45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:11 PM Page 38

y p pp

Answers to Odd-Numbered
Problems
Chapter 1 67. (a) 185 N at 77.8° from the x axis
1. 5.52
103 kg/m3, between the density of aluminum and (b) ( 39.3 î  181 ĵ ) N
that of iron and greater than the densities of typical 69. (a) (10.0 m, 16.0 m)
surface rocks 71.
:
(a) R 1  a î  b ĵ ; R1  √a2  b2
:
3. 4(r 23  r 13)/3 (b) R 2  a î  b ĵ  c k̂; R 2  √a2  b 2  c 2
5. No
Chapter 2
7. (b) only
1. (a) 2.30 m/s (b) 16.1 m/s (c) 11.5 m/s
9. (a) 0.071 4 gal/s (b) 2.70
104 m3/s
(c) 1.03 h 3. (a) 5 m/s (b) 1.2 m/s (c)  2.5 m/s
(d) – 3.3 m/s (e) 0
11. 667 lb/s
5. (a)  2.4 m/s (b)  3.8 m/s (c) 4.0 s
13. 151 m
7. (b) vt  5.0 s  23 m/s, vt  4.0 s  18 m/s,
15. 2.86 cm vt  3.0 s  14 m/s, vt  2.0 s  9.0 m/s
17. (a) 2.07 mm (b) 8.62
1013 times as large (c) 4.6 m/s 2 (d) 0
19.
10 6 balls 9. 5.00 m
21.
10 2 tuners 11. (a) 20.0 m/s, 5.00 m/s (b) 262 m
23. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2 13. (a) 2.00 m (b)  3.00 m/s (c)  2.00 m/s2
25. 31 556 926.0 s 15. (a) 1.3 m/s2 (b) 2.0 m/s2at 3 s
27. 5.2 m 3, 3% (c) at t  6 s and for t 10 s (d)  1.5 m/s2 at 8 s
29. 108° and 288° 17. (a) 6.61 m/s (b)  0.448 m/s2
31. 3.46 or  3.46 19.  16.0 cm/s2
33. (a) 2.24 m (b) 2.24 m at 26.6° 21. (a) 20.0 s (b) no

35. (a) r, 180°   (b) 2r, 180°   (c) 3r,   23. 3.10 m/s

37. (a) 10.0 m (b) 15.7 m (c) 0 25. (a) 35.0 s (b) 15.7 m/s

39. Approximately 420 ft at  3° 27. yes; 212 m, 11.4 s

41. 47.2 units at 122° 29. (a) 29.4 m/s (b) 44.1 m

43. 196 cm at 345° 31. (a)10.0 m/s up (b) 4.68 m/s down
33. (a) 7.82 m (b) 0.782 s
45. (a) 2.00 î  6.00 ĵ (b) 4.00 î  2.00 ĵ (c) 6.32
(d) 4.47 (e) 288°; 26.6° 35. (b) 7.4 m/s2 and 2.1 m/s2 (c) 48 m and 170 m
47. 240 m at 237° (d) 2.74 s

49. (a) 10.4 cm (b) 35.5° 37. (a) 70.0 mi/h

s  31.3 m/s2  3.19g
(b) 321 ft  97.8 m
51. (a) 8.00 î  12.0 ĵ  4.00k̂ (b) 2.00 î  3.00 ĵ  1.00k̂
(c)  24.0 î  36.0 ĵ  12.0k̂ 39. (a)  202 m/s2 (b) 198 m

53. (a) 49.5 î  27.1 ĵ (b) 56.4 units at 28.7° 41. 2.74
10 5 m/s2, which is 2.79
10 4 g

55. 70.0 m 43. (a) 3.00 m/s (b) 6.00 s (c)  0.300 m/s2
(d) 2.05 m/s
57. 0.141 nm
45. 1.60 m/s2
59. 4.50 m2
47. (a) 41.0 s (b) 1.73 km (c)  184 m/s
61. 0.449%
49. (a) 5.43 m/s2 and 3.83 m/s2
63. (a) 0.529 cm/s (b) 11.5 cm/s (b) 10.9 m/s and 11.5 m/s
65.
1011 stars (c) Maggie by 2.62 m
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:11 PM Page 39
y p pp

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.39

51. (a) 3.00 s (b)  15.3 m/s (c) 31.4 m/s down and 5. (a) (2.50î  5.00 ĵ ) N (b) 5.59 N
34.8 m/s down 7. (a) 5.00 m/s2 at 36.9° (b) 6.08 m/s2 at 25.3°
53. (c) v 2boy /h , 0 (d) v boy, 0 9. (a) 534 N down (b) 54.5 kg
55. (a) 26.4 m (b) 6.82% 11. 2.55 N for an 88.7-kg person
57. 0.577v 13. (a) 3.64
1018 N (b) 8.93
1030 N is 408 billion
Chapter 3 times smaller

1. (a) 4.87 km at 209° from east (b) 23.3 m/s 15. (a)
1022 m/s2 (b)
1023 m
(c) 13.5 m/s at 209° 17. (a) 15.0 lb up (b) 5.00 lb up (c) 0
3. (a) (0.800î  0.300ĵ)m/s2
(b) 339° 21. (a) From a free-body diagram of the forces on the bit
(c) (360î  72.7ĵ)m,  15.2° of string touching the weight hanger we have ΣFy  0:
5. r  (5.00t î  1.50t 2 ĵ)m, :
(a) : v  (5.00î  3.00t ĵ)m/s  Fg  T sin   0, so T  Fg /sin . The force the
(b) (10.0 m, 6.00 m), 7.81 m/s child feels gets smaller, changing from T to T cos 
when the counterweight hangs from the string. On the
7. (a) 3.34 î m/s (b)  50.9° other hand, the kite does not notice what you are do-
9. 12.0 m/s ing and the tension in the main part of the string stays
11. 22.4° or 89.4° constant. You do not need a level because you learned
13. 67.8° in physics lab to sight to a horizontal line in a build-
ing. Share with the parents your estimate of the exper-
15. (a) The ball clears by 0.889 m while (b) descending imental uncertainty, which you made by thinking criti-
17. (a) 18.1 m/s (b) 1.13 m (c) 2.79 m cally about the measurement, repeating trials,
19. 9.91 m/s practicing in advance, and looking for variations and
21. tan1[(2gh)1/2/v] improvements in technique, including using other
observers. You will then be glad to have the parents
23. 377 m/s 2 themselves repeat your measurements.
25. 10.5 m/s, 219 m/s 2 inward (b) 1.79 N
27. 7.58
10 3 m/s, 5.80
10 3 s 23. (a) a  g tan  (b) 4.16 m/s2
29. 1.48 m/s 2 inward and 29.9° backward 25. 100 N and 204 N
31. (a) 13.0 m/s 2 (b) 5.70 m/s (c) 7.50 m/s2 27. 8.66 N east
33. 2.02
10 3 s; 21.0% longer 29. 3.73 m
35. 153 km/h at 11.3° north of west 31. A is in compression 3.83 kN and B is in tension 3.37 kN
37. 15.3 m 33. 950 N
39. 0.975g 35. (a) Fx 19.6 N (b) Fx   78.4 N
41. (a) 101 m/s (b) 32 700 ft (c) 20.6 s
(d) 180 m/s
43. 54.4 m/s 2 (c)
a x , m/s2
45. (a) 41.7 m/s (b) 3.81 s (c) (34.1î  13.4ĵ)m/s; +10
36.7 m/s
47. 10.7 m/s
49. (a) 6.80 km (b) 3.00 km vertically above the impact
point (c) 66.2°
51. (a) 20.0 m/s, 5.00 s (b) (16.0î  27.1ĵ)m/s
F x ,N
(c) 6.53 s (d) 24.5î m
–100 +100
53. (a) 22.9 m/s (b) 360 m from the base of the cliff
v  (114î  44.3ĵ)m/s
(c) :
55. (a) 1.52 km (b) 36.1 s (c) 4.05 km
57. (a) 43.2 m (b) (9.66î  25.6 ĵ)m/s
59. 4.00 km/h –10
61. Safe distances are less than 270 m and greater than
3.48
103 m from the western shore.

