Skidcontrol

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VEHICLE SKID CONTROL
1. INTRODUCTION
Vehicle skid can be defined as the loss of traction between a vehicle’s

tyres and the road surface due to the forces acting on the vehicle. Most skids
are caused by driver error, although only about 15% of accidents are the
direct result of a vehicle skidding. Skids occurring in other accidents are
usually the result of last minute action, by the driver, when faced with a crisis
ahead rather than actually causing an accident. Skids can occur both in the
dry and wet as well as icy conditions, however, the chances of losing control
and having an accident increases by 50% in the wet. The most common
type of skid we will be confronted with is when the rear end of the car slides
out, causing an oversteer or when the front of the car plows toward the
outside of a turn without following the curve of the turn causing an
understeer. Usually, oversteer occurs as a result of going into a corner too
fast or incorrectly hitting a slick area, causing the rear wheels to oversteer. A
third skid called the four wheel skid can also occur, where all the four wheels
lock up and the vehicle slides in the direction where the forward momentum
is carrying it, with no directional control.
To counter these skids and to prevent accidents from happening,

Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) is incorporated in the vehicle. Vehicle Skid Control
(VSC) takes the safety aspects of the driver and the vehicle to the next level.
It comes under the category of “Passive Technology”, which helps you to
avoid a crash. Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) senses the onset of traction loss
and helps the driver stay on track. This is achieved via the system's ability to
reduce engine power and to control the brake actuator. VSC helps the driver
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maintain vehicle traction under demanding conditions by detecting and

helping to correct the wheel spin. VSC uses a variety of sensor input to
determine if the car is losing traction, then applies the brakes to individual
wheels to help correct for discrepancies. The system will also back off the
throttle to reduce power. VSC integrates traction control to limit rear
wheelspin on slippery surfaces. The VSC system electronically monitors
speed and direction, and compares the vehicle's direction of travel with the
driver's steering, acceleration and braking input. VSC can help the driver
compensate for loss of lateral traction, which can cause skids and loss of
vehicle control.
2. CAUSES
The main causes of skidding are as follows:
a) Harsh or sudden acceleration.

b) Excessive or sudden braking.
c) Coarse or jerky steering movements.
d) Oversteer and understeer.
The effects of the above will be enhanced by speed.

Combining these effects with non-recognition of adverse road and
weather conditions will create problems for the driver.
3. TYPES OF SKID
The main types of skid that a driver could encounter on the public
highway fall into three categories.
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1) The front wheel skid.

2) The rear wheel skid.
3) The four wheel skid.
3.1. The Front Wheel Skid
Figure 1:FRONT WHEEL SKID
3.1.1.Characteristics
The car tends to take a course outside of the expected course
that the driver has steered (understeer); see figure 1. If the front tyre
approaches the traction limit more rapidly, the effect is that the front
of the car takes a wider radius curve than the driver intended. The car
is said to understeer.
3.1.2. Cause
Excess speed on entry to a hazard i.e. a corner or bend, or
sudden braking to reduce the speed when negotiating the hazard. Both
of these actions will have the effect of destabilising the vehicle making
it more vulnerable to a loss of control.
3.2. The Rear Wheel Skid
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Figure 2:REAR WHEEL SKID
3.2.1. Characteristics
The rear of vehicle swings out of line and gives the impression
of trying to overtake the front (oversteer); see figure 2. If the rear
tyres approach their traction limit more rapidly than the front, then the
effect is for the rear of the car to steer a wider path than the front
wheels. This rotates the car more than the driver intended and, if
nothing is done, leads to the car turning a smaller radius corner. When
this occurs the car is said to oversteer.
3.2.2. Cause
As with the front wheel skid, excessive speed into the hazard
and sudden braking or acc-eleration with a rear wheel drive vehicle,
destabilising the vehicle, are the main causes of this skid.
3.3. The Four Wheel Skid
Figure 3:FOUR WHEEL SKID

