Diodes: Dr. Farid Touati

Diodes
Course: ELEC231/234, Spring 2011
Dr. Farid Touati
1
3.1 THE IDEAL DIODE
I-V Characteristic
Non-linear I-V curve
Figure 3.1 The ideal diode: (a) diode circuit symbol; (b) i–v characteristic; (c) equivalent circuit in the reverse direction;
(d) equivalent circuit in the forward direction.
Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith Copyright © 2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 2
An external R has to be used to limit the current
via the diode
1 k limits current 1 k limits reverse V
Figure 3.2 The two modes of operation of ideal diodes and the use of an external circuit to limit the forward current (a)
and the reverse voltage (b).
Application: The Rectifier
Æ A DC or AC signal?
Figure 3.3 (a) Rectifier circuit. (b) Input waveform. (c) Equivalent circuit when vI ≥ 0. (d) Equivalent circuit when vI
0. (e) Output waveform.
Exercise 3.1:
For the circuit of Fig. 3.3(a), sketch the transfer
characteristic vo versus vI.
Figure E3.1
Exercise 3.2:
For the circuit of Fig. 3.3(a), sketch the vD
waveform.
Figure E3.2
Example 3.1:
For the circuit of Fig. 3.4(a) below, vs is a 24-V peak
sine. Find the fraction of conduction time of each
diode, the peak value of the diode current, and the
maximum reverse voltage across each diode.
Figure 3.4 Circuit and waveforms for Example 3.1.
Another Application: Diode Logic Gates
Figure 3.5 Diode logic gates: (a) OR gate; (b) AND gate (in a positive-logic system).
Example 3.2:
Find the various currents and voltages. It is not obvious
which diode is on and which is off Æ Proceed using
assumptions.
Figure 3.6 Circuits for Example 3.2.
Exercise 3.4:
Solve them yourself, tell me if you face pbs -/
Figure E3.4
3.2 THERMINAL CHARACTERISTICS OF JUNCTION
DIODES
Figure 3.7 The i–v characteristic of a silicon junction diode.
•Forward: v>0
•Reverse: v<0
•Breakdown: v<-VZK
Figure 3.8 The diode i–v relationship with some scales expanded and others compressed in order to reveal details.
The Forward-Bias Region
kT
i = IS (e v / nVT
− 1) VT =
q
i
i ≈ ISe v / nVT
Æ v = nVT ln
IS
Temperature Effect
Figure 3.9 Illustrating the temperature dependence of the diode forward characteristic. At a constant current, the voltage
drop decreases by approximately 2 mV for every 1°C increase in temperature.
The Reverse-Bias Region
v<0 Æ i = − IS
Figure E3.9
3.3 MODELING THE DIODE FORWARD
CHARACTERISTIC
The Exponential Model
ID = ISe VD / nVT
VDD − VD
ID =
R
Solution: graphical or iterative
Figure 3.10 A simple circuit used to illustrate the analysis of circuits in which the diode is forward conducting.
Graphical solution
Iterative analysis..
Figure 3.11 Graphical analysis of the circuit in Fig. 3.10 using the exponential diode model.
The Piecewise-Linear Model
iD = 0, vD ≤ VD 0
(vD − VD 0 )
iD = , vD ≥ VD 0
rD
VD 0 = 0.65V
rD = 20Ω
Figure 3.12 Approximating the diode forward characteristic with two straight lines: the piecewise-linear model.
Battery-plus-resistance model
Figure 3.13 Piecewise-linear model of the diode forward characteristic and its equivalent circuit representation.
Example 3.5*
Find ID and VD.
VDo=0.65V, rD=20Ω
R=1k, VDD=5V
Piecewise linear Model
Figure 3.14 The circuit of Fig. 3.10 with the diode replaced with its piecewise-linear model of Fig. 3.13.
The Constant-Voltage Model
Figure 3.15 Development of the constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics. A vertical straight line
(B) is used to approximate the fast-rising exponential. Observe that this simple model predicts VD to within ±0.1 V over the
current range of 0.1 mA to 10 mA.
Most widely used model
Figure 3.16 The constant-voltage-drop model of the diode forward characteristics and its equivalent-circuit representation.
Exercises 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13
Can you solve them? Try and tell me .
Figure E3.12
The Small-Signal Model
nVT 1
rd = =
ID [∂iD / dvD ]iD = I D
Figure 3.17 Development of the diode small-signal model. Note that the numerical values shown are for a diode with n = 2.
Example 3.6*
Find the DC and AC voltage across the diode.
Figure 3.18 (a) Circuit for Example 3.6. (b) Circuit for calculating the dc operating point. (c) Small-signal equivalent
circuit.
R=10k, vs: sine wave of 1V-peak ANS.

