Socialism and central planning is

incompatible with individual

freedom
Argued that there is a social
division/dispersion of knowledge that leads
to an efficient determination of prices.
Prices do not necessarily
represent merit.
Therefore, rewards and social justice will
Hayek
not always be dispersed according to
merit.
People have incompatible preferences which
central planning cannot possibly account
for.
Planned economies lead to
concentrations of power. Wrote the "Road to Serfdom"
Therefore, central planning
inevitably leads to a loss of
freedom.
Was strongly influenced by how Einstein
challenged the thoroughly confirmed and
widely held confidence in Newton.
Argued that science can strive for truth, but
will never be 100% sure if/when it has
achieved it.
Our best form of knowledge is science,
but that cannot be taken as justified Popper
truth.
Insisted on the testability of
scientific ideas.
The objectivity of any scientific idea
could only be established through
critique.
The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions
Paradigm Shift
Most scientific work is spent filling out the
details of the prevailing paradigm, not in
divergent or critical investigation.
Aristotle (earth is center of universe)
Copernicus (sun is center of Over time anomalies accumulate in the
universe) prevailing paradigm, eventually building into
Newton a 'paradigm shift' Kuhn

Einstein
???
A field of study is NOT a science until it has
a single, unifying paradigm within which
most of its practitioners work.
Kuhn characterized progress in science as a
highly social, and not necessarily rational,
mechanism.
Effective critic of logical positivism
There is no real distinction
between synthetic truths and
analytic truths. Qine
The principle of reductionism - that every high
level statement could ultimately be reduced to
simpler statements of sense experience - does not
work. Attacked Empiricism
This is because our ability to reason about sensory
experience is constrained by the symbol language we use
to reason about it. These language impose their own
boundary conditions to what can be reasoned.
Stressed the importance of the 'public
sphere' of communications and how it
enabled democracy.
These social institutions enabled groups of
individuals to discuss and openly debate
and ultimately impact their political
institutions. Habermas
Argued against the
subject/object foundations of
Marx and others.
Wrote "Theory of
Instead, A ethics
man isandfreepolitics
when he is subject
should be only to
Science isanalyzed
the study of the Communivative Action"
political authority to which
from a social perspective of he has
world as perceived
self/other. by our
consented.
senses Natural
The task of any theory of social liberty
justiceisisfreedom from
Space and Time the arbitrary power in of others
the legitimate the inequalities that emerge
To experience that world, we impose upon it
Object Persistence the basic structure of society. Beginning of modern
forms and categories that make our
Veil of Ignorance: Youofmust not know your and democratic political theory.
Causality experience the world possible
place in the social structure of society, or
coherent. Denies need for authoritarian power,
Existence To assess any system, you
what your natural talents may be. which leads to despotism and
must do so from the 'original
Plurality All participants must be tyranny
position'
Unity disinterested in the outcome of the Denies that fear is the primary
debate. The Critique
motivator of menof Pure Reason
Metaphysics goes beyond our Wrote "A Theory of Justice" Rawls
Each person is to have an equalLife right to the
experience, and thus outside of pure
most extensive basic liberty that is Politics
reason Liberty Natural Rights
compatible with a similar liberty held by all
Disagreed with Locke and Hume and their Property
others.
empericism
If there- the
areidea
any that all ideasinand
inequalities the system, they can only
truths come from experience Men are governed by laws
be justified if first - they are to everyone's advantage -
from a legislature
Without
and hissecond
'categories
- theyofbeunderstanding'
attached to positions or offices
none of
thatourareexperiences
open to all.would make any Opposed monarchies
sense. among free and equal men to
An agreement Deconstructionist
exitMaxim: Actofonly
the state that that by
nature
This and
maxim by which
forming
began with a forms, and
Plato's Questioned the entire western tradition of
you can
limited at the same time will that it
polity. Modern social contract theory Kant
has been carried forward ever trying to define a 'true logos' behind our
become a universal law. Stressed that equality wasoflegal
since. empirical view the world.
Practical Reason is concerned equality, not equality of material
Nietzsche did away with the
with how we ought to live. John Locke
concept possessions.
of absolute truth.
