PROTOTYPE FOR AUTOMATION

OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

GOPIKA.S (42207105020)
IRENE.T (42207105022)
JOSE DURAI PRABHAKAR.G (42207105025)
KISHORE DHARMA.S (42207105030)

In the partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, KATTANKULATHUR

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2011

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “PROTOTYPE FOR AUTOMATION OF

ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE ” is the bonafide work of

GOPIKA.S 42207105020
IRENE.T 42207105022
JOSE DURAI PRABHAKAR.G 42207105025
KISHORE DHARMA.S 42207105030

who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE
Dr.D. Padma Subramanian
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Valliammai Engineering College
Kattankulathur – 603 203
SIGNATURE
Dr.D. Padma Subramanian
SUPERVISOR
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Valliammai Engineering College
Kattankulathur – 603 203

Submitted for viva-voce examination held on __________

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the management for providing us excellent lab facilities and

research environment which helped us to carry out our project work.

We convey our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our respected Principal

Dr.M.Balasubramanian, for his constant encouragement and kind support
extended throughout the course of our study.

We would like to express our gratitude to our Head of the Department

Dr.D.Padma Subramanian, for providing innovative suggestions, valuable
guidance, encouragement, scholastic advice and constant cooperation from the
start till the completion of the project.

We express our sincere gratitude to all the staffs, who helped us in

making our project a successful one.
 ABSTRACT

The main objective is to provide automation for the locomotive with the help of
communication systems, using GSM technique. Train Automation (TA) can be
resourcefully done for managing train parameters and monitoring any abnormal
conditions in real-time without delays and accidents. All parameters will be
processed, controlled, and managed at Electric Locomotive Engine (ELE) with
help of advent of wireless technologies. To reduce human errors and get the fast
response, TA will be a wonderful one with help of GSM technology.
Transmission of information takes place by 2G technique and emergency
braking works by the decoding of signals which can be programmed by the
microcontroller unit thereby controlling the speed of servomotor is enhanced in
automation system.
 ATMEL-AT89C51

The Atmel AT89 series is an Intel 8051-compatible family of 8

bit microcontrollers (µCs) manufactured by the Atmel Corporation

FEATURES

• Compatible with MCS-51 Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

– Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-level Program Memory Lock

• 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

PIN DIAGRAM
BLOCK DIAGRAM
BLOCK DESCRIPTION

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer

with 4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory
(PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile
memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51
instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be
reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory
programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic
chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a
highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control
applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128
bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level
interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation
down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving
modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters,
serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode
saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip
functions until the next hardware reset.
PIN DESCRIPTION

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND

Ground.

Port 0

Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin
can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be
used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the
multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and
data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the
code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during
program verification. External pull ups are required during program
verification.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during
Flash programming and verification.
Port 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the internal pull ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches
from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory
that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong
internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory
that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2
Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and
some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pullups. The Port 3 output
buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they
are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port
3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of
the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the
AT89C51 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and
verification.

RST

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device.

ALE/PROG

Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address
during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input
(PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a
constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external
timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped
during each access to external DataMemory. If desired, ALE operation can be
disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active
only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled
high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in
external execution mode.

PSEN

Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the
AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated
twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during
each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP

External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the

device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H
up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be
internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program
executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage
(VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock
operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier

 GSM- Global System Mobile Communication

GSM frequency bands or frequency ranges are the cellular frequencies

designated by the ITU for the operation of GSM mobile phones.

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by

searching for cells in the immediate vicinity.

Global System for Mobile Communications, one of the leading

digital cellular systems. GSM uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight
simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.

GSM uses a variation of time division multiple access (TDMA) and is the most
widely used of the three digital wireless telephony technologies (TDMA, GSM,
and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel
with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at
either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM (originally

from Groupe Spécial Mobile), is the world's most popular standard for mobile
telephone systems. The GSM Association estimates that 80% of the global
mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 1.5 billion people across
more than 212 countries and territories. This ubiquity means that subscribers can
use their phones throughout the world, enabled by international roaming
arrangements between mobile network operators. GSM differs from its
predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital,
and thus GSM is considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.
This also facilitates the wide-spread implementation of data communication
applications into the system.

The GSM standard has been an advantage to both consumers, who may benefit
from the ability to roam and switch carriers without replacing phones, and also
to network operators, who can choose equipment from many GSM equipment
vendors. GSM also pioneered low-cost implementation of the short message
service (SMS), also called text messaging, which has since been supported on
other mobile phone standards as well. The standard includes a
worldwide emergency telephone number feature (112).