Chapter 4
1. (a) 1/3 (b) 0.750 m/s 2 37. (a) 706 N (b) 814 N (c) 706 N (d) 648 N
3. (6.00î  15.0ĵ) N; 16.2 N 39. (a) Removing mass (b) 13.7 mi/h
s
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 40
y p pp

A.40 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

41. (a) 11. (a) n2

250 N 250 N 250 N

n1
250 N

m2 68 N
m1 T T
f k1 f k2
n 320 N 160 N

n 480 N

118 N

176 N
(b) 0.408 m/s 2 (c) 83.3 N
(b) 27.2 N, 1.29 m/s2
43. (a) 2.00 m/s 2 forward (b) 4.00 N forward on 2 kg,
6.00 N forward on 3 kg, 8.00 N forward on 4 kg 13. any value between 31.7 N and 48.6 N
(c) 14.0 N between 2 kg and 3 kg, 8.00 N between 4 kg 15. any speed up to 8.08 m/s
and 3 kg (d) The 3-kg block models the heavy 17. v  14.3 m/s
block of wood. The contact force on your back is rep- 19. (a) 68.6 N toward the center of the circle and 784 N up
resented by Q, which is much less than F. The differ- (b) 0.857 m/s2
ence between F and Q is the net force causing acceler-
21. No. The jungle-lord needs a vine of tensile strength 1.38 kN.
ation of the 5-kg pair of objects. The acceleration is
real and nonzero but lasts for so short a time interval 23. 3.13 m/s
that it is never associated with a large velocity. The 25. (a) 32.7 s1 (b) 9.80 m/s2 down
frame of the building and your legs exert forces, small (c) 4.90 m/s2 down
compared with the hammer blow, to bring the parti- 27. (a) 1.47 N · s/m (b) 2.04
103 s
tion, block, and you to rest again over a time interval (c) 2.94
10 N2
large compared with the duration of the hammer
29. (a) 0.034 7 s1 (b) 2.50 m/s (c) a  cv
blow.
31. 2.97 nN
45. (a) Mg/2, Mg/2, Mg/2, 3Mg/2, Mg (b) Mg/2
33. 0.613 m/s2 toward the Earth
47. (M  m 1  m 2)(m 2 g/m1)
35.  0.212 m/s2
49. (c) 3.56 N
37. (a) M  3m sin  (b) T1  2mg sin , T2  3mg sin 
51. 1.16 cm
g sin 
53. (a) 30.7° (b) 0.843 N (c) a 
1  2 sin 
55. mg sin  cos  î  (M  m cos2 )g ĵ

57. (a) T1 
2mg
, T2 
mg
=
mg
,
(d) T1  4mg sin  
1  sin 
1  2 sin  
sin 1 sin 2 sin [tan1(12 tan 1)]

T3 
2 mg
T2  6mg sin  
1  sin 
1  2 sin  
tan 1
(e) Mmax  3m(sin   s cos )
(b) 2  tan1  tan2  
1
(f) Mmin  3m(sin   s cos )
(g) T2,max  T2,min  (M max  M min)g  6s mg cos 
Chapter 5 39. (b)
0 15° 30° 45° 60°
1. s  0.306;  k  0.245
P (N) 40.0 46.4 60.1 94.3 260
3. (a) 3.34 (b) The car would flip over backwards; or
41. (a) 0.087 1 (b) 27.4 N
the wheels would skid, spinning in place, and the time
would increase. 43. (a) 2.13 s (b) 1.67 m

√
45. (a) Rg (tan   s)
5. (a) 1.11 s (b) 0.875 s vmin 
7. s  0.727, k  0.577 1  s tan 

√
9. (a) 1.78 m/s2 (b) 0.368 (c) 9.37 N Rg (tan   s)
vmax 
(d) 2.67 m/s 1  s tan 
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 41
y p pp

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.41

(b) s  tan  5. (a) v  (3gR)1/2 (b) 0.098 0 N down

(c) 8.57 m/s  v  16.6 m/s 7. 1.84 m
47. 0.835 rev/s 9. (a) 4.43 m/s (b) 5.00 m
49. (b) 732 N down at the equator and 735 N down at the poles 11. (b) 60.0°
51. (a) 1.58 m/s 2 (b) 455 N (c) 329 N 13. (a) 1.24 kW (b) 20.9%
(d) 397 N upward and 9.15° inward
15. (a) 125 J (b) 50.0 J (c) 66.7 J
53. 2.14 rev/min (d) Nonconservative; the work done depends on the path.
55. (b) 2.54 s; 23.6 rev/min 17. 10.2 m
57. (a) 0.013 2 m/s (b) 1.03 m/s (c) 6.87 m/s 19. (a) 22.0 J, 40.0 J (b) Yes; the total mechanical energy
59. 12.8 N changes.

Chapter 6 21. 26.5 m/s

1. (a) 31.9 J (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 31.9 J 23. 3.74 m/s

3.  4.70 kJ 25. (a)  160 J (b) 73.5 J (c) 28.8 N (d) 0.679
5. 5.33 W 27. (a) 1.40 m/s (b) 4.60 cm after release
(c) 1.79 m/s
7. (a) 16.0 J (b) 36.9°
29. (a) 0.381 m (b) 0.143 m (c) 0.371 m
9. (a) 11.3° (b) 156° (c) 82.3°
31. (a) 40.0 J (b) 40.0 J (c) 62.5 J
11. (a) 7.50 J (b) 15.0 J (c) 7.50 J (d) 30.0 J
33. (A/r 2) away from the other particle
13. (a) 0.938 cm (b) 1.25 J
35. (a)  4.77
10 9 J (b) 569 N (c) 569 N up
15. (a) 575 N/m (b) 46.0 J
37. 2.52
107 m
17. 12.0 J
39. (a)  at
,  at , 0 at , , and  (b)  stable;
19. (b) mgR
 and  unstable
21. (a) 1.20 J (b) 5.00 m/s (c) 6.30 J
(c)
23. (a) 60.0 J (b) 60.0 J
Fx
25. 878 kN up
27. 0.116 m

29. (a) 650 J (b) 588 J (c) 0 (d) 0 (e) 62.0 J
(f) 1.76 m/s
 
31. (a)  168 J (b) 184 J (c) 500 J (d) 148 J
(e) 5.65 m/s
 2 4 6 8 x (m)
33. 2.04 m
35. 875 W 
37. $46.2
39. (a) 423 mi/gal (b) 776 mi/gal 41. (b) U ( J)
41. 830 N 100
43. 2.92 m/s
45. (a) (2  24t 2  72t 4) J (b) 12t m/s 2; 48t N
(c) (48t  288t 3) W (d) 1 250 J
mgnhh s mgvh
47. (a) (b)
v  nh s v  nh s
50
49. 7.37 N/m
51. (b) 240 W
53. (a) 4.12 m (b) 3.35 m
55. 1.68 m/s
57.  1.37
10  21 J
59. 0.799 J
–2 0 2 x (m)
61. (a) 2.17 kW (b) 58.6 kW
Equilibrium at x  0. (c) 0.823 m/s
Chapter 7
43. 0.27 MJ/kg for a battery. 17 MJ/kg for hay is 63 times
1. (a) 259 kJ, 0,  259 kJ (b) 0,  259 kJ,  259 kJ larger. 44 MJ/kg for gasoline is 2.6 times larger still.
3. 22.0 kW 142 MJ/kg for hydrogen is 3.2 times larger than that.
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 3:27 PM Page 42
y p pp

