FMCG CO.

IN RURAL MARKET - September 10th, 2008

FMCG COMPANIES IN RURAL MARKETS

INTRODUCTION
Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG), also known as Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG),
are products that have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost. Consumers generally put less
thought into the purchase of FMCG than other products. The absolute profit made on a
FMCG product is less; however they are generally sold in high numbers. Hence profit in
FMCG goods generally scales with the number of goods sold, rather than the profit made per
item.
The classification generally includes a wide range of frequently purchased consumer products
including: toiletries, soaps, cosmetics, teeth cleaning products, shaving products, detergents,
and other non-durables such as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products and plastic goods.
The category may include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics and packaged food
products and drinks, although these are often categorized separately.
The Indian FMCG sector is the fourth largest sector in the economy with a total market size
in excess of US$ 13.1 billion. It has a strong MNC presence and is characterized by a well
established distribution network, intense competition between the organized and unorganized
segments and low operational cost. Availability of key raw materials, cheaper labor costs and
presence across the entire value chain gives India a competitive advantage.
The FMCG market is set to treble from US$ 11.6 billion in 2003 to US$ 33.4 billion in 2015.
Penetration level as well as per capita consumption in most product categories like jams,
toothpaste, skin care, hair wash etc in India is low indicating the untapped market potential.
Burgeoning Indian population, particularly the middle class and the rural segments, presents
an opportunity to makers of branded products to convert consumers to branded products.
Growth is also likely to come from consumer 'upgrading' in the matured product categories.
With 200 million people expected to shift to processed and packaged food by 2011, India
needs around US$ 28 billion of investment in the food-processing industry.
NEED OF FMCG IN RURAL AREAS
After years of growth derived primarily from the urban markets, the FMCG companies have
now realized that India lies in its rural villages. So much so that rural marketing has become
the latest marketing mantra of most FMCG majors. With extensive competition not only from
MNCs but also from the numerous regional players and the lure of an untapped market has
driven the marketers to chalk out bold new strategies for targeting the rural consumer in a big
way. To gauge the extent of shift in focus of the FMCG giants just sample this: recently
Godrej Consumer Products Ltd (GCPL) did something that it hadn't done before; it
introduced smaller pack sizes of some of its soaps and put them on the market for Rs 5. And
FMCG giant HLL has just launched a green variant of Lifebuoy soap, which, it hopes will be
a winner in the rural areas. Also, don't be too surprised if you village folk having their hair
washed and dyed as they are only taking advantage of the live demonstrations conducted by
Chennai-based CavinKare Products. So it is clear that rural markets have caught the eyes of
FMCG marketers and it is being targeted through experiments in a big way.
Over 70% of India’s 1 billion plus population lives in around 627,000 villages in rural areas.
This simply shows the great potentiality rural India has to bring the much-needed volumes
and help the FMCG companies to bank upon the volume–driven growth. Also, the rural
market has been growing steadily over the years and is now bigger than the urban market for
FMCG’s (53% share of the total market) with an annual size in value terms currently
estimated at around 50,000 crores. It is a definite boon in disguise for the FMCG majors who
have already reached the plateau of their business curve in urban India and are desperately
seeking new ways to increase sales.
To drive home the potential of rural India just consider some of these impressive facts about
the rural sector. As per the National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER)
study, there are as many 'middle income and above' households in the rural areas as there are
in the urban areas. There are almost twice as many 'lower middle income' households in rural
areas as in the urban areas. At the highest income level there are 2.3 million urban households
as against 1.6 million households in rural areas. According to the NCAER projections, the
number of middle and high-income households in rural India is expected to grow from 80
million to 111 million by 2011. In urban India, the same is expected to grow from 46 million
to 59 million. Thus, the absolute size of rural India is expected to be double that of urban
India. But despite the high rural share in these categories, the rural penetration rates are low,
thus offering tremendous potential for growth.
Thus it becomes amply clear that rural India has to be the hot target in future for FMCG
companies as it presents a plethora of opportunities, all waiting to be harnessed. Many of the
FMCG companies are already busy formulating their rural marketing strategy to tap the
potential before competition catches up. All biggies in the industry be it HLL, Marico,
Colgate-Palmolive or Britannia, are showing deep interest in rural India. However not
everything is all rosy and there exist some gray areas in the rural strategies also.
DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE RURAL MARKETING STRATEGY
The winning strategy is to focus on the core competency such as technological expertise to
design specific products for the rural economy. The most remarkable example in this context
is the launch of sachets which has transformed the rural market considerably as packaging in
smaller units and lesser-priced packs increases the product’s affordability. Also companies
like HLL and Nestle who have adopted this strategy have benefited tremendously. Another
case is of Britannia with its Tiger brand of low priced and conveniently packaged biscuits
becoming a great success story in rural markets.
Along with the cultural dynamics, the needs and latent feelings of the rural people have to be
well understood before launching products in rural segments. Marketers would do well to
first understand this and then designing products accordingly. For example, Cadburys has
launched ChocoBix, a chocolate flavored biscuit which is based on the consumer insight that
rural mothers opt for biscuits rather than chocolates for their children.
Another very important factor that needs to be looked at is the proliferation of spurious
products. Rural masses are illiterate people and they identify a product by its packaging
(color, visuals, size etc.). So it becomes very easy for counterfeit products to eat into the
market share of established reputed brands. The retailer also gets a larger profit on selling the
counterfeits rather than the genuine products and hence is biased towards the fakes. Brands
such as "Jifeboy", "Bonds Talcum", "Funny & Lovely" etc., which are doing the rounds of
rural markets, pose considerable challenge to rural marketers.
The rural market remains quite price-sensitive and thus squeezing costs at every stage is of
vital importance. Some FMCG giants like HLL are in process of enhancing their control on
the rural supply chain through a network of rural sub-stockists, who are based in the villages
only. Apart from this to acquire further edge in distribution HLL has started Project Shakti in
partnership with Self Help groups of rural women. A very significant step for change could
be an effort to directly tap the haats, mandis, melas and local bazaars which provide an
opportunity of promoting the brand in front of a large congregation of rural consumers.
Finally an effective rural strategy for FMCG companies must include the use of traditional
media for creating awareness about their products in the rural markets. The traditional media,
with its effective reach, powerful input and personalized communication system will help in
realizing the goal. The advantages of traditional media which make it a powerful marketing
communication channel are: accessibility is high, it involves more then one sense, interest
arousal capability is high and minimum cost. Brooke Bond Lipton India Ltd (BBLIL)
markets its rural brands through magic shows and skits.
Barring a few, notable exceptions, rural marketing in India is still about a van campaign, a
badly-made commercial, a few painted walls and the occasional participation in village haats
and melas. But then, "rural" means different things to different people: from 500,000 people
for consumer durables, to less than 50,000 for fast-moving consumer goods. Still, it is
heartening to note the increasing awareness of the importance of rural markets - or, at least,
of companies wanting to move beyond urban boundaries.
According to estimates by the Rural Marketing Agencies Association of India, the total
budget for rural marketing is only about Rs 500 crore (Rs 5 billion), compared to the over Rs
13,000 crore (Rs 130 billion) allotted to mass media. This is grossly inadequate to cover the
huge potential for different products in rural markets. Of course, clients' reluctance to spend
big money for bigger results in rural markets is because there are no standard performance
yardsticks for judging the efficacy of the rural marketing efforts.
Companies like Cavin Kare (Chik Shampoo, Meera Herbal Powder, Fairever Cream and so
on), Anchor (100 per cent vegetarian toothpaste), Ghadi detergent powder and Power soap
are proof that regional brands can become brands to reckon with. And don't forget Nirma, the
most enduring example of a brand that began as a regional player and is now a giant.

COLGATE PALMOLIVE INDIA LTD.