TECHNICAL DETAILS:

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—

macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell
varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be
regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a
building above average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna
height is under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas.
Pico cells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen metres; they
are mainly used indoors. Femto cells are cells designed for use in residential or
small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a
broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed
regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless

mobile telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
(HSCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM
Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service
(UMTS).
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM):

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module , commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his or
her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change
operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some
operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only
a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking.
GSM carrier frequencies:
GSM networks operate in a number of different carrier frequency ranges
(separated into GSM frequency range for 2G and UMTS frequency bands for
3G), with most 2G GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz
bands. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz
bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare
cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries
because they were previously used for first-generation systems.

Most 3G networks operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band.

GSM open source software

Several open source software projects exist that provide certain GSM features:

 Gsmd daemon by Openmoko

 OpenBTS develops a Base transceiver station
 OpenBSC is developing a minimalistic, self-contained GSM network
 The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than
$1000
 OsmocomBB developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM
stack with a free software implementation

GSM SIM300 DESCRIPTION:

The SIM300C/340C is a complete Tri-Band/Quad-Band GSM/GPRS solution in

a compact plug-in module with DIP board-to-board connector.

SIM300C/340C with a tiny configuration can fit almost all the space
requirements in your industrial M2M applications, such as telemetry, telemetric
and other M2M data communication systems.
 • DIP type board-to-board connector suit for vehicle application
• Customized MMI and keypad/LCD support
• An embedded Powerful TCP/IP protocol stack
• Based upon mature and field-proven platform, backed up by our support
service, from definition to design and production

General features
• Tri-Band GSM/GPRS 900/1800/1900MHz or
Quad-Band GSM/GPRS 850/900/1800/1900MHz
• GPRS multi-slot class 10/8
• GPRS mobile station class B
• Compliant to GSM phase 2/2+
– Class 4 (2W @ 850/900MHz)
– Class 1 (1W @ 1800/1900MHz)
• Dimension: 50mm x 33mm x 6.2mm
• Weight: 13.8 g
• Control via AT commands (GSM 07.07, 07.05 and SIMCom enhanced AT
Commands)
• SIM application toolkit
• Supply voltage range 3.4V...4.5V
• Low power consumption
• Normal operation temperature: -30°C to +80°C
• Restricted operation temperature: -40°C to -30°C and +80°C to +85°C
• Storage temperature: -45°C to +90°C

Specifications for fax

• Group 3, class 1
Specifications for data
• PBCCH support
• GPRS class 10: max. 85.6 Kbps (downlink)
• PPP-stack
• Coding schemes CS 1, 2, 3, 4
• CSD up to 14.4 kbps
• USSD
• Non transparent mode

Specifications for SMS via GSM

• Point-to-point MO and MT
• SMS cell broadcast
• Text and PDU mode

Specifications for voice

• Tricodec
– Half rate (HR)
– Full rate (FR)
– Enhanced Full rate (EFR)
• Hands-free operation (Echo suppression)

Interfaces
• Interface to external SIM 3V/1.8V
• Two analog audio interfaces
• 60-pins DIP BTB connector
• RTC backup
• Serial interface and debug interface
• LCD interface
 • Keypad interface
• Antenna connector and antenna pad
Product Images
AN OVERVIEW OF GSM

GSM, Global System for Mobile communications, is today the most successful
digital mobile telecommunication system. This second-generation (2G) system
provides voice and limited data services and uses digital modulation with
improved audio quality.

The different versions of GSM are:

1. GSM 900 band (850-915MHz up-link frequency and 935-960MHz

downlink frequency)

2. GSM 1800 band or digital cellular system (DCS) 1800 band (1710-
1785MHz up-link frequency and 1805-1880MHz downlink frequency)

3. Personal Communication service (PCS) 1900 band (1850-1910MHz up-

link frequency and 1930-1990MHz downlink frequency)

GSM Mobile communication system can be intelligently used by electronic

devices that can collect some data and send it to the central place using SMS or
GSM data call. It’s required In-Vehicle Tracking Systems because GPS (Global
Positioning System) can normally only receive location information from the
satellites but cannot communicate back with them. Hence we need some other
communication system like GSM to send this location information to the central
control room. Other technologies can also be used but they are more costly.
GSM Network Architecture

GSM Network consists of three main parts:

• Mobile Station (MS) carried by the subscriber

• Base Station Subsystem (BSS) controls radio link with mobile station

• Network & Switching Subsystem (NSS) mobility management and

switching of calls between mobile users, and between mobile and fixed
network users.

Mobile Station consists of:

• Mobile Equipment (ME) such as hand portable and vehicle mounted unit

• Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which contains the entire customer

related information (identification, secret key for authentication, etc).

