Amenam/Kpono: First Oil

FOS total_nigeria_couv_baf2 3/08/05 10:07 Page 4
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35, Kofo Abayomi Street
Amenam/Kpono
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Tel.: +234 (1) 262 3720
Fax.: +234 (1) 262 3744
first oil
FOS total_nigeria_pt 0_baf2 2/08/05 12:20 Page 4
AMENAM KPONO
menam/Kpono. The name of this new offshore field developed by the Total Group’s subsidiary
A
Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited (EPNL), in partnership with the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
(NNPC) and Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited (MPNU), splendidly sums up the spirit of this exemplary
project: in the local language, amenam means “well done” and kpono means “with full respect”.
Amenam/Kpono Oil and Gas Export Project (AKOGEP) is a clear statement of the strategic importance
that Total places on human values and the technological expertise of the Group’s teams who
are contributing on a daily basis, alongside their local counterparts, to the sustainable development
of Nigeria, one of the oil giants on the African continent.
Total can rightly feel that this completed phase of AKOGEP is indeed a job well done, with full respect for schedule, budget,
environmental protection and the safety of the thousands of people all over the world who have worked for the past five years
to bring this project to fruition. In addition, thanks to the contractual arrangement chosen, Total was able to maximise local content
and, in doing so, fulfil its commitments regarding skills transfer.
The completely successful start-up of crude production on 13 July 2003 crowns the first phase of the project and also demonstrates
the quality of the work carried out. The economically competitive valorisation of the Amenam/Kpono reserves, lying 4,000 metres
below the seabed of the Niger delta, was made possible by technological innovations implemented for the first time in the world,
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but also by the innovative project management concepts that were applied to the enterprise.
The teams in charge of first-phase development of this project have now handed over the reins to those who are to take charge
of Phase 2, but the human and technological adventure continues. The Amenam/Kpono field is destined to make a meaningful
contribution to the development of Nigeria’s LNG industry, in which Total is already a partner, by 2006 and over the following 25 years.
KPONO
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Amenam/Kpono
Key dates
1990 1995 1999

Just a few hours before the planned halt A first exploration well on Kpono, bor- Calls for tender are launched. More than
of drilling on the first exploration well, dering on Block OML 99, shows that the 70 companies worldwide are invited to
the main reservoir of the Amenam field Amenam deposit continues across into tender for the project.
is discovered on Block OML 99, operat- Block OML 70, operated by MPNU under
ed by EPNL as part of its joint venture a joint venture with NNPC.
with NNPC. 2000
1991 1998 March_The project is approved by Total’s
Executive Committee.
April_NNPC, EPNL and MPNU sign a Pre-
A 3D seismic acquisition campaign, Unitisation Agreement, a first for Nigeria. 2 June_The agreement for the funding of
carried out in November-December on the project (carry agreement) is signed
374 sq.km of Block OML 99, takes the July_The Field Development Plan is with NNPC, giving the project its final
first steps along the long road towards approved by all partners. The scheme, go-ahead.
full reservoir modelling. based on re-injection of the associated
gas, factors in, ahead of time, the deci- 20 October_Contracts are signed with
sion by the Nigerian authorities to elimi- the companies selected as project
nate all gas flaring by 2008. contractors: SaiBos, Thermodyn, Rolls
Royce, Foxboro, SBM/HHI, Eiffel and
July_The Group puts together the field Stolt Offshore.
development team for Phase 1 of
Amenam/Kpono.
November_Basic engineering for the

future production facilities begins.
Engineering is completed by July 1999.
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2001 2002 2003

Construction of the production equip- January_The final Unitisation Agreement March_On 13 March, the core element
ment and facilities begins in Nigeria, is signed. of the development scheme, the
France, South Korea and Dubai. At each production platform, is installed.
work site, the project team works closely June_On 26 June, the first drilling rig On 2 June, the Floating Storage and
with the relevant contractors on a daily (“Baltic”) arrives at the Amenam/Kpono Offloading vessel (FSO) is commis-
basis to achieve the “zero accident” site, joined on 4 July by the “Adriatic sioned, and all the facilities that will
target. In December, the two wellhead One”. Drilling begins on the first wells. produce the Amenam/Kpono reserves
platforms, built entirely in Nigeria, are Five months later, the site sees more over the next 25 years are now in
installed on site offshore. activity with the installation of the living place.
quarters platform, which is commis-
sioned in December 2002. At the end 13 July, 5pm_For the first time,
of the year, the production platform and wellhead 204 goes into production.
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the FSO leave their respective construc- Very quickly, the flowlines surrounding
tion yards in Jebel Ali (Dubai) and Ulsan the wellhead become frosted over,
(South Korea). signalling that the long-awaited gas
has begun to flow. An hour and a half
later, the ice that has covered the well-
head melts: the first oil from Amenam/
KPONO
Kpono has just been produced.
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Growing up with
a giant
_Nigeria’s gigantic hydrocarbon reserves, which are mostly con-
centrated in the Niger delta, are the mainstay of the country’s
economy. Amenam/Kpono, the largest conventional offshore
development undertaken so far in the Gulf of Guinea, demon-
strates Total’s desire to bolster significantly its presence in Nigeria.
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A major oil player

