Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Kishenpur is a village situated on the bank of river Tawi, about 65 Kms. from Jammu, on
Dhar-Udhampur Road. This small village came in news first during 1965, when villagers from
border areas from Chhamb and Jourian villages affected by Indo-Pak War were put into camps
in Kishenpur and adjoining village Manwal. After the shifting of displaced persons back to their
villages this was a forgotten village and even now many citizens of the State are unaware of its
fast development. With the approval of Dulhasti Hydroelectric project in 1985 the land of this
village was selected and acquired by NHPC for construction of one of the largest grid stations
of the country to pool and transmit power of upcoming hydroelectric projects of the state. In
Nov.’ 1991 the construction and ownership of the substation passed on to POWERGRID and
today this village is an important landmark in the power map of India.
KISHENPUR-SALIENT FEATURES
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Climatic conditions:-
Winter conditions : The peculiar location of Kishenpur in the hills results in heavy wind
during night.
Summer conditions : Being located in a valley and presence of rocks, here temperature
is very high during the day time, which cools off during nights.
Land area:-
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KISHENPUR – POWER POOL
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KISHENPUR-MILESTONES
DATE OF
S.NO NAME OF LINE / ICT
COMMISSIONING
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1. Udhampur Grid Station JKPDD:
a) 220KV Kishenpur-Udhampur-I
b) 220KV Kishenpur-Udhampur-II
a) 220KV Salal-Jammu-I
b) 220KV Salal-Jammu-II
c) 220KV Jammu-Hiranagar
a) 220KV Sarna-Hiranagar
b) 220KV Kishenpur-Sarna-I
c) 220KV Kishenpur-Sarna-II
d) 220KV Sarna-Dasuya-I
e) 220KV Sarna-Dasuya-II
a) 132KV Sewa-Hiranagar-I
b) 132KV Sewa-Hiranagar-II
a) 132KV Sewa
b) 132KV Kathua
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a) 132KV Mahanpur
b) 132KV Sewa
KISHENPUR – Substation
S.No NAME OF VOLTAGE CONSTRUCTION CONSTRCTION
BAY LEVEL AGENCY PERIOD
1. SALAL- I 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. SALAL- II 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. UDH AMPUR- 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
I
1. UDHAMPUR 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
– II
1. TBC 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. BUS COUPLER 220 KV GENELEC/POWERGRID ’87 – JULY’93
1. SARNA- I 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – SEP’94
1. SARNA- II 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – SEP’94
1. PAMPORE- I 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUN’96
1. PAMPORE- II 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUN’96
1. KISHTWAR- I 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. KISHTWAR- II 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. SALAL- III 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. SALAL- IV 220 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’91 – JUL’96
1. ICT – I 220/400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’93 – SEP’97
1. ICT – II 220/400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’93 – SEP’97
1. CHAMERA 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’93 – SEP’97
1. MOGA- I 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’97 – SEP’99
1. MOGA –II 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’97 – SEP’99
2. Wagoora-1 400 KV IRCON ’2004 – 2006
3. Wagoora-2 400 KV IRCON ’ 2004 – 2006
1. BUS REACTOR 400 KV TECHNO ELECTRIC ’97 – SEP’99
2. DULHASTI- I 400KV INDO POWER ’98 – SEP’99
2. SERIES 220KV BHEL ’98 - JUNE99
COMP.
PAMPORE-
1&2
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MAJOR EQUIPMENTS AT KISHENPUR
TRANSFORMER
RATING : 400/220 kV, 105 MVA, SINGLE PHASE
COOLING : ONAN / ONAF / OFAF
QUANTITY : 7 NOS. = 2 BANKS OF 3 PHASES AND ONE SPARE
MAKE : BHEL
CIRCUIT BREAKER
RATING : 400kV, SF6
OPERATION : PNEUMATIC CLOSE & OPEN
QUANTITY : 18 NOS. = 7 WITHOUT PIR + 11 WITH
MAKE : ABB
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RATING : 220kV, SF6
OPERATION : PNEUMATIC OPEN & SPRING CLOSE
QUANTITY : 14 NOS.