Ex: If you want to stay healthy, Empericist Ethical truth was absolute
Freud did away with the concept that the
you should eat right and Socrates
A moral subjective
Ideas
law cannot areself or consciousness
acquired
consist via experience has any "To Know the Good is to Do the Good"
exercise.
special
primarily of hypothetical access to the 'logos' or true forms.
Ex: If you want to become aThe external world Follower of Nietzsche, Freud Invented Metaphysics
imperatives Heidegger did away
Two forms of experience with the notion and Heidegger
doctor, than you Reflection
should on the mind's own Knowledge/Epistomology
of an 'I am' that precedes The Socratic Method
study. operations Pragmatism
existence. Derrida Forms
Hypothetical imperatives fail because There they
are no innate ideas Saw his approach to
He argued (from Sartre) that Theyou Critique must of exist
Practical Reason Inventor of PoliticalShadows Science on the Cave Wall
only apply to those who want the outcome philosophy as empowering the James
in order toThe havemind an essence.
is a Tabula Rasa There is no
they describe. individual. "It isWomen
better toshould
be feared
essence without existence. hold than to be
political power
Instead of saying "Do not lie if you want to Ethics There are islearned,
no notion not ofinnate
absolute truth. Machiavelli loved, because love is fickle but fear is
Deconstructionism directly opposes the Political leaders chosen from among best & brightest
be trusted" (hypothetical), instead it should Ethics are derived from beliefexperience, and constant.
Christian Represents that Jesus/Godthe Self Ethics
embodies the
be "Do not lie". Anti-democratic
Reputation for honesty,
Categorical Imperatives thus haverelative More
toperfect
our experience
powerful 'form'than of of the
man.
ego, superego The Prince
Categorical Imperatives must not depend on no qualification clause world Like Sartre (existentialism) - the absence of Foundation of Westernintegrity Thoughtis important Give each man his due
circumstance, desire or on the Seeks to gain pleasure, avoid pain Plato
a higher plan or purpose Philosophy
to life doesof history
NOT Draws on Athens Republic But not the practice of it.
and Jerusalem
consequences of their actions Id What is Justice? Might makes right
Worshiprender Knows
of gods life
no meaningless.
moral judgements
Satan challenges Mocked
Lord modern English society
The notion of Free Will is justified by our Reason
He wants to free usbyfrom the guilt over the
ability to self-legislate - to create rules thatof HeroesProduces
Emergence and kingsfrustration Human societies
making
are cyclical in Book of Job Lord inflictsNo All property
cruelty
nuclear Job is communal
on family
absence
demands that cannot be of absolute meaning or purpose
we should follow, and then to follow them.
Inherently unstable Marriage is by love, not arranged
life. There can be none, so get over it.
fulfilled. Vico Does Job accept No private or reject?
property
Age of man
Strongly condemned the
Leads to collapse Absolute Representstruth cannot Realitybe found in language Elected parliament
French Revolution Four elements: Earth, Explores
Water, Air the Fire
and relationship
Philosopher "guardians" of
- it is merely a statement that we approve
Because itSociety did notisproposal not a contract a social but the Rational, cautious Thomas Moore Wrotebetween
"Utopia"God Reason andwill
Price the people
elected
rule foroflife
of. First attempt at a full-fledged philosophical doctrine
Disagreed with social contract Jerusalem
upheaval natural or overturn, progression from customs and
only a political Weakest
Modern element of our
philosophers should personality
give up theEgo pursuit of Asked the question "What is virtue?" Defend Territory
mores theory Modernity II Hebrew Bible
Professional teachers
Central them is the Covenant
one. absolute truth, and instead should seek to eliminate the
Attempts Objected to negotiateto Locke's Sophists Invented Dualism Warof Mind
for 3 andReasons Body Defend Ally Territory