Base Station Subsystem consists of:

• Base Transceiver Station (BTS) defines a cell and is responsible for radio
link protocols with the Mobile Station

• Base Station Controller (BSC) controls multiple BTSs and manages radio
channel setup, and handovers. The BSC is the connection between the
Mobile Station and Mobile Switching Center.
Figure 1. Layout of generic GSM network

Network and Switching Subsystems consists of:

• Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is the central component of the NSS.
Operates all switching functions for the mobiles within its jurisdiction.
Interface between mobile and other (including fixed) network. Its functions:

• Manages the location of mobiles

• Switches calls
 • Manages Security features

• Controls handover between BSCs

• Resource management

• Interworks with and manages network databases

• Collects call billing data and sends to billing system

• Collects traffic statistics for performance monitoring

Network Databases – Home Location Register and Visitor Location Register

together with MSC provides the call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM.

• Home Location Register (HLR) contains all the subscriber information

for the purposes of call control, and location determination. There is logically
one HLR per GSM network, although it may be implemented as a distributed
database.

• Visitors Location Register (VLR) is only a temporary storage while the

particular subscriber is located in the geographical area controlled by the
MSC/VLR. Contains only the necessary information provision of subscribed
services.

• Authentication Center (AuC) is a protected database that stores the

security information for each subscriber (a copy of the secret key stored in
each SIM).

• Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is a list of all valid mobile equipment

on the network.

SMS is one of the unique features of GSM compared to older analog systems.
For point-to-point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the
service, and an acknowledgment of receipt is sent to the sender. SMS also can
be used in Cell Broadcast mode to send messages such as traffic or news
updates. Messages can be stored on the SIM card for later retrieval. SMS is
effective because it can transmit short messages within 3 to 5 s via the GSM
network and doesn’t occupy a telephony channel. Moreover, the cost savings
makes it a worthwhile choice. With SMS transmitting, gathering position data is
easy and convenient.

GSM UNIT
The GSM unit contains a GSM module along with a GSM transmitter antenna.
The module functions according to its built and the antenna transmits the
information to the Base Station wherein this is exposed to further processing.
GPS is not a two-way system. It can either receive or transmit but not both. Due
to its inability in doing so, GSM systems are used.

The GSM module that we are using in this unit is the

SIMCOM SIM300 module. Designed for global market, SIM300 is a Tri-band
GSM/GPRS engine that works on frequencies EGSM 900 MHz, DCS 1800
MHz and PCS1900 MHz. SIM300 provide RF antenna interface with two
alternatives: antenna connector and antenna pad. The antenna connector is
MURATA MM9329-2700. And customer’s antenna can be soldered to the
antenna pad.

SMS is one of the unique features of GSM compared to older analog systems.
For point-to-point SMS, a message can be sent to another subscriber to the
service, and an acknowledgment of receipt is sent to the sender. SMS also can
be used in Cell Broadcast mode to send messages such as traffic or news
updates. Messages can be stored on the SIM card for later retrieval. SMS is
effective because it can transmit short messages within 3 to 5s via the GSM
network and doesn’t occupy a telephony channel. Moreover, the cost savings
makes it a worthwhile choice. With SMS transmitting, gathering position data is
easy and convenient.

We use AT commands to control and program the SIMCOM SIM300 module.

The data and control commands are exchanged between the PIC microcontroller
and GSM module through the serial interface. There are many groups of AT
commands, including: Call Control, Data Card Control, Phone Control,
Computer Data Card Control, Reporting Operation, Network Communication
Parameter, Miscellaneous, and Short Message Service. We use some of the
SMS commands to communicate with the control center. The main AT
commands for using SMS are listed below.

• A/ - Re-issues last AT command given

• ATD - Mobile originated call to dialable number

• ATH – Disconnect existing connection

• AT+CSCA – Set the SMS center address. Mobile-originated messages

are transmitted through this service center.

• AT+CMGS – Send SMS command

• AT+CMGF – Select format for incoming and outgoing messages: zero

for PDU mode, one for Text mode.