MAKE : CGL
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
RATING : 400 kV, SINGLE PHASE
MAKE : TELK, AREVA
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03. 220KV SALAL - I & II DR & INBUILT FAULT AREVA MICOM*
LOCATER
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(220KV SIDE)
CGL 14
TELK NPOU2LVZ 6
CGL ISOK:245/460/1050 27
WSI CVE:245/1050 11
BHEL 2
ALSTOM CVEB:245/1050/50 1
ABB 245K/W/220N 1
ELPRO 9L11ZMU 42
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POPULATION OF SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS
(400KV SIDE)
ALSTOM IT-400 21
BHEL IS2705 28
ELPRO 9L11ZMU 13
OBLUM METAVAR 6
METALOXIDE
ALSTOM ZODIVER 6
Technical Parameters
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1. Total Transformation capacity : 630MVA
: 220 KV – 12 Nos.
(Kishenpur-Sarna D/C)
c) (Kishnepur-Udhampur D/C)
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e) (Kishenpur – Barn D/C )
3. No. of Existing Bays :400 KV – 18 Nos. (08 Line Bay + 7 Tie Bay + 1
ICT Bay)
+ 1 TBC)
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AUTO TRANSFORMER (TECHNICAL DETAILS):-
MAKE : BHEL
RATING LV (MVA) : 35
FREQUENCY : 50 HZ
PHASE : SINGLE
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BUS REACTOR (TECHNICAL DETAILS):-
MAKE : BHEL
FREQUENCY : 50 HZ
PHASE : THREE
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SUBSTATION LAYOUT- General Arrangement
Placement of switchyard
DG set placement
LT station placement
Switchyard Layout
Single Line Diagram
Bay numbering
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Major factors deciding a layout
Standard factors
Electrical clearances
Heights of different levels & electric field
Variable factors
Shape of land & feeder orientation
Bus bar arrangement
Type of isolator used
Arrangement of lightning protection
Location of control room building, FFPH
Roads and rail tracks
Switchyard at
Substation
Kishenpur
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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
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Bus Bar Switching Schemes
1) Reliability
2) CB Maintenance
Protection arrangements shall be simple for easy commissioning and regular checking
5) Ease of Extension
Extension of Bus bar necessary to take care of future expansion. Power interruption
during such extension works.
6) Cost
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Double Main & Transfer Bus Scheme
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1. SINGLE BUS SCHEME
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3. DOUBLE BUS SCHEME
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This bus arrangement provides the facilities of a double bus arrangement & a main and
transfer bus arrangement.
The bus to which the transfer bus isolator is connected can be used as a transfer bus
also.
During the time a circuit is under bypass, the bus coupler will act as the breaker for the
bypassed circuit.
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6. BREAKER AND HALF SCHEME
This arrangement is
comparatively costlier than
other scheme and hence
followed in very important
circuit only.
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8. RING BUS SCHEME
Reliability
Operation Flexibility
Ease of Maintenance
Land availability
Cost
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Transmission Lines Materials
Conductor
Earth wire
Insulators
Conductor
Major item in any Tr.line
Conductor Specifications
Number of strands:
Steel 1
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1st Alu. layer 12
Earth wire
Two earth wires are used in 400KV
Used to carry the short circuit lines
current
Specifications of E/W
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c. Unit mass - 583Kg/Km
d. DC resistance – 2.5 Ohms/KM
i. UTS - 68.4KN
Insulators
Purpose Specification’s:
Construction of a Insulator
Conductor Accessories
Vibration Damper
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220 KV T.L. SERIES COMPENSATION (FSC)
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Technical Data of FSC:
Current setting for Auto-Operation: FSC come into service when line-current > 160A & come
out of service when line current < 60A.
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TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another
through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first
or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying
magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual
induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the secondary winding
and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to
the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in
proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the
secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows. By appropriate selection
of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus allows an alternating current (AC) voltage to be
"stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np.
AUTOTRANSFORMER
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An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals, and one or more
terminals at intermediate tap points. The primary voltage is applied across two of the
terminals, and the secondary voltage taken from two terminals, almost always having one
terminal in common with the primary voltage. The primary and secondary circuits therefore
have a number of windings turns in common. Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both
windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer
part of the current flows directly from the input to the output, and only part is transferred
inductively, allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a
single winding .However, a transformer with separate windings isolates the primary from the
secondary, which is safer when using mains voltages.
An adjustable autotransformer is made by exposing part of the winding coils and making the
secondary connection through a sliding brush, giving a variable turns ratio. Such a device is
often referred to as a variac.