_By pure geological luck, Nigeria has been blessed with enormous oil and gas potential.
The country, whose oil production stands at 2 million barrels per day, is the largest pro-
ducer in Africa and the seventh-largest among OPEC countries. With reserves estimated at
30 billion barrels, this oil giant alone possesses 30% of all crude reserves on the African
continent and 70% of the oil in sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria also possesses huge, and so
A page of history far largely untapped, reserves of gas, estimated at 4,000 billion cubic metres or 25 billion
_Oil production in Nigeria dates back to 1958, barrels of oil equivalent.
when oil was first discovered on the Oloibiri The source of Nigeria’s huge accumulation of hydrocarbons is the Niger delta. This huge
field in the heart of the Niger delta, in what
basin formed by deposition of sediment carried down to the sea over millions of years by
is now Rivers state. Production volumes were
at first modest, just a few hundred thousand the Niger river is one of the most extensive petroleum traps in the world. The delta cov-
barrels a day, but they soon grew rapidly. ers 75,000 sq.km, and at its central part is 12 km across. The continental zone of the delta
The country’s rise to prominence in the world and its conventional offshore extension between them account for 85% of Nigeria’s oil and
oil production community was sustained by
gas reserves, with the remaining 15% located in the deep-offshore zone of the delta, at
numerous onshore oil discoveries in the delta
during the 1970s. By 1973, production had water depths of more than 400 metres.
risen to 2 million barrels per day. The recent major discoveries that have pushed back the frontiers of the deep offshore –
with Total participating in a major way via the Ukot, Akpo and more recently Usan discov-
eries – should make a very significant contribution towards helping Nigeria achieve its tar-
get of increasing its reserves to 40 billion barrels by 2010 and doubling its oil production,
to 4 million barrels per day. Gas, which has started to play a significant role in meeting
world demand for energy, is already a major growth driver for Nigeria’s hydrocarbons indus-
try. The country recently adopted a gas monetization strategy, backed by the commitment
by the authorities to eliminate all flaring by 2008, and which has been given concrete form
with the construction of the NLNG liquefied natural gas plant at Bonny which has been
supplying the export market since late 1999. In addition to supplying feedstock via EPNL,
Total is an active shareholder in the Bonny plant.
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Growing up with a giant
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Total in Nigeria
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A growing
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partnership
_Production start-up on Amenam/Kpono is a major milestone in expanding the fruitful part-
nership between Total and Nigeria’s oil industry. The Group has now contributed to the
development of the country’s energy sector for more than 40 years, and its local subsidiary
EPNL is now the fourth-largest producer in Nigeria. The Amenam/Kpono oil and gas export
project (AKOGEP), underpinned by a philosophy combining integration, openness and
skills transfer, bears witness to the relationship of mutual trust forged between Total teams
and those from NNPC.
This exemplary success gives concrete form to Total’s desire to expand and strengthen its
presence in Nigeria. The Group, which has interests in more than 50 permits in the coun-
try, on land, in the conventional offshore zone and the deep offshore, including nine as
operator, has amply demonstrated the quality of its expertise and technological know-
how in operations both onshore and offshore. Production from Amenam/Kpono, one of the
largest conventional offshore oil deposits on the west coast of the African continent, will
double Total’s operated production capacity in Nigeria, which will increase strongly once
again with the development of the recent deep-offshore discoveries, Akpo and Usan. This
production increase reflects the Group’s desire to make a more and more meaningful con-
tribution to the sustainable development of this country, in line with the Nigerian govern-
ment’s legitimate ambition to bolster its ranking as an energy player. In the short term,
Amenam/Kpono will be the main driver for strengthening Total’s position in Nigeria. As well
as permitting the valorisation of major quantities of oil over a period of at least 25 years,
this field will also make a major contribution to the development of Nigeria’s gas sector,
The Amenam/Kpono project heralds