A.42 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

45.
103 W peak or
102 W sustainable 51. (a)  0.667 m/s (b) 0.952 m
47. (8gh/15)1/2 53. (a)  0.256î m/s and 0.128î m/s
49. (a) 0.225 J (b)
E mech  0.363 J (c) No; the (b)  0.064 2î m/s and 0 (c) 0 and 0
normal force changes in a complicated way. 55. 2vi and 0
51. 0.328 57. (a) m/M  0.403 (b) no changes; no difference
53. 1.24 m/s 59. (a) 3.75 kg  m/s 2
to the right (b) 3.75 N to the right
55. (a) 0.400 m (b) 4.10 m/s (c) The block stays on (c) 3.75 N (d) 2.81 J (e) 1.41 J (f) Friction
the track. between sand and belt causes half of the input work to
57. (a) 6.15 m/s (b) 9.87 m/s appear as extra internal energy.
59. (a) 11.1 m/s (b) 19.6 m/s2 upward Chapter 9
(c) 2.23  10 3 N upward (d) 1.01  103 J
5. 0.866c
(e) 5.14 m/s (f ) 1.35 m (g) 1.39 s
7. (a) 25.0 yr (b) 15.0 yr (c) 12.0 ly
63. (a) 14.1 m/s (b)  7.90 kJ (c) 800 N
(d) 771 N (e) 1.57 kN up 9. 1.54 ns
11. 0.800c
Context 1 Conclusion 13. (a) 20.0 m (b) 19.0 m (c) 0.312c
1. (a) 315 kJ (b) 220 kJ (c) 187 kJ (d) 127 kJ
15. (a) 21.0 yr (b) 14.7 ly (c) 10.5 ly (d) 35.7 yr
(e) 14.0 m/s (f) 40.5% (g) 187 kJ
17. (a) 17.4 m (b) 3.30°
Chapter 8 19. (a) 2.50  108 m/s (b) 4.97 m (c)  1.33  108 s
1. (a) (9.00î  12.0ĵ) kgm/s (b) 15.0 kg  m/s at 307° 21. 0.960c
3. 40.5 g 23. (a) 2.73  1024 kg  m/s (b) 1.58  1022 kg  m/s
5. (a) 6.00 m/s toward the left (b) 8.40 J (c) 5.64  1022 kg  m/s
7. (a) 13.5 N  s (b) 9.00 kN (c) 18.0 kN 25. 4.50  1014
9. 260 N normal to the wall 27. 0.285c
11. 15.0 N in the direction of the initial velocity of the exit- 29. (a) 0.582 MeV (b) 2.45 MeV
ing water stream 31. (a) 3.07 MeV (b) 0.986c
13. (a) 2.50 m/s (b) 37.5 kJ 33. (a) 938 MeV (b) 3.00 GeV (c) 2.07 GeV
15. (a) vgx  1.15 m/s (b) vpx   0.346 m/s 35. (a) 0.979c (b) 0.065 2c (c) 0.914c  274 Mm/s
17. force on truck driver  1.78  103 N; force on car (d) 0.999 999 97c ; 0.948c; 0.052 3c  15.7 Mm/s
driver  8.89  103 N in the opposite direction
39. 4.08 MeV and 29.6 MeV
19. (a) 0.284 (b) 115 fJ and 45.4 fJ
41. 4.28  10 9 kg/s
21. 91.2 m/s
43. 1.02 MeV
23. (a) 4.85 m/s (b) 8.41 m
45. (a) 3.87 km/s (b)  8.36  1011
25. orange: vi cos  ; yellow: vi sin  (c) 5.29  10 10 (d)  4.46  1010
27. 2.50 m/s at  60.0° 47. (a) v/c  1  1.12  1010 (b) 6.00  1027 J
29. (3.00î  1.20ĵ) m/s (c) $2.17  10 20
31. (a) (9.33î  8.33ĵ) Mm/s (b) 439 fJ 49. (a) a few hundred seconds (b)
108 km
33. r CM  (11.7î  13.3ĵ) cm
:
51. 0.712%
35. (b) 3.57  108 J 53. (a) 0.946c (b) 0.160 ly (c) 0.114 yr
37. (a) (1.40î  2.40ĵ) m/s (b) (7.00î 12.0ĵ) kgm/s (d) 7.50  10 22 J
39. 0.700 m 55. yes, with 18.8 m to spare
41. (a) 39.0 MN (b) 3.20 m/s 2 up 57. (b) For u small compared to c, the relativistic expression
43. (a) 442 metric tons (b) 19.2 metric tons agrees with the classical expression. As u approaches c,
the acceleration approaches zero, so the object can never
45. 4.41 kg
reach or surpass the speed of light.
47. (a) 1.33î m/s (b)  235î N (c) 0.680 s (c) Perform (1  u 2/c 2)3/2du  (qE/m)dt to obtain
(d)  160î Ns and  160î Ns (e) 1.81 m u  qEct(m 2c 2  q 2E 2t 2) 1/2 and then
(f ) 0.454 m (g)  427 J (h)  107 J (i) Equal dx  qEct(m 2c 2  q 2E 2t 2)1/2dt to obtain
friction forces act through different distances on person x  (c/qE)[(m 2c 2  q 2E 2t 2)1/2  mc].
and cart to do different amounts of work on them. The
63. (a) The refugees conclude that Tau Ceti exploded
total work on both together,  320 J, becomes  320 J of
16.0 yr before the Sun.
extra internal energy in this perfectly inelastic collision.
(b) A stationary observer at the midpoint concludes that
49. (a) 2.07 m/s 2 (b) 3.88 m/s they exploded simultaneously.
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 43
y p pp

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.43

Chapter 10 5. (a) 4.39
1020 N toward the Sun (b) 1.99
1020 N
1. (a) 5.00 rad, 10.0 rad/s, 4.00 rad/s 2 away from the Sun (c) 3.55
1022 N toward the Sun
(b) 53.0 rad, 22.0 rad/s, 4.00 rad/s 2 7. M/E  2/3
3. (a) 5.24 s (b) 27.4 rad 9. (a) 7.61 cm/s 2 (b) 363 s (c) 3.08 km
5. 50.0 rev (d) 28.9 m/s at 72.9° below the horizontal
7. (a) 7.27
105 rad/s (b) 2.57
104 s  428 min 11. g  2MGr (r 2  a 2)3/2 toward the center of mass
:

9. (a) 126 rad/s (b) 3.77 m/s (c) 1.26 km/s2 13. (a) 4.23
107 m (b) 0.285 s
(d) 20.1 m 15. 1.90
10 27 kg
11. (a) 0.605 m/s (b) 17.3 rad/s (c) 5.82 m/s 17. 1.26
10 32 kg
(d) The crank length is unnecessary. 19. After 3.93 yr, Mercury would be farther from the Sun
13. 0.572 than Pluto.

√ √
2(m 1  m 2)gh 2(m 1  m 2)gh 21. (a) 1.84
109 kg/m 3 (b) 3.27
10 6 m/s2
17. (a) (b)
m 1  m 2  I/R 2 m 1R 2  m 2R 2  I (c)  2.08
10 13 J
19. 24.5 m/s 23. 1.78 km
21.  3.55 N
m 25. 1.66
10 4 m/s
23.   (2.00k̂) N
m
:
29. 1.58
1010 J
27. [(m1  m b )d  m1
/2]/m 2 31. (b) 1.00
107 m (c) 1.00
104 m/s
29. (a) 1.04 kN at 60.0° (b) (370î  900ĵ) N 33. (a) 0.980 (b) 127 yr (c) 2.13
1017 J
31. (a) T  Fg (L  d)/sin (2L  d) 35. (a) 5 (b) no; no
(b) Rx  Fg (L  d) cot /(2L  d ); R y  Fg L/(2L  d )
37. (a) ii (b) i (c) ii and iii
33. (a) 21.6 kg
m 2 (b) 3.60 N
m (c) 52.4 rev
39. (a) 0.212 nm (b) 9.95
1025 kg
m/s
35. 21.5 N (c) 2.11
1034 kg
m 2/s (d) 3.40 eV
37. (a) 118 N and 156 N (b) 1.17 kg
m 2 (e)  6.80 eV (f)  3.40 eV
39. 2
(a) 11.4 N, 7.57 m/s , 9.53 m/s down (b) 9.53 m/s 41. 4.42
10 4 m/s
41. (60.0k̂) kg
m2/s 43. (a) 29.3% (b) no change
43. (a) 0.433 kg
m 2/s (b) 1.73 kg
m2/s 45. 2.26
107
45. (a) f  i I 1 /(I 1  I 2) (b) I 1/(I 1  I 2) 47. (c) 1.85
105 m/s 2
47. (a) 0.360 rad/s counterclockwise (b) 99.9 J 49. v  492 m/s
49. (a) 7.20
103 kg
m 2/s (b) 9.47 rad/s 51. (a) 7.79 km/s (b) 7.85 km/s (c)  3.04 GJ
51. 5.99
102 J (d)  3.08 GJ (e) loss  46.9 MJ (f) A compo-
nent of the Earth’s gravity pulls forward on the satellite
53. (a) 500 J (b) 250 J (c) 750 J
on its downward-banking trajectory.
55. (a) 2.38 m/s. Its weight is insufficient to provide the
centripetal acceleration. (b) 4.31 m/s 53. (a)m 2(2G/d )1/2(m 1  m 2)1/2 and
(c) The ball does not reach the top of the loop. m 1(2G/d)1/2(m 1  m 2)1/2; relative speed
(2G/d )1/2(m1  m 2)1/2
57. 131 s (b) 1.07
1032 J and 2.67
10 31 J
59. (a) (3g/L)1/2 (b) 3g/2L (c)  32g î  34g ĵ 55. (a) 200 Myr (b)
10 41 kg;
1011 stars
3 1
(d)  2 Mg î  4Mg ĵ 57. (GME /4R E )1/2

√
2mgd sin   kd 2 61. rn  (0.106 nm)n 2, En   6.80 eV/n 2 , for n  1, 2, 3, . . .
61. (a) (b) 1.74 rad/s
I  mR 2
67. (a) 61.2 J (b) 50.8 J Context 2 Conclusion
69. (a) Mvd (b) Mv 2 (c) Mvd (d) 2v 1. (a) 146 d (b) Venus 53.9° behind the Earth
(e) 4Mv 2 (f) 3Mv 2 3. (a) 2.95 km/s (b) 2.65 km/s (c) 10.7 km/s
71. T  2.71 kN, R x  2.65 kN (d) 4.80 km/s
73. (a) 20.1 cm to the left of the front edge;  k  0.571
(b) 0.501 m Chapter 12
75. (a) 133 N (b) nA  429 N and nB  257 N 1. (a) The motion repeats precisely. (b) 1.81 s
(c) R x  133 N and R y   257 N (c) No, the force is not in the form of Hooke’s law.
77. 3
Fg 3. (a) 1.50 Hz, 0.667 s (b) 4.00 m (c)  rad
8
(d) 2.83 m
Chapter 11 5. (b) 18.8 cm/s, 0.333 s (c) 178 cm/s 2, 0.500 s
1. 2.67
107 m/s2 (d) 12.0 cm
3. 7.41
1010 N 9. 40.9 N/m
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 44
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A.44 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