Assume VD=0.7V @ 1mA of ID VD=0.7, ID=0.93mA,
rd=53.8, vdpeak=5.35mV
Use of the Diode Forward Drop in Voltage Regulation
Example 3.7
Figure 3.19 Circuit for Example 3.7.
Find the % change of vO (regulated) for

a) A ±10% change in power supply Æ line or source regulation in %
b) Connection of a 1-k load resistance Æ load regulation in V/mA
Assume VD=0.7V, n=2.
ANS.
a)I=7.9mA, rd=6.3, Δvo=37.1mV Æ ±0.9%
b) RL=1k Æ Δvo=-39.7mV
Exercises 3.14, 3.15, D3.16
Can you solve them? Try and tell me .
Figure E3.16
Summary
Table 3.1 Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristic
Summary…
Table 3.1 (Continued)
Operation in the Reverse Region: ZENER DIODE
Iz and Vz are positive
Figure 3.20 Circuit symbol for a zener diode.
Specifying and Modeling the Zener Diode
ΔV = rz ΔI
Vz = Vz 0 + rz I Z
rZ: dynamic resistance
Figure 3.21 The diode i–v characteristic with the breakdown region shown in some detail.
A 6.8V-zener diode @ 10mAÆ shows a drop of 6.8V at a specified

Test current, say, 10mA.
What the manufacturer precise in the datasheet?
• VZ @ IZ (few Volts to few 100ds of Volts)
• rZ (few Ω to few tens of Ω )
• IZK
• Maximum power the zener can dissipate.
• Example: a 5.8W, 6.8V zener diode Æ Izmax=70mA,
Use of the Zener Diode as a Shunt Regulator
Figure 3.22 Model for the zener diode.
Example 3.8
Figure 3.23 (a) Circuit for Example 3.8. (b) The circuit with the zener diode replaced with its equivalent circuit model.
Example 3.8
Vz=6.8V @ Iz=5mA, rz=20Ω, Izk=0.2mA
a) Find Vo with no load for V+=10V (find Vzo first!) (Ans. 6.83 V)
b) Change in Vo due to the ±1V change in V+ (Ans. ΔVo=±38.5 mV).
Find the line regulation ΔVo/ΔV+ (in mV/V) (Ans. 38.5 mV/V).
c) Change in Vo from connection of RL that draws IL=1mA and
hence find the load regulation ΔVo/ΔIL (in mA/V) (-20m V/mA)
d) Change in Vo when RL = 2k (Ans. ΔVo=-68 mV).
e) Value of Vo when RL = 0.5k (Ans. Zener cutoff, use VDR Æ Vo=5V)
f) Find Rlmin for which the zener diode still remains in the breakdown
region?. (Ans. Iz=Izk=0.2mA, Vz=Vzk=6.7V Æ IRmin=(9-6.7)/0.5=4.6mA)
Æ IL=4.6-0.2=4.4mA ÆRL=6.7/4.4 = 1.5k)
Figure 3.23 (a) Circuit for Example 3.8. (b) The circuit with the zener diode replaced with its equivalent circuit model.
3.5 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Figure 3.24 Block diagram of a dc power supply.
The Half-Wave Rectifier
vo = 0, vS ≤ VD 0
R R
vo = vS − VD 0 , vS ≥ VD 0
R + rD R + rD
rD << R, vo ≈ vS − VD 0
PIV = VS: Peak Inverse Voltage