“ a new phase of cooperation among
major stakeholders in the Nigerian oil
industry and further demonstrates EPNL’s
resolve to contribute significantly to the
growth of the Nigerian economy.”
Georges Buresi, Managing Director, EPNL.
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which has quite exceptional potential. The second phase of development of

Amenam/Kpono will have a significant impact here by providing feedstock for the fourth
and fifth trains of the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Limited (NLNG) Bonny plant, which are
expected to be commissioned in mid 2005 and early 2006 respectively. This will boost the
production capacity of NLNG, in which Total has a 15% stake, to 17 million metric tons of
LNG per year. This will mean a significant increase in Nigeria’s export earnings, which con-
stitute one of the main pillars of the country’s sustainable development.
Looking to the future

In the longer term, the deep offshore is a promising vector for expanding Total’s position in
Nigeria. The successes already posted by the Group in the deep-offshore zone of the Niger
delta, which is still largely unexplored, suggest that there is a very bright future here.
Significant discoveries have already been made on the two licences operated by Total’s
Nigerian subsidiaries under production-sharing contracts (PSC). The first exploration wells
drilled in 1998 on Ukot, followed by wells
drilled in 2002 on Usan, showed the poten-
tial of OPL 222 operated in joint venture
with Chevron Petroleum Nigeria Limited,
Esso Exploration and Production Nigeria and
Nexen Inc., under a PSC with NNPC.
Meanwhile, the efforts of the exploration
teams working on OPL 246 (a joint venture
with South Atlantic Petroleum – operator –
and Braspetro) were rewarded by the
discovery, in 2000, of the extremely promis-
ing Akpo deposit. These discoveries, provid-
ing ample proof of the Group’s ability to rise
to the technological challenges of the deep
offshore, are expected to bear their first fruit
in 2007 with production start-up on Akpo.
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First unitisation AMENAM KPONO

in Nigeria
_Amenam/Kpono, the third offshore development project to be operated by Total in the
Niger delta, is the first in Nigeria to involve a unitisation agreement, designed to maximise
oil recovery while optimising project economics. The Amenam/Kpono field, located about
30 km from the coast in water 40 metres deep, extends across two adjacent Oil Mining
Leases (OML): OML 99, operated by the Total subsidiary Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited, and
OML 70, operated by the ExxonMobil subsidiary Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited. These
circumstances led to the signing, in January 2002, of Nigeria’s first Unitisation Operating
Agreement, which specifies the ownership share of each of the project partners.
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited, the operator Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited
60% 30.4% 9.6%

First-phase development, which was financed under a carry agreement signed in June 2000,
involves an investment of $1.2 billion. This exemplary agreement, only the second of its
type ever signed in Nigeria, marked the true beginning of the project. At the same time,
the NNPC/EPNL joint venture invested $200 million to build and commission an FSO, the
“Unity” whose main role is to handle production from the offshore fields including
Amenam/Kpono.
Determining the division of ownership of the deposit was

“ strategically vital, and it took Total geoscience teams three
years to settle. The negotiations mostly concentrated on the
geological model. It was tough, intense and sometimes difficult,
but always a fascinating challenge.” Bernard Faissat, Head Amenam/Kpono Geosciences
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AMD2
AMD1
AMT1
AMP1
AMQ AMT2
24” Gas
AMP2 to Bonny
ODP1
16” Oil & 6” FG
24” Oil & 6” FG
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AKOGEP development
scheme, phases 1 and 2
Production plateau 125,000 barrels/day
Field life 20-30 years
Gas injection 15 million cu.m/day during Phase 1,
5 million cu.m/day during Phase 2, at 400 bars pressure
Water injection 300,000 barrels/day at 250 bars pressure during Phase 2
Gas monetized 10 million cu.m/day during Phase 2
4 main platforms connected by bridges, one located 2 miles from
the complex
34 wells to depths between 4,000 m and 6,600 m
AMD3
Drilling 2,000 days involving 2 rigs working simultaneously
Development cost $2/barrel
18” Water
FSO
Buoy
36” Oil
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Building the future