11. (a) 40.0 cm/s, 160 cm/s 2 37. 19.3 m

(b) 32.0 cm/s,  96.0 cm/s 2 (c) 0.232 s 39. (a) 0.364 m (b) 0.398 m (c) 941 Hz
13. 2.23 m/s (d) 938 Hz
15. (a) 0.542 kg (b) 1.81 s (c) 1.20 m/s 2 41. 184 km
17. (a) 28.0 mJ (b) 1.02 m/s (c) 12.2 mJ 43. (Lm/Mg sin )1/2
(d) 15.8 mJ 45. 0.084 3 rad
19. (a) E increases by a factor of 4 (b) v max is doubled.  3 2 2bx  3 2
(c) a max is doubled. (d) The period is unchanged. 49. (a) A0 e (b) A0 (c) e 2bx
2k 2k
21. 2.60 cm and  2.60 cm
51. (a) 0  (L   0)x/L
23. Assume simple harmonic motion: (a) 0.820 m/s
55. 6.01 km
(b) 2.57 rad/s 2 (c) 0.641 N More precisely:
(a) 0.817 m/s (b) 2.54 rad/s 2 (c) 0.634 N 57. (a) 55.8 m/s (b) 2 500 Hz
27. 0.944 kg
m 2 59. The gap between bat and insect is closing at 1.69 m/s.
31. 1.00
103 s1 Chapter 14
33. (a) 1.00 s (b) 5.09 cm 1. (a)  1.65 cm (b)  6.02 cm (c) 1.15 cm
37. 1.74 Hz 3. (a)  x,  x (b) 0.750 s (c) 1.00 m
39. If the cyclist goes over them at one certain speed, the 5. (a) 9.24 m (b) 600 Hz
washboard bumps can excite a resonance vibration of the
7. 91.3
bike, so large in amplitude as to make the rider lose
control.
101 m 9. (a) 156 (b) 0.058 4 cm
41. 6.62 cm 11. (a) To reach the receiver, waves from the more distant
source must travel an extra distance r  /2 and inter-
43. 9.19
1013 Hz
fere destructively with waves from the closer source.
45. (b) 1.04 m/s (c) four times larger, 3.40 m (b) It should move along the hyperbola represented by
47. f  (2L)1(gL  kh 2/M)1/2 9.00x 2  16.0y 2  144.
49. (b) 1.23 Hz 13. at 0.089 1 m, 0.303 m, 0.518 m, 0.732 m, 0.947 m, and
51. (a) 3.00 s (b) 14.3 J (c) 25.5° 1.16 m from one speaker
57. (a) 5.20 s (b) 2.60 s 15. (a) 4.24 cm (b) 6.00 cm (c) 6.00 cm
(d) 0.500 cm, 1.50 cm, 2.50 cm
Chapter 13 17. 0.786 Hz, 1.57 Hz, 2.36 Hz, 3.14 Hz
1. y  6 [(x  4.5t) 2  3]1 19. 15.7 Hz
3. 0.319 m 21. (a) reduced by 12 (b) reduced by 1/√2
5. (a) (3.33î) m/s (b) 5.48 cm (c) increased by √2
(c) 0.667 m, 5.00 Hz (d) 11.0 m/s 23. (a) 163 N (b) 660 Hz
7. (a) 31.4 rad/s (b) 1.57 rad/m Mg
(c) y  (0.120 m) sin(1.57x  31.4t) (d) 3.77 m/s 25.
4Lf 2 tan
(e) 118 m/s 2
27. (a) 0.357 m (b) 0.715 m
9. (a) y  (8.00 cm) sin(7.85x  6t)
(b) y  (8.00 cm) sin(7.85x  6t  0.785) 29. 57.9 Hz
11. (a) 0.021 5 m (b) 1.95 rad (c) 5.41 m/s 31. n(206 Hz) for n  1 to 9 and n(84.5 Hz) for n  2 to 23
(d) y(x, t)  (0.021 5 m) sin(8.38x  80.0t  1.95) 33. 50.0 Hz, 1.70 m
13. 80.0 N 35. n(0.252 m) with n  1, 2, 3, . . .
15. 13.5 N 37. (a) 350 m/s (b) 1.14 m
17. 0.329 s 39. 5.64 beats/s
19. 1.07 kW 41. (a) 1.99 beats/s (b) 3.38 m/s
21. 55.1 Hz 43. The second harmonic of E is close to the third harmonic
23. 5.56 km of A, and the fourth harmonic of C # is close to the fifth
harmonic of A.
25. (a) 23.2 cm (b) 1.38 cm
45. The condition for resonance is satisfied because the
27. (a) 4.16 m (b) 0.455 s (c) 0.158 mm
12 h 24 min period of free oscillation agrees precisely
29. 5.81 m with the period of the lunar excitation.
31. P  (0.200 N/m 2) sin(62.8x/m  2.16
104t/s) 47. (a) 34.8 m/s (b) 0.977 m
33. (a) 3.04 kHz (b) 2.08 kHz (c) 2.62 kHz; 2.40 kHz 49. 3.85 m/s away from the station and 3.77 m/s toward the
35. 26.4 m/s station
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 45
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.45

51. 21.5 m 3. (a) 0.42 m/s (b) greater

53. (a) 59.9 Hz (b) 20.0 cm 4. (a) 16 knots at 56° west of south (b) 47%
1 9
55. (a) 2 (b) [n/(n  1)]2T (c) 16
Chapter 16
57. y 1  y 2  11.2 sin(2.00x  10.0t  63.4)
1. (a) 273°C (b) 1.27 atm (c) 1.74 atm
59. (a) 78.9 N (b) 211 Hz
3. (a) 320°F (b) 77.3 K
Context 3 Conclusion 5. 1.54 km. The pipeline can be supported on rollers.
1. 3.5 cm -shaped loops can be built between straight sections.
2. The speed decreases by a factor of 25. They bend as the steel changes length.
3. Station 1: 15:46:32; Station 2: 15:46:22; Station 3: 7. 0.001 58 cm
15:46:08, all with uncertainties of 1 s 9. (a) 0.176 mm (b) 8.78 m (c) 0.093 0 cm 3
Chapter 15 11. (a) 0.109 cm 2 (b) increase
1. 0.111 kg 13. (a) 99.4 cm 3 (b) 0.943 cm
3. 6.24 MPa 15. 8.72
10 11 atoms/s
5. 1.62 m 17. (a) 400 kPa (b) 449 kPa
7. 7.74
103 m2 19. 1.50
10 29 molecules
9. 271 kN horizontally backward
21. 472 K
11. 2.31 lb
23. (a) 7.13 m (b) The open end of the tube should be
13. 10.5 m; no because some alcohol and water evaporate at the bottom after the bird surfaces so that the water can
15. 98.6 kPa drain out. There is no other requirement. Air does not
17. (a) 7.54 kg (b) 39.8 N (c) 41.9 N up (d) zero tend to bubble out of a narrow tube.
(e) The tension decreases and the normal force increases. 25. 4.39 kg
19. 0.258 N 27. 3.55 L
21. (a) 1.017 9
10 3 N down, 1.029 7
10 3 N up
(b) 86.2 N (c) 11.8 N 29. m1  m 2 
P 0VM
R  T11

1
T2 
23. (a) 7.00 cm (b) 2.80 kg
3 31. 17.6 kPa
25. 1 430 m
33. (a) 3.54
10 23 atoms (b) 6.07
10 21 J
27. 1 250 kg/m3 and 500 kg/m3
(c) 1.35 km/s
29. 1.01 kJ
35. (a) 8.76
10 21 J for both (b) 1.62 km/s for helium
31. 12.8 kg/s
and 514 m/s for argon
33. 2 √h(h 0  h)
39. (a) 2.37
10 4 K (b) 1.06
10 3 K
35. (a) 27.9 N (b) 3.32
104 kg (c) 7.26
10 4 Pa
41. (a) 9.73°C/km (b) As rising air drops in tempera-
37. 0.247 cm
ture, water vapor in it condenses into liquid. It releases
39. (a) 1 atm  15.0 MPa (b) 2.95 m/s (c) 4.34 kPa energy in this process to reduce the net temperature
41. 347 m/s drop. (c) 4.60°C/km (d) 4.34 km (e) Dust
43. (a) 4.43 m/s (b) The siphon can be no higher than aloft absorbs sunlight to raise the temperature there.
10.3 m. Mariner occurred in dustier conditions.
45. 12.6 m/s 43. 0.523 kg
47. 1.61
10 4 m 2 45. (a) Expansion makes density drop. (b) 5
10 5/°C
51. 0.604 m 47. (a) h  nRT/(mg  P 0 A) (b) 0.661 m
55. The top scale reads (1   0 / Fe )m Fe g. The bottom scale 49. We assume that  T is much less than 1.
reads [m b  m 0   0 m Fe/ Fe]g.
51. (a) 0.340% (b) 0.480%
57. (a) 2.79  m/s (b) 7.95 h (c) 8.88
103 m/s2
53. 2.74 m
(d) 31.6 s
59. 4.43 m/s 55. (a) It increases. As the disk cools, its radius and hence
its moment of inertia decrease. Conservation of angular
61. (a) 1.25 cm (b) 13.8 m/s momentum then requires that its angular speed increase.
63. (a) 3.307 g (b) 3.271 g (c) 3.48
104 N (b) 25.7 rad/s
Context 4 Conclusion 57. (b) 1.33 kg/m3
1. 9.8
10 9 N
m 59. 1.12 atm
2. (a) 1.30 MPa (b) yes, but only with specialized 61. (d) 0.275 mm (e) The plate creeps down the roof
equipment and techniques each day by an amount given by the same expression.
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 46
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A.46 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