COLGATE PALMOLIVE - CIBACA TOOTHPASTE

Client: Colgate Palmolive
Product: Toothpaste
Brand: Cibaca
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
Pitched against low priced products using Colgate lineage and the resultant global quality
assurance at the same price point
A well planned mobile marketing activity, which included interactive product oriented game,
an edutainment film using well know TV stars of Karnataka, besides product sampling, sales
and placement
Result
Awareness for the brand has increased multifold and is reflected in the spontaneous increase
in sales.
TOOTHPASTE MARKET PICKING UP
The company had undertaken a 17% price cut in flagship toothpaste brand Colgate Dental
Cream (CDC) in the first quarter and a substantial price reduction of Colgate Cibaca in the
second half. These reductions affected about 65% of the sales in FY04. Despite the lower
value growth due to price reductions, Colgate has been able to grow volumes in the
toothpaste segment in FY04. Toothpaste volumes grew by 3.5% during the year as against an
8.3% decline in FY03. The growth trend in first five months of 2004 reveal a robust 7.9%
growth in volumes as against a 5.1% decline during the same period.
Successful launches
The company launched ‘Colgate Herbal White’ in the toothpaste range and ‘Colgate Motion
Kids’ India’s first battery powered toothbrush for kids in the Toothbrush category during the
year. New launches in the personal care portfolio include Palmolive Aroma range of Toilet
Soap, Liquid Hand Wash, Shower Gel and Talcum Powder. These have also contributed to
the volume growth.
Strategy
• Colgate plans to focus on strengthening dominance and reignite growth in core oral care
business. The strategy would be to defend and grow base business and improve share in fast
growing LPP segment.
• The company plans to build preference for Colgate Cibaca by leveraging on ‘Colgate’
equity and matching prices of competitors to aggressively to counter LPP threat. The
company plans expand market by using local press to communicate value and through micro
targeting within key LPP states.
Over the long term, Colgate plans build a strong presence in emerging PCP (Personal Care
Products) liquids categories. While this is small segment, the company expects the category
to grow sharply over the next 5-10 years and it would emerge as an important business in
future. Personal products currently account for 7% of revenues.
MARKETING MIX FOR COLGATE PALMOLIVE INDIA LTD
Colgate Palmolive is the market leader in the Indian oral care market, with a 51% market
share in the toothpaste segment, 48% market share in the toothpowder market and a 30%
share in the toothbrush market. Presently it is facing competition from no. 2 player HLL and
more recently from small local players (Meswak, Babool, Anchor ) and other MNC's such as
Smithkline (Acquafresh ). The future strategy of the company in Oral Hygiene Products for
2006-07 on the basis of 4 P's would be:
1. Products:
Colgate-Palmolive will provide the public with safe and effective products and will strive to
produce products that have the lowest practical impact on the environment. CP would come
up with another strong brand name other than Colgate and Cibaca. CP should also try to
position some innovative toothpaste with a brand name other than Colgate but under the
umbrella of Colgate Palmolive. In toothpowder, it would endorse the development of
‘Colgate Ayurvedic Toothpowder' focused toward rural rich and consuming class. They
should come up sachets of these tooth powder and position toward rural population who buy
in smaller lots. For Urban rich and consuming class, CP would come up with the products on
the basis of functional benefits. E.g. CP would expand Colgate Herbal brand to herbal clove
flavor, herbal lime and mint flavor etc. For toothbrush, CP woulc concentrate on functional
benefits and would launch different toothbrushes for different age groups. I would also
launch a special toothpaste and toothbrush for kids in the age group from 4-10 years.
2. Packaging:
To reduce the impact of our product packaging on the environment, we will work to improve
the environmental compatibility of all our packaging materials. Colgate endorses the
worldwide hierarchy of solid waste management: source reduction; recycling (including
reuse); incineration; and land filling.
3. Price:
The price would largely be based on the competitor's price. From the niche products e.g.
Colgate herbal, Colgate Blue etc, I would charge higher premium than the generic dental
white crème that would be focused on consuming and lower income classes. The pricing
would be done on the basis of price points and the packaging would be customized on the
basis of price points.
4. Promotion:
CP would be positioning Colgate dental white crème and toothpowder towards rural rich
segment. For rural consuming class CP would be endorsing Cibaca toothpaste. Most of the
promotional expenses would be T.V. media as it would have better reach to both urban and
rural population by 2006-07. Apart from T.V., FM radio for urban population and MW and
SW radio would also be used for promotion towards rural population. For urban population
hoarding on national highways outside the metros would provide better eye catch.
5. Place:
CP would try to increase product penetration to rural population as by 2006-07 the rural
population who is rich and consuming class would be 209Mn which is not much lesser than
urban rich and consuming population of 253Mn people. CP would try to increase the
wholesalers to smaller towns and would track the distribution path so that they are covering
all the village areas around the towns.
6. Facilities:
Colgate-Palmolive is committed to the health and safety of our employees and the
communities in which we operate, as well as the protection of the environment. We will
establish and maintain programs for the operation and design of our facilities that meet or
exceed applicable environmental, health and safety laws and regulations.
7. Business:
Colgate-Palmolive will consider environmental, health and safety issues in all significant
business transactions, including acquisitions, divestitures, discontinuance of operations, and
entry into joint ventures. We will also act in a responsible manner with respect to the
environmental protection of the lands under our management and ownership.
“COLGATE'S BRIGHT SMILES, BRIGHT FUTURES”
The Colgate Bright Smiles, Bright Futures Oral Health Educational Program worldwide was
developed to teach children positive oral health habits of basic hygiene, diet and physical
activity. This Program also encourages dental professionals, public health officials, civic
leaders and most importantly, parents and educators to come together to emphasize the
importance of oral health as part of a child's overall physical and emotional development.
Under this Program conducted by Colgate-Palmolive, India children in primary schools
receive instructions in dental care from members of the dental profession nominated by the
Indian Dental Association. Education is imparted with the aid of audio-visuals and printed
literature created by the company. Free dental health care packs, including samples, are also
distributed by the company to encourage the practice of oral hygiene.
Teachers Training Program is an integral part of the School Dental Health Program,
conducted regularly across the country to promote preventive dental health care.Colgate also
has launched its first-ever online school curriculum featuring fun and entertaining activities.
The Colgate top management met up with the Analyst community in Mumbai yesterday to
discuss FY03 results. Managing Director Graeme Dalziel made a detailed presentation on the
oral care category, Colgate’s performance and company’s strategy for the business.
SLOWDOWN IN INDUSTRY
The oral care market degrew by 9% in 2002-03 in value terms. The urban toothpaste market
witnessed a 3.8% decline, while the rural market degrew by 6.2%. An analysis of the
degrowth trend revealed that almost 69% of the drop in urban consumption was due to
decline in consumption of toothpaste, while 31% was attributed to partial shift of consumers
from toothpaste to toothpowder. In the rural markets, 67% of the decline was attributed to
drop in consumption. 6% of decline was due to partial shift to tooth powder, while almost
18% of decline was due to total shift to Toothpowder. Over 9% of decline in volumes was
attributed to consumers exiting from the category itself and moving back to traditional
dentrifices.
COLGATE IMPROVES MARKET SHARE
Despite the slow down Colgate has managed to improve market share in all the three
categories viz. Toothpaste (+1.2%), Toothpowder (+1.1%) and Toothbrush. (+0.4%)
CHANGE IN MARKETING STRATEGY
Colgate has taken an average price cut of 17% on its toothpaste brand portfolio, in a bid to
spur volume growth in the category. This is a major strategy change as compared to the
promotion driven marketing being undertaken previously, which failed to generate the
anticipated growth. Although adspend in absolute terms has been lowered by 20% at
Rs1.85bn, Colgate has managed to up its share of voice in the toothpaste category from
43.1% in FY03 to 51.3% in FY03, reflecting that category ad spend have gone down
significantly.