Autotransformers are often used to step up or down between voltages in the 110-117-120 volt
range and voltages in the 220-230-240 volt range, e.g., to output either 110 or 120V (with taps)
from 230V input, allowing equipment from a 100 or 120V region to be used in a 230V region.
SWITCH GEAR
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Circuit Breakers Relays Current Transformer
Switches
CIRCUIT BREAKER
CATEGORISATION - There are different ways of classifying circuit breakers. One way is by
the method used for arc quenching:-
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Circuit breakers can also be divided into broad categories on account of its operation. These
are:-
a) Fixed trip type – These are the breakers which can be closed on faults and the breaker
will trip only after completing the closed operation.
b) Trip free type - These are breakers which do not complete closing operation if tripping
signal on account of a fault exists, the breaker shall start tripping operation before the
contact actually meets.
OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER: This Circuit Breaker is of single break type. These normally comprise
of 2 sections: 1 upper compartment containing the arc control device and fixed and moving
contacts and a lower supporting compartment. The arc control device is contained in a
bakelised paper enclosure which is in turn in a porcelain insulator. Support for this
compartment is provided by porcelain or bakelised paper support insulators. An insulating link
passing through the support chamber drives the moving contact.
AIR BLAST BREAKERS: In the case of air blast breakers also, the interrupters are insulated
from earth b means of porcelain insulators, the number being determined by the system
voltage. Normally support insulators may carry up to 4 interrupter units. The air supply blast
pipe to the interrupter units may be mounted one above the other and fed via bypass blast
pipes or on branches from a common point at the top of the support insulator. A large
diameter blast valve controls the flow of the air from the local air receiver to the interrupting
units. The whole of the operating mechanism of the circuit forms an electricity operated trip
coil. Isolation in this type of circuit breaker is achieved by keeping the interrupters open and
the contact gas is permanently pressurized. The loss of the air in the pressurized circuit breaker
will result in either its reclousure or loss of dielectric strength across the open contacts. Such
an occurrence could prove disastrous to the system.
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER: This type of circuit breaker is of similar construction as the dead tank
bulk oil volume type of circuit breaker, but to principle of current interruption is similar to the
air blast circuit breaker. It doesn’t therefore represent a new conception of circuit breaker but
simply employs a new arc extinguishing medium named SF 6. The success of the circuit breaker
depends solely on the high arc interrupting performance of the gas i.e. when it is broken down
under electrical stress, it will very quickly reconstruct itself. It is 5 times heavier than air and
has approximately twice the dielectric strength. The circuit breaker is completely sealed and
operates as a closed system which means that no flame is emitted during operation and noise
level is considerably reduced.
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VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER: In a vacuum circuit breaker, two electrical contacts are
enclosed in a vacuum. One of the contacts is fixed, and one of the contacts is movable. When
the circuit breaker detects a dangerous situation, the movable contact pulls away from the
fixed contact, interrupting the current. Because the contacts are in a vacuum, arcing between
the contacts is suppressed, ensuring that the circuit remains open. As long as the circuit is
open, it will not be energized. Vacuum circuit breakers are very durable, and they are designed
to last for an extended period of time. These electrical safety devices can be made with a
variety of materials, depending on the need and the preference of the manufacturer. As with
other devices used to interrupt current for safety, vacuum circuit breakers are given a rating
which indicates the kind of conditions they can handle. When people install circuit breakers,
they must confirm that the breaker they are using is suitable for the conditions; a breaker
which is rated too low can fail catastrophically.
Out of these, circuit breakers used in Kishenpur S.S are:-
1. Gas circuit breaker 2. SF 6 circuit breaker
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Make: Crompton Greaves Make: Crompton Greaves
RELAYS
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the circuit
breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system.
In order that protective relay system may perform its function satisfactorily, it should have the
following qualities:
a) Selectivity d) reliability
b) Speed e) simplicity
c) sensitivity f) economy
(i) Selectivity: It is the ability of the protective system to select correctly that part of the system
in trouble and disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the system.
(ii) Speed: The relay system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible for the
following reasons:
(a) Electrical apparatus may be damaged if they are made to carry the fault currents for a
long time.
(b) A failure on the system leads to a great reduction in the system voltage. If the faulty
section is not disconnected quickly, then the low voltage created by the fault may shut down
con- summers’ motors and the generators on the system may become unstable.
(c) The high speed relay system decreases the possibility of development of one type of
fault into the other more severe type.