He believed that is used as its basis the notion Strongly supported
of of everyday life that these historical social of Despised by Plato
Abraham Isaac Jacob (Isreal)
cruelties between Id and Superego
traditional rights - no taxation without the American Epistemological Revolution Relativism Democratic principles Liberate oppressed people
norms have placed upon us. Freud Protagoras Early author
representation - derived from English common The laws of nature areSourcedemonstrable of anxietyacross
His basic critique of western philosophy Invented termMoral "physics"
Theory Greek focused foron"Nature"
happiness
law. cultures, therefore not all knowledge is Burke Greek Pre-Socrates Pythagoreans Believed in The
reincarnation Gospels
Represents
centers on Morality the refutation of the existence of Family is rooted in human nature
relative Erasumus Opposed strong enthusiasms
Believed that individual rights a "God's wereeye-view"
not derived of the world Heraclitus & Parmenides Baptism as the means by
Imposes standards of moral
from abstract principles
Believed that but were the
democratic instead republics based are the GalileoNew Testament Combined PaulSkeptics, whichEpicureanism
Jews become Christians Idea of private property is 'natural'
Rejects the goal of perfection defining truththatas cannot be Superego Reducto ad Criticism
Absurdum of The Republic/Plato
onoftraditions mostandmorally
conventions desirable of the but least stable forms Montesquieu Classical Greek
level correspondence sustained. with an objective Zeno Virtue is
Sought to happiness
separate religion
Rejects Aristotle as Rejected
fromcircumcision a concentration of power
population. of association Cicero
Zeno's Paradox Arhilles and the Tortoise
reality. It produces guilt. from naturalprinciple
Epicurean philosophy
necessary
of refinedrite to become Supported rule by middle class
MustTruth limit the ability of These are Greatly 'conventional' influenced rights American Francis
Herodotus Bacon Invented written history Christian
should be approached Rorty Stressed Induction
and disciplined and
pleasure
government to grow in that
power could Revolution
notConflict
be derived among fromthese three Defined ethics as "What is the
pragmatically: Does the statement work Pragmatism is the ultimate Romans Experimetnal
Combined Methods
christian with platonic
theory. factions leads to Thucydides The Pelopomnesian
Sextus Empiricus War
good goal of human life?"
for us? Affluence eventually leads to
anti-philosophy
Founder ofdespotism unhappiness.
Modern Historicism Wrote "Confessions" The most basic of all ideas, the
Also rejects absolute realism. Our experience of reality will Western Philosophy Raised the question
Happiness "How do life lived by
is the
"Civilization and Its Discontents" Skeptics existence of which cannot be
always be influenced byOpposed the conceptual the Enlightenment
framework inconcepts of AristotleThewe know
Grace what
of thewe
God know?"person
virtuous
The Fable of theHegel Bees "Cogito ergo sum" disputed
materialism
which we analyze it. And that framework is constantly and that the unfolding
Philosophy should abandon the of history Mandeville Christians Augistine IsCan
grace weatrust any
gift Happiness
of god, of our own
is
or must the goal of human life Happiness originally meant "success"
Selfishness A perfect being could only
changing. was purely mechanical. pursuit of anCentral absolute Human Traits it knowledge?
beEthics
earned? Happiness come from meansa perfect
goodbeing.
at
Egocentrism
metaphysics.
Argues that
Historical materialism many aspects of our language
Descartes Predestination being
Godhuman
- From knows
necessity:from a perfect being
All talk aboutThere and are
the world beliefs are contingent - not Two Proofs of God
is nowas
Division ofa Labor
existence "logical the start who willmust receivehave The existence to be
Courage
construct" of independent necessarily
our phenomenal true or andfalse.
sensual The Renaissance
of perception Grace perfect.