• AT+CSMS – Select message service

• AT+CRES – Restore SMS settings

• AT+CSCB – Select cell broadcast SMS messages

• AT+CSDH – Show SMS text mode parameters

Let’s review an example of how to make a GSM module send and read a
sample SMS in Text mode. First, initialize the GSM module with AT
commands AT+CSCA and AT+CMGF. Using the former sets the SMS center
number to be used with outgoing SMS messages. Remember, the number will
be saved on the SIM card just like in normal mobile phones. There are two
different modes—Text mode and Protocol Data Unit (PDU) mode—for
handling short messages. The system default is PDU mode; however, Text
mode is easier to understand. So, use the AT+CMGF=1 command to set the
module to the GSM 07.05 standard SMS Text mode. The AT+CMGS command
is used to send a short message. The GSM module can receive incoming short
messages and save them on the SIM card automatically. You can use the
AT+CMGR command to read an incoming short message from the SIM card
storage, and then use the AT+CMGD command to delete it when you’re
finished. If you want to read an SMS message, then send a AT+CMGR=x
command to tell the GSM module which short message you want to read. Next,
check the serial port to receive the message from the GSM module.
 SERVOMOTOR

A Servo is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned
to specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the
coded signal exists on the input line, the servo will maintain the angular position
of the shaft. As the coded signal changes, the angular position of the shaft
changes. In practice, servos are used in radio controlled airplanes to position
control surfaces like the elevators and rudders. They are also used in radio
controlled cars, puppets, and of course, robots.

A Futaba S-148 Servo

Servos are extremely useful in robotics. The motors are small, as you can see by
the picture above, have built in control circuitry, and are extremely powerful for
their size. A standard servo such as the Futaba S-148 has 42 oz/inches of torque,
which is pretty strong for its size. It also draws power proportional to the
mechanical load. A lightly loaded servo, therefore, doesn't consume much
energy. The guts of a servo motor are shown in the picture below. You can see
the control circuitry, the motor, a set of gears, and the case. You can also see the
3 wires that connect to the outside world. One is for power (+5volts), ground,
and the white wire is the control wire.

A servo disassembled

Servomotor working

The servo motor has some control circuits and a potentiometer (a variable
resistor, aka pot) that is connected to the output shaft. In the picture above, the
pot can be seen on the right side of the circuit board. This pot allows the control
circuitry to monitor the current angle of the servo motor. If the shaft is at the
correct angle, then the motor shuts off. If the circuit finds that the angle is not
correct, it will turn the motor the correct direction until the angle is correct. The
output shaft of the servo is capable of travelling somewhere around 180
degrees. Usually, its somewhere in the 210 degree range, but it varies by
manufacturer. A normal servo is used to control an angular motion of between 0
and 180 degrees. A normal servo is mechanically not capable of turning any
farther due to a mechanical stop built on to the main output gear.

The amount of power applied to the motor is proportional to the distance it

needs to travel. So, if the shaft needs to turn a large distance, the motor will run
at full speed. If it needs to turn only a small amount, the motor will run at a
slower speed. This is called proportional control.
How do you communicate the angle at which the servo should turn?

The control wire is used to communicate the angle. The angle is determined by
the duration of a pulse that is applied to the control wire. This is called Pulse
Coded Modulation. The servo expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (.02
seconds). The length of the pulse will determine how far the motor turns. A 1.5
millisecond pulse, for example, will make the motor turn to the 90 degree
position (often called the neutral position). If the pulse is shorter than 1.5 ms,
then the motor will turn the shaft to closer to 0 degress. If the pulse is longer
than 1.5ms, the shaft turns closer to 180 degrees.

As you can see in the picture, the duration of the pulse dictates the angle of the
output shaft (shown as the green circle with the arrow). Note that the times here
are illustrative, and the actual timings depend on the motor manufacturer. The
principle, however, is the same
Three basic types of servo motors are used in modern servosystems:

• ac servo motors: based on induction motor designs

• dc servo motors: based on dc motor designs

• ac brushless servo motors: based on synchronous motor designs

Servomechanism, or servo, a device used to provide control of a desired

operation through the use of feedback.
 Small R/C servo mechanism
1. electric motor
2. position feedback potentiometer
3. reduction gear
4. actuator arm
 RS232 Data Interface

RS-232 is simple, universal, well understood and supported but it has

some serious shortcomings as a data interface. The standards to 256kbps or less
and line lengths of 15M (50 ft) or less but today we see high speed ports on our
home PC running very high speeds and with high quality cable maxim distance
has increased greatly. The rule of thumb for the length a data cable depends on
speed of the data, quality of the cable. The RS232 signals are represented by
voltage levels with respect to a system common (power / logic ground). The
"idle" state (MARK) has the signal level negative with respect to common, and
the "active" state (SPACE) has the signal level positive with respect to common.
RS232 has numerous handshaking lines (primarily used with modems), and also
specifies a communications protocol.

RS232 data is bi-polar.... +3 TO +12 volts indicates an "ON or 0-state

(SPACE) condition" while A -3 to -12 volts indicates an "OFF" 1-state
(MARK) condition.... Modern computer equipment ignores the negative level
and accepts a zero voltage level as the "OFF" state. In fact, the "ON" state may
be achieved with lesser positive potential. This means circuits powered by 5
VDC are capable of driving RS232 circuits directly, however, the overall range
that the RS232 signal may be transmitted/received may be dramatically
reduced.