HLL'S NIHAR COCONUT OIL

INTRODUCTION
The hair oil market is huge, valued at Rs 6 bn. Due to the varied consumption habits of
consumers across the country, where coconut oil and edible oil are interchangeably used, the
size of the market is likely to be higher than estimated. More importantly, the market is
growing at an impressive 6-7% in volume terms despite the high penetration level.
Usage of hair oil is a typical Indian traditional habit. It is perceived to offer benefits of
nourishment, hair strengthening, faster and better growth, and reduce the problem of falling
hair. Hair oil is a very Indian phenomenon. It is used as a conditioner and nourisher. There
are two types hair oil available in the market; coconut oil and non-greasy perfumed oil.
Coconut oil comprises 2/3 rd of the total market and the balance comprises the non-greasy
perfumed oil.
Usage of hair oil is an everyday habit with 50% of the population out of which some perceive
that massaging the head with hair oil has a cooling impact. The penetration of hair oil is fairly
high at around 87% and evenly distributed among the urban and rural areas. The major
positioning platforms for hair oil are purity, hair nourishing and more recently, non-greasy
look. Coconut oil and perfumed oil accounts for about 65% and 35% of market in volume
terms.
Unlike shampoos or hair colors, which are products relatively new to the Indian psyche, the
usage of hair oil is a deeply ingrained habit with Indian consumers. Therefore, this is one
product where the major players do not have to fight either monetary or psychological
barriers to usage. But this does not necessarily mean that being a branded player in the Rs
1,300-crore hair oils market is easy.
Branded players account for just over a third of the total hair oil market. Players in the plain
coconut oil segment operate in a category where there are few entry barriers in place. Loose
oils are priced on the basis of input costs and availability, both of which are notoriously
volatile. Since branded players have to grow at the expense of the ubiquitous unorganised
segment and a host of regional and local brands, it is difficult to shield margins and selling
prices from the vagaries of loose oil prices.
KEY OBJECTIVE
The main objective of Nihar coconut oil is to overtake the loose oil consumers in rural areas.
It also aims at being the market leader in rural market by overcoming other brands.
It is a quiet conquest by Hindustan Lever Ltd (HLL) in the rural coconut oil market. HLL's
Nihar coconut oil achieved a market leadership in the rural coconut oil market in October
2000, by displacing all-time leader Parachute of Marico Industries.
As per market research firm ORG-Marg's retail audit for the rural coconut oil market, Nihar's
market share stood at 25.4 per cent in volumes in October, while that of Parachute was at
23.6 per cent. The total volume of the rural coconut oil market is around 54,000 tonne,
growing at 6-7 per cent annually. Even as HLL has managed to scrape through the leadership
position of the rural coconut oil market, it is still far from being crowned the all-India leader
in coconut oils.
NIHAR DISPLACES PARACHUTE IN RURAL COCONUT OIL MARKET
It is a quiet conquest by Hindustan Lever Ltd (HLL) in the rural coconut oil market. HLL's
Nihar coconut oil achieved a market leadership in the rural coconut oil market in October
2000, by displacing all-time leader Parachute of Marico Industries.
As per market research firm ORG-Marg's retail audit for the rural coconut oil market, Nihar's
market share stood at 25.4 per cent in volumes in October, while that of Parachute was at
23.6 per cent. The total volume of the rural coconut oil market is around 54,000 tonne,
growing at 6-7 per cent annually. Coconut oil is a relatively new area for the multinational,
and HLL unleashed significant aggression in this market in the last two-three years.
The multinational's strategy is simple: to upgrade loose oil consumers by offering low-unit
price packs. The Nihar low-price pouches launched early this year seem to have performed
the trick. Pricing is a critical issue in the branded coconut hair oil market where the
consumption of low-priced loose oils is huge. So as to tackle the pricing issue, HLL launched
Nihar and Cococare in various price points in pouches, such as Rs 5.50 for 50 ml, Rs 10 for
100 ml and Rs 20 for 200 ml.
HLL believes that low-unit price packs will lead to substantial conversions of the loose oil
consumers to packaged and branded oils. This, the multinational feels, would also enable the
company to gain a higher share of the market. Rural and urban markets contribute equally to
the overall Rs 500 crore coconut oil market. HLL's portfolio of brands in this sector comprise
Nihar and Cococare.
These together command a market share of about 20 per cent share of all-India coconut oil
market. Marico's flagship brand Parachute is the all-India market leader with a share of about
53 per cent. Thus, even as HLL has managed to scrape through the leadership position of the
rural coconut oil market, it is still far from being crowned the all-India leader in coconut oils.
Nihar's all-India share at the end of 1999, stood at 12 per cent, as per ORG-Marg retail audit
for the rural plus urban market.
The brand's share in the beginning of 1999 stood at 9.5 per cent. However, since this gain in
share has not really impacted Parachute's all-India market share, the share has been garnered
through conversion of loose oil consumers.
VALUE-ADDED HAIR OILS
Given the limited differentiation possibilities in the coconut oil segment, major players in the
branded hair oils market have been training their sights on value-added hair oils. This has
spawned a range of product innovations -- hair oils with herbal ingredients, non-sticky oils,
light hair oils, and lately, dandruff solution hair oil.
An entry into the value-added hair oils segment appears to offer quite a few benefits to the
branded players. One, with easier differentiation from the regional and local brands,
establishing a brand identity is easier. Two, this makes value-added hair oils less vulnerable
to price competition from cheaper alternatives. Third, value addition helps players command
a price premium over the no-frills coconut oil brands.
Both herbal oils and non-sticky hair oils have been quite successful as product concepts.
Dabur India's Vatika hair oil, one of the first players to milk the herbal category through
aggressive advertising, registered a growth rate of 74 per cent in 1998-99. Dabur's hair oils
business continued to grow at around 18 per cent in 1999-2000. HLL's Clinic Plus non-sticky
hair oil (which combines coconut oil and mineral oil) has also been an unqualified success.
While Parachute continued to remain the lynchpin of Marico's hair care business, it was the
value-added hair oils, such as Hair and Care, which clocked higher growth rates of late.
While Parachute's growth rate fell from 14 to 6 percent in the first half of 2000-01, Hair and
Care's growth rates improved from around 7 per cent to 23 per cent in the same period. HLL's
Clinic All Clear hair oil and Parachute Dandruff Solution has also entered the fray.
Nihar Perfumed Coconut Oil continued to grow well, while Clinic All Clear Dandruff Oil
registered substantial growth of more than 50 %. Nihar Amla Oil was also launched around
the end of the year, to exploit opportunities in this segment of hair oil.
NIHAR’S MARKET SHARE
For Nihar coconut oil, the company has already established rural leadership. According to
ORG-Marg figures for market share in rural areas for 0ct 2000, Nihar is at 25 per cent as
compared to Parachute at 24 per cent. In December 99, Parachute was at 28 per cent as
against Nihar at 15 per cent. To increase urban penetration, the company is changing the
imagery of the product by changing the product packaging. The 200 ml bottle is much sleeker
and contemporary.
MARKETING MIX FOR NIHAR COCONUT OIL
1. Product: Packaging innovations
Nihar, India's only double filtered coconut oil has made a change in packaging and logo,
which is innovative, convenient and vibrant. The logo lettering is now in a fresh green color
and sports a leaf over the brand name. Nihar has consistently been bringing innovations to its
consumers, it was the first to introduce the wide mouth jar and pouches packaging.
In keeping with Nihar heritage, the new packaging is part of Nihar’s constant endeavors on
improvising and providing quality to our consumers. The tamper proof jar has been
introduced with grooves on the side for a firmer grip giving the jar a more feminine aspect.
The flip top tin has been designed for convinience in pouring out the oil; the wide mouth jar
can be used in different climatic conditions. The essence of the new packaging is to bring
about practicality in daily usage of the Nihar coconut oil.
The range of double filtered Nihar coconut oil includes:
• Flip top tin, available in 200 ml and 500 ml
• Tamper proof cap, available in 100ml, 200ml, & 500 ml with grooves on the side for an
easy hold when oily.
• Wide mouth jar available in 200 ml and 500 ml
• Pouches available in 50 ml, 100ml and 200 ml
2. Process of preparing the Double filtered Nihar coconut oil
The double Filtration process involves the production of filtered coconut oil from copra. This
is done by downsizing the copra, which is then passed through a cooker and steam heated for
facilitating oil release. The copra is then crushed at a higher pressure. The final step in this
stage involves sieving the oil and parts of the crushed copra through a screen. This still
murky oil is allowed to partially settle in flat-bottomed collection tanks. In the second stage
the filtered coconut oil is mixed with special quality silica and recirculated, this continues
until the required clarity is achieved. This filtered oil with adequate purity finally goes to the
packaging line.
Nihar has also migrated to low unit packs to rope in new users. HLL has launched 100 ml
pouches of Nihar priced at less than Rs 10. Apart from making the product more affordable to
mass market consumers, the 100 ml pouches are cheaper on a per ml basis than the larger
bottles and flip top packs. This is likely to bring in new users from the loose oil segment.
3. Pricing
To tackle the pricing issue, HLL has launched Nihar and Cococare in various price points in
pouches, such as Rs 5.50 for 50 ml, Rs 10 for 100 ml and Rs 20 for 200 ml. HLL believes
that the low-unit price packs will result in upgradation of the loose oil consumer to this brand,
and enable the company to gain a higher share of the market.
For example, Nihar's small packs in AP has led to the brand's market share gain in this state
from a marginal 2% in April to 35 %.This example is being replicated by the company in
each of the states where Nihar and Cococare draw large consumption. The company feels
there is enough room for brands to gain share by upgrading loose oils users.
The price of copra, the key input in coconut based hair oils, has been a key factor determining
the fortunes of the major players in this segment. The continuation of the present price trends
in copra would probably determine the near term financial performance of the large players in
the plain hair oils business. On this count, there appears to be no near term cause for worry. A
large part of the decline in copra prices is due to the substitution of copra by cheaper
imported palmolein.
4. Place ( Distribution)
HLL has a very good distribution network. Hindustan Lever has leveraged the micro-credit
model to expand its rural market from its present 40 per cent penetration. Leveraging the
micro-credit model to expand its rural market, it is piloting `Project Shakti' -- its five-month-
old marketing initiative involving women belonging to micro-credit self-help groups (SHGs)
in the Nalgonda district of Andhra Pradesh.
The project, with an obvious `win-win' partnership potential, involves women from SHGs
turning into direct-to-home distributors for HLL in their area, thus helping the company
expand its rural market from its existing 40 per cent penetration in villages with population of
over 2000. For the women, it means income generation without the headache of starting their
own venture and becoming vegetable vendors, fish vendors, pan shop owners, etc., which has
generally been the micro-credit model to date.
Andhra Pradesh was obviously chosen for the pilot project as 20 per cent of its rural
population is covered by the micro-credit model. The micro-credit concept, that impacts 45
lakhs women belonging to 3.33 SHGs in the State, creates wealth for the members of the
groups and helps them better their lives and alleviate poverty. The micro-finance collected in
the State, through savings as well as institutional loans, is around a whopping Rs 800 crore.
For the project, 50 SHGs closest to the highway in Nalgonda district were identified. These
are covered by three Mutually-Aided Credit Thrift Societies (MACTS), which act as semi-
distributors in the project. MACTS, which generally consist of 14 to 15 SHGs, are federated
into a co-operative and work in close tandem with the SHGs. In fact, the project has had
several interesting spin-offs. One of the MACTs distributing HLL products has started its
own supermarket, while another is shortly purchasing a vehicle for its distribution network.
The investment opportunity is relatively risk-free and high on return. HLL is committed to
providing the necessary training inputs to these groups on the basics of enterprise
management which the groups can then use to enlarge their initiatives.
5. Promotion
Nihar attracts a large consumer preference in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Bengal. Promotional activities are region-specific and locally
flavored to suit the brand's requirement in its area of strength.
The customers in the rural area are very price sensitive. Great emphasis is laid on the price
factor and so they advertise keeping in mind the price. A lot of emphasis is given on the price
and they also compare the product with the local brands and how it is superior in quality from
the other available local brands.