together
_Total has an ongoing commitment to sustainable development.
Valorisation of hydrocarbon resources must always include the
safety of project personnel, transfer of skills, protection of the
environment and enhancement of the quality of life of those who
will live near the Group’s production sites over the years.
21
Team spirit
_Partnerships based on mutual trust do not just happen; they must be forged on a daily
basis. With this in mind, all the work of the AKOGEP team has been underpinned by the
principle of integration. A major effort was made to forge a veritable team spirit among the
personnel from the Total Group, the NNPC, the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)
and MPNU. Project personnel were always encouraged to work closely together, thus
fostering fruitful exchanges and everyday information sharing, which was vital in ensuring
that Amenam/Kpono was completed on schedule and within budget – a major challenge
with all large-scale projects.
Amenam/Kpono was the first project operated by the Group in Nigeria where representa-
tives of Nigeria’s DPR and NNPC have been so closely integrated as permanent members of
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the project team. Between July 1998 and July 2003, three to six such representatives were
continuously involved on Phase 1 of the project. They were in daily contact with a variety
of surface and subsurface specialists on the team, making a full-time contribution to the
people success of this challenging human and technological adventure. The Total Group adopted
an “open-book” policy here, stressing dialogue, openness and exchange in its relations with
both NNPC and DPR. The result-
_That is the largest number of people in- ing closeness between teams
volved in the project team at any one time – hailing from Total and its partners
June 2003. The variable-geometry team changed generated a veritable team spirit,
composition depending on the various stages
further proof of the Group’s long-
of the project. It was usually made up of
about a hundred people, increasing in size term commitment to Nigeria and
from Autumn 2002 onwards as the onshore a major asset in ensuring the suc-
facilities began to be commissioned. cess of future partnerships.
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Building the future together
It’s all in the logo

_The sphere that frames
the logo of the AKOGEP
project, symbolising
strength, energy and
unity, is intended to
convey Total’s desire
to federate the various
players involved in this project. The elements
that go to make up the logo, using the
emblematic colours of all the project partners,
are a metaphor for all the different compo-
nents of this new development. Some are
immediately discernible: Africa, Nigeria, a
drop of oil, the rising curve of future gas
production. Others are more open to inter-
pretation; reservoir engineers may see a
geological fault line or the geometry of the
future Amenam East field; drillers may inter-
pret it as a well profile and construction
teams may even see it as a platform jacket.
Integrating representatives of our Nigerian partners into the

“ project team made it easier to conclude the various agree-
ments that are necessary as a project like this advances. This strong
everyday commitment to a relationship of cooperation amply demon-
strates Total’s desire to forge a position as a front-rank partner of
Nigeria’s oil industry.” Anthony Obalarin, in charge of partners’ relations within EPNL Joint Venture Division
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Rest and relaxation assured

_Every detail of the Amenam/Kpono living
quarters platform – architecture, sound-proof-
ing, sports facilities and entertainment spaces
– suggests the priority accorded to the quality
of life of those working on the site. Providing
rest and relaxation is an active way of ensur-
ing the well-being of the 80 men who will
live on the platform and operate the facilities
over the 25-year production period, and this
in turn is a vital factor in maintaining ongoing
vigilance and availability regarding safety.
And as the final link in the risk-mastery chain,
the platform is equipped with a medical
facility worthy of the most modern hospital.
People
15 million
cu.m
of gas
and environment:
safety first
_In all its activities and wherever it operates, safety, health and environmental protection
are strategic priorities for Total. And as regards these key aspects of the Group’s commit-
_will be reinjected every day during Phase 1
production on Amenam/Kpono. During Phase 2, ment to sustainable development, the Amenam/Kpono oil and gas export project is indeed
17 million cu.m per day of this associated gas an exemplary endeavour.
produced (including the associated gas from Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited (EPNL), together with all its contractors and sub-contractors,
the Ofon and Odudu fields) will be valorised.
has made “zero accidents” a top priority at all stages of the project. Right from the early
Use of these enormous amounts of gas for re-
injection or their valorisation as feedstock for engineering phase, the safety of the teams working on the offshore production site was a
the Bonny LNG plant will prevent the release key factor in the design of the facilities: separation of the living quarters from the pro-
into the atmosphere of 15 million metric tons duction platform; optimisation of access for the personnel called upon to maintain the
of CO2 each year.
facilities in future, etc.
And the project team’s Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) programme – involving risk
assessment, safety awareness on the part of contractors, and continuous information flow
backed by continuous management involvement – certainly paid off, with the project record-
26
ing less than ten Lost Time Accidents for more than 12 million man-hours worked. AMENAM KPONO
In addition to its excellent safety record, AKOGEP is an environmental protection reference
as well. The project provides a perfect example of optimum valorisation of hydrocarbon
resources combined with mastery of greenhouse gas emissions. Looking ahead to 2008,
when the Nigerian authorities will be putting an end to all gas flaring, EPNL has used the
Amenam/Kpono project to demonstrate its commitment to ending its own flaring accord-
ingly. AKOGEP thus marks a major step forward in the reduction of emissions of green- Protecting the environment
house gases, and particularly CO2. Up until 2006, the associated gas produced on the _Throughout the Amenam/Kpono project,
every effort was made to ensure protection of
Amenam/Kpono field will be re-injected into the reservoirs to maintain the pressure, thus
the environment. Before work began, environ-
making an active contribution to optimising the oil recovery rate. With Phase 2 develop- mental impact studies were carried out off-
ment, Amenam/Kpono will become a shore and along the coast to assess the envi-
veritable gas hub, providing feedstock ronmental risks and determine the measures
necessary to prevent damage. The environ-
for the 4th and 5th and possible future
mental protection measures taken by AKOGEP
liquefaction trains of the Bonny LNG were approved by Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of
plant. At that stage, some 65% of the the Environment and Department of Petroleum
gas produced on the field will be Resources, and are fully in line with Total’s
commitment to minimising the environmental
exported, to which will be added the
footprint of its activities. For example, all pro-
gas from the neighbouring Ofon and duction water was treated in hydrocyclones
Odudu fields, which is currently flared, with on-line analysis equipment, thus guaran-
as well as future gas production from teeing that all water discharges had an oil
content well below the regulation 40 ppm.
the Akpo deep-offshore field.
Another measure was the optimised waste-
management system set up on the living-
quarters platform, involving selective sorting,
compacting and recycling. In imposing envi-
ronmental protection standards even more
stringent than those specified by current regu-
lations, EPNL is cementing its position as a
responsible long-term operator in Nigeria’s
upstream.
In my view, top safety performance was an indispensable