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3.3.1. Characteristics
All four wheels have locked up and the vehicle is sliding in the
direction that the forward momentum is carrying it, with no directional
control; see figure 3. Both front and rear wheel skids, if unchecked
sufficiently early, can develop into four wheel skids.
3.3.2. Cause
Harsh or sudden braking has caused the wheels to lock. A
sensation of increase in the vehicle’s speed often occurs.
Figure 4
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4. UNDERSTEER AND OVERSTEER
4.1. Understeer
As the name implies, understeer occurs when the front slip angle
is greater than the rear and the car goes straighter rather than
following the intended turn. The slip angle, or yaw angle in technical
terminology, is the angle between where the car is pointing and the
intended path. The yaw moment is the rate at which the yaw angle is
changing. The higher the yaw moment, the more likely it is that the
driver is losing control. At the same point, the front wheel may start to
grip less even when the steering is turned sharply and as a result the
car continues in more of a straight line than a sharp turn. Here in this
case, the skid control system brakes the inside rear wheel, effectively
tightening the car’s line. By applying the brakes, the car slows down
which further helps stabilise it.
4.2. Oversteer
Oversteer, on the other hand, occurs when the rear tyres have a greater slip angle
than the front tyres and the back threatens to overtake the front, causing the vehicle to
spin. In other words, if the rear tyres approach their traction limit more rapidly than the
front, then the effect is for the rear of the car to steer a wider path than the front wheels.
This rotates the car more than the driver intended and, if nothing is done, leads to the car
turning a smaller radius corner. When this occurs the car is said to oversteer. Here the
skid control system brakes the outside front wheel to reduce oversteer, effectively pulling
the tail back into line.
5. SKID CONTROL
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Stability control systems or skid control systems with names like

StabiliTrak, Dynamic Stability Control, Stability Management, and
Vehicle Skid Control are the latest advancement in vehicle safety.
Regardless of the different names, they all perform the same task – to
sense the onset of traction loss and keep the driver on track. These
systems are designed to deliver transparent intervention the moment
the situation becomes unstable. A vehicle skid control system actually
detects when a driver has lost some degree of control. It then
automatically stabilizes the vehicle to help the driver regain control.
Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) takes the safety aspects of the driver and
the vehicle to a completely new level. These skid control systems are
often integrated with the engine management system to cut power in
even more tricky situations. This scenario is a complex system of
sensors and microprocessors that continually monitor the vehicle for
any signs of instability. Once detected (usually in the form of a slide or
skid), the system automatically applies selective braking to specific
wheels thereby stabilizing the vehicle. This split-second intervention
often happens so quickly that it is over before drivers even realize they
were in danger of losing control. By gently stabilizing the car at the
critical moment, control is returned to the driver with minimal fuss and
alarm. Luxury cars, such as the Mercedes Benzes, BMW, Lexus, etc.
now sold in India, have stability systems installed that are designed to
remove oversteer or understeer.
6. COMPONENTS
The Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) is made possible by the

combination of different electronic and mechanical components. Some
of the components are those used in Anti-lock Braking System (ABS),
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and an electronically controlled engine throttle, as well as a dedicated

computer and sensors, providing information to the VSC system.
These include:
Figure 5
• Yaw rate sensor.

• G-sensor.
• Steering angle sensor.
• Electronic throttle control.
• Slip indicator.
• Computer.
•
Yaw rate sensors detect changes in the car's rotation in a left or
right direction. It keeps track of the direction in which the car is
moving relative to which way the driver is
turning the steering wheel. When the sensors detect understeer

or oversteer, a computer takes over and applies brakes or controls
power to one or both the drive wheels, so that the car comes under
control.
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The system is programmed to respond to a wide variety of scenarios and is so

selective that it can apply only the brake on one specific wheel if that's what is needed to
regain control. The G-sensor or gravity sensor determines if the car is accelerating or
decelerating, cornering and braking forces simultaneously while the car is on the move
and accordingly controls the throttle. Steering angle sensor evaluates the direction and
rate of change in steering wheel movement. Electronic throttle control reduces the throttle
for 1/7th of a second, to control the wheel spin, when the front or rear wheels lose traction.
Slip indicator alerts the driver that the tyres are about to exceed the grip limit. The central
processing computer monitors the steering movement together with either taking over
and applying brakes or controlling the power to one or both the drive wheels.
7. WORKING
The heart of all these systems is a central processor that takes

