tcuftcJrsm;onf ykHpHpkH? u@pkH
rSm ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiH
rsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pD tm;enf;onfh EkdifiHrsm; jzpfNyD; tmPmcGJa0jcif;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í qlBuHKedrfhjrifh rsKd;pkHorkdif;aMumif;rsm; ½SdcJhonfh EkdifiHrsm;
vnf; ½Sdovkd tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm 'Drkdua&pDpepfESifh tom;usNyD; EkdifiH
rsm; jzpfMuygonf/ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSm (vlrsKd;? bmompum;tm;jzifh)
rsm;pGmuGJjym;jcm;em;jcif; r½SdvSbJ tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;rSmrl vlrsKd;pkH? bmom
pum;pkH? ya'ompkH½SdonfhtavQmuf ajz½Sif;rIenf;vrf;rsm;rSmvnf;
ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,f½Sdonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzpf&ef vkdNyD; EkdifiHa&;t&
tavQmhay;aphpyfEkdif&ef vkdrnf jzpfygonf/

Ekid if w
H Ekid if \
H pD;yGm;a&;u@onf ,if;Ekid if \
H a&eHobm0o,HZmw
tay: rSDckd&rI BuD;rm;ygu ,if;EkdifiH½Sd zuf'&,ftpkd;&taejzifh
a&eHu@ukd A[kdxdef;csKyfrIatmuf xnfhoGif;&ef vkdvm;NyD; zuf'&,f
93
tpkd;&uom b@ma&;t& pDrHcefYcGJrIrsm;ukd jyKvkyfavh½Sdonfqkdonf
tcsufrSmvnf; xif½Sm;ygonf/ wzufwGifvnf; a&eHu@u EkdifiH
pD;yGm;a&;twGuf ta&;ygrI avsmhenf;onfh EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl zuf'&,f
tpkd;&ESifh jynfe,frsm;tMum; &if;jrpfrsm;rS &½Sdonfh tcGefESifh pyfvsOf;
onfh wm0efrsm;ESifh cGJa0rIrsm; jyKvkyfonfh ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;½Sdonfukd
awG Y&rnfjzpfNyD; tcsKdUEkdifiHrsm;wGifrl jynfe,frsm;u twkdif;twm
wckxd xdef;csKyfpDrHykdifcGifh ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

Z,m;rsm;ukd avhvmMunfh½IvQif a&eHo,HZmw&if;jrpfrsm; ykdifqkdifrI

ESifh pyfvsOf;í tpkd;&tqifhqifhtMum; cGJa0ay;rIykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; ½Sdonf
ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ ,if;enf;wlyif pDrHcefYcGJrIESifh pyfvsOf;í
vnf; ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd; ½Sdonfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ tcGefrsm;ukd
qkH;jzwfykHESifh cGJa0ykHvnf; trsKd;rsKd; axGjym;onfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfyg
onf/ &if;jrpfrsm;tay: tvGeftrif;rSDckd&rIu tpkd;&rsm;ukd a&eH
u@pDrHrIESifh tcGefaumufrIwGif t"du tcef;u@rS yg0ifaponf
ukd awG Y&rnf jzpfovkd wekdifiHvkH; vlaerItqifhtwef;jrifhrm;onfh
EkdifiHrsm;ESifh a&eHu@rSm EkdifiHvkH; pD;yGm;a&;\ rajymyavmufaom
yrmPom ½Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;wGifrl þudpörSm txufqkdcJhyg ykHpHavmuf
ta&;rBuD;onfudkvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ qkdcJhyg EkdifiHrsm;wGif
(tcsKdUzuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;wGif tvkyfjzpfaeovkd) &if;jrpfwnf½Sd&m
jynfe,f^a'oukd vkyfykdifcGifh? pDrHykdifcGifhay;jcif;onf toifhawmfqkH;
jzpfEkdifygonf/ zuf'&,fpepfwGif ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,f½Sdjcif;
(flexibility) rSm EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifh usufoa&w&yfyifjzpfNyD; ,if;
ajymif;vG,f jyifvG,f½Sdjcif;u EkdifiHrsm;ukd rnfonfhtpkd;&u &if;jrpf
rsm;ukd ykdifqkdifrnf? pDrHcefYcGJrnf? tcGefrsm;ukd rnfokdYrnfykH pDrHrnf
qkdonfh udpö&yfrsm;udk EkdifiH\ orkdif;aMumif;ESifh tajctaersm;
ukd xif[yfaponfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh n§dEIdif;Ekdif&ef tcGifhtvrf;tjzpf
ay:aygufaponfukd awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/

