Final Report

Meng 4 Integrated Project Final report
Health and Fitness suite 349128
1. SYNOPSIS
This report highlight the realisation of the foundations, the
ground floor, the roof and the façade, part of the Heath and
fitness suite in the Mountbatten centre restructuration. This is to
be read in conjunction with the volume 23 reports and after the
reading of the volume 1 and 22.
Description of proposed solution:
The foundations have to support a steel structure with a
maximum span of 7, 2m, 2 floors of 910m² and 1 roof.
The ground floor has to be carried by the ground beams.
The biggest span is 5,2m.
The façade has to surround all the new structure except the east
façade which is common with the gymnasium utility building.
The roof is supported by steel beams of 14,4m span maximum.
In order to reach a feasible solution, the following parts have
been covered, The identification of problem and constraints, the
conceptual design , the detailed design, the project management
which include the bill of quantities, the programme , the environment
issues and the method statement .
Cost summary
The bill of quantities = £556,680
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2. DESIGN
2.1. Proposed design

To realise a concept, first of all it is important to highlight the key
requirement of the brief in order to design the project in concordance with the
existing problems.
2.1.1. foundations
2.1.1.1. Problem taken in consideration
 High water table, Contamination or soil pollution, Mountbatten centre has
to be in use. Noise and vibration problem.
As defined in volume 2, those problems above were identified at the prelim
stage.
 The foundations will be close to the existing building. This could cause
problems of collapsing of the Mountbatten centre or diminution of strength of
the foundation and so of the structure.
To avoid this problem, the choice of the type of foundation is very important. It
must be realised without appreciable vibration and can be installed quite close to
the existing building.
 The foundation has to support a steel frame structure.( GWENA, 2006)
2.1.1.2. Material choice
The type of foundation chosen is the bored piles installed by (auger injected
piles).
First of all pile have been chosen because of the water level, and the poor
bearing capacity of the soil until 2 m 40.
”The continuous flight auger drilling offer an efficient, rapid solution for
predominantly lightly loaded structures” (Bachy soletanche, 2006), like the
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Health and Fitness suite project with a light steel structure (Volume 23,
GWENA, 2006).
“Continuous flight auger piles are quick to install and involve the use of
vibrationless techniques. The whole process is monitored by sensitive
instrumentation, ensuring a smooth operation.” (Bachy soletanche, 2006) and
there is no risk of ground heave (Tomlinson, 2001, p388) which enable pile
realisation closed to the existing Mountbatten centre, so avoid collapsing and
permit a use of the existing facilities.
The technique is quick to install and permit a minimum time process. Finally, this
bored piling technique permit to construct pile with diameter ranging between
300mm and 1200mm and to a maximum depths of 33m. (Bachy soletanche, 2006)
2.1.1.3. Foundation dimension
Pile will have a maximum of 750 mm diameter and 30m length (Calculation, part
‘’’) and will be spaced of a minimum length of 2. 49m. (drawing MCR 23).
2.1.1.4. Planning of the foundation realisation
First of all piles in the demolished part closed to the existing building will be
realise, (see on figure 1).and then the pile line will be realise thanks to a
backward movement.
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North
Existing Mountbatten centre
West
East
South
Figure 1
2.1.2. Foundation structure

As highlighted in the key requirement in the foundation part (see above)
2.1.2.2. material choice
Pile cap and ground beam will be realised using a backater.
The concrete use in this foundation structure and as well in the pile
foundation is a concrete grade C 30, sulphate resisting because of
the polluted soil and the water attendance.

« The resistance to sulphate attack of concrete in aggressive environments is
of vital importance to the performance of many items of infrastructure »
(http://www.cmit.csiro.au/research/papers/abstract.cfm/205).
« Generally, conventional concrete structures exposed to sulphate environment
such as groundwater, soil, sewage from households, industrial or chemical plants
are prone to many severe subsequent problems, for instance the expansion,
which led to cracking and steel corrosion. Consequently, the performance of
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such the concrete structures would become much poorer than what they have
been designed for. The selection of concrete with sulphate resistance should
therefore be a prime consideration for these concrete structures. »
(http://www.cpac.co.th/enquiry/SULPHATE.PDF)
2.1.2.3. Foundation dimension
(See on drawing, MCR 23)
2.1.2.4. Planning of the foundation realisation
This planning will follow the pile realisation planning. Obviously the drying time
need to be finished.
2.1.3. Ground floor slab