Nihar does advertise in the rural area but they don’t use much of newspaper as there is a very
high level of illiteracy in the rural area. They do use advertising through T.V. Nihar's "kudrat
ki shakti" ad clicked in the market place as it was distinctly different to the usual hair oil ads,
HLL feels. But that is also not on a large scale as the T.V hasn’t yet reached the interiors of
rural areas.
PROBLEMS FACED BY NIHAR
• Strong competition from other players in the market, especially Parachute of Marico
industries.
• Pricing is a critical issue in the branded coconut hair oil market where the consumption of
low-priced loose oils is huge.
STRENGTH OF NIHAR
• Nihar can gain market share from conversion of loose oil consumers. The strategy is to
upgrade the loose oil use to Cococare/Nihar by offering small pack forms, which are
affordable.
• Nihar has a very strong distribution network, so it can reach more rural areas with its help
and cover the market.

CONCLUSION

In a very short period of time Nihar has been successful in gaining control over the urban
market as well as the rural market. With the help of its strong distribution and its continuous
innovations to match the consumers’ choice it can continue to maintain its leadership in rural
market.

CHENNAI-BASED CHOLAYIL GROUP

“THE MEDIMIX SOAP”

INTRODUCTION
Medimix has a large user base among the SEC B and C segments and in rural areas in the 30-
plus age group. They are trying to widen its usage by bringing the SEC A segment into their
fold. They want to make it a mass, urban and young brand. This is because it has takers
among older consumers who have seen through the myth of instant and cosmetic results.
They know the long-term benefits of Ayurveda. But this needs to be communicated to a
younger audience and they have succeeded in doing that with the recent campaigns.
The company's aggressive communication strategy has been one of the key factors behind the
growth. Communication has really made the company grow to what it is today. It had a good
product, but they managed to spread awareness and widen its use in the early nineties when
the cable and satellite television arena opened up. Though they were small then, they used to
spend nearly 25 per cent of the turnover on communication and marketing. Now this has
settled to around 15 per cent. But it would continue to follow a communication-led strategy.
They have been very meticulous in their approach and they research all their ads by getting
their agencies to test them on various focus groups before launching them.
When VS Pradeep took over the reins of this company in 1983, it had a turnover of less than
Rs 1 crore. Today it stands at Rs 200 crore. It was then a single product company with one
brand, Medimix. Today it has 12 brands in their portfolio. It was only a south-based
company; today it is a national entity. Six years ago they headed west by tapping Maharashtra
and two years ago they went completely national. Today they have 1,200 distributors across
the country. In fact, their penetration in the south is as high as 80 per cent. In Tamil Nadu
alone, in terms of penetration alone, Medimix is second only to Hindustan Lever's Hamam.
Coca-Cola is using their distribution network to distribute its soft drink concentrate brand
Sunfill in the south. That is because its own network reaches only those places where soft
drinks are retailed and not to those small kirana stores in the interiors where they reach.
All other players are talking of a complete health platform today; they have always talked
about holistic healthcare. They widened our user base through our communication strategy.
They started off by telling users of solutions to their specific problems. For instance, they
started off by talking about how the soap tackled the problem of prickly heat in summer as
well as pimples and dandruff. Thus, they concentrated on each problem separately and
communicated the benefits of the soap.
Thereafter, they widened the strategy by placing the soap on a value-for-money platform and
said that this soap was a one-stop-cure for a range of health-related problems. Now, they have
further broadened this plank to include the whole family and they are saying the soap offers
total health protection and addresses each of your individual needs.
Their financial targets would be to build their organisation to a Rs 1,000-crore entity in the
next five years. This will be done by growing in the categories they are present in and
eventually by getting into new areas of growth.
THE RIGHT MIX
MEDIMIX AYURVEDIC SOAP FROM THE CHENNAI-BASED CHOLAYIL GROUP,
BUILDS ITS SUCCESS ON A MEDICAL PLATFORM
Soap maker Medimix, from the Chennai-based Cholayil group, is the maverick marketer that
got its product and marketing mix just right. The company's success is reminiscent of Nirma's
in the west. Its revenue rose metroically from Rs. 50 crore four years ago to Rs. 200 crore last
year (2001) on sales of its ayurvedic soap. Besides, it got an ORG rating of number nine,
among soap categories on a national basis with minimal high decibel advertising, no sexy
packaging, no glamorous film star endorsements and no compromise on its shape, perfume or
colour in order to bag bulk orders from hotels.
Six plants of the Cholayil group make 1.5 crore cakes of soap, each weighing 75 gm and 30
lakh cakes of the 125 gm variety. The soaps are made manually, without the use of power and
even the cutting of the bars into cakes is done by hand-operated hydraulic cutters. However,
the company plants to set up a state-of-the-art unit in Goa. "Once production starts there we
will make 1,000 cases per month and establish a supply beachhead to serve the northern
market," says K.H.S. Manian, Vice-President, sales at the company.
The story of Medimix is the evolution of a home-grown product... from idea to research to
manufacture, packaging, distribution and marketing, all done by a family proprietary concern.
Most important, the company has managed to developed a brand on its own terms. It all
started with Dr. V.P.S. Sidhan (who traces his bloodline to the Cholayil Tarawad of Kerala, a
family lineage of ayurvedic vaidyans, followers of saint Narayana Guru), who served as
assistant medical officer with the Southern Railways. Sidhan had trained for his DMS at the
Kilpauk Medical College and so ayurveda took a back-seat until his retirement. His medical
experience showed that chronic ailments, especially skin conditions, defied allopathic
remedies and post retirement, he focused on finding cures through ayurveda. His work with
Viparthy Oil (extract of wild ginger) and its efficacy in treating skin diseases yielded
promising results.
Now all he needed was a better vehicle to overcome the oil mess as an applicator.
So, Medimix soap was born. Sidhan's soap was made with 18 herbs in a coconut oil base in
the backyard of his Chennai Cuoolamedu house. The firm was incorproated in the name of
Sidhan's wife Sowbhagyam. She also doubled up as chief manufacture! In 1969, Sidhan
launched the Medimix brand as a total ayurvedic skin-care soap with just Rs. 500 as seed
capital and lots of goodwill from the medical fraternity and chemists network. Sidhan's soap
and its efficacy spread through actual-user endorsements. "We priced it at 85 paise at the time
and today it sells for Rs. 9.50," says Manian. There are five plants, one in Pondicherry, two in
Chennai, one in Tada in Andhra Pradesh, one in Bangalore and one in Viilupuram, to cater
exclusively to hotel bulk orders."
According to the July-September 2001 ORG figures of volume in tonnes of the top 25 brands
of soap on a national basis. Medimix at 2625.3 tonnes is way above Mysore Sandal, Margo,
Nirma, Jai, Cinthol Fresh, Pears, Lux International skin care, Liril and Dettol. In the south
zone alone it is the sixth-highest seller with 1,873 tonnes.
What is the strategy that worked for Medimix in a bubble-filled soap arena in which
multinational companies such as Hindustan Lever Limited tower above the rest of the
market? Manian unabashedly says that his group had to run all existing and considered
marketing wisdom on its head. "While FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) products
usually take off in the urban centres, and then spread through the hub format, Medimix was
pitched in the villages first," says Manian. "We targeted the village kirarmiuala, our best
friend and local influencer of decisions so far as buying habits go. He accepted the merits of
Medimix as an ayurvedic product. When he was convinced, his customers got convinced. The
only alternative was Chandrika soap, which had adopted a direct marketing approach. We
used to attend numerous village melas and talk to the people. We went all over India only two
years ago. Today, of the three lakh tonnes of soap sold, ayurvedic soap comprises 7 percent,
of which we have 3 per cent."
Medicated soap that is 100 per cent handmade is exempt from tax and rural consumers seem
to be attracted to the medical qualities of the soap far more than they are to the same qualities
in a cosmetic, according to Manian. He says that when a villager visits a city he asks for
Medimix soap by name. No offers, no schemes, no inducements. As Chandrika soap was
following the monopoly of direct distribution. Medimix decided to woo the stockiest and
distributors and claims there are 25-year-old loyalties here. "From 1969 to 1990 growth was
slow," says Manian. 'But when S. Pradeep joined the company as managing director the firm
took off in just four years."
It is Pradeep's idea to target hotels. A firm decisions were taken that Medimix would
aggressively market to over 3,000 small hotels all over India, even in small towns. Pradeep
says he was pleasantly surprised to find that even foreign tourists to places such as
Pondicherry were impressed by the medicated quality of Medimix. "We decided that we
would not compromise on the packaging or appearance or the perfume or colour of the soap
to gain entry into five-star hotels. Hotels will never buy at the maximum retail price (MRP),
so we supply at cost. What's more, we even manage the inventory for them."
While Medimix has done well, the company's brand extension, Vrinda Tulisi Soap failed and
is being relaunched with a changed perfume and translucent appearance. Meanwhile, Manian
is focusing on the Indian community in the Middle East, where he believes Medimix can
command loyal customers. The product is exported to Brazil and Italy, as well. "Even in the
Indian market, there is a 50 per cent untapped potential," he says. "We have plans for sandal
soap, Viha, and a herbal Ziva shave cream. People are turning to ayurveda in a big way.”
"We have the research and knowledge capabilities to turn out more ayurvedic products and
build on our current marketing strength. In the past five years our adspend has grown to
Rs.30 crore. We conducted an ayurveda Congress in Hyderabad and got an impressive
response."
Medimix has proved that it is not always glitz and glamour that sells products... a back-to-
your-roots plank that espouses natural products appeals to the average Indian.