63. 1.09
10 3, 2.69
10 2, 0.529, 1.00, 0.199, 51. 3.85
1026 J/s
1.01
10 41, 1.25
10 1 082 53. 74.8 kJ
55. 279 K  6C
57. (a) 0.964 kg or more (b) The test samples and the
Chapter 17
inner surface of the insulation can be preheated to
1. 0.281C 37.0C as the box is assembled. Then nothing changes in
3. 87.0C temperature during the test period, and the masses of
the test samples and insulation make no difference.
5. 29.6C
59. (a) 13.0C (b)  0.532 C/s
7. (a) 16.1C (b) 16.1C
61. c  /R T
9. 23.6C 63. (a) 9.31
1010 J (b)  8.47
1012 J
11. 1.22
105 J (c) 8.38
1012 J
13. 0.294 g 65. 5.31 h
15. (a) 0C (b) 114 g 67. (a) 15.0 mg; block: Q  0, W   5.00 J, E int  0,
K   5.00 J; ice: Q  0, W   5.00 J; E int  5.00 J,
17. liquid lead at 805C K  0 (b) 15.0 mg; block: Q  0, W  0,
19.  1.18 MJ E int  5.00 J, K   5.00 J; metal: Q  0, W  0,
E int  0, K  0 (c) 0.004 04C; moving block: Q  0,
21.  466 J
W   2.50 J, E int  2.50 J, K   5.00 J; stationary
23. Q   720 J block: Q  0, W   2.50 J, E int  2.50 J, K  0
25. Q W E int 69. 38.6 m3/d
BC  0  71. (a) 100 kPa, 66.5 L, 400 K; 5.82 kJ; 7.48 kJ; 1.66 kJ
CA    (b) 133 kPa, 49.9 L, 400 K; 5.82 kJ; 5.82 kJ; 0
AB    (c) 120 kPa, 41.6 L, 300 K; 0;  909 J;  909 J
(d) 120 kPa, 43.3 L, 312 K; 722 J; 0;  722 J
27. (a) 7.50 kJ (b) 900 K 73. (a) 300 K (b) 1.00 atm
29.  3.10 kJ; 37.6 kJ 75. (a) 0.203 mol (b) TB  TC  900 K, VC  15.0 L
31. (a) 0.041 0 m3 (b)  5.48 kJ (c)  5.48 kJ (c, d) P, atm V, L T, K E int, kJ
33. (a) 3.46 kJ (b) 2.45 kJ (c)  1.01 kJ
A 1.00 5.00 300 0.760
35. (a) 209 J (b) zero (c) 317 K B 3.00 5.00 900 2.28
37. between 102 C and 103 C C 1.00 15.0 900 2.28
A 1.00 5.00 300 0.760
39. 13.5PV
41. (a) 1.39 atm (b) 366 K, 253 K (e) Lock the piston in place and put the cylinder into an
(c) 0,  4.66 kJ,  4.66 kJ oven at 900 K. Keep the gas in the oven while gradually
43. (a) P letting the gas expand to lift a load on the piston as far
as it can. Move the cylinder from the oven back to the
3Pi B
300-K room and let the gas cool and contract.
(f, g) Q , kJ W, kJ E int, kJ

AB 1.52 0 1.52
BC 1.67  1.67 0
2Pi CA  2.53  1.01  1.52
ABCA 0.656  0.656 0

Chapter 18
Pi A C 1. (a) 6.94% (b) 335 J
3. (a) 10.7 kJ (b) 0.533 s
5. (a) 67.2% (b) 58.8 kW
7. (a) 741 J (b) 459 J
0 4 8 V (L) 9. 0.330
(b) 8.77 L (c) 900 K (d) 300 K (e)  336 J 11. (b) 1  Tc /Th (c) (Tc  Th )/2 (d) (ThTc )1/2
45. 25.0 kW 13. (a) 24.0 J (b) 144 J
47. (a) 9.95 cal/K, 13.9 cal/K (b) 13.9 cal/K, 17.9 cal/K 15. (a) 2.93 (b) coefficient of performance for a
49. 51.2C refrigerator (c) $300 is twice as large as $150
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 47
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ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.47

19. 1.17 J (e)  480 zC, 14.0 u (f)  640 zC, 14.0 u
21. 72.2 J (g)  1.12 aC, 14.0 u (h)  160 zC, 18.0 u
23. 195 J/K 3. The force is
10 26 N.
25. (a) isobaric (b) 402 kJ (c) 1.20 kJ/K 5. 0.872 N at 330°
27. (a) 1 (b) 6 7. (a) 2.16
105 N toward the other
(b) 8.99
107 N away from the other
29. (a) Result Number of ways to draw
9. (a) 82.2 nN (b) 2.19 Mm/s
All R 1
11. 1.82 m to the left of the negative charge
2R, 1G 3
1R, 2G 3 13. (a) ( 0.599î  2.70 ĵ) kN/C
All G 1 (b) (3.00î  13.5 ĵ)  N
15. (a) 5.91 k e q/a 2 at 58.8° (b) 5.91 k e q 2/a 2 at 58.8°
(b) Result Number of ways to draw 17. 1.59
106 N/C toward the rod
All R 1 19. (a) 6.64î MN/C (b) 24.1î MN/C
4R, 1G 5 (c) 6.40î MN/C (d) 0.664iˆ MN/C, taking the axis of
3R, 2G 10 the ring as the x axis
2R, 3G 10 21.  21.6î MN/C
1R, 4G 5 23. (a) 2.00
1010 C (b) 1.41
1010 C
All G 1 (c) 5.89
1011 C
25.
31. 1.02 kJ/K
33.
100 W/K from metabolism; much more if you are
using high-power electric appliances or an automobile,
or if your taxes are paying for a war.
35. 0.507 J/K
37. (a) 5.2
1017 J (b) 1.8
103 s
39. (a) 5.00 kW (b) 763 W
41. 32.9 kJ
43. (a) 2nRTi ln 2 (b) 0.273 27. (a) 61.3 Gm/s 2 (b) 19.5 s (c) 11.7 m
(d) 1.20 f J
45. 5.97
10 4 kg/s
29. (a) 111 ns (b) 5.68 mm (c) (450î  102ĵ) km/s
49. (a) 4.11 kJ (b) 14.2 kJ (c) 10.1 kJ (d) 28.9%
31. 4.14 MN/C
51. (a) 10.5nRTi (b) 8.50nRTi (c) 0.190
(d) 0.833 33. (a)  Q /2  0 (b)  Q /2 0

53. (a) nCP ln 3 (b) Both ask for the change in entropy 35. (a) 0 (b) 365 kN/C radially outward
between the same two states of the same system. Entropy (c) 1.46 MN/C outward (d) 649 kN/C radially
is a state variable. The change in entropy does not outward
depend on path, but only on original and final states. 37. (a) 913 nC (b) 0
:
55. (a) VA  1.97 L, VB  11.9 L, VC  32.8 L, VD  5.44 L, 39. E   r/2 0 away from the axis
PB  4.14 atm, PD  6.03 atm (b) 2.99 kJ 41. 3.50 kN
(c) 0.333 :
43. E  Q /2 0 A vertically upward in each case if Q 0
57. 1.18 J/K
45. (a) 0 (b) 79.9 MN/C radially outward (c) 0
Context 5 Conclusion (d) 7.34 MN/C radially outward

1. 298 K 47. (a)  ,  3 (b) 3/2  0r radially outward

2. 60 km 49. (a) 80.0 nC/m 2 on each face (b) 9.04 k̂ kN/C

(c)  9.04 k̂ kN/C
3. (c) 336 K (d) The troposphere and stratosphere are
too thick to be accurately modeled as having uniform 51. 1.77
1012 C/m3, positive
temperatures. (e) 227 K (f) 107 (g) The 53. possible only with a charge of  51.3  C at x   16.0 cm
multilayer model should be better for Venus than for the 55. 40.9 N at 263°
Earth. There are many layers, so the temperature of each 57. 26.7  C
can be reasonably uniform.
59. (a)  1   2
Chapter 19 61. (b) in the  z direction
1. (a)  160 zC, 1.01 u (b)  160 zC, 23.0 u 63. (a)  / 0 away from both plates (b) 0 (c) / 0
(c)  160 zC, 35.5 u (d)  320 zC, 40.1 u away from both plates
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 48
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A.48 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