 The ground floor has to support the load of a reception area with a
maximum span of 5m30
 The construction site must be clean as good as possible. Indeed a clean
construction avoids accidents.
 Re-established quickly the Mountbatten centre to avoid that the centre
loose customer.
Precast slabs have been chosen.
First of all “time-consuming activities such as propping, shuttering and

concrete pouring are virtually eliminated.” (Bison, 2006). It permits to realise
quickly the ground floor.
Then, using prescast slab permits to use less in-situ concrete, and avoid long
drying time as well. “Using a precast floor, a large volume of work is carried out
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off site. This reduces what can be a complex and time consuming site operation
that is subject to the vagaries of the climate.”
Finally, precast slab allowed long span. » Factory-made prestressed units offer
the maximum design advantages of achieving long span units for given depths.
This avoids the need for intermediate supports.” (Bison, 2006)
2.1.3.3. Precast slab dimensions
Spans indicated below allow for characteristic service load (live load)
plus self weight plus 1.5 kN / m2 for finishes
Characteristic service loads kN / m2
Unit depth Available fire period self Wt Kn/m² 0.75 1.5 2.0 2.5 3 4 5
Effective span in metres
150 1 hour or 2 hours 3,6 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.0 7.6 7.3
Width: 1200mm
Maximum length: 5300mm
(Bison, 2006)
2.1.3.4. Precast constructive method.
The precast slabs are supported by the ground beam. This supported slab is in
fact 100mm over the floor. At each side the slab is on 100mm of the ground
beam.
2.1.4. Façade
 « The new development needs to provide an aesthetically pleasing and
highly functional building, yet at the same time the form and material used
needs to fit in with the existing buildings on the site. » (Volume 2)
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So the solution is to match with the existing facade, to avoid an important
contrast.
The exiting façade is composed of brown bricks.
The bricks chosen are the brown Engineering Facing Bricks. This is the
Dimensions Weight No. per m2
(10mm joints)
215 x 102.5 x 73mm 3.8 Tonnes per 1,000 53
one which match with the existing Mountbatten centre. Moreover, « Dark Red
Class A bricks have a particularly high resistance to acids, alkalis and abrasion
and are therefore very suitable for foundations, chemical works, sewerage
schemes, strongrooms, bridges, tunnels, retaining walls, bunker linings and
factory floors and walls. Their attractive appearance can add considerable
distinction in these applications ». (Kentley, 2006)
2.1.4.3. Engineering bricks dimensions
 TYPE: Engineering Class B Special Quality BS 5921:1974 Wirecut
 COLOURS: -Staffordshire Dark Red Engineering Class A
 STRUCTURE: Solid, without perforations TEXTURE: Smoothfaced -
Engineering
 SIZE: Complies with dimensions and tolerances of BS 3921
(Kentley, 2006)
2.1.4.4. Planning of the façade erection
The façade is composed in fact of 2 walls and between them a gap and the
insulation of 25mm.
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Once the interior wall is realised, the insulation has to be fixed and then the
second wall can be erected as well.
2.1.5. Roof beam and roof
 « The new development needs to provide an aesthetically pleasing and
highly functional building, yet at the same time the form and material used
needs to fit in with the existing buildings on the site. » ( Volume 2 )
The existing roof is flat. Hence a flat roof needs to be provided to match with
the existing building.
 The first floor is the principal fitness room. An open-spaced need to be
provided. Hence, the beams spans have to be 14,4m.
To provide this kind of beam, the roof must be as light as possible.
Roof beam dimension: see in calculation part
The roof is a kingspanel roof. The model is KS1000 LR Roof System.
This roof advantage is that it is a light roof, so it will permit to do a 14.4m span
with the roof beam.
“KS1000 LR “Lo-Pitch” is a high specification low pitched roof system, which can
be used
for all applications where the roof slope after deflection is 1.5 degrees or
more.”(Kingspan panels, 2006)
So the roof will be almost flat.
Moreover, this kind of roof is cheap. “This system provides an economic and fast
build alternative solution to conventional
multipart standing seam systems and is available in lengths from 1.8 to 28
metres”. ( kingspan panel 2006)

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3. DETAILED DESIGN
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3.1. Calculations
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3.2. Drawings
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4. PROJECT MANAGEMENT
4.1. Take of sheet
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4.2. Bill of quantities
4.2.1. Bill of quantity information

: Costs have been estimated using the CESSM 3 price database, 1999.
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The inflation is currently around 2% per annum in the UK .But from the
observation of the evolution of prices from year to year in several pricing books;
it seems that building costs are increasing at an average rate of 5% per year.
So to reflect the fact that the construction of the Iconic building is to start in
January 2006, the costs found in the books have been increased by 5% per
year:
Assuming the construction start on January 2007: Calculation of the
Coefficient: 1.058 = 1.4
Bill total = £556 780
Total price = 1.4 x 556 780 = £779 492
For several tasks, prices have been assumed:
E313: Excavation for foundation, Topsoil, Maximum depth between 0,5m and 1m:
1.90/m³
G60: joint: 2.80/m
Q 211.03 Cast in place concrete piles, Reinforcement, helical, deformed high
yield bars to BS4449, nominal size 8mm: £629/t
Q840: Pile tests, non destructive integrity: £10 /test
W 32: Roofing, Sheet metal, kingspan KS1000 CR (purlin included): £125/m²
Z421: Surfaces finishing, lining and partitions: £45/m²
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4.2.2. Bill of quantities
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4.3. Take off sheets
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4.4. Risk assessment
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4.4.1. Cost of risks sum up
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4.5. Method statements
The volume 22 (GWENA, 2006) carried out the method statement of the
following activity:
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 Steel work
The volume 44 (MUGNIER, 2006) carried out the method statement of the
following activities:
 Site agent
 Site engineering
 Health and safety/environmental
 Cladding roof
The volume 45 (MIGLIERINA, 2006) carried out the method statement of the
following activities:
 Brickworks
In this report, the method statement of the following activities has been
carried out:
 Excavation
 Pile foundation
 Concreting
 Steel fixing
4.5.1. Excavation
Scheme description:
Excavated the earth volume which hides the ground floor of the Mountbatten
centre.
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Plant gang:
Bulldozer, Grader, backater.
Labour gang:
1 ganger
1 labourer
1 banksman
Actions:
1. Bring to site excavation plant.(H&S risk)
2. Locate existing services.
3. Clear the site and do carefully closed to the existing building. (Quality
risk).
4. Ensure qualified site personal are always on duty.
5. Water/dampen site to reduce dust (Environmental risk).
6. Disposed correctly the excavated material.(Environment risk)
7. Finish correctly the site ground.
4.5.2. Pile foundation

Scheme Description:
Construction of piled foundation for the Health and fitness suite demolished
and new constructed part.
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Plant gang:
1x continuous flight auger drilling rig (including operators)
1x mobile crane (including operators)
Labour gang:
1 Ganger
2 Labourers
Methodology:
1. Locate piles on site. Risk of accuracy of drawings (Quality Risk
2. Access platforms for piling rig to be level.
3. Preparing for boring.
4. Drilling until the bottom and be aware of the flooding.(Environment risk)
5. Removing contaminated materials.
6. Injection of concrete by raising the auger with or without rotation and
fencing the hole.
7. Lift the reinforcing cage using the mobile crane (H&S Risk). Protection of
steel bars.
8. Pushing down the reinforcing cage in the shaft while the concrete is still
fluid. (H&S and quality Risks).
9. Protect steel bars. (H&S Risk).
10. Excavation around pile head and removing contaminated materials. (H&S
Risk).
11. Removing poor concrete on one diameter height to prevent defects. (Quality
Risk).
12. Repeat stages 2 – 11 until all foundations finished.
13. Disposed correctly the piling arising and fencing the area. (Environmental
Risk)
14. Check setting out.
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15. Test the Pile once dry.( Quality Risk)
4.5.3. Concreting
Scheme Description:
Concreting and finishing of top surfaces of blinding base, pile cap, ground beam,
and blinding base of the ground floor.
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Plant gang:
Concrete pump, compressor, power float, skip, Mobil crane.
Labour gang:
Concreting: Precast lifting and placing:
2 Craftsmen 1 ganger
2 Labourers 2 labourers
1 Banksman
1 Ganger.
Actions
1. Arrange the purchase order for
 Designed mix concrete, C10. For the blinding base, using in the
excavation for pile cap and ground beam.
 The designed mix concrete, for foundation pile cap and ground
beam. (Quality risk). (Quality risk).
 The designed mix concrete, sulphate resisting cement, C30 with 20
mm aggregate for the ground floor blinding slab. (Quality risk).
2. Deliver the concrete on site. (Environment risk).
3. Place, vibrate and finish using wood float the concrete in the excavation.
4. Dispose the waste concrete into a licensed tip (Environment risk).
5. Place, vibrate and finish the reinforced concrete, using wood float.
6. Dispose the waste concrete into a licensed tip (Environment risk)
7. Lift and place precast slab on the ground floor.(quality and H&S risks)
8. Deliver the concrete on site. (Environment risk).
9. Place, vibrate and finish using mass concrete, using steel trowel.
10. Verify the plane of the surface.
4.5.4. Steel fixing

Scheme description:
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Fix the reinforcement of the Pile caps and the ground beams.
Plant gang
Mobil crane.
Labour gang
2 craftsmen WRA
1 labourer
Actions:
1. Order all steel required for the job as per bar or cage.
2. Check delivery of steel.(Environmental and Quality risks)
3. Move the steel to the storage area.
4. Fix the steel in the required position. Or create reinforcement cage.
(H&S risks).
5. Check cover to the reinforcement.
6. Remove steel waste into a licensed tip (Environment risk).
4.6. Environmental issues
4.6.1. Environment assessment
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The constructions of the buildings consume vast quantities of natural resources
and are responsible most significantly for many undesirable effects.” (Griffith,
1994).
Hence, we need to consider the Health and fitness suite construction
environment impact during the construction and in operation.
The impact and the relevant mitigation are given below
4.6.1.1. Water
 Impact
The construction phase could have an effect on water by the flooding
intermediate, by the sewage water or by the rain.
The main pollutants could be the cement or the concrete wash water during the
concreting. This kind of pollution changes the chemical balance of the water.
(Environment agency, 2005).
According to the soil conditions document, The Mountbatten centre site has a
high water table (2m20). This coud cause problems with water seepage during
excavations.
 Mitigation
Avoid the water access to the pollutants, by hardstanding area and surface
roads clean.
Excavators must aware of this risk.Indeed, no pump are provided in the
beginning, but if they meet a problem
4.6.1.2. Ecology
 Impact
The construction phase has a decreasing effect on the existing grass and trees.
Indeed, the site layout of the Mountbatten centre increases by 3 or 4.
 Mitigation
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The solution could be to extend the Alexandra Park.
4.6.1.3. Landscape/townscape
 Impact
Mainly short term due to the works and the occupation of the Alexandra Park.
There will be a lack of trees in the park.
 Mitigation
Keep trees where possible, protect them from damage during works, replace
grasses after the construction, plant in several trees and a solution could be to
create a tree-lined path.
4.6.2. Sustainability
“Sustainability can be defined as the ability to provide for the needs of the
current population without damaging the ability of future generations. When a
process is sustainable, it can be carried out over and over without negative
environmental effects or high costs to anyone involved.”
Sustainability is a very important concept which needs to be considered even as
early as the initial briefing stage. The Health and fitness group has taken
sustainability in account, by the following means, the demolition of a part of the
existing Mountbatten centre and the excavation will be carried out in a
sustainable manor, and this will be achieve by recycling, re-use of material, and
minimising waste.
Recycling:
 All broken up concrete to be crushed and use as granulate material, like in
the blinding base of the foundation.
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 The tarmacadam road surfacing can me melted down and recycled.
Re-use :
 The excavated earth from the health and fitness project will be use by
the Mountbatten swimming pool project.
 The polluted soil coming from the foundations will be cleaned and re-use
in another worksite instead of sending in a landfill. ( It hasn’t been
calculated in this report)
Minimising waste:
 Thorough calculations of the quantities of materials required will be
carried out to ensure as little waste possible is produced.
4.7. Program
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4.7.1. Program introduction
The time ratios used to produce the program have been adapted from:
 CESMM 3 price database, 1999
The construction will start 7 weeks before the gymnasium utility building
(MIGLIERINA, 2006).Indeed, the flight auger drilling will be share with this
construction. So the health and fitness suite has to finish its foundation when
the foundation of the gymnasium will start.
Moreover one day working= 8h and 1 week = 5 days of work.
Following are the details of each task’s duration.
4.7.2. Details of tasks’ duration calculation
4.7.2.1. Task: Start
Start of the construction of the Health and fitness occurs once the
Mountbatten could be use by the customers without risk, it means once the
security is realised.
4.7.2.2. Task: Excavation
 Excavation Top soil : 0.03 h/m³ x 2703m³ =81h
 Excavation tarmacadam: 0.3 h/m³ x 2.53 m³ = 0.75h
 Trimming of excavated surfaces : 0.01h/m² x 1092m² =10.92h
 Preparation of excavated surfaces:0.02h/m² x 1092m² =21.84h
 Stored of excavated material: 0.01h/m² x 2429.3m² =24.29h
 Remove from site of tarmacadam : 0.08h/m² x 2.53m² =0.20h
4.7.2.3. Task: Foundations – Pile realisation
 Pile erection: 4h/pile x 40piles =160h*

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 Pile test non destructive: 1test/hour x 20 tests =20h*
4.7.2.4. Task: Foundations – Pile cap realisation
 Blinding base: 0.18h/m³ x 5,5m³ =1h
 Formwork : (2 gangs) (0.77/2)h/m²x 115,64m² = 45h
 Preformed steel reinforcement 1h/pilecap x 38pilecap =38h*
 Pile cap concrete: 0,15h/m³ x 34,8m³ =5,22h
 Finishing of top surface 0.05h/m² x 58m² =3h
To be in accordance with the formwork and the preformed steel, the concreting
will last 3 days.
4.7.2.5. Task: Foundations – Ground beam realisation
 Blinding base: 0.18h/m³ x 14,2m³ =2,6h
 Formwork : (2 gangs) (0.51/2)h/m²x 237,24m² = 61h
 Preformed steel reinforcement
(2 gangs) (1/2)h/2m x 197.7m =99h*
 Ground beam concrete: (0,25)h/m³ x 59,44m³ =14.86h
 Finishing of top surface 0.05h/m² x 99m² =5h
To be in accordance with the formwork and the preformed steel, the concreting
will last 3 days.
4.7.2.6. Task: roof beams ( 2 gangs are used )
 Beam 7 erection: (2 gangs) (2/2)h/beam x 20 beams =20h*
 Beam 5 erection: (2 gangs) (4/2) h/beam x 24 beams =48h*
 Beam 6 erection: (2 gangs) (2/2) h/beam x 10 beams =10h*
4.7.2.7. Task: ground floor slab realisation
 Precast slab erection: (2 gangs) (2x2)slabs/h x 127nr =32h*
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 Concrete placement: 0.18h/m³ x 45.6m³ =8.2h
 Finishing of top surface:(2 gangs) (0.05/2)h/m²x 910m² =23h
4.7.2.8. Task: Façade erection
 Engineering bricks erection:
(2 gangs) (0.28/2)h/m²x 923m² =130h
 Waterproofing: 0.2h/m x 72.24m =14,5h*
 Insulation erection: (2 gangs) (0.2/2)h/m²x 461,5m² =47h
4.7.2.9. Task: Roofing
 Kingspan KS 1000 CR erection:
(2 gangs) (0.4/2)h/m2 x 1072.5 =215h
Total = 27 days
4.7.2.10. Task: Internal finishes
 One zinc chromiter primer 0.1h/m² x 531m² =53.1h
 Intumescent painting 0.1 h/m² x 531m² =53.1h
 Tiles floor (2 gangs) (0.3/2) h/m²x 910m² =137h
4.7.3. Total duration