information from a number of sensors, and then determines whether
the car is in a stable or unstable state. By combining the datas from
ABS sensors (for wheel speed), steering angle sensors, yaw sensors
(measuring the amount a car fishtails, or rotates around its vertical
center axis), and lateral force sensors (measuring the amount of
sideways g-force generated by the car), the central processing unit
can actually detect when a vehicle is behaving in a way contrary to
how the driver intends. VSC also includes a slip indicator with a
warning sound and light to alert the driver that the tyres are about to
exceed the grip limit.
If the processor does detect instability such as a slide produced

by a sudden swerve, it automatically applies light brake pressure to a
select wheel (or wheels) to maintain or restore control. Here, the VSC
computer uses engine throttle control and individual wheel braking to
help counteract skidding and spinning.The high-speed computer
constantly compares the driver's intentions, as indicated by steering
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wheel, throttle and braking activity, with the car's actual motions
measured by the various sensors. If they do not correlate, the VSC
computer selectively applies individual wheel brakes and/or
momentarily reduces engine power as necessary to help the driver
regain the intended direction of travel. For example, if the car were
tending to continue straight rather than responding to the driver's
right turn of the steering wheel, VSC would typically reduce engine
power and would apply the right front brake momentarily to help the
car follow the intended path. Once proper vehicle attitude is restored,
VSC returns to a standby state. When VSC is active, a warning beep
tone and instrument panel warning light indicate that the system is
functioning. In many cases, VSC reacts well before the driver is aware
of a loss of lateral traction. A VSC shutoff button deactivates VSC and
electronic traction control for use. At all other times,VSC remains on
and functioning. VSC differs from Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)
technology. ABS prevents vehicle wheels from locking, decreases the
distance required to stop and improves a driver's
control during emergency braking on wet and slippery roads

whereas VSC is intended to help a driver maintain the intended
direction of travel, even when the brakes are not applied. However,
VSC and ABS compliment and work in close coordination with each
other in stability control system, providing enhanced driver control in a
broad range of situations.VSC can help provide a measure of control in
real-world situations faced by even the most careful and experienced
drivers. VSC senses the onset of traction loss and helps the driver stay
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on track. This is achieved via the system's ability to reduce engine

power and to control the brake actuator.
8. WHEN DOES IT HELP?
Like the safety systems that preceded it, Vehicle Skid Control is
designed to step in when human input is incapable of effectively
controlling the vehicle. In most cases, critical situations are the result
of human error in the first place-driving too quickly, inattention,
misjudgment or simply panicking in an emergency situation. In these
situations, everyone can benefit from a safety system that occasionally
helps regain vehicle stability, while never taking full control out of the
driver's hands.
After the introduction of ABS, no safety

advancement has added such a high level of driving security as VSC.
When used with ABS and traction control, Vehicle Skid Control
significantly increases a driver's chances of recovering from potentially
dangerous situations. But no matter how advanced the safety aid, the
ultimate fate of a vehicle and its occupants remains in the hands of the
driver. No safety system should ever be expected to protect
unconditionally. So while the latest generation of stability control
systems offer drivers increased protection from both themselves and
the unexpected, they can never overcome poor judgement or the laws
of physics.
9. REMEDIAL MEASURES
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In each case, the cause can be removed by taking the foot off the
accelerator or brake and depressing the clutch. The reasons are as
follows:-
• By decelerating, the vehicle’s speed is lowered, which in turn will

start to reduce the magnitude of the skid.
• Relaxation of the pressure on the brake pedal will unlock the wheels
and allow the tyres to regain traction, enabling the vehicle to be
steered.
• Depressing the clutch pedal has 3 beneficial effects:
(i) The engine will not stall, enabling the vehicle to be moved
quickly from the danger area.
(ii) The link between engine (providing power) and transmission is