“ prerequisite for success on the Amenam/Kpono project.
The by-word was ‘Zero Accident target’, and this was constantly
hammered home, with supervisors passing the message on down-
wards. The constant effort to maintain awareness was the key
to the project’s safety record.” Pierre Nerguararian, Project Manager Amenam/Kpono
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Sharing our skills

_In line with its commitment to enhancing the well-being of the communities where it oper-
ates, Total makes every effort to provide comprehensive training for employees of the
Group’s local partners. Skills transfer, which is an expression of the Group’s corporate citi-
zenship policy worldwide, has taken on an added dimension because of the sheer size of
the Amenam/Kpono project, which is the largest conventional offshore development proj-
ect in the whole of West Africa. Total’s skills-sharing initiatives involve a wide-ranging train-
20 managers in Pau ing programme which has benefited not only the Nigerian nationals who have been oper-
_Twenty Nigerian project team members,
ating the production site since 13 July 2003, but also managerial staff from both NNPC and
specialising in areas ranging from reservoir
engineering, drilling and process to engineer- DPR integrated into the project team.
ing, construction, commissioning and produc- The core of the skills transfer initiatives involved in the Amenam/Kpono project was an
tion, were assigned to the AKOGEP project intensive training programme for 40 Nigerian nationals recruited to operate the facilities
base in Pau in south-western France, where
once production began. Training was also provided for four representatives of NNPC and
they gained invaluable experience that en-
abled them to take up responsible positions DPR. The programme began in Nigeria and continued in France, at the Group’s Lacq site,
as soon as they returned to Nigeria. where team members spent two months familiarising themselves with the Amenam/Kpono
production process on a special simulator. They then travelled to Congo, where the Group
is operator for the Nkossa field, to gain hands-on experience of gas re-injection with the
help of their Congolese counterparts. This comprehensive skills-transfer programme was
completed in Dubai, where the trainees commissioned the production platform AMP 1 at
the McDermott shipyard at Jebel Ali. After all this, AKOGEP can boast a top operating team
with full knowledge of the facilities in their charge.
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My intensive training period in France as part of the project