The total duration of the construction of the Fitness and health suite is 111
days.
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4.7.4. Program
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4.7.5. Gantt chart, Critical path,
Resources allocation
chart
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5. CONCLUSION
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In the Health and fitness suite project, 40 piles compose the foundations; the
ground floor slab is constructed of precast slab, the façade of engineering
brickwork and the roof with cladding.
The cost of: foundations+ground floors+façade+ roof =£556,680
Cost of the Risk = £ 620,000
All the building will be build in 111 months
At pic times 21 people will be working on the same time on the construction site.
6. REFERENCES
Relevant British Standart
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Design
BS 5950 Structural use of steelwork in building
Part 1: 1990 Code of practice for design in simple and continuous
construction, hot rolled sections
Part 2; 1985 Specification for materials fabrication and erection: hot
rolled section
Part 3: section 3.1 1990 code of practice for simple and continuous
composite beams
Part 4: 1982 Code of practice for design of floors with profiled steel
sheeting.
Loading
BS 6399 Loading for buildings
Part 1: 1984 Code of practice for dead and imposed loads
Part 2: Code of practice for wind loading
Part 3: 1988 Code of practice for imposed roof loads
Bored Piles
BS EN 1536 Execution of special geotechnical work – Bored piles
Piles
BS 8004 Code of practice for Foundations
Concrete
BS 8110 Structural use of concrete
Part 1: 1997 Code of practice for design and construction
Books
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Environment Agency (2005). Environmental good practice: “Site Guide”, Second
Edition. CIRIA
Griffth ,(1994), Environment management in construction, Macmillan
Tomlinson, M. J,( 2001), Foundation design and construction ,Pearson education
Ltd, p380,
Chanakya Arya, (2003), Design of Structural Elements, Second edition, Spon
Press
CESSM 3 (1999). CESSM 3 Price Database 1999/2000. Ec Harris.
Website
Kingspan panel, Ks 1000l proof
http://www.kingspanpanels.com/common/products/ks1000lproof/index.htm
Bachy soletanche , flight auger drilling ,www.bacsol.co.uk.
Bison, Hollow composite floor, http://www.bison.co.uk/Hollow-composite-
floors.aspx
Ketley, engineering bricks
http://www.ketley-brick.co.uk/engineeringbricks_1.htm)
Cpac, sulphate resisting concrete
http://www.cpac.co.th/enquiry/SULPHATE.PDF
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Meng 4 Integrated Project Final report

Health and Fitness suite 349128

This report highlight the realisation of the foundations, the

fitness suite in the Mountbatten centre restructuration. This is to

be read in conjunction with the volume 23 reports and after the

reading of the volume 1 and 22.

Description of proposed solution:

The foundations have to support a steel structure with a

maximum span of 7, 2m, 2 floors of 910m² and 1 roof.

The ground floor has to be carried by the ground beams.

The biggest span is 5,2m.

façade which is common with the gymnasium utility building.

The roof is supported by steel beams of 14,4m span maximum.

In order to reach a feasible solution, the following parts have

been covered, The identification of problem and constraints, the

conceptual design , the detailed design, the project management

which include the bill of quantities, the programme , the environment

issues and the method statement .

The bill of quantities = £556,680

2.1. Proposed design

 High water table, Contamination or soil pollution, Mountbatten centre has

to be in use. Noise and vibration problem.

As defined in volume 2, those problems above were identified at the prelim

problems of collapsing of the Mountbatten centre or diminution of strength of

the foundation and so of the structure.

the existing building.

 The foundation has to support a steel frame structure.( GWENA, 2006)

2.1.1.2. Material choice

bearing capacity of the soil until 2 m 40.

predominantly lightly loaded structures” (Bachy soletanche, 2006), like the

vibrationless techniques. The whole process is monitored by sensitive

instrumentation, ensuring a smooth operation.” (Bachy soletanche, 2006) and

realisation closed to the existing Mountbatten centre, so avoid collapsing and

permit a use of the existing facilities.

2.1.1.3. Foundation dimension

2.1.1.4. Planning of the foundation realisation

2.1.2. Foundation structure

As highlighted in the key requirement in the foundation part (see above)

2.1.2.2. material choice

Pile cap and ground beam will be realised using a backater.

foundation is a concrete grade C 30, sulphate resisting because of

the polluted soil and the water attendance.

of vital importance to the performance of many items of infrastructure »

« Generally, conventional concrete structures exposed to sulphate environment

such as groundwater, soil, sewage from households, industrial or chemical plants

which led to cracking and steel corrosion. Consequently, the performance of

therefore be a prime consideration for these concrete structures. »

2.1.2.3. Foundation dimension

(See on drawing, MCR 23)

2.1.2.4. Planning of the foundation realisation

2.1.3. Ground floor slab

maximum span of 5m30

 The construction site must be clean as good as possible. Indeed a clean

construction avoids accidents.

 Re-established quickly the Mountbatten centre to avoid that the centre

2.1.3.2. material choice

Precast slabs have been chosen.

First of all “time-consuming activities such as propping, shuttering and

quickly the ground floor.

that is subject to the vagaries of the climate.”

This avoids the need for intermediate supports.” (Bison, 2006)

2.1.3.3. Precast slab dimensions