A consequence of this is that one part of society experience. But it is important for our overall system of Temperance
establishes itself as a ruling class in order to secure a There will always be aToscarcity exist isoftothe be goods
perceived Mind/Body Dualism Argues
Four Primarythat the eternity of the world
Virtues
Considered philosophy beliefs to 'hand together' and
the handmaiden of to be free of
dispropotionate share. This is inevitable as human needed to satisfy the cultural wants of all cannot be demonstrated Justice by pure
Disagreed with Locke's argument
inconsistencies.
science - to help explain scientific that human Leviathan
Aquinus Aristotelian
nature of knowledge
society. logic. Wisdom
meaning. depends on the existence
Critic of the Marxist attempt to define society in of
Communism is the answermaterial to the problems Bishop Berkeley We are guided by passions, Words have meaning in and of
objects ofindependent
terms Positivism who owns of minds.
the means of physical We acquire our knowledge of
was partly a response not reason Realism themselves
inherit in the Capitalist Mode of Claimed that materialism was of
production, against andthe the class distinctions
complete relativism that such a Medieval ThoughtEpistomology the world via our senses
Production. dogmatic Desire for
Nominalism Power Words have no inherit meaning
modelKant. resultPositive in. superstition.
= Pro-science AJ Ayer
Passions We are made of atoms
It addresses the problem The of
succession of modern ideologies owes its Disagreed Fear of
with Death
Augustine's
Positivism All was ofalso
Modes
our ideas built on
of Production
are thederived
progress Modernity I
disparate incomes. existence to the ourAmerican and FrenchMarx revolutions, No afterlife
in symbolic from
logic and experiences
related automatic
Government is agranting
means of of grace by
It addresses the problem which made of it possible to be an intellectual Hobbes god struggle Abstain
Ideasmathematics.
are copies of our sense Epicureanism
escaping betweenfrom power Political Life
scarcity on a global dissident.
basis.
impressions Language does not have a Gouldner
and fear Abstain fromInsexual response to Indulgences
involvement
Each ideology seeks was toordestroy competing Wrote the 95 Theses sold by the
Resemblance
Felt that the downfall deterministic of Capitalismmeaning external Governments derive Take their power
nothing tofrom
excessthe Pope
inevitable. Andprovable ideologies
that Communism while
correspondence. itself claiming
was its to be Luther
subjects in exchange
Earned grace through for peace and
belief in Jesus
Spatio-temporal logical Threesuccessor.
relations disinterested.
among ideas Critical response to epicureanism
Believed that statements of security
The struggle is not, as Marx Propertydescribed it, Classethical struggle in the modern Once justified, you can be
Capitalism and Private
Cause-effect would judgements werewest occur The Social Contract
condemned Zeno through Realist/Materialist
the commission
between those
alienate man who controlled
from other men the andmeans from of Felt between that old
Capitalism money
meaningless. Epistemology and
would new intelligentsia
production and the serfs below them. Reason alone cannot
(engineers, justify
doctors, lawyers, scientists) Stoicism
of sin.
Brutish, Freedom
solitary from suffering
and short. 1
himself. lead to alienation.
our belief inFounder experience of modern sociology Grace was throughgivendiscipline
by god
Capitalism leadsthe
Rejects to moral
exploitation relativism that began
Age of Ideology Freewill is a logical impossibility
Belief in our experiences as representing Focused
with theespecially on thehow authority
Enlightenment is
and inequality, for thinkers (Locke, Rejected
because Duty
all causes to have
catholic community
doctrine of merit
external world accurately is based legitimatedon our in societies. Max Weber
women.Hume, Kant). precedents
Once justified, always justified
instinct or custom, andLegal cannot be proven with Spinoza Calvin
Admits that an absolute
Wrote "On Liberty" - classical defense of proof of any particular moral Rejected dualism of Descartes
reason. Justification comes through
theory from
freedom
Traditional is beyond intrusive
Legitimacy reach, but
hasthat
government three our
ANDsocial traditions
forms
Scientific theory of morality Skepticism
having a conversion
fromaremajority
a valid basis
rule. by which to evaluate our moral
Charismatic
theories. What doexperience
we know with any
The idea that one oughtMoral do what judgment
brings cannot be based on rational
Claims thatand social tradition is a Mill
necessary Bayle certainty?
about the most benefits deliberation, and causes the because simpletons infants Pragmatist
precondition for rationality. Without those
least amount of harm. are also capable of making Gave more judgments.
pragmatism a historical God cannot be known via
There traditions, there can be no rationality.