NIRMA

MODEST BEGINNING
A brand that was to become a model for other budding entrepreneur had very humble
beginnings. At the fag end of the sixties, Karsanbhai Patel, a 25-year-old chemist
manufactured detergents at his home in Ahmedabad. The detergent named Nirma, after his
daughter Nirupama, was cycled to retail outlets. Since its very inception, Karsanbhai had his
finger on the pulse of the people as he realized the need for a cheaper detergent. Hence, he
sold the detergent for Rs. 6, one-fourth of the price of similar products then available.
THE 4PS OF MARKETING
During that period the detergent powder category belonged almost entirely to Unilever's Surf.
Launched in 1959, Surf grew in the market and became the benchmark in the eyes of both the
housewife and competition (which was then limited to three wholly Indian manufacturers
Godrej, Tata and Swastik). Common opinion prevailed that a quality detergent, had to be a
blue powder packed in a colourful carton. But Nirma was launched as a white coloured
product, packed in pouches sealed at the top, with no colour or design sophistication on the
pack.
1. Packaging:
The attractive feature was to be the price-around 35% of Surf!
2. Price:
Soon the brand began to sell like hotcakes and Nirma's market share grew from 0% in 1976
to 61.6% in 1987. It soon pushed HLL over the top. Nirma also dared to break the "rule" that
a packaged, especially advertised brand needed the paraphernalia of branch offices, area
managers, and sales representatives in order carry it through a wide and complicated network.
Instead, Nirma went in for what the West would have called a 'no-frills', approach not just in
the product formulation and cost elements, but also in the all-important sales, distribution and
organisational arrangements.
3. Planning:
With one of the most comprehensive and widespread distribution network, Nirma reached
into the very heart of India. In the process, it pioneered rural marketing in India-another
reason for its astounding success. In the early 1980's despite the fact that 70% of India's 750
million lived in rural areas, big MNC's avoided them for the simple reason that it was
difficult to penetrate. Nirma's success in rural India also dispelled the myth that rural
consumers are poor and do not have the disposable income to buy consumer goods. Nirma's
policy of manufacturing a low cost "value for money" product was also aided by the fact that
Nirma operated in the small-scale sector. This helped it save an enormous amount of excise
duty that multinationals had to pay on every kilo of detergent produced. This prevented
MNCs from pulling down prices to a level attractive enough for the middle and lower-middle
classes, the bulk segments for Nirma sales. Understanding the economics and rules of the
rural game, Nirma identified that expensive advertising had no place in a market where the
buyer was too price-sensitive.
4. Promotion:
Nirma used radio, posters, banners and mobile vans among others as better media options. It
was also one of the first major advertisers on the National Network, a fact borne by its jingle
(Nirma Detergent tikia, iske jhaag ne jaadu kar diya), which still generates instant recall.
When you hear the all too-familiar tune Washing Powder Nirma, you instantly know what it
is talking about. The title 'Nirma Girl' going round and round on her feet and her white dress
rising fluff too made for a strong mnemonic for the brand. This stood up to Surf's Lalitaji's
"samajhdari."
SETTING THE PACE
By the early 1980s the burgeoning sales of Nirma reached a rate of growth that was nearly
thrice the industry average. In the past few years while the industry had been growing at the
rate of 15 per cent annually, Nirma's growth had been at least 30-35 per cent. In a swift,
single move, Nirma shattered the myth of "economy at the cost of quality."
SUCCESSFULLY DIVERSIFYING INTO PREMIUM BRANDS
Once it had positioned itself as the largest selling detergent, Nirma moved on to becoming an
FMCG. As the first step it changed to a soaps & detergent company. They said that Nirma
would stay successful only as long as it remained within the confines of economy priced
detergents. But that was not to be. Nirma's foray into the premium brand segment, in cakes
and detergents turned out to be a repeat success story. Nirma is today ranked among India's
top 20 .most distributed brands. It has built up a 30% market share in the premium detergent
segment and also achieved greater than 20% share, in less than two years, in the premium
soaps market.
Today Nirma has diversified into personal care market with Shikakai, Beauty Shampoo,
toothpaste and has also launched the Nirma brand of iodised salt.
NIRMA-PROFITS AND POSITION (AT HOME AND ABROAD)
Nirma's products over 800,000 tonnes of detergent and over 80,000 tonnes of toilet soaps
annually are consumed by over 250 million customers, through a wide network of 400
distributors and about a million retail outlets.
It ranks No.2 in toilet soaps; but mainly, in just seven years of marketing soaps, Nirma sold
more volumes than the others had in 25 years!
In international markets too, such as Bangladesh, Nirma has left behind both, Unilever and P
& G and now plans to export detergents to Russia and the Middle East.
MOVING FORWARD THROUGH BACKWARD INTEGRATION
By manufacturing their own raw material, in the form of Linear Akyl Benzene (LAB) and
Soda ash, Nirma offers more value to its buyers. The Rs. 4.5 billion LAB manufacturing
plant at Savli (the most modern in India and the second best in the world), was set up in
minimum time and cost once again showing astute management skills. It also has the largest
soap manufacturing facility in the country, under a single roof. A state-of-the-art packaging
plant (another first in Gujarat) catering to a staggering 1.2 million polythene bags and 6
million wrappers, daily!
ECO-FREINDLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE
At the very outset, Nirma was a phosphate-free detergent, making it eco-friendly. A detergent
by-product, Spent acid, is not released into the environment, but used as raw material in the
SSP fertiliser unit. At the Mandali complex, alone, 1,00,000 trees can be found on a 125 acre
campus.
NIRMA - SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths:
Strong Brand equity. Nirma is a Rs. 17 billion-umbrella brand offering consumers a broad
portfolio of products at multiple price points in the Detergents, Soaps & Personal Care
market.
Produces a range of industrial chemical products which primarily serve as raw material or
intermediates for Soaps and Detergents business.
Market leadership in detergents and fabric wash and second largest player in toilet soaps.
Wide distribution network.
Weakness:
High interest burden.
Less presence in premium segment.
Lacks global tie-ups and thus finding it hard to tap export markets.
Opportunities:
Exports
Acquisitions for strengthening its distribution tie-ups.
Entry into other categories like shampoos, toothpastes and fabric whiteners.
Threats:
MNCs coming, to India particularly in Toilet and Soap industry. Emergence of small but
strong regional players.
Nirma as a brand has been able to etch a niche for itself in the face of intense MNC
competition. It has not only emerged victorious in its core competency, detergents, but has
also successfully moved on into newer products. Nirma's achievement is surely something
about which an Indian can be proud of, a brand that has lived up to its catch line; Better
Products, Better Value, Better Living!
THE MAN BEHIND THE BRAND
A man of exemplary vision and extraordinary courage, Mr. K. K. Patel had his finger on the
proverbial pulse of the rural India, from the very beginning. He is the stuff that legends are
made of. The Wall Street Journal, The Economist, Discover India and the Economic Review
have all featured him at some time or the other. A marketing wizard, humanitarian and
entrepreneur par excellence, his marketing expertise forms the basis for case studies at
Business Schools.
Mr. K.K. Patel firmly believes that a person who has received a lot out of life needs to give
something back. One among the many contributions has been the Nirma Memorial Trust that
takes care of deprived women in Gujarat. The Nirma Foundation, set up in 1979, has donated
millions, within the state & outside, for schools, colleges, temples and social institutions.
The best reward of all for Mr. K.K. Patel, as he often says continues to be "the smile on the
face of a satisfied buyer." He built the brand, Nirma, from scratch, took it from strength to
strength and, in the process, pioneered rural marketing in India. The result being one of the
most comprehensive and widespread distribution networks in the country. Housewives swear
by it, retailers stock it, unfailingly, and brand loyalty continues to increase.
Nirma has arrived and has truly become a household name, in every sense of the term.
Commenting on his success the in September 10, 1988. The Economist wrote: "Rarely does a
small manufacturer in a developing country take on a big multinational and win. Mr. K.K.
Patel has done it in India, taking three-quarters of Hindustan Lever's potential market from
it."