(iv) Reliability: It is the ability of the relay system to operate under the pre-determined Condi-
ions. Without reliability, the protection would be rendered largely ineffective and could even
become a liability.
(v) Simplicity: The relaying system should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. Reli-
ability is closely related to simplicity. The simpler the protection scheme, the greater will be its
reliability.
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(vi) Economy: The most important factor in the choice of a particular protection scheme is the
economic aspect. Sometimes it is economically unjustified to use an ideal scheme of
protection and a compromise method has to be adopted.
TYPE OF RELAYS
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(ii) Time-distance relay in which the time of operation is proportional to the distance of fault
from the relay point. A fault nearer to the relay will operate it earlier than a fault farther away
from the relay.
OVERFLOW HV RATUB 4
&IV
REF RADHD 2
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8 LINE PROTECTION DISTANCE OPTIMHO 4
CT – Current Transformer
INTERNAL DESIGN
There is one conductor which carries the primary current and it is
connected in series with the electrical circuit. The secondary
current is taken from the coils which are mounted around the
primary conductor. The number of secondary coils may vary
based on the requirement. Standard is 3 and 5 coils. Secondary
current is normally 1 A or 5A.
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INTERNAL DESIGN
CONSTRUCTION
Normally the purpose of the various secondary coils is as given below –
d) Core – IV : Protection
e) Core – V : Protection
TYPES OF CT
Primary Primary
conductor conductor &
Secondary
(insulated)
windings in top
extended to tank tank. Secondary
at bottom. cables brought
down to
Terminal Box at
bottom
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MAIN FUNCTIONS OF CT
Electrically isolates the instruments and relays from High Voltage side.
CVT (Capacitor
Voltage
Transformer
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CVT – Purpose of Use
Capacitor voltage transformer (CVT) is connected in between high voltage line and
ground to provide proportionate low voltage on the secondary side to meters &
protective relays.
Also used for PLCC
Function
Electrically isolate the instruments and relays from High voltage side.
Measure / Monitor voltage.
Measure power flow.
Senses abnormalities in voltage for system protection.
Traps communication signals for PLCC.
CONSTRUCTION
It consists of Coupling Capacitor which acts as a voltage divider and one Electro
Magnetic Unit (EMU) which transforms medium voltage to standard low voltage.
The coupling capacitor active part consists of large number of oil impregnated paper or paper
& film capacitor elements connected in series. Capacitor tissue paper and pure aluminum foils
are used for making capacitor elements.
The EMU tank consists of a medium voltage transformer, damping element and surge
protection device. This unit is housed inside a steel tank
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Lightning Arrester or Surge Arrester
Method of
Connection
• Security guard at entry of Sub Station to block entry or to protect against surge voltages
• Electrical networks may be subjected to high voltage high frequency surges due to
switching surges, lightening, load rejection, single phase faults etc.
• These disturbances take form of traveling waves with high amplitude and steep wave
fronts
• Disturbances if reach terminal of equipment may cause extensive damage if exceeds BIL,
SIL.
• Generally provided at line entry and near Transformer terminal in Sub Station
• Whenever a surge comes ,it should be grounded through non linear resistors provided
in SA
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II. Independent of wave polarity
Principles of operation
• When a surge occurs by direct stroke or through traveling wave from transmission line
due to atmospheric or system disturbances, the material inside the LA (ZnO elements)
start conducting and provides a path for the surge to flow to the ground.
• For normal operating voltage the material inside the LA is non conductive and provides
open circuit between the conductor and the ground.
Objective: To select the lowest rated surge arrester that will have
• Increases the capability of the arrester to survive on the power system, but
WAVE TRAP
It is an equipment which is used to block the High frequency Carrier signals from
entering into power system.
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How it Looks
CONSTRUCTION
Mounting is done some times over the Coupling Capacitor and sometimes separately on
support insulators depending on design. Sometimes hung from gantry.
ISOLATOR
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Therefore an Isolator is to be operated only when there is no power flow in the circuit.
Earth switch to be closed only when isolator main contact is open and there is no
voltage on E/S Side of isolator.
Types of Isolator
i) Horizontal Single Break or Centre Break Three phase/ double phase/ single phase
(HCB)
C) Based on Earth switch
ii) Horizontal Double Break (HDB)
i) Without E/S
iii) Tandem Isolator (HCB)
ii) With 1 E/s
iv) Pantograph Isolators
iii) With 2 E/S.