broken; there is no drive to any of the wheels, therefore the
vehicle is no longer a front, rear or four wheel drive model.
(iii) A very slippery surface can cause the drive to lock up which in
turn causes the wheels to lock, keeping the vehicle in a skid
situation.
10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
10.1. Advantages
1) Monitors each wheel independently maximizing the performance of the

car.
2) Increases comfort, both physical and psychological.
3) Improves safety aspects of the car and the driver.
4) Helps save money long term.
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5) Enhances the ability to dodge a renegade object in its pathways.
10.2. Disadvantages
1) High initial costs.

2) Overdependence.
3) Not perfect.
4) Repairing cost may be high.
5) 11. CONCLUSION
Driving has become more and more dangerous with the ever
increasing population of man and vehicles. It is estimated that 25% of
all accidents are caused by driver distractions. Automotive technology
is being developed everyday to make our lives on the roads much
safer. Vehicle Skid Control is one such instance. Safety is the principal
benefit of this technology.
But no matter how advanced the safety aid, we should

never forget that the ultimate fate of a vehicle and its occupants
remains in the hands of the driver. No safety system should ever be
expected to protect unconditionally. So while the latest generation of
stability control systems offer drivers increased protection for both
themselves and the vehicle, they can never overcome poor judgment
or the laws of physics.
When we drive, it not only affects our safety but the safety
of everyone around us whether driving or not. With increasing
development in the field of automobiles, it is only imperative that we
go for vehicles that have these technologies installed in them. Vehicle
Skid Control would not, in anyway, eliminate all road accidents;
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however it would lower the percentage of crashes thereby lowering the

number of fatalities.
12. REFERENCES
1. www.experiencemad.co.uk
2. www.audidrivingexperience.com
3. www.trailer-bodybuilders.com
4. www.graham-sykes.co.uk
5. www.lexus.com
6. www.howstuffworks.com
7. Heitner Joseph, Automobile Mechanics,2nd ed ,East West press, New

Delhi, 2001
8. Sing Harbans,The Automobile,1st edition,S Chand,New Delhi,2001
9. SEMINAR TOPIC FROM ::

www.edufive.com/seminartopics.html
10.
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VEHICLE SKID CONTROL

Vehicle skid can be defined as the loss of traction between a vehicle’s

To counter these skids and to prevent accidents from happening,

maintain vehicle traction under demanding conditions by detecting and

The main causes of skidding are as follows:

a) Harsh or sudden acceleration.

The effects of the above will be enhanced by speed.

1) The front wheel skid.

3.1. The Front Wheel Skid

Figure 1:FRONT WHEEL SKID

3.2. The Rear Wheel Skid

Figure 2:REAR WHEEL SKID

3.3. The Four Wheel Skid

Figure 3:FOUR WHEEL SKID

4. UNDERSTEER AND OVERSTEER

Stability control systems or skid control systems with names like

The Vehicle Skid Control (VSC) is made possible by the

and an electronically controlled engine throttle, as well as a dedicated

• Yaw rate sensor.

turning the steering wheel. When the sensors detect understeer

The system is programmed to respond to a wide variety of scenarios and is so

The heart of all these systems is a central processor that takes

If the processor does detect instability such as a slide produced

control during emergency braking on wet and slippery roads

on track. This is achieved via the system's ability to reduce engine

8. WHEN DOES IT HELP?

After the introduction of ABS, no safety

• By decelerating, the vehicle’s speed is lowered, which in turn will

(ii) The link between engine (providing power) and transmission is

10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

1) Monitors each wheel independently maximizing the performance of the

5) Enhances the ability to dodge a renegade object in its pathways.

1) High initial costs.

But no matter how advanced the safety aid, we should

however it would lower the percentage of crashes thereby lowering the

7. Heitner Joseph, Automobile Mechanics,2nd ed ,East West press, New

8. Sing Harbans,The Automobile,1st edition,S Chand,New Delhi,2001

9. SEMINAR TOPIC FROM ::

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