BRITANNIA INDIA LTD (BIL)

INTRODUCTION
Britannia India Ltd was incorporated in 1918 as Britannia Biscuit Company Ltd and currently
the Groupe Danone (GD) of France (a global major in the food processing business) and the
Nusli Wadia Group hold a 45.3 per cent equity stake in BIL through AIBH Ltd (a 50:50 joint
venture). BIL is a dominant player in the Indian biscuit industry, with major brands such as
Tiger glucose, Mariegold, Fifty-Fifty, Good Day, Pure Magic, Bourbon etc.
The company holds a 40 per cent market share in the overall organised biscuit market and has
a capacity of 300,000 tonne per annum. Currently, the bakery product business accounts for
99.1 per cent of BIL's turnover. The company reported net sales of US$ 280 million in 2002-
03. Britannia Industries Ltd (BIL) plans to increase its manufacturing capacity through
outsourced contract manufacturing and a greenfield plant in Uttaranchal to expand its share in
the domestic biscuit and confectionery market.
Britannia Industries Limited (BIL) has emerged as one of the largest food companies in India
by 1999. According to a survey conducted by ORG-MARG and A&M, Britannia was the
fifth most popular brand in India in 1997 and was the only brand belonging to the food
category to figure in the top 10. A strong brand name, superior quality products and an
enviable distribution network had helped BIL become the market leader with 40% share in
the Indian biscuit market.
The company has rationalised its product portfolio, pruning the number of brands from 35 to
25, so that it can devote greater attention to key businesses.
In 1998, the company moved into the mass market for biscuits introducing low-priced
varieties under the umbrella brand, TIGER.
The success of this brand has enabled Britannia expand its market share in the "Glucose"
biscuit market from 10% to over 20%. While growth rates in the mid-priced and premium
biscuits have flagged, it is TIGER which has kept Britannia's biscuit business roaring.
BRITANNIA PLANS TIGER VARIANT
BRITANNIA Industries Ltd to planning add another flavour to its existing Tiger brand of
products following its success story in the rural areas
Earlier, with its two previous glucose biscuit brands -- Glucose D and Circus -- it had only 10
per cent of the market-share. But the single-minded effort of conceiving and promoting Tiger
in the mass rural market has paid dividends. Mr Tiwari spoke about the distribution channels
that have brought results in the rural market. Apart from stockists and sub-stockists, Britannia
has used traditional haats and melas to promote the Tiger brand. It has made the ongoing
Kumbh Mela a major promotion and sales outlet.
Whenever they come to know of a major mela or haat, they ensure that their brand is stocked
in large quantities, In fact, low cost distribution channels are one of the main challenges in
rural marketing as extensive and sparsely populated areas have to be covered for the desired
results. ``Corporates who want accurate rural market research to be done need to be aware
that the costs arehigh, the time taken is more and productivity is low,'' said Mr Diwakar
Srivastava, Research Manager, A.C. Nielsen. Mr Srivastava, who has been involved in rural
market research in North as well as South India, believed that penetration of products was
higher in the South due to better road infrastructure, larger areas under electrification and
higher literacy levels.
Market share:
Britannia-43%, Parle-33%, Bakemans-11% and others 13%.
RURAL MARKET - A WORLD OF OPPORTUNITY
According to a National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER) study, there are
as many 'middle income and above' households in the rural areas as there are in the urban
areas. There are almost twice as many 'low middle income' households in rural areas as in the
urban areas. At the highest income level there are 2.3 million urban households as against 1.6
million households in rural areas.
Britannia Industries launched TIGER biscuits especially for the rural market. It clearly paid
dividend. Its share of the glucose biscuit market has increased from 7% to 15%.
Today TIGER is a Rs. 200 crore brand with a market share of 24%. Having grown at 25% to
30% in the past growth is fast slowing down.
TIGER has been positioned as a nutritional product with the new logo being "EAT
HEALTHY THINK BETTER". The high nutritional value includes carbohydrates, proteins,
calcium, etc.
The company's latest offering is "Britannia Tiger Chai Biscoot". The product has been
launched in Maharashtra, West Bengal and Karnataka on the flagship "TIGER". The TIGER
brand currently has four variants including TIGER Cashew Badam, TIGER Protein, TIGER
Coconut and now Chai Biscoot.
Britannia with its TIGER brand of biscuits with its low priced and convenient package
products designed for the rural masses have been other pioneers in rural marketing. Thus,
Britannia has been able to derive more than 30% of their revenues from rural market.
THE BRITANNIA TIGER LAGAAN MATCH
This was how the campaign took place:
You needed to purchase a 100 gm. Pack of TIGER biscuits for which you will get a special
"Britannia Lagaan Booklet". 10000 early birds will win a prize. There is also the possibility
of being selected in the team that will play against the "Lagaan XI" team.
Britannia pumped in around Rs. 2.5 erodes to ensure the success of this promotional offer.
Analysts say that there was an incremental 20% jump in sales when the scheme was on.
This promotion was done in both the rural and urban areas, thus it not only gave the company
an increase in the sales but also gave the brand and the company recognition.
THE BRITANNIA TIGER BACHAO AANDOLAN
This was conducted by Britannia Industries with a view to reach its rural customer and also
the target segment. This took place in the year 1998 when the company undertook the
responsibility of protecting the tiger community hand in hand with the forest department of
Gujarat, MP, etc. This was done by selecting 12 kids who were interested in the campaign.
The children were selected from a village in Rajasthan. The campaign is still being carried
out by the company and is one of the successful ones. It has become a social responsibility of
the company.
HOARDINGS
There are hoarding, which are put up by the company in the rural areas. The hoardings are
mostly put up with complete information regarding the product. The information is given in
the local language in order to let people know about the product. The hoardings also have the
mascot tiger which emphasises a strong healthy individual.
T.V.
The various ad campaigns throughout the country are done by preparing a single advt but the
language in which it features is according to the regional language of that state. The ads
include famous personalities like Saurav Ganguly. The ads mainly focus on the children and
emphasise a strong diet for a healthy mind and body.
School children in rural areas are often given small packs at a confessional rate and at times
they are distributed as free samples.
P’s OF TIGER BISCUITS
1. Pricing & packaging:
The product is specially designed for the rural market and the economy class.
Packing Price
250 gms Rs. 10
100 gms Rs. 4
75 gms – coconut Rs. 5
The product is priced very low giving equal importance to quantity and price both of which
are important features for the success of a product in the rural market.
Britannia TIGER has been able to meet both the norms as mentioned above and has met with
roaring success in rural areas.
As the definition goes, the amount that the consumer is ready to pay for the service granted is
what is price. This is very true in case of TIGER biscuits. An entry into the market was made
only after studying the complete details and profile of the market and the result was a total
success.
2. Packaging:
The products are packed in airtight plastic wrappers in an attractive bright red and yellow
colour, which catches the eye and is an important feature to market a product in rural areas.
The important feature is the energetic tiger shown on the pack, which emphasises good
health, comes your way with Britannia TIGER.
The packaging also gives complete details of the price, packaging date, ingredients and the
nutritional value. A complete plant product, it is denoted by the green dot. Since the targut is
the economy class and the rural segment, the main feature is thai Britannia TIGER also
features the product name in Hindi.
3. Place:
The distribution network is very strong.
Manufacturing Plant
Location: Andheri. Outsourced to Oasis Enterprises
C & F Agent: At district level in various states of India
Wholesaler: At taluka levels in various states
Retailer: Retailers in villages are supplied by the wholesaler at the taluka level
Final Customer
4. Positioning:
Positioned mainly for the rural segment and with a new slogan "Eat healthy, think better", as
a brand of premium quality with factors pertaining to health and needs of the consumer being
the main factor.
PROBLEMS FACED BY TIGER
Competition:
From local players in many states who infringe with low quality products and similar
packaging. Since the rural customer depends mainly on the packaging available, it is easy for
competitors to sneak in the market affecting the market share of TIGER.
Saturation:
Experts have said that TIGER has reached saturation in its PLC. Thus a decline is possible in
the near future resulting in decline of the company share of the whole.
“BRITANNIA LOOKS BEYOND BISCUITS”
Bakery major Britannia Industries is planning to "go beyond biscuits'' Nusli Wadia,
Chairman, said.
BIL has a presence in biscuits, breads and cakes mainly with a 37 per cent market share. Mr.
Wadis said the company's future growth could be either through acquisitions or through an
organic growth. Its new manager Vinita Bali said BIL would ramp up its distribution network
by tapping the malls. She said Britannia now had six power brands each exceeding Rs. 100
crore in sales. She said exports and rural marketing were the two thrust areas and BIL, which
penetrated the rural market riding the Tiger brand, was now planning to take its upmarket
biscuits and tiffin cakes into rural areas.
Addressing shareholders, Mr. Wadia said amid steep increases in prices of agro-products, the
main raw materials; it had launched a strategy of forward buying of commodities through
commodity exchanges as a hedging mechanism. Alongside, it was also implementing 14
projects aimed at improving productivity, bettering recipes and toning up logistics. A further
VRS was proposed to trim the 2,500 workforce.

CONCLUSION

In the end it is certain that FMCG companies will have to really gain inroads in the rural
markets in order to achieve double digit growth targets in future. There is huge potential and
definitely there is lot of money in rural India but the smart thing would be to weigh in the
roadblocks as carefully as possible. The companies entering rural market must do so for
strategic reasons and not for tactical gains as rural consumer is still a closed book and it is
only through unwavering commitment that the companies can make a dent in the market.
Ultimately the winner would be the one with the required resources like time and money and
also with the much needed innovative ideas to tap the rural markets.
A mention of rural India may conjure up an image of abject poverty in the minds of many
people. This, however, does not hold true in the case of a few fast moving consumer goods
(FMCG) companies that have over the years been giving their rural operations a renewed
thrust. Why would these companies be tapping into the rural markets in the first place?
First, let's take a look at the distribution networks of three leading FMCG companies in India
- Hind
stan Lever Limited, Colgate Palmolive and Britannia. These three companies are market
leaders in their core areas and much of their success has to do with the intricate marketing
networks they have developed over the years. Hindustan Lever, as would be expected, has the
largest reach in t
erms of the markets serviced. Colgate, on the other hand, has adopted a concentrated
approach by focusing on fewer markets. Britannia, compared to the first two, has a much
smaller reach.

Colgate and Britannia now derive 35% and 30% respectively of their turnover from rural
markets.
Britannia and Colgate, apart from Hindustan Lever, are the only FMCG companies in India
that derive over 30% of their revenues from rural markets. Britannia has rejuvenated its rural
thrust by the launch of Tiger biscuits, while Colgate has been attempting to woo the rural
masses by offering low priced products in convenient packaging.
The success of these companies has as much to do with understanding the psyche of the rural
family as it have to do with a rural distribution network. A typical rural family is a price
conscious consumer and this is where the key to success lies. Hindustan Lever, for example,
extended its strategy of volume driven growth into rural markets and met with much success.
Britannia on the other had launched Tiger to take on the existing economy brands in the
market.
Advertisement
Information shown in the advertisements of FMCG products is moderately reliable.
Television is the fastest and more convincing mode of communication in advertising world.
Quality matters the most in case of FMCG products. Although celebrities cannot change the
purchase decision of consumers, but the celebrities having a good image among the public
attract the viewers at once. Price and quality are the major factors considered while
purchasing FMCG products rather than mere influence of advertising, are the major findings
of the study conducted by Mr. Sukesh Singla, MBA final year student of Chitkara Business
School under the guidance of Dr. Sandhir Sharma, Professor at CBS, Chitkara University.
The title of the project was “Impact of Advertisements on Consumer Behaviour in special
context with FMCG products. The sample of the study was 200 in Chandigarh only. Data was
collected through primary and secondary methods of data collection.
On this occasion, Prof. S.R.Taneja, Dean (CBS) remarked that Consumer world is changing
fast day by day. Education, Exposure and Entertainment are three factors ruling the modern
customer. The present study aims to provide insight to the mind of consumers regarding
impact of advertisements on their minds for various kinds of FMCG products. Mr. Mohit
Chitkara, Vice President, Chitkara Education Trust congratulated Sukesh Singla for his
research efforts.
As per the study, the advertisements of HUL, P&G, Dabur, Nestle and Cadbury are more
popular among the respondents. The study also revealed that Television is the fastest medium
of information among the customers and it is available everywhere. Majority of the
respondents i.e. 71% watch advertisements of FMCG products on TV followed by  15%
who watch advertisements on Newspapers, 7% in Magazines, 4% on internet and rest of them
watch advertisements of FMCG products on pamphlets. It is also found that 46% of the
respondents feel that the information shown in the advertisements of FMCG products is
moderately reliable. As per the study majority 78% of the respondents consult their family
members and friends before buying the advertised FMCG product and rest of them never
consult their family member and friends. The study found that 54% respondents feel that
advertisements do not provide complete information regarding the product.
The study also revealed that approximately 54% respondents think that the FMCG
advertisements moderately affect their purchase decision. Quality and Price are two major
factors followed by brand name, availability, trust etc. that influence the purchasing decision
of respondents. In case of Dabur, Cadbury and Nestle quality of products matters most for
purchasing decision. In case of HUL, P&G and Johnson and Johnson, Price is the most
influencing factor.
The study found that 45% respondents are satisfied with the purchase decision regarding
FMCG produces used in their homes. The study also found that majority (66%) of the
respondents think that the celebrities shown in FMCG advertisements put an impact on
consumer's buying decision. A The study also found that 28% respondents prefer Lux (HUL)
brand ambassador Aishwarya Rai followed by Amitabh Bachan from Dabur followed by 17%
Saif Ali Khan, 16% Lara Dutta and rest of them prefer Deepika Padukone. So, it can be stated
that Aishwarya Rai and Amitabh Bachan are the most preferred celebrities among the
respondents.
The study also found the following:
• 58% respondents think that advertisements are based on facts while rest of them are
discontented with the statement.
• 63% respondents think that advertisement help consumers in making a choice while
rest of them are discontented with the statement.
• 32% respondents think that advertisement help consumers in making a choice while
68% respondents are discontented with the statement.
• 77% respondents think that advertisements are interesting to watch while rest of them
are discontented with the statement.
 • 27% respondents think that advertisements are remembered for a long period of time
while 73 respondents are discontented with the statement.
Based on the findings, the study suggested the following:
Advertisement is the major source of marketing. Person from every age watch advertisements
and advertisements puts an impact on consumer's mind. So, the advertisements should not be
vulgar and obscene.
Some respondents think that advertisements are misleading and they do not provide proper
information about the product. So it is responsibility of the company to provide proper and
clear information about the product in the advertisement. Advertisements should provide
information regarding price, quality, availability, nutritional contents about the product.
Brand ambassador is the icon of a particular advertised product. So, non-controversial
celebrities of good moral character should be taken into advertisements.
Information shown in the advertisements of FMCG products is moderately reliable.
Television is the fastest and more convincing mode of communication in advertising world.
Quality matters the most in case of FMCG products. Although celebrities cannot change the
purchase decision of consumers, but the celebrities having a good image among the public
attract the viewers at once. Price and quality are the major factors considered while
purchasing FMCG products rather than mere influence of advertising, are the major findings
of the study conducted by Mr. Sukesh Singla, MBA final year student of Chitkara Business
School under the guidance of Dr. Sandhir Sharma, Professor at CBS, Chitkara University.
The title of the project was “Impact of Advertisements on Consumer Behaviour in special
context with FMCG products. The sample of the study was 200 in Chandigarh only. Data was
collected through primary and secondary methods of data collection.
On this occasion, Prof. S.R.Taneja, Dean (CBS) remarked that Consumer world is changing
fast day by day. Education, Exposure and Entertainment are three factors ruling the modern
customer. The present study aims to provide insight to the mind of consumers regarding
impact of advertisements on their minds for various kinds of FMCG products. Mr. Mohit
Chitkara, Vice President, Chitkara Education Trust congratulated Sukesh Singla for his
research efforts.
As per the study, the advertisements of HUL, P&G, Dabur, Nestle and Cadbury are more
popular among the respondents. The study also revealed that Television is the fastest medium
of information among the customers and it is available everywhere. Majority of the
respondents i.e. 71% watch advertisements of FMCG products on TV followed by  15%
who watch advertisements on Newspapers, 7% in Magazines, 4% on internet and rest of them
watch advertisements of FMCG products on pamphlets. It is also found that 46% of the
respondents feel that the information shown in the advertisements of FMCG products is
moderately reliable. As per the study majority 78% of the respondents consult their family
members and friends before buying the advertised FMCG product and rest of them never
consult their family member and friends. The study found that 54% respondents feel that
advertisements do not provide complete information regarding the product.
The study also revealed that approximately 54% respondents think that the FMCG
advertisements moderately affect their purchase decision. Quality and Price are two major
factors followed by brand name, availability, trust etc. that influence the purchasing decision
of respondents. In case of Dabur, Cadbury and Nestle quality of products matters most for
purchasing decision. In case of HUL, P&G and Johnson and Johnson, Price is the most
influencing factor.
The study found that 45% respondents are satisfied with the purchase decision regarding
FMCG produces used in their homes. The study also found that majority (66%) of the
respondents think that the celebrities shown in FMCG advertisements put an impact on
consumer's buying decision. A The study also found that 28% respondents prefer Lux (HUL)
brand ambassador Aishwarya Rai followed by Amitabh Bachan from Dabur followed by 17%
Saif Ali Khan, 16% Lara Dutta and rest of them prefer Deepika Padukone. So, it can be stated
that Aishwarya Rai and Amitabh Bachan are the most preferred celebrities among the
respondents.
The study also found the following:
• 58% respondents think that advertisements are based on facts while rest of them are
discontented with the statement.
• 63% respondents think that advertisement help consumers in making a choice while
rest of them are discontented with the statement.
 • 32% respondents think that advertisement help consumers in making a choice while
68% respondents are discontented with the statement.
• 77% respondents think that advertisements are interesting to watch while rest of them
are discontented with the statement.
• 27% respondents think that advertisements are remembered for a long period of time
while 73 respondents are discontented with the statement.
Based on the findings, the study suggested the following:
Advertisement is the major source of marketing. Person from every age watch advertisements
and advertisements puts an impact on consumer's mind. So, the advertisements should not be
vulgar and obscene.
Some respondents think that advertisements are misleading and they do not provide proper
information about the product. So it is responsibility of the company to provide proper and
clear information about the product in the advertisement. Advertisements should provide
information regarding price, quality, availability, nutritional contents about the product.
Brand ambassador is the icon of a particular advertised product. So, non-controversial
celebrities of good moral character should be taken into advertisements.
Information shown in the advertisements of FMCG products is moderately reliable.
Television is the fastest and more convincing mode of communication in advertising world.
Quality matters the most in case of FMCG products. Although celebrities cannot change the
purchase decision of consumers, but the celebrities having a good image among the public
attract the viewers at once. Price and quality are the major factors considered while
purchasing FMCG products rather than mere influence of advertising, are the major findings
of the study conducted by Mr. Sukesh Singla, MBA final year student of Chitkara Business
School under the guidance of Dr. Sandhir Sharma, Professor at CBS, Chitkara University.
The title of the project was “Impact of Advertisements on Consumer Behaviour in special
context with FMCG products. The sample of the study was 200 in Chandigarh only. Data was
collected through primary and secondary methods of data collection.
On this occasion, Prof. S.R.Taneja, Dean (CBS) remarked that Consumer world is changing
fast day by day. Education, Exposure and Entertainment are three factors ruling the modern
customer. The present study aims to provide insight to the mind of consumers regarding
impact of advertisements on their minds for various kinds of FMCG products. Mr. Mohit
Chitkara, Vice President, Chitkara Education Trust congratulated Sukesh Singla for his
research efforts.
As per the study, the advertisements of HUL, P&G, Dabur, Nestle and Cadbury are more
popular among the respondents. The study also revealed that Television is the fastest medium
of information among the customers and it is available everywhere. Majority of the
respondents i.e. 71% watch advertisements of FMCG products on TV followed by  15%
who watch advertisements on Newspapers, 7% in Magazines, 4% on internet and rest of them
watch advertisements of FMCG products on pamphlets. It is also found that 46% of the
respondents feel that the information shown in the advertisements of FMCG products is
moderately reliable. As per the study majority 78% of the respondents consult their family
members and friends before buying the advertised FMCG product and rest of them never
consult their family member and friends. The study found that 54% respondents feel that
advertisements do not provide complete information regarding the product.
The study also revealed that approximately 54% respondents think that the FMCG
advertisements moderately affect their purchase decision. Quality and Price are two major
factors followed by brand name, availability, trust etc. that influence the purchasing decision
of respondents. In case of Dabur, Cadbury and Nestle quality of products matters most for
purchasing decision. In case of HUL, P&G and Johnson and Johnson, Price is the most
influencing factor.
The study found that 45% respondents are satisfied with the purchase decision regarding
FMCG produces used in their homes. The study also found that majority (66%) of the
respondents think that the celebrities shown in FMCG advertisements put an impact on
consumer's buying decision. A The study also found that 28% respondents prefer Lux (HUL)
brand ambassador Aishwarya Rai followed by Amitabh Bachan from Dabur followed by 17%
Saif Ali Khan, 16% Lara Dutta and rest of them prefer Deepika Padukone. So, it can be stated
that Aishwarya Rai and Amitabh Bachan are the most preferred celebrities among the
respondents.
The study also found the following:
• 58% respondents think that advertisements are based on facts while rest of them are
discontented with the statement.
• 63% respondents think that advertisement help consumers in making a choice while
rest of them are discontented with the statement.
• 32% respondents think that advertisement help consumers in making a choice while
68% respondents are discontented with the statement.
• 77% respondents think that advertisements are interesting to watch while rest of them
are discontented with the statement.
• 27% respondents think that advertisements are remembered for a long period of time
while 73 respondents are discontented with the statement.
Based on the findings, the study suggested the following:
Advertisement is the major source of marketing. Person from every age watch advertisements
and advertisements puts an impact on consumer's mind. So, the advertisements should not be
vulgar and obscene.
Some respondents think that advertisements are misleading and they do not provide proper
information about the product. So it is responsibility of the company to provide proper and
clear information about the product in the advertisement. Advertisements should provide
information regarding price, quality, availability, nutritional contents about the product.
Brand ambassador is the icon of a particular advertised product. So, non-controversial
celebrities of good moral character should be taken into advertisements.

OVERVIEW OF RURAL INDIA

 INDIA - A NATION IN TRANSIT :-
• “Change is the only constant” in all our lives . But the change being witnessed in the
Indian economy is particularly interesting
• There is a bi-faceted change from National to Global & from Urban to Rural .
National to global is a worldwide phenomena . In India it gained in momentum
with the opening up & liberalization of the economy in the 1990s
• Arrival of many well known MNCs and international brands uptill now were
available only in the grey market but now its changing as the MNCs are
moving towards rural areas.
 “RURAL” DEFINED :-
 According to the census of India, village with clear surveyed boundaries not having
a municipality, corporation or board, with density of population not more than
400sq.km and with at least 75 per cent of the male working population engaged in
agriculture and allied activities would quality as rural. According to this definition,
there are 6,36,365 villages in the country. Of these, only 0.50 per cent have
population above 10,000. Around 1.82 percent has a population between 5,000 and
10,000. Almost around 42 percent have population less than 500.
 DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES :-
Number of Percentage of total
Population
Villages villages
Less than 200 114267 17.9
200-499 155123 24.3
500-999 159400 25
1000-1999 125758 19.7
2000-4999 69135 10.8
5000-9999 11618 1.8
10000 & above 3064 0.5
Total 636365 100
41% of India’s middle class resides in rural India
Classification of Towns in India – According to FMCG Companies

Class No of towns Population

I 400 (Includes 35 metros) More than 1 lakh
II 498 More than 50,000 and less than 1 lakh
III 1368 More than 20,000 and less than 50,000
IV 1560 More than 10,000 and less than 20,000
Interestingly, for FMCG and consumer durable companies, any territory that has more than 20,000 and 50,000 population,
respectively, is rural market. So, for them, it is not rural India which is rural.

 DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS OF RURAL INDIA :-

• About 285 million people live in urban India whereas 742 million reside in rural
areas, constituting 72% of India's population resides in its 6,36,365 villages.
• The number of middle income and high income households in rural Indian is
expected to grow from 46 million to 59 million.
• Now there are more government rural development initiates.
• There is Low literacy rate .Even there is lowering of difference between taste of
urban and rural customers.
• Increasing agricultural productivity leads to growth of rural disposable income.
 THE INDIAN ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCKS :-
 THE INDIAN RURAL ECONOMY :-
• A marked improvement is seen in the economic prosperity of rural
• There is a 600% increase in budget allocation for rural development (8th to 10th 5-
year plan)
• There is a 230% increase in flow of institutional credit for agriculture (’97/’98 to
’04/’05)
• Issue of 4.1Cr Kisan Credit Cards with cumulative credit amounting to Rs. 97,700
crores (since ‘98)
 • A marked improvement in Indian agriculture at a macro level is seen over the last 10
years (area covered, yield)
• Rapid rise of rural incomes
• There is transformation in lifestyle, values and aspirations of rural populace with
increasing penetration of media forms
• Urban-rural divide is thinning at the top-end of the rural segment
• There is an Exponential increase in demand for goods, services, entertainment forms
• The villager is no longer the person as typified in Hindi movies

UNDERSTANDING RURAL INDIA

Life of the people in rural areas is very simple. They don’t have much leisure in their life.
They have a very simple living . Most of them are farmers and their main area of
entertainment is visiting haats, relatives, chaurahas etc… They are of very conservative type.
Today with men even women are working in rural areas. It completely depends on their
financial conditions. Women normally work in farms, sometimes help their husband or make
some of the items like chairs, pots etc. Weekly haats or melas are the places where they make
their purchases of day to day items and even assesciories like bangles, jewellery etc. The
detailed information regarding their mode of entertainment, their approach towards the
products, their buying patterns, their behavior etc and even the understandings regarding why
corporates are turning to rural areas and the opportunities & challenges in rural areas will
be continued below .

RURAL CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR :-

 COLLECTIVISM :- (as opposed to the individualism of urbanites)
• They have as strong adherence to prevailing social norms of the community
they live in so even the decisions are taken with the communities beliefs
and norms.
• The concept of joint family is more prevalent.
• They Enjoy social gatherings – festivals, melas, other celebrations etc . They
spend a lot of time chatting with friends and neighbours .
• They are Strongly influenced by opinion leaders & “influencers” - school
teachers, medical practitioner (PHC), priests, religious leaders, urbanized
relatives, local politicians, the village head .
 INFLUENCERS :-
• An Important role is played in decision making by “influencers” in the rural
economy
• Unlike in the urban family where “all” are involved in the purchase
“decision”, in rural set-ups due to the lack of mobility & “exposure” to
markets, decisions are made by the men
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