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Theory Z Manager
Foundation for Leadership
Leadership Behaviors and Styles
Authoritarian Leader
Paternalistic Leader
Participative Leader
OR
Does the leader believe that characteristics
such as initiative can be acquired by most
people regardless of their inborn traits and
abilities? (Theory Y)
Leadership in the International
Context
Attitudes of European Most evidence indicates European
managers tend to use a participative
Managers Toward approach. Researchers investigated
Leadership Practices four areas relevant to leadership.
Sharing Information
and Objectives
Participation
Leadership in the International
Context
Attitudes of European Most evidence indicates European
managers tend to use a participative
Managers Toward approach. Researchers investigated
Leadership Practices four areas relevant to leadership.
Capacity for Leadership Does the leader believe that the most
and Initiative effective way to control employees is
through rewards and punishment?
Sharing Information
and Objectives OR
Does the leader believe that employees
Participation respond best to internally generated
control?
Internal Control
Clusters of Countries in the Haire,
Ghiselli, and Porter Study
80
50
Productivity
—— PM Leadership Style 9,9
(high task, high people)
—— M Leadership Style 1,9
(low task, high people)
—— P Leadership Style 9,1
(high task, low people)
0
—— PM Leadership Style 1,1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(low task, low people)
Sessions
Productivity of Japanese Groups with Low-Achievement
Motivation under Different Leadership Styles
80
50
Productivity
—— P Leadership Style 9,1
(high task, low people)
—— PM Leadership Style 9,9
(high task, high people) 25
This study found that the more autocratic the leadership styles
(system 1 & 2) the lower the level of job satisfaction.
Leadership Approaches in Developing Countries
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