65. (a)  r/3 0 ; Q /4 0r 2; 0; Q /4 0 r 2, all radially outward 57. (a) 369 pC (b) 118 pF, 3.12 V (c)  45.5 nJ
(b)  Q /4 b 2 and  Q /4  c 2 59. 9.79 kg
61. 253 MeV
Chapter 20
63 keQ 2/2R
1. (a) 152 km/s (b) 6.49 Mm/s
65. 579 V
3. (a)  600  J (b)  50.0 V
67. (a) volume 9.09
1016 m3, area 4.54
1010 m2
5. 38.9 V; the origin
(b) 2.01
1013 F
7. (a) 1.44
107 V (b)  7.19
108 V (c) 2.01
1014 C; 1.26
105 electronic charges
(c)  1.44
10 V,  7.19
108 V
7
71. (a)  2Q /3 on upper plate, Q /3 on lower plate
9. (a)  4.83 m (b) 0.667 m and  2.00 m (b) 2Qd/3 0 A
11.  11.0 MV 73. 0.188 m2
15. (a) 10.8 m/s and 1.55 m/s (b) greater 0 2
75. (a) (

x(  1))
17. (a) no point at a finite distance from the charges d
(b) 2k e q/a
Q 2d
19. 5k e q 2/9d (b)
2 0(
2 
x(  1))
21. (a) 10.0 V,  11.0 V,  32.0 V Q 2d
(  1)
(b) 7.00 N/C in the  x direction (c) to the right
:
2 0(
2 
x(  1))2
23. E  ( 5  6xy)î  (3x2  2z2)ĵ  4yzkˆ; 7.07 N/C
(d) 205 N to the right
25. (a) coulombs per square meter
(b) k e [L  d ln (1  L/d)] 77. 4
3C
27.  1.51 MV
29. (a) 0, 1.67 MV (b) 5.84 MN/C away, 1.17 MV Chapter 21
(c) 11.9 MN/C away, 1.67 MV 1. 7.50
1015 electrons
31. (a) 48.0 C (b) 6.00 C 3. (a) 0.632 I 0 (b) 0.999 95 I 0 (c) I 0
33. (a) 1.33 C/m 2 (b) 13.3 pF 5. 0.130 mm/s
35. (a) 11.1 kV/m toward the negative plate 7. 6.43 A
(b) 98.3 nC/m 2 (c) 3.74 pF (d) 74.7 pC 9. (a) 31.5 n
m (b) 6.35 MA/m2 (c) 49.9 mA
37. mgd tan /q (d) 659 m/s (e) 0.400 V
39. (a) 17.0 F (b) 9.00 V (c) 45.0 C and 108 C 11. 1.71 
41. (a) 5.96 F (b) 89.5 C on 20 F, 63.2 C on 6 F, 13. 0.181 V/m
26.3 C on 15 F and on 3 F 15. 448 A
43. 120 C; 80.0 C and 40.0 C 17. 36.1%
45. (a) 398 F in series (b) 2.20 F in parallel 19. (a) 184 W (b) 461C
47. (a) 216  J (b) 54.0  J 21. (a) $1.61 (b) $0.005 82 (c) $0.416
49. (a) circuit diagram: 23. (a) 667 A (b) 50.0 km
25. (a) 6.73  (b) 1.97 
27. (a) 17.1  (b) 1.99 A for 4  and 9 , 1.17 A for 7 ,
100 V 0.818 A for 10 
25.0 µF 5.00 µF 29. (a) 227 mA (b) 5.68 V
31. 14.2 W to 2 , 28.4 W to 4 , 1.33 W to 3 ,
4.00 W to 1 
stored energy  0.150 J 33. (a) 470 W (b) 1.60 mm or more
(c) 2.93 mm or more
(b) potential difference  268 V
35. 846 mA down in the 8- resistor; 462 mA down in the
circuit diagram:
25.0 µ F middle branch; 1.31 A up in the right-hand branch
37. (a)  222 J and 1.88 kJ (b) 687 J, 128 J, 25.6 J, 616 J,
268 V 205 J (c) 1.66 kJ of chemical energy is transformed
into internal energy
39. 50.0 mA from a to e
5.00 µ F 41. (a) 5.00 s (b) 150 C (c) 4.06 A
53. (a) 81.3 pF (b) 2.40 kV 43. (a) 1.50 s (b) 1.00 s (c) (200  100e t/1.00 s)A
55. 1.04 m 45. (a) 6.00 V (b) 8.29 s
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 49
y p pp

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.49

47. 6.00
1015/

m 51. (a) 1.4 MJ/mi (b) 5.7 MJ/mi (c) 1/400
49. (a) 576 , 144  (b) 4.80 s. The charge is the same. : 0 JS : 0 JS
53. B k̂ for x 0 and B   k̂ for x  0
It is at a location of lower potential energy. 2 2
(c) 0.040 0 s. Energy entering by electrical transmission 55. (a) The electric current experiences a magnetic force.
exits by heat and electromagnetic radiation. (c) no, no, no
(d) $1.26, energy at 1.94
108 $/J
57. (a) (3.52î  1.60ĵ) aN (b) 24.4
51. (a) (8.00î) V/m (b) 0.637  (c) 6.28 A
59. B
101 T, 
101 N
m, I
100 A, A
103 m2,
(d) (200î) MA/m2
N
103
53. (a) 12.5 A, 6.25 A, 8.33 A
61. (a) 1.04
104 m (b) 1.89
104 m
(b) No; together they would require 27.1 A.
55. 2.22 h 63.
0I
2w 
ln 1 
w
b  k̂
57. (a) R :  (b) R : 0 (c) R  r
0q
59. (a) 9.93 C (b) 33.7 nA (c) 334 nW 65.
(d) 337 nW 2.5R √5
61. (a) 222 C (b) increases by 444 C 67. (a) 2.46 N up (b) 107 m/s2 up
63. (a) 0.991 (b) 0.648 Chapter 23
(c) Insulation should be added to the ceiling. 1. 0.800 mA
Context 6 Conclusion 3. 160 A
1. (a) 87.0 s (b) 261 s (c) t :  5. (a) ( 0IL/2) ln(1  w/h)
2. (a) 0.01 s (b) 7
106 (b)  4.80 V; current is counterclockwise
3. (a) 3
106 (b) 9
106 7. 61.8 mV
9. (b) The emf induced in the coil is proportional to the
Chapter 22 line integral of the magnetic field around the circular
1. (a) up (b) toward you, out of the plane of the paper axis of the toroid. By Ampère’s law, this line integral
(c) no deflection (d) into the plane of the paper depends only on the current the circle encloses.
3. (a) 8.67
10 14 N (b) 5.19
1013 m/s2 11. (a) eastward (b) 458 V
5. 8.93
10 30 N down, 1.60
1017 N up, 13. (a) 3.00 N to the right (b) 6.00 W
4.80
10 17 N down 15. mvR/B
2 2

7. 115 keV 17. 24.1 V with the outer contact positive

9. 7.88 pT 19. 2.83 mV
11. 0.278 m 21. (b) Larger R makes current smaller, so the loop must
13. 70.1 mT travel faster to maintain equality of magnetic force and
15. ( 2.88ĵ) N weight. (c) The magnetic force is proportional to the
product of field and current, whereas the current is itself
17. 2rIB sin  up
proportional to field. If B becomes two times smaller, the
19. (a) 5.41 mA
m2 (b) 4.33 mN
m speed must become four times larger to compensate.
21. 9.98 N
m clockwise as seen looking down from above 23. (a) 7.54 kV
:
(b) The plane of the coil is parallel to B.
23. 12.5 T 25. 1.80 mN/C upward and to the left, perpendicular to r 1
0I 27. 19.5 mV
25. into the paper
4x 29. (18.8 V) cos(377t)
27.  1 
1 0I
 2R
directed into the page 31.
33.
(a) 360 mV
(a) 0.139 s
(b) 180 mV
(b) 0.461 s
(c) 3.00 s

29. (a) 2I1 out of the page (b) 6I 1 into the page 35. (a) 2.00 ms (b) 0.176 A (c) 1.50 A (d) 3.22 ms
31. 261 nT into the page 37. (a) 20.0% (b) 4.00%
33. (a) 21.5 mA (b) 4.51 V (c) 96.7 mW 39. (500 mA)(1  e10t/s ), 1.50 A  (0.250 A)e10t/s
35. ( 27.0î) N 41. (a) 5.66 ms (b) 1.22 A (c) 58.1 ms
37. 20.0 T toward the bottom of the page 43. 2.44  J
39. (a) 6.34 mN/m inward (b) greater 45.
: :
44.2 nJ/m3 for the E field and 995  J/m3 for the B field
41. (a) 3.60 T (b) 1.94 T 47. (a) 2.93 mT up (b) 3.42 Pa (c) clockwise
43. 500 A (d) up (e) 1.30 mN
45. 31.8 mA 49.  7.22 mV cos(2  523 t/s)
47. 207 W 51.
104 V, by reversing a 20-turn coil of diameter 3 cm in
49. (a) 8.63
1045 electrons (b) 4.01
1020 kg 0.1 s in a field of 103 T
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 50
y p pp