“ team was invaluable from a technical standpoint. I learned
a great deal from direct contact with specialists in a variety of
areas. My stay in France, where I was accompanied by my wife
and my three children, was an extremely positive social experience
as well.” Ike Anozie, initially Start-up Manager for the AKOGEP project, and now Amenam/Kpono Site Manager
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Supporting local
development
_Strengthening the local economy and enhancing the quality of life of surrounding com-
munities are integral facets of the active contribution that Total is committed to making
towards ensuring the sustainable development of countries that have chosen the Group to
2.2
partner the expansion of their energy sector.
In an effort to ensure that the AKOGEP project makes a meaningful contribution to local eco-
million nomic development, Total insisted that all contractors give preference wherever possible to
man- Nigerian firms in carrying out their contracts. This desire to maximise local content has been
hours matched by a long-term initiative to ensure that the Amenam/Kpono project makes a tan-
gible and sustainable contribution to improving the quality of life of people living in Rivers
and Akwa-Ibom states. The coastal areas of these two states nearest to the project site are
_of work have been put into the Amenam/ dotted with hundreds of villages and hamlets at different stages of economic development.
Kpono project in Nigeria. Construction opera-
Most local people earn a livelihood from fishing, with the rest engaged in agriculture. In an
tions for the wells platforms (Stolt Offshore’s
Globestar, Warri yard), the bridges and the effort to ensure that financial aid programmes correspond as closely as possible to the actu-
flare tripods (NISSCO, Warri yard) and the al needs of the communities concerned, Total turned for assistance to the NGO Pro-Natura,
loading buoy connected to the Floating Storage which is very active in the Niger Delta region. Close consultation with leaders of
and Offloading (FSO) vessel (Nigerdock, Warri
the relevant communities, who have practi-
yard) accounted for 1.2 million man-hours.
Then an additional 1 million man-hours were cal responsibility for actual execution of all
needed for the operations related to hook-up programmes, then enabled the Group, in
and commissioning of the offshore facilities. partnership with Nigerian authorities at both
local and federal level, to set up a long-term
development programme made up of num-
erous micro-projects and which is being
managed by EPNL’s Sustainable Develop-
ment Division.
The attraction of Pro-Natura’s participative development model

“in Nigeria stems from the fact that it was not shipped in
from the outside but was a local response to a local situation,
based on the traditional African model of consensus democracy.”
Guy Reinaud, President of Pro-Natura International
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Challenges
_Completing a large-scale international project on schedule and
within budget is always a challenge. The success of the AKOGEP
endeavour was due to the cutting-edge expertise of the teams
involved and to a number of innovative concepts, implemented
both offshore and onshore for the first time in the world.
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Mastering
1990 deep geology
_Discovery of R4 by Amenam-1 (A1),
the first exploration well to be drilled _The Amenam/Kpono field, located about 30 kilometres off the Nigerian coast, where the
on OML 99 by the NNPC/ENPL joint
waters of the Niger delta meet those of the Atlantic Ocean, involves typical river-mouth bar
venture.
geology. The field’s hydrocarbons are found in six reservoirs (R4, R9, R10, R11, R12 and
1991 R15), formed by deposition of Miocene-era sands washed down by the Niger seven million
years ago and now lying between 3,400 and 4,700 metres below the seabed. The largest
_Amenam-2, drilled 2.5 km from A1, reservoir, R4, is seven kilometres long and four kilometres wide and has an average thick-
shows the considerable extent of R4 ness of 250 metres.
across OML 99.
Since the field was discovered in 1990, two seismic acquisition campaigns and seven years
_A seismic acquisition campaign
over 374 sq.km is carried out from of study by geosciences teams have provided a broad enough understanding of the field’s
12 November to 31 December. geology for Total to use them as a basis for a reliable development model. However, sev-
eral challenges were involved here.
1992 The first challenge was to locate with sufficient accuracy the limits of the reservoirs. The
top of the 1,000-metre thick clay cap of each reservoir is overlaid by a sandstone layer,
_Exploration well Amenam-3, drilled
and the interface of these two geological horizons forms a sort of screen that hinders the
3.5 km from AMN1, encounters R4 again
and also strikes two new reservoirs passage of the seismic waves through to the reservoir. This means that the seismic image
that are even deeper: R11 and R12. of the deeper layers is low-resolution and is difficult to process and interpret.
The second challenge was to resolve the uncertainties concerning the presence of clay layers
1995 within the reservoirs themselves and to determine to what extent they would hinder the ver-
tical flow of fluids towards the production wells, particularly in the case of reservoir R4.
_Kpono-1, drilled by the NNPC/MPNU
The third challenge was to build a geological model capable of delivering the petro-
joint venture, establishes that both R4
and R11 extend across onto OML 70, physical characteristics of the rocks accurately enough to satisfy all the project partners.
and also discovers R10. This strategic milestone was passed in 1998, opening the way for Phase 1 development of
_Amenam-4 encounters R4 and R11. Amenam/Kpono.
1996
_Kpono-2 and Kpono-3 are drilled.
2001
_A second seismic acquisition campaign
is carried out over 356 sq.km from
15 November to 10 January.
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Perspective view extracted Challenges
from Amenam-Kpono field 3D modelling
The top of the main reservoir surface is represented; the vertical lines are well trajectories
targeting the reservoirs. Colour-coding and contour lines are related to depth. Visualising
present and future impacts this way helps to understand and optimise hydrocarbons
recovery, especially by taking into account potential barriers (in monochrome colour on
the figure) for future development well location and design.
Discovery
_By late 1990, the exploration teams had
almost given up hope. Having already passed
through a series of mostly thin reservoirs,
mainly involving aquifers, the first exploration
well, Amenam 1, seemed destined to
encounter nothing but shale layers and the
decision not to drill any deeper was finally
taken. Operations would cease the next
morning. Fortunately, during the night, just a
few hours before the fateful deadline, Amenam
1 struck reservoir R4.
39
40
AMENAM KPONO
Challenges
Water injection
_In 2006, when Phase 2 of AKOGEP gets
under way, about 10 million cu.m of gas per
day will be piped to the Bonny LNG plant for
“Zero flaring” liquefaction. But valorisation of this huge vol-