94
rwlnDaom zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;u &if;jrpftcGefrsm; cGJa0jcif;ukd
rwlnDaom ykHpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh ukdifwG,faqmif½GufMuonfukd awG Y&
rnf jzpfygonf/ zuf'&,fEkdifiHwEkdifiH\ a'orsm;twGif; b@m
a&;qkdif&m rnDrQrIrsm; r½Sdoifh[lí tqkdjyK jiif;ckHMuonfhwkdif tcsKdU
EkdifiHrsm;wGif ,if;okdY rnDrQrIrsm;tay: EkdifiHa&;t& onf;cHrIrsm;
½Sdonfukdvnf; awG Y&rnf jzpfygonf/ a&eHxGufonfh jynfe,f
rsm;u a&eHrxGufonfh jynfe,frsm;xuf b@ma&;qkdif&m tusKd;
tjrwfrsm; ydkrkd&½Sdonf qkdonfrSmvnf; zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ orkdif;
aMumif;? rlvtajccHtcsufrsm;? zGJUpnf;ykH tpDtrHrsm;ESifh EkdifiHwGif;
½Sd jynfe,frsm;\ oabmobm0ukd vufcHem;vnfEkdifonfh EkdifiHa&;
,Ofaus;rIrsm;ukd xif[yfjcif;[kvnf; qkdEkdifrnf jzpfygonf/ uGJvGJ
onfh ykHpHtm;jzifh tcsKdUzuf'&,fekdifiHrsm;rSm zGJUpnf;ykHESifh EkdifiHa&;
,Ofaus;rIt& ½Sdonfh (a&eHtygt0if) obm0o,HZmwrsm;ESifh
,if;wkdY\ tcGefrsm;ukd jynfe,frsm;tm;vkH;twGuf wef;wl&nfwl
½Sdoifhonf qkdonfh t,ltq ½SdMuayonf/

zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;\ oabmobm0t&yif wEkdifiHvkH; tusKd;pD;yGm;

ESifh a'otusKd;pD;yGm;? bm0½kyfvu©Pmrsm; rQajc&½Sd&avatmif
aqmif½Guf&jcif; jzpfayonf/ ,if;rQajcwGif a&eH&if;jrpfrsm;? ,if;
wkdY\ tusKd;tjrwfrsm;ukd cGJa0jcif;? pDrHcefYcGJjcif;[lonfh udpörsm;
vnf; yg0ifayonf/ þokdYqkd&mwGif a&eHu@vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tusKd;
qufrsm;onf wEkdifiHvkH;tusKd;pD;yGm;? jynfe,ftusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh
a'o tusKd;pD;yGm;udk rQajczefwD;ay;Ekdifonfh EkdifiHa&;jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh
xdef;odrf;onfh pepfrsm;yg½Sd? zGH YNzdK;&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif; xif½Sm;
apvkdygonf/ ,if;okdY atmifjrifonfh rQajcw&yf &½SdEkdif&efrSmvnf;
EkdifiH\ obm0 (rwluGJjym;rI? zGJUpnf;ykHqkdif&m tpOftvmrsm;? "e
tiftm;ESifh tifpwD;usL;½Sif;rsm;) tay: rlwnfovkd ,if;EkdifiH
ykdifqkdifonfh ajratmuf½Sd o,HZmwrsm;tay:vnf; rlwnfaeonf
jzpfygaMumif; xif½Sm;apvkdygonf/
95
 EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf?
tqifhjrifh jrefrmukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfwkdY
pkaygif;trSwfw&"mwfykH
EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifh
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf pkaygif;trSwfw&"mwfykH

- zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rfu pDpOfonfh uae'g\ zuf'&,f

pepfavhvma&;c&D;pOfwGif EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf
a':atmifqef;pkMunf okH;&ufwkdifwkdif wufa&mufcJhyg
onf/
EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifh
zuf'&,fEkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf\ Ouú|ESifh
trIaqmift&m½SdcsKyf Dr. Rupak Chattopadhyay

- EkdifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf

uae'gEkdifiHokdY oGm;a&mufcJhonfh c&D;pOfwGif zuf'&,f
EkdifiHrsm;zkd&rf\ aqG;aEG;yGJodkY wufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJhonf/