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8
THE LAW OF SINES
Statement of the law of sines
The sine of an obtuse angle
The ambiguous case
Proof of the law of sines
THE LAW OF SINES allows us to solve triangles that are not right-
angled, and are called oblique triangles. It states the following:
The sides of a triangle are to one another
in the same ratio as the sines of their opposite angles.
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c = sin C.
And so on, for any pair of sides and their opposite angles.
The law of sines is a theorem about the geometry of
any triangle. As any theorem of geometry, it can be
enunciated. The algebraic statement of the law --
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c
-- cannot be verbalized. sin A moreover, which is a
number, does not have a ratio to a, which is a length.
Secondly, to prove that algebraic form, it is necessary
to state and prove it correctly geometrically, and then
transform it algebraically.
Example 1. a) The three angles of a triangle are 40°, 75°, and 65°. In
what ratio are the three sides? Sketch the figure and place the ratio
numbers.
Solution. To find the ratios of the sides, we must evaluate the sines of
their opposite angles. From the Table,
sin 40° = .643
sin 75° = .966
sin 65° = .906
These are the ratios of the sides opposite those angles:
Solution. Let us call that side x. Now, according to the Law of Sines, in
every triangle with those angles, the sides are in the ratio 643 : 966 : 906.
Therefore,
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x 643
=
10 966
643
x = 10·
966
With the aid of a calculator,
x 6.656 cm.
supplement.
For example,
sin 120° = sin 60° = .
2
(Topic 5.)
To see why we make this definition, let ABC be an obtuse angle, and
Problem 2.
a) The three angles of a triangle are 105°, 25°, and 50°. In what ratio are
a) the sides? Sketch the triangle.
sin 105° = sin (180° - 105°)
= sin 75°
= .966, from the Table.
Table .
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b) If the side opposite 25° is 10 cm, how long is the side opposite 50°?
x 766
= .
10 423
With the aid of a calculator, this implies:
766
x = 10·
10 18.1 cm
423
The ambiguous case
The so-called ambiguous case arises from the fact that an acute angle and
an obtuse angle have the same sine. If we had to solve
sin x = ½ ,
for example, we would have
x = 45° or x = 135°.
(Topic 4, Example 1.)
In the following example, we will see how this ambiguity could arise.
In triangle ABC, angle A = 30°, side a = 1.5 cm, and side b = 2 cm.
Let us use the law of sines to find angle B.
sin B 2
=
sin 30° 1.5
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20
sin B = ½·
15
10
= 15
2
= 3
.666
On inspecting the Table for the angle whose sine is closest to .666, we
find
B 42°.
But the sine of an angle is equal to the sine of its supplement. That
is, .666 is also the sine of 180° − 42° = 138°.
This problem has two solutions. Not only is angle CBA a solution,
but so is angle CB'A, which is the supplement of angle CBA. (We can
see that it is the supplement by looking at the isosceles triangle CB'B;
angle CB'A is the supplement of angle CB'B, which is equal to angle
CBA.)
Given two sides of a triangle a, b, then, and the acute angle opposite
one of them, say angle A, under what conditions will the triangle have
two solutions, only one solution, or no solution?
Let us first consider the case a < b. Upon applying the law of sines,
we arrive at this equation:
b
1) sin B = sin A· .
a
h
Now, since = sin A, where h is the height of the triangle (Fig. 1),
b
then
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b sin A = h.
On replacing this in the right-hand side of equation 1), it becomes
h
sin B = .
a
There are now three possibilities:
h
a < 1, which implies < a (Fig. 1),
h
h
a = 1, which implies = a (Fig. 2),
h
h
a > 1, which implies > a (Fig. 3).
h
Finally, we will consider the case in which angle A is acute, and a > b.
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