ume of gas as LNG for export will mean that
much less associated gas is available for re-
and gas valorisation

_One of the central elements of the Amenam/Kpono field development scheme is gas re-
injection. The shortfall will be made up for
by injecting some 300,000 barrels per day
of seawater instead. The water will be filtered
and treated and then compressed to 250 bars
injection, which not only ensures “clean” production with respect to emissions of green- before being injected into the reservoirs via
11 dedicated injector wells.
house gases but also makes it possible to optimise the recovery rate throughout the
planned field life of 25 years.
The oil produced from Amenam/Kpono is very light (43°-47° API). Under the reservoir con-
ditions found here, i.e. pressure, depending on the reservoir, varying between 350 and 500 34 wells
bars and temperatures from 130 to 150° C, the oil occurs in a state very close to conden- the number for Phases 1 and 2,
sate gas. This means that it is vital to maintain the initial pressure of the reservoirs, because including 18 producers, 5 gas injectors
and 11 water injectors.
any drop in pressure would cause more of the oil to change to a gaseous state and result
in production of greater amounts of gas and a rapid fall-off in the oil recovery rate.
During the first phase of production, the pressure will be maintained by gas re-injection 170 kilometres
alone, with some 15 million cu.m of associated gas being injected per day at a pressure the total drilled length of wells.
of 400 bars. Unusually, the gas will not be dehydrated before re-injection. Re-injection of
wet gas at such high pressure, thus eliminating the treatment stage, is a first for Total. This
technical achievement was made possible by the purpose-development of seven special
6,600 metres
the drilled length of the longest well.
compressors by Thermodyn. Four of these huge units are driven by two Rolls Royce turbines,
each with a capacity of 30 MW – equivalent to the power of the engines on a Boeing 747.
A total of four reservoirs (R4, R10, R11 and R9) are being brought into production during
54°
this first phase of production, but only R9 will be produced by natural depletion. This is the maximum deviation of any
production well.
because the relatively small reserves in the reservoir do not justify the enormous investment
required for re-injection, which can involve drilling special wells with horizontal sections
between 500 and 800 metres long and between 3,400 and 4,000 metres below sea-level.
41
A worldwide
contractual strategy
_With a development cost of only $2 per barrel, the AKOGEP project, the largest conven-
tional offshore development project ever undertaken in West Africa, is also particularly com-
petitive in terms of economics. One of the keys to this achievement was a worldwide con-
tractual strategy involving, for the first time ever for a Nigerian project, an innovative design
competition.
The four companies selected to supply the facilities for Phase 1 of the Amenam/Kpono proj-
ect (Eiffel, SBM/HHI, Stolt Offshore Services and SaiBos) were chosen from among more than
70 firms initially invited to tender. This very wide-ranging call for tenders allowed project
management to optimise the cost of each of the main components required: a living quar-
ters platform for 80 people, a Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) unit, two drilling plat-
forms (AMD 1 and AMD 2) and a production platform (AMP1). For construction of the pro-
duction platform, Elf Petroleum Nigeria Limited suggested to the other partners that the call
for tenders take the form of a design competition, with each firm tendering required to sub-
mit a package tender covering engineering, construction and installation concept of the plat-
form, AMP1, as well as details of any ad hoc supply consortium. Implementation of this inno-
vative solution, which was approved by all partners, shortened the start-up timeframe by
about two months and reduced the cost of building and installing the production platform
by between $10 million and $20 million.
42
AMENAM KPONO
Challenges
43
October 2000
SaiBos is awarded a contract for the
engineering, construction, transport
and installation of AMP1. The contractor
teams up with Technip, McDermott
and Dockwise as sub-contractors.
August 2000
to December 2001
Engineering is completed by Technip
teams in Paris.
April 2001
2003
to February
Construction at the McDermott yard in
Jebel Ali (Dubai), involving more than
2,500 people.
February 2003
Transport of the platform from Dubai
Float-over record
_The production platform for Phase 1 of the Amenam/Kpono project is 60 metres long,
to the Amenam/Kpono site.
40 metres wide and 50 metres high and has three working levels each the size of a foot-
ball field. At 11,500 metric tons, the AMP1 is the heaviest platform ever built in Dubai and
13 March 2003 its float-over installation on site offshore on 13 March 2003 constituted a world first for a
facility of that size. Until that date, the float-over record was held by the 9,000-ton plat-
Installation of the platform by float-
over. form for Angola’s Cobo field. The extremely critical float-over operation involved pin-point
accuracy and had to be carried out during a favourable weather window: the long period
13 July 2003 of the offshore swell – between 13 and 14 seconds – meant that the operation could only
be carried out with a swell of less than 1 metre.
Production start-up.
44
AMENAM KPONO
Challenges
1_The barge transporting the platform from