The greatest goodisfor notheevidence Main that indicates
defender
context of that the
- Utilitarianism The Enlightenment reason, only faith
greatest number. most intellectually capable members The moral of ourrelativism of 'modern Principia
Pragmatism stats that the meaning of a
species are the most moral. philosophy' is itself yet another
statement
Founding was figure the ofpractical
Existentialism results in experience Dewey Law of Gravity
Therefore, our sense of moralitytradition. is based in
that we would expect if that statement were
part on our Feltbiology
that trueand Christian
He sees
in faith
part'modern
by our social philosophy' Morality
as a tradition Newton Laws of Motion
true.
context.required onethat to make is hostilea "Leap to the of very notion of David Hume
Rejects the notion of truth and Discovered calculus
Primarily, its utility Faith" traditions, and is thus self-contradictory.
replaces it with "warranted
Was concerned withfundamental
This is assertability"
the Reason Modern optics
All government and political What makes ausurping moral rule a role
universal more rule?
the
problem andallneed
for moral for
institutions have their basis in utility Heidegger
Faith. philosophy.
to society.
Abraham's faith was justified when he If you believe in a fundamental differenceGreatly between influenced by
Kierkegaard
Felt We have a natural appreciation for virtuous
raised up the knife to sacrifice his own son
statements of that
fact Abraham's
vs. statements willingness
of value, toitsacrifice
Bertrandbecomes Russell.
behavior, and are thus naturally moral at
only to have his hand staid by God. impossiblehis toonlyto move son Isaacfrom 'what
Believed
whenis' requested
that metaphysics to 'what ought by God
was to flawed, Wittgenstein
be'. wasleast a great in part."Leap of Faith" MacIntyre
This is true belief, true faith. because it was based on the mistaken use
It means that religion is probable This at best, of language.
inability to find a rational justification The 'is-ought' gap
because all ideas Aesthetic
are derived - thefrom pursuit of
to any given set of moral
Criticized therules is a of Nietzsche, who
relativism
experience, not immediate
reason. pleasures. pervasive feature Basing religious
of modern belief
philosophical on
believed that absolute truth cannot exist
In all scientific inquiries, negative Ethical - Through
evidence counts endeavors. apart from our perspectiveshas
repentance
more inference from experience
of it.
than positive evidence. So weand wouldmarriage.
require positive four flaws
Three States to Human Life
RejectedThus modern skepticism philosophy
for stating that even if
evidence with zero negative evidence Religious in -order
Faithto in justify
the our there leads to moral skepticism.
were absolute truths, we would have
belief in god through experience. incarnation of God in Christ. The no way entire to history
know them. of its world
Effects do not prove a cause. Religion
Firstview overeastern
toRejected
bring time. historicism Buddhist for insisting that all
In the end,philosophy Humetruth is dismissive of both religion context in
The into is
community western
relative toof the historical
people
in general circles. and inwhich the ability to base religious
it originates.
who are its bearers.
belief on experience. Husserl
Very pessimistic view
Rejected ofinsisting that only
The socialpositivism practicesfor of that
Specialization of job human
truths functionthatexistence.
are based on empirical
community.
leads to massive gains in
phenomena are possible - partly because
Life involves suffering
efficiency. They are like Kuhn's Scientific
it leaves to room for mathematical
Desire causes suffering Paradigms.
Coordination and cooperation axioms/truths which are not empirical.
Example (Margaret Med): A primitive New Guinean Suffering tribewill willceasespecialists
between when is done out
Buddha's Four Husserl
of Noble The Wealth that
believed
Truths ofSchopenhauer
Nations:
philosophy The
have a tradition of beliefs, including truths about the ceases
desire self-interest. shouldDivision seek certainty, of Labor not
world, that directly contradict most modern western facts.
The solutionWe to get what we
suffering is need from others
traditions. out ofoftheir
the renunciation the self-interest,
will. not their
But we should not conclude that their belief system charity. What is a tradition?
is un-judge-able, or equal to our traditional system Believed that experiences of aesthetic
Offers an explanation and beauty However,
basis werefor theasit must
closebe aspossible
one could forcome
one to
of beliefs - there MUST be a basic by which to
critique.
cooperation and coordination the tradition
true thatnature to required
are judge other
of existence. for traditions based on
the division of labor described rationalin Wealth criteria. of
Nazi-ism, for example, is a tradition. We Strongly rejected the
Nations.
should be able to rationally We argue whythe it is Aristotelean notion of an
want approval of others
a bad tradition. Why it is wrong. objective real world.