Figure 3.25 (a) Half-wave rectifier. (b) Equivalent circuit of the half-wave rectifier with the diode replaced with its
battery-plus-resistance model. (c) Transfer characteristic of the rectifier circuit. (d) Input and output waveforms, assuming
that rD ! R.
The Full-Wave Rectifier: The Bridge Rectifier
PIV?
vD3=-(vO+vD2)
Æ vD3 is max for vo max
Æ
PIV=vD3,max
=-(VS-2VD+VD)
=-VS+VD
Figure 3.27 The bridge rectifier: (a) circuit; (b) input and output waveforms.
The Full-Wave Rectifier: Center-Tapped Transformer
PIV = -2VS+VD
Figure 3.26 Full-wave rectifier utilizing a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding: (a) circuit; (b) transfer
characteristic assuming a constant-voltage-drop model for the diodes; (c) input and output waveforms.
The Rectifier with A Filter Capacitor-The Peak Rectifier
Figure 3.28 (a) A simple circuit used to illustrate the effect of a filter capacitor. (b) Input and output waveforms assuming
an ideal diode. Note that the circuit provides a dc voltage equal to the peak of the input sine wave. The circuit is therefore
known as a peak rectifier or a peak detector.
The Rectifier with A Filter Capacitor + a Load
Half-wave rectifier
vo
iL =
R
iD = iC + iL
dvI
=C + iL
dt
Figure 3.29 Voltage and current waveforms in the peak rectifier circuit with CR @ T. The diode is assumed ideal.
¾D conducts during a short interval Δt
¾Discharge lasts almost the entire period
¾ At the end of discharge: vo=Vp-Vr
¾ Vr is small when CR>>T
Q ~ ILT, IL ~ Vp/R
Q = VrC
C = ILT/Vr =Vp/fVrR Æ
Design Equations:
C=IL/fVr = Vp/fVrR
VL ~ Vp-Vr/2
Example 3.9
Diode conduction angle:
Vin: 60Hz, Vp=100V, R=10kΩ
wΔt = 2Vr / V p Find C for Vr=2V. Also, find
the diode conduction angle,
Diode peak current:
average diode current,
iD max = I L (1 + 2π 2V p / Vr ) and peak diode current.
Diode average current:
On board……….
iDav = I L (1 + π 2V p / Vr )
Full-wave rectifier
Diode conduction angle:
wΔt = 2Vr / V p
Diode peak current:

Figure 3.30 Waveforms in the full-wave peak rectifier.
iD max = I L (1 + 2π V p / 2Vr )
Design Equations:
Diode average current:
C=IL/fVr = Vp/2fVrR
iDav = I L (1 + π V p / 2Vr )
VL ~ Vp-Vr/2
Exercise D3.24
Solve it yourself……
Figure 3.31 The “superdiode” precision half-wave rectifier and its almost-ideal transfer characteristic. Note that when vI > 0
and the diode conducts, the op amp supplies the load current, and the source is conveniently buffered, an added advantage. Not
shown are the op-amp power supplies.
3.5 RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Limiter Circuits
¾Double limiter
¾ Hard limiter
Figure 3.32 General transfer characteristic for a limiter circuit.
Figure 3.33 Applying a sine wave to a limiter can result in clipping off its two peaks.
¾Double limiter
¾ Soft limiter Figure 3.34 Soft limiting.
Diode-Based Limiter Circuits
Constant voltage drop model used.
Figure 3.35 A variety of basic limiting circuits.
Exercise 3.27
Figure E3.27
The Clamped Capacitor or DC Restorer
vo= vI + vC
Figure 3.36 The clamped capacitor or dc restorer with a square-wave input and no load.
Figure 3.37 The clamped capacitor with a load resistance R.
The VOLTAGE DOUBLER
Figure 3.38 Voltage doubler: (a) circuit; (b) waveform of the voltage across D1.

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Diodes

Course: ELEC231/234, Spring 2011

Dr. Farid Touati

Non-linear I-V curve

1 k limits current 1 k limits reverse V

Figure 3.4 Circuit and waveforms for Example 3.1.

Figure 3.6 Circuits for Example 3.2.

Figure 3.7 The i–v characteristic of a silicon junction diode.

Solution: graphical or iterative

Piecewise linear Model

R=10k, vs: sine wave of 1V-peak ANS.

Figure 3.19 Circuit for Example 3.7.

Find the % change of vO (regulated) for

Table 3.1 Modeling the Diode Forward Characteristic

Table 3.1 (Continued)

Iz and Vz are positive

Figure 3.20 Circuit symbol for a zener diode.

rZ: dynamic resistance

A 6.8V-zener diode @ 10mAÆ shows a drop of 6.8V at a specified

Figure 3.22 Model for the zener diode.

Vz=6.8V @ Iz=5mA, rz=20Ω, Izk=0.2mA

Figure 3.24 Block diagram of a dc power supply.

PIV = VS: Peak Inverse Voltage

Diode peak current:

Figure 3.32 General transfer characteristic for a limiter circuit.

Constant voltage drop model used.

Figure 3.35 A variety of basic limiting circuits.

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