A.50 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

53. (a) 254 km/s (b) 215 V 63. (a) 625 kW/m2 (b) 21.7 kN/C, 72.4 T
55. 6.00 A (c) 17.8 min
59. (87.1 mV) cos(200  t  ) 65. (b) 17.6 Tm/s2, 1.75
1027 W (c) 1.80
1024 W
61. (a) L  (/2)N 2 0 R (b)
100 nH (c)
1 ns 67. (a) 388 K (b) 363 K
63. 3.97
1025  69. (a) 22.6 h (b) 30.6 s
65. (a) 50.0 mT (b) 20.0 mT (c) 2.29 MJ
(d) 318 Pa Chapter 25
1. (a) 1.94 m (b) 50.0° above the horizontal
Context 7 Conclusion
3. six times from the mirror on the left and five times from
1. 5.56 Hz the mirror on the right
2. Both are correct. 5. 15.4°; 2.56 m
7. 19.5° above the horizon
Chapter 24
9. (a) 2.0
108 m/s (b) 474 THz (c) 4.2
107 m
1. 1.85 aT up
11. (a) 181 Mm/s (b) 225 Mm/s (c) 136 Mm/s
3. ( 2.87ĵ  5.75k̂) Gm/s2
13. 30.0° and 19.5° at entry; 19.5° and 30.0° at exit
5. 2.25
108 m/s
15. tan1 n
7. (a) 6.00 MHz (b) ( 73.3k̂ ) nT
: 17. 3.88 mm
(c) B  [( 73.3k̂) nT] cos(0.126x  3.77
107t )
19. 30.4° and 22.3°
11. 2.9
108 m/s  5%
21.
1011 s; between 103 and 104 wavelengths
13. (c) 2.00 kHz (d)  0.075 0 m/s  0.2 mi/h
23. 0.171°
15. 0.220c  6.59
107 m/s
25. 27.9°
17. 608 pF
27. 4.61°
19. (a) 503 Hz (b) 12.0 C (c) 37.9 mA (d) 72.0 J
29. (a) 24.4° (b) 37.0° (c) 49.8°
21. 307 W/m 2
31. 1.000 08
23. 3.33
103 m2
33. 67.2°
25. (a) 332 kW/m2 radially inward
35. 82 reflections
(b) 1.88 kV/m and 222 T
37. 23.1°
27. 5.16 m
29. (a) 1.90 kN/C (b) 50.0 pJ (c) 1.67
1019 kg
m/s 39. (a)
c 
h n  1.00
2  (b) 
n  1.00
2 
times longer
31. The radio audience hears it 8.41 ms sooner.
41. 2.27 m
33. 545 THz
43. (a) 0.172 mm/s (b) 0.345 mm/s (c) northward
35. (a) 6.00 pm (b) 7.50 cm
at 50.0° below the horizontal (d) northward at 50.0°
37. 56.2 m below the horizontal
39. (a) 0.690 wavelengths (b) 58.9 wavelengths 45. 62.2%
41. (a) 54.7° (b) 63.4° (c) 71.6° 47. (a) 0.042 6  4.26% (b) no difference
1
45. 8 49. 70.6%
49. (a) 4.24 PW/m2 (b) 1.20 pJ  7.50 MeV
51. 27.5°
51. 3.49
1016 photons
53. (a) It always happens. (b) 30.3° (c) It cannot
53. (a) three: 632.808 57 nm, 632.809 14 nm, and happen.
632.809 71 nm (b) 697 m/s (c) For an atom
55. 2.36 cm
moving away from the observer at the rms speed, the
wavelength is increased by 0.001 47 nm. For an 57. 1.93
approaching atom, the wavelength is decreased by this 59. (a) 1.20 (b) 3.40 ns
amount. Many atoms are moving at speeds higher than
the rms speed.
Chapter 26
55. (a) 3.85
1026 W (b) 1.02 kV/m and 3.39 T
1.
109 s younger
57. (a) 2 2r 2fBmax cos , where  is the angle between the
magnetic field and the normal to the loop 3. 35.0 in.
(b) The loop should be in the vertical plane containing 5. 10.0 ft, 30.0 ft, 40.0 ft
the line of sight to the transmitter. 7. (a) 13.3 cm, real and inverted, 0.333 (b) 20.0 cm,
59. (a) 6.67
1016 T (b) 5.31
1017 W/m2 real and inverted, 1.00 (c) No image is formed.
(c) 1.67
1014 W (d) 5.56
1023 N 9. (a) 12.0 cm; 0.400 (b) 15.0 cm; 0.250
61. 95.1 mV/m (c) upright
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 51
y p pp

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.51

11. (a) q  45.0 cm; M  0.500 (b) q  60.0 cm; 37. 1.16 mm/s toward the lens

√
M  3.00 (c) Image (a) is real, inverted, and d d2
diminished. Image (b) is virtual, upright, and 39. (a) p    fd (b) Both images are real
2 4
enlarged. and inverted. One is enlarged, the other diminished.
41. (a) 0.833 mm (b) 0.820 mm
 Md Md
43. f if M  1, f  if M 1
(1  M )2 (M  1)2
45.  25.0 cm
47. (a) 67.5 cm (b) The lenses can be displaced in two
O I F
ways. The first lens can be displaced 1.28 cm farther away
C
from the object and the second lens 17.7 cm toward the
object. Alternatively, the first lens can be displaced
0.927 cm toward the object and the second lens 4.44 cm
toward the object.
49. 0.107 m to the right of the vertex of the hemispherical face
51. 8.00 cm

C F O I O F I L1 F

13. At 0.708 cm in front of the reflecting surface. Image is

virtual, upright, and diminished. O, F L2 F
15. 7.90 mm
17. (a) a concave mirror with radius of curvature 2.08 m
(b) 1.25 m from the object
19. (a) 25.6 m (b) 0.058 7 rad (c) 2.51 m
53. 1.50 m in front of the mirror; 1.40 cm (inverted)
(d) 0.023 9 rad (e) 62.8 m from your eyes
55. (a) 30.0 cm and 120 cm (b) 24.0 cm
21. 38.2 cm below the top surface of the ice
(c) real, inverted, diminished with M  0.250
23. 8.57 cm
57. (a) 263 cm (b) 79.0 cm
25. (a) 45.0 cm (b) 90.0 cm (c) 6.00 cm
59. The image is real, inverted, and actual size.
27. (a) 16.4 cm (b) 16.4 cm
29. (a) 650 cm from the lens on the opposite side from Chapter 27
the object; real, inverted, enlarged (b) 600 cm from 1. 515 nm
the lens on the same side as the object; virtual, upright, 3. (a) 55.7 m (b) 124 m
enlarged
5. 1.54 mm
31. 2.84 cm
7. 641
35. (a) 12.3 cm, to the left of the lens (b) 0.615
9. (a) 13.2 rad (b) 6.28 rad (c) 0.012 7°
(c)
(d) 0.059 7°
11. 48.0  m
13. 0.968
15. (a) green (b) violet
17. 96.2 m
F O I F 19. 4.35  m
21. 0.230 mm
23. 91.2 cm
25. 51.8 m wide and 949  m high
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 52
y p pp

A.52 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

27. 3.09 m potential energy, the electron would immediately

29. 13.1 m escape.
31. 105 m 25. (a) 14.9 keV (b) 124 keV
33. 5.91° in first order, 13.2° in second order, 26.5° in third 29. (a) 993 nm (b) 4.96 mm (c) If its detection
order forms part of an interference pattern, the neutron must
have passed through both slits. If we test to see which slit
35. (a) 5 orders (b) 10 orders in the short-wavelength
a particular neutron passes through, it will not form part
region
of the interference pattern.
37. three, at 0° and at 45.2° to the right and left
31. within 1.16 mm for the electron, 5.28
1032 m for the
39. 14.4° bullet
41. (a) 0.738 mm (b) Individual waves from all the 33. 3.79
1028 m, 190 times the diameter of the visible
transparent zones will add crest-on-crest to interfere Universe
constructively at the slit images. The grating equation
35. (b) 519 am
d sin   m  is satisfied at the slit images. Elsewhere on
the screen destructive interference will prevent light 37. (a) 126 pm (b) 5.27
1024 kg
m/s (c) 95.5 eV
from reaching the screen. 39. (a) n
4 603 eV
43. number of antinodes  number of constructive interfer-
ence zones  1 plus 2 times the greatest positive integer
 d/; number of nodes  number of destructive inter-
ference zones  2 times the greatest positive integer
 (d/  12) 3 339 eV
20.0
106 °C1