Dubai is positioned next to the jacket.
2_The barge is moved between the legs of
the jacket and ballasted. This very exacting
operation is carried out by a team of special-
ists from Technip.
3_The next stage of the operation – jacking
the platform up 1.5 metres off the barge –
is carried out by the team from SaiBos. This
is the most critical phase, as the jacks have
to be perfectly synchronised so as not to
allow the enormous structure to bend and
suffer damage.
4_The platform is lowered onto the cones
of the jacket. Despite the 1-metre swell, the
huge structure must be positioned with an
accuracy of just a few centimetres.
5_Mission successful: the platform is in
place. The whole operation has taken 24
hours.
45
A floating giant
_Unity, the largest Floating Storage and Offloading vessel (FSO) in the Gulf of Guinea,
anchored 60 kilometres off the Nigerian coast, was commissioned on 2 June 2003. The ves-
45,000 metric tons sel, with its capacity of 2.4 million barrels, lies at the heart of the strong increase in EPNL’s
production in Nigeria’s conventional offshore zone, generated by the development of Amenam/
Kpono. In addition to handling the 125,000 barrels per day supplied by this field during
2.4 million barrels
storage capacity
its plateau-production period, this floating giant will be used to store and process crude
oil from a number of other fields, including Afia, Ime, Edikan, Odudu (OML 100) and Ofon
(OML 102).
330 metres long During construction of this leviathan of the seas, the Korean company Hyundai Heavy
Industries recorded a world first by building the enormous vessel entirely onshore at its
Ulsan shipyard.
64 metres wide
32 metres high
3 million man-
hours for construction
8,000 cu.m/hour
tanker loading rate
130 people
will live and work on the FSO, thirty
of them involved in operating and
maintaining the vessel, and one hun-
dred others handling production from
Ofon and Odudu.
46
AMENAM KPONO
Challenges
_March 2001-June 2002: the two half-sections

of the FSO Unity are constructed at the same
time onshore at the HHI shipyard
_25 June 2002: the forward half of the FSO
hull is skidded into position against the after
half.
_23 July 2002: the FSO is skidded onto two
submersible cargo barges, then moved into
deeper water and launched by flooding the
barges.
_8 January 2003: the FSO begins its journey
of about 100 days from South Korea to
Nigeria.
47
A job well done

_The successful first-phase development
of Amenam/Kpono was largely due to close
teamwork, on a daily basis, between the
teams from Total and those from the NNPC.
Going beyond this, the project has been a
truly multinational, multidisciplinary and
multicultural endeavour involving thousands
of people all over the world, and Total wishes
to express its sincere thanks to all those who
have contributed to this human and tech-
nological adventure.
48
49
www.total.com
Photo credits: V. Toebat, J.-D. Lamy, L. Zylberman/Graphix Images/Total • Mapping: Idé
Graphic design: (réf. 2587) • Printed in the EU • © Total - February 2004.
50
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Exploration & Production - Paris

Exploration & Production - Pau

1990 1995 1999

November_Basic engineering for the

2001 2002 2003

A major oil player

The Amenam/Kpono project heralds

which has quite exceptional potential. The second phase of development of

Looking to the future

First unitisation AMENAM KPONO

60% 30.4% 9.6%

Determining the division of ownership of the deposit was

16” Oil & 6” FG

24” Oil & 6” FG

Building the future

It’s all in the logo

Integrating representatives of our Nigerian partners into the

Rest and relaxation assured

In my view, top safety performance was an indispensable

Sharing our skills

My intensive training period in France as part of the project

The attraction of Pro-Natura’s participative development model

“Zero flaring” liquefaction. But valorisation of this huge vol-

and gas valorisation

1_The barge transporting the platform from

_March 2001-June 2002: the two half-sections

A job well done

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Exploration & Production - Paris

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