The output signal level usually swings between +12V and -12V. The
"dead area" between +3v and -3v is designed to absorb line noise. In the various
RS-232-like definitions this dead area may vary. For instance, the definition for
V.10 has a dead area from +0.3v to -0.3v. Many receivers designed for RS-232
are sensitive to differentials of 1v or less.
 This can cause problems when using pin powered widgets - line drivers,
converters, modems etc. These type of units need enough voltage & current to
power them self's up. Typical URART (the RS-232 I/O chip) allows up to 50ma
per output pin - so if the device needs 70ma to run we would need to use at least
2 pins for power. Some devices are very efficient and only require one pin
(some times the Transmit or DTR pin) to be high - in the "SPACE" state while
idle. An RS-232 port can supply only limited power to another device. The
number of output lines, the type of interface driver IC, and the state of the
output lines are important considerations.

The types of driver ICs used in serial ports can be divided into three general
categories:

• Drivers which require plus (+) and minus (-) voltage power supplies such
as the 1488 series of interface integrated circuits. (Most desktop and
tower PCs use this type of driver.)
• Low power drivers which require one +5 volt power supply. This type of
driver has an internal charge pump for voltage conversion. (Many
industrial microprocessor controls use this type of driver.)
• Low voltage (3.3 v) and low power drivers which meet the EIA-562
Standard. (Used on notebooks and laptops.)

Data is transmitted and received on pins 2 and 3 respectively. Data Set Ready
(DSR) is an indication from the Data Set (i.e., the modem or DSU/CSU) that it
is on. Similarly, DTR indicates to the Data Set that the DTE is on. Data Carrier
Detect (DCD) indicates that a good carrier is being received from the remote
modem.
 Pins 4 RTS (Request To Send - from the transmitting computer) and 5
CTS (Clear To Send - from the Data set) are used to control. In most
Asynchronous situations, RTS and CTS are constantly on throughout the
communication session. However where the DTE is connected to a multipoint
line, RTS is used to turn carrier on the modem on and off. On a multipoint line,
it's imperative that only one station is transmitting at a time (because they share
the return phone pair). When a station wants to transmit, it raises RTS. The
modem turns on carrier, typically waits a few milliseconds for carrier to
stabilize, and then raises CTS. The DTE transmits when it sees CTS up. When
the station has finished its transmission, it drops RTS and the modem drops
CTS and carrier together.

Clock signals (pins 15, 17, & 24) are only used for synchronous
communications. The modem or DSU extracts the clock from the data stream
and provides a steady clock signal to the DTE. Note that the transmit and
receive clock signals do not have to be the same, or even at the same baud rate.

Note: Transmit and receive leads (2 or 3) can be reversed depending on the use
of the equipment - DCE Data Communications Equipment or a DTE Data
Terminal Equipment.
SPECIFICATIONS:

SPECIFICATIONS RS232
SINGLE
Mode of Operation
-ENDED
1 DRIVER
Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line
1 RECVR
Maximum Cable Length 50 FT.
Maximum Data Rate 20kb/s
Maximum Driver Output Voltage +/-25V
Driver Output Signal Level (Loaded Min.) Loaded +/-5V to +/-15V
Driver Output Signal Level (Unloaded Max) Unloaded +/-25V
Driver Load Impedance (Ohms) 3k to 7k
Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power On N/A

Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power Off +/-6mA @ +/-2v

Slew Rate (Max.) 30V/uS

Receiver Input Voltage Range +/-15V
Receiver Input Sensitivity +/-3V

Receiver Input Resistance (Ohms) 3k to 7k

 REFERENCES

• Automation of Operational Train Control on Regional Branch Lines by a

Basic Train Control.
Proceedings of the IEEE ITSC 2006 , 2006 IEEE Intelligent
Transportation Systems Conference Toronto, Canada, September 17-20,
2006.

• The Revolution of Train Control System in JAPAN,

Masayuki Matsumoto,East Japan Railway Company,2-2-2 Yoyogi,
Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 151-8578, JAPAN.

• The New Train Control System ATACS by Using ADS Technologies

Yoshinon Kon, East Japan Railway Company 2-0 Nissin-chou, Saitama-
shi, Saitama-ken, 33 1-85 13, Japan,Proceedings of the 2nd International
Workshop on Autonomous Decentralized System

• Investigation the Possibilities for Implementation of Fiber Optic

Detection of Damaged Rails I.P.Topalov, M. S. Georgieva
Department of Telecommunication and Safety Systems, University of
Transport, Sofia.