36 Solutions, Mixtures, and Media

,, ,,, , , ,

In this nomenclature, the brackets signify concentration. A logarithm (log) is an

exponent, a number written above, smaller, and to the fight of another number, called
the base, to which the base should be raised. For example, for 102, the 2 is the
exponent and the 10 is the base. In 1 0 2 , the base, 10, should be raised to the second
power, which means that 10 should be multiplied by itself a total of two times. This
will give a value of 100, as shown here:

102 = 10 x 10 = 100

The log of 100 is 2 because that is the exponent of 10 that yields 100. The log of 1000
is 3 since 103 - 1000"

10 3 - 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000

The log of a number can be found on most calculators by entering the number and
then pressing the log key.

In pure water, the H § concentration ([H+]) is equal to 10-7 M. In other words, in 1 L of

water, 0.0000001 moles of hydrogen ion will be present. The pH of water, therefore,
is calculated as follows"

pH - - log(10 -7) = - (-7) - 7

Pure water, therefore, has a pH of 7.0.

pH values range from 0 to 14. Solutions having pH values less than 7 are acidic.
Solutions having pH values greater than 7 are alkaline, or basic. Water, with a pH of
7, is considered a neutral solution; it is neither acidic nor basic.

When an acid, such as hydrochloric acid (HC1), is added to pure water, the hydrogen
ion concentration increases above 1 0 -7 M. When a base, such as sodium hydroxide
(NaOH), is added to pure water, the OH- ion is dissociated from the base. This
hydroxyl ion can associate with the H § ions already in the water to form I-I20
molecules, reducing the solution's hydrogen ion concentration and increasing the
solution' s pH.

Problem 2.16 The concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is 10-5 M. What is the
solution' s pH?

Solution 2.16 pH is the negative logarithm of 10 -5.

pH=- log[H+]= - log(10-5)=-(-5)=5

Therefore, the pH of the solution is 5. It is acidic.

 Solutions, Mixtures, and Media 37

Problem 2.17 The concentration of hydrogen ion in a solution is 2.5 x 10-4 M. What is
the solution's pH?

Solution 2.17 The product rule for logarithms states that for any positive numbers
M, N, and a (where a is not equal to 1), the logarithm of a product is the sum of
the logarithms of the factors:

logaMN = logaM + logaN

Since we are working in base 10, a is 10.

The product rule of logarithms will be used to solve this problem.

p H = - l o g ( 2 . 5 x 1 0 -8)

= - (log 2.5+ log 10-5)

= -[0.40+(-5)1
= -(0.40 - 5) = -(--4.6) = 4.6

Therefore, the solution has a pH of 4.6.

Note: In Problem 2.16, the hydrogen ion concentration was stated to be 10 -s. This
value can also be written as I x 10 -5. The log of I is O. If the product rule for
logarithms is used to calculate the p H for this problem, it would be equal to
-[0 +(-5)], which is equal to 5.

Problem 2.18 The pH of a solution is 3.75. What is the concentration of hydrogen ion
in the solution?

Solution 2.18 To calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in this problem will
require that we determine the antilog of the pH. An antilog is found by doing the
reverse process of that used to find a logarithm. The log of 100 is 2. The antilog
of 2 is 100. The log of 1000 is 3. The antilog of 3 is 1000. For those calculators
that do not have an antilog key, this can usually be obtained by entering the value,
pressing the 10 ~ key, and then pressing the = sign. (Depending on the type of
calculator you are using, you may need to press the S H I F T key to gain access to
the 10 ~ function.)

p H - - log [H § Equation for calculating pH.

- log[H +] = 3.75 The pH is equal to 3.75.

log[H +] - -3.75 Multiply each side of the equation by -1.

38 Solutions, Mixtures, and Media
, ,, , ,,, ,,

Take the antilog of each side of the equation.

[H § = 1.8 x 10-4
Note: Taking the antilog of the log of a number,
since they are opposite and canceling operations,
is equivalent to doing nothing to that number. For
example, the antilog of the log of 100 is 100.
Therefore, the hydrogen ion concentration is 1.8 • 10-4 M.

Since water, H20, dissociates into both H + and OH- ions, the H § concentration must
equal the OH- concentration. Just as water has a pH, so does it have a pOI-I, which is
defined as the negative logarithm of the OH- (hydroxyl ion) concentration.

pOH = - log[OH]

and

pOH = 1 4 - pH

Problem 2.19 A solution has a pH of 4.5. What is the solution's pOH?

Solution 2.19 The pOH is obtained by subtracting the pH from 14.

pOH = 1 4 - pH

pOH = 14 - 4 . 5 - 9.5

Therefore, the pOH of the solution is 9.5.

Problem 2.20 What is the pH of a 0.02 M solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH).

Solution 2.20 Sodium hydroxide is a strong base and, as such, is essentially ionized
completely to Na + and OH- in dilute solution. The OH- concentration, therefore, is
0.02 M, the same as the concentration of NaOH. For a strong base, the H + ion
contribution from water is negligible and so will be ignored. The first step to
solving this problem is to determine the pOH. The pOH value will then be
subtracted from 14 to obtain the pH.
 Solutions, Mixtures, and Media
i j,
39

pOH = - l o g ( 0 . 0 2 )
= - ( - 1 . 7 ) - 1.7
pH = 1 4 - 1 . 7 - 12.3

Therefore, the pH of the 0.02 M NaOH solution is 12.3.

pKa and the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

In the Bronsted concept of acids and bases, an acid is defined as a substance that
donates a proton (a hydrogen ion). A base is a substance that accepts a proton. When
a Bronsted acid loses a hydrogen ion, it becomes a Bronsted base. The original acid is
called a conjugate acid. The base created from the acid by loss of a hydrogen ion is
called a conjugate base.

Dissociation of an acid in water follows the general formula

HA + 1-120~ H3O+ + A-

Where HA is a conjugate acid, H20 is a conjugate base, H30 § is a conjugate acid, and
A- is a conjugate base.

The acid's ionization can be written as a simple dissociation, as follows"

HA--, -- H + + A -
V

The dissociation of the HA acid will occur at a certain rate characteristic of the
particular acid. Notice, however, that the arrows go in both directions. The acid
dissociates into its component ions, but the ions come back together again to form the
original acid. When the rate of dissociation into ions is equal to the rate of ion
reassociation, the system is said to be in equilibrium. A strong acid will reach
equilibrium at the point where it is completely dissociated. A weak acid will have a
lower percentage of molecules in a dissociated state and will reach equilibrium at a
point less than 100% ionization. The concentration of acid at which equilibrium
occurs is called the acid dissociation constant, designated by the symbol K~. It is
represented by the following equation:

[.+][A-]
Ka=