PLCC means Power Line Carrier Communication. Using the EHV Transmission line as a
medium, the link is established among the stations connected with the Transmission network.
It is used to serve three purposes mainly. The purposes are:
For Voice communication.
For data transmission.
For transmission of carrier-aided trip signal for reduction of tripping time for the remote
Circuit breaker or in other words, reduction of fault feeding time during occurrence of
fault in the Transmission line.
ADVANTAGES OF PLCC
High reliability as that of the power lines
Low capital and running cost
Disadvantages
Limited bandwidth of 4 KHz
Low speed of data transfer (typical 1200 baud, transfer of file comprising of graphics size
of 1 MB take minutes )
Needs separate Battery/Battery chargers for reliable DC supply
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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF PLCC
Coupling equipments (i.e. coupling device and Coupling capacitor) are used for isolation
of Carrier equipment from high tension voltage and providing a low impedance path for
the carrier frequency. In addition wave traps are used to confine the carrier current
signals between the two Carrier Equipment located at respective substations.
a. Outdoor equipments :
i. Line Trap
ii. Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT)/Coupling capacitors ( CC )
iii. Line matching unit with protective device ( Coupling device : CD )
iv. Co-axial cable.
b. Indoor equipments :
v. Line trap: Normally, operating frequency range of PLCC system is from 50 KHz to 500
KHz. The line trap is basically an inductance of rating 0.5/1.0 MHz depending upon
the voltage level (132KV / 220/400KV). It blocks the PLCC signal to enter into the
bus. (Impedance ώ = 2π f L).
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vi. CVT / CC: Normally rating is 5500pF. It allows the PLCC signal to follow its defined
path. (impedance ώ = 1/ 2π f C )
vii. Line matching unit (LMU/CD): It matches the impedance of the PLC set with that of
the Tr. Line for Maximum power transfer. It is also fitted with the protective device.
viii. Co-axial cable: It is an armored cable of low-loss property. There are three layers.
Inner most layers are single core copper conductor called “hot point”. Next to it is
Copper mesh which is to be earthed. Outermost layer is steel tape armor for
environment protection.
a. Phase to ground – is the primitive type in which only one line trap, one CC and one LMU
are involved. Merit: Cheap. Demerit: many, the biggest is earth is the return path and
due to its non-uniform resistivity, signal attenuation is very high. Speech communication
may be ok but not recommended for data / protection signaling.
b. Phase to Phase coupling: Best option for single circuit line. Two sets of outdoor
equipments are installed in two phases. Conductor is the return path and in the case of
one set O/D faulty, it becomes Ph/G coupling in which at least speech is possible.
c. Inter-Circuit coupling: Best among the entire coupling mode. But only possible in double
circuit line. It is basically phase to phase coupling using one conductor from each circuit.
POWERGRID IS ADOPTING ONLY PHASE TO PHASE COUPLING FOR ALL THE LINES
Data Transmission
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ii. All above are terminated in a SIC (System Interface Cubicle) which is a cubicle full of
Transducers for analog data and Relays for digital data.
Iii. Output of transducers are 4 -20mA (DC) depending upon the value of the Analog
measured. Output of the relays is DC voltage depending upon the condition of the CB /
Isolator.
iv. All these outputs are fed to the RTU (remote terminal unit) which is a telemeter trans-
receiver and which converts the analog input into digital signals (A to D conversion) and
prepares data packets.
v. These data packets are fed to the PLCC using MODEMs which is an equipment runs in FSK
(frequency shift keying) mode. The Modem normally generates an audio frequency called
“centre frequency”. It starts generating some other defined frequency as soon as the keying
is done by the RTU data packet. (2520 ± 60).
vi. Finally, the modem output is fed to the “data input port” or the port known as
“superimposed channels” of the PLC set which ultimately sends the same to the next
station. Use of TBF is required in the intermediate station for isolation of Pilot frequency.
vii. At the other end, the RF modulated data packet enters into the PLC where the signal gets
RF & IF demodulated and finally comes to audio level. This signal is fed to a Modem of
frequency matching with the Transmit end.
vii. Finally, the signal is fed to the Front end computer where the actual data is visualized.
viii. In most of the cases under ULDC scheme, the PLCC & modem data is further connected
to the Wideband network (Microwave or Optical Fiber ) to reach up to the destination Front
end Computer.
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PLCC SCHEMES AT KISHENPUR
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