Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
%n ~ 200/n
In a balanced three phase system, the voltages and currents in the three
phases (a, b. c) are equal in magnitude and displaced from each other by 120 degrees, with the b
phase lagging the phase and the c phase leading the a phase. If the waveform of the voltage
and/or current is symmetrical, about the time-axis then it contains only odd harmonics, whereas a
non-symmetric waveform contains both even and odd harmonics. The positive and negative half
cycles being similar in a symmetric waveform cancel out the even harmonics. The theory of
symmetrical components is a mathematical model for the representation of the phase components
by sequence components; namely the positive, the negative and the zero