ENERGY
45.
47. 2.50 mm 2 151 eV
49. 113 dark fringes
1 37.7 eV
53. 632.8 nm
55. (a) 25.6° (b) 19.0° (b) 2.20 nm, 2.75 nm, 4.12 nm, 4.71 nm, 6.60 nm, 11.0 nm
57. (a) 3.53
10 3 cm1 (b) 11 41. (a) (15h/8m e c)1/2 (b) 1.25
59. 4.58  m  d  5.23 m 45. (a) L/2 (b) 5.26
105 (c) 3.99
102
(d) The probability density has peaks around L/4 and
Context 8 Conclusion 3L/4, and a zero at L/2. Because the probability density
1. 130 nm is symmetric about L/2, the average experimental value
has to be L/2.
2. 74.2 grooves/mm
47. 0.250
3. 1.8 m/bit
49. (a) 0.010 3 (b) 0.990
4. 48 059
51. 85.9
5.
108 W/m2
53. (a) 1.06 mm (b) microwave
Chapter 28 55. length 0.333 m, radius 19.8 m
1. 1.69% 57. (a)
3. About 5 200 K. A firefly cannot be at this temperature, so K max (eV)
its light cannot be blackbody radiation. 2
5. 2.27
1030 photons/s Maximum photoelectron
energy increasing linearly
7. 1.32
1031 with photon frequency
9. (a) 296 nm, 1.01 PHz (b) 2.71 V
11. (a) 1.90 eV (b) 0.216 V 1
13. 8.41 pC
15. (a) 488 fm (b) 268 keV (c) 31.5 keV
17. 70.0°
19. By this definition, ionizing radiation is the ultraviolet 0
light, x-rays and  rays with wavelength shorter than 400 500 600 700 f (THz)
124 nm; that is, with frequency higher than 2.41
1015 Hz.
21. (a) 0.709 nm (b) 414 nm (b) 6.4
1034 J
s  8% (c) 1.4
23. (a)
100 MeV or more (b) No. With kinetic energy 59. (a) 2.82
1037 m (b) 1.06
10 32 J
much larger than the magnitude of its negative electric (c) 2.87
1035 % or more
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 53
y p pp

ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS ❚ A.53

61. ψ 15. (a) n
m
ms

1
3 2 2 2
3 2 2  12
A
1
3 2 1 2

(a) 3 2 1  12
1
3 2 0 2
3 2 0  12
1
3 2 1 2

x 3 2 1  12
–1/α 0 1/α 1
3 2 2 2
3 2 2  12
ψ 2
(b) n
m
ms
1
3 1 1 2
A2
3 1 1  12
1
(b) 3 1 0 2
3 1 0  12
1
3 1 1 2
3 1 1  12
x
–1/α 0 1/α 17.
4
19. (a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 18 (d) 32 (e) 50
(c) The wave function is continuous. It shows localization
by approaching zero as x :  . It is everywhere finite 21. (a) 3.99
1017 kg/m3 (b) 81.7 am (c) 1.77 Tm/s
and can be normalized. (d) A  √ (e) 0.632 (d) 5.91
10 3 c
65. (a) 23. n  3;
 2; m
  2,  1, 0, 1, or 2; s  1; ms   1,
ψ 2 = (2/a)e –2x/a
ψ
0, or 1, for a total of 15 states
2
a– 25. The 4s subshell is filled first. We would expect [Ar]3d 44s 2
to have lower energy, but [Ar]3d 54s 1 has more unpaired
spins and lower energy according to Hund’s rule. It is the
ground-state configuration of chromium.
27. aluminum
29. (a) 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s
(b) Element 15 should have valence  5 or  3, and it
does. Element 47 should have valence  1, but it has
valence  1. Element 86 should be inert, and it is.
0 a x
31. 18.4 T
(b) 0 (c) 0.865 33. 124 V
35. 0.072 5 nm
Chapter 29 37. iron
1. (b) 0.846 ns 41. (a) 0.160c (b) 2.82
109 ly
3. (a) 2.89
1034 kg
m2/s (b) 2.74
1068 43. (a) 609  eV (b) 6.9  eV (c) 147 GHz, 2.04 mm
(a) 7.30
10 69
47. The classical frequency is 4 2me k e 2e 4/h 3n 3.
5. (a) 1.89 eV, 656 nm (b) 3.40 eV, 365 nm
49. (a) 1.57
1014 m3/2 (b) 2.47
1028 m3
7. (a) 1.31 m (b) 164 nm (c) 8.69
108 m1
9. (a) p  /2r (b) Choosing p  /r , we find 51. 3h 2/4mL2
that E  K  U  2/2me r 2  k e e 2/r .
(c) r  2/me ke e 2  a 0 and E   13.6 eV, in agreement 55. 5.39 keV
with the Bohr theory 57. 0.125
11. (b) 0.497 59. 9.79 GHz
13. It does, with E   ke e 2/2a 0. 61. (a)
106 m/s2 (b)
1 m
45455_Ans_pA38-A54 1/7/05 2:12 PM Page 54
y p pp

A.54 ❚ ANSWERS TO ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

Chapter 30 9. 67.5 MeV, 67.5 MeV/c, 16.3 ZHz

1.
1028 ;
1028 ;
1028 11. (a) 0.782 MeV (b) ve  0.919c, vp  380 km/s
3. (a) 29.5 fm (b) 5.18 fm (c) The wavelength is (c) The electron is relativistic; the proton is not.
much less than the distance of closest approach. 13.  : 0  K  , K S0 :     , 0 : p    ,
5. 16.0 km n : p  e   e
7. (a) 29.2 MHz (b) 42.6 MHz (c) 2.13 kHz 15. (b) The second violates strangeness conservation.
9. greater for 157N by 3.54 MeV 17. (a)  (b)  (c) e (d) e (e)  (f) e  
11. 200 MeV 19. (a), (c), and (f) violate baryon number conservation.
(b), (d), and (e) can occur. (f) violates muon-lepton
13. (a) 1.55
105/s, 12.4 h (b) 2.39
1013 atoms
number conservation.
(c) 1.88 mCi
21. (a) e (b)  (c)  (d)   
15. 86.4 h
23. (b) and (c) conserve strangeness. (a), (d), (e), and
17. 2.66 d
(f) violate strangeness conservation.
19. 4.27 MeV
25. (a) not allowed; violates conservation of baryon number
21. 9.96
103 yr (b) strong interaction (c) weak interaction
23. (a) e  p : n   (d) weak interaction (e) electromagnetic interaction
(b) 158 O atom : 15
7N atom   (c) 2.75 MeV 27. (a) K (b)  0 (c)  0
25. (a) 148 Bq/m3 (b) 7.05
107 atoms/m3 29. 9.26 cm
(c) 2.17
1017 31. (a) 3.34
10 26 e, 9.36
10 26 u, 8.70
10 26 d
27. 79 Au  0 n
(a) 197 1
: 198
80 Hg  10 e    (b)
10 28 e,
10 29 u,
10 29 d. You have zero
(b) 7.89 MeV strangeness, charm, truth, and beauty.
29. 5.80 Mm 33. m u  312 MeV/c 2, m d  314 MeV/c 2
31. about 3 000 yr 35. (a) The reaction ud  uud : sd  uds has a total of 1 u,
33. 3.60
10 38 protons/s 2 d, and 0 s quarks originally and finally. (b) The
reaction du  uud : su  uus has a net of 3 u, 0 d, and
35. (b) 26.7 MeV
0 s before and after. (c) us  uud : su  sd  sss
37. (a) 8
10 4 eV (b) 4.62 MeV and 13.9 MeV shows conservation at 1 u, 1 d, and 1 s quark.
(c) 1.03
107 kWh (d) The process uud  uud : sd  uud  du  uds
39. (a) 5.70 MeV (b) exothermic; 3.27 MeV nets 4 u, 2 d, and 0 s initially and finally; the mystery
41. (b) 1.53 MeV particle is a 0 or a ! 0.
43. (a) conservation of energy (b) electric potential 37. a neutron, udd
energy of the nucleus (c) 1.20 MeV 39. (a) e, antiproton (b) 0, antineutron
45. (b) 1.94 meV 41. (a) 590.07 nm (b) 597 nm (c) 661 nm
47. (a)
101 356 (b) 0.891
43. (a) 8.41
10 6 kg (b) No. It is only the fraction
49. (b) 4.78 MeV 4.23
1024 of the mass of the Sun.
51. 1.66
10 3 yr 45. (a)
10 13 K (b)
10 10 K
53. (a) 0.963 mm (b) It increases by 7.47% 47. (b) 11.8 Gyr
55. (b) R/
49.
10 14
57. 2.56
10 4 kg
51. one part in 50 000 000
59. (a) 2.65 GJ (b) The fusion energy is 78.0 times larger.
53. 0.407%
61. (a) 15.5 cm (b) 51.7 MeV (c) The number of
decays per second is the decay rate R, and the energy 55. 5.35 MeV and 32.3 MeV
released in each decay is Q. Then the energy released 57. 1 116 MeV/c 2
per unit time interval is   QR. (d) 227 kJ/yr 59. 70.4 MeV
(e) 3.18 J/yr
61. 2.52
10 3 K
63. (a) 422 MBq (b) 153 ng
63. (a) Z 0 boson (b) gluon or photon
Chapter 31 65. (a) 127 MeV (b) 1.06 mm (c) 1.17 meV
1. 453 ZHz; 662 am (d) 58.1 EeV
3. (a) 558 TJ (b) $2.17
107
5. 118 MeV Context 9 Conclusion
7.
1018 m 1. (a) 1.61
1035 m (b) 5.38
1044 s (c) yes