Relativism would make this judgement The reactions of Thereothers is no to ustrue metaphysics.
impossible. and our behaviors is important
to us. The world of appearances if the
It can explain both the success and failures
only world that we have Why? access
of theWe generally
other tradition seek to behave
better than theasother if there
to. The Theory of Moral Sentiment
wereitself
tradition an impartial
can explain. spectator observing our
We have noapprove
access of to knowledge The aboutcriteria: anOne tradition is
If it behaviors.
can understand Would they
the other tradition them? well Perspectivism
objective world. We have only more our rational than another if Adam Smith
enough to explainOur its conscience
failures to it is inathe product
perceptions, conceptions and
other tradition's own of these
terms. factors.
interpretations.
We do so led
This because
to his of the utility of doing
proclomaition There so.is no Wrote 'Gods Eye "Anarchy, View' State, of and Utopia"
In general,
that 'Godwe isderive
Dead'benefit when we thedorealStarts world. with the basic principle that a lone
so. Obeying the law
individual has certainwas
His epistemology rights that no other
personpractical,may Hepragmatic.
was aware
infringe upon.of the dangers and problems
Then asks that could With arise that fromas too much specialization
Morality is an the question:
expression of the
The basis,
Will to there of
is Power laborofand
a form the social that
government isolation can that could
adhere to that result. principle? If so, what would it
Stressed master and slave
look like? He worried aboutThe Will to impact
the moral Power on someone Nietzsche
morality, strength over
who shifted from a village-centric social context
Nozick does not attempt to justify this
weakness. to that of a large city and the anonymity that
starting point - where does that initial right
derive from and can it be proven. He Values
simplyare relative tocould the time,result.
The
place, circumstances and Smith starting point is anisindividual
also concerned who has aboutLimited
class and Governement
takes it 'as-is'.
customs. the right to personal wealth Morality
property.
disparityThat isandSubjective
isthat
theimpacts that
This is a weakness that others have
state of nature. would have on society.
used to refute Ethics
muchbecomes
of his an aesthetic pursuit of
arguments. becoming a beautiful person - Give Moral Style to
decadence always
your Character.
Involuntary redistribution of the wealth for He thenaccompanies argues that only cultural a very limited state
We
even a single individual would be should not contradict our progress
character,
may exist that would not infringe upon that the progress of
Critiqued
illegitimate. but instead cultivateAmerican our strengths
Indians
fundamental and simplistic life
in their
right. "Become whomodern you are!" society
virtues. compare favorably to Europeans in their
Nozick argues that a minimalist government is possible that
does notlevels"Thus
infringe of happiness
Spake uponZarathustra" and virtue.
this basic right, and that it can be
The only role of this minimal government is achieved
We should without not gaining
follow the the consent
herd Claimed thatofenlightenment
or participation ALL beliefs
to enforce protection rights (police and individuals (which would necessarily entailled some to eventual
amount collapse of of
judicial). civilizations Rousseau
coercion). Nozick
Taxes mean that others have a claim of
Called for a return to nature
ownership in you, and are therefore morally
All power is given to the state
equivalent to forced labor and slavery.
Your
However,happiness charitable is calculated redistribution as your is Social Contractof Wealth
Redistribution
share
fine -of onlytheforced
overallredistribution
societal is
happiness
wrong.
The means: The individual steps that led to the
current distribution of wealth were each fair,
just and entered into freely by both
participants.
The ends: The resulting distribution of wealth is
equal among all participants, regardless of whether How do we assess a just society
coercion was used to move some wealth from one
to another.
Notes
1) Brutish, solitary and short.
No arts; no letters; no society; and which is worst of all, continual fear, and danger of violent death: and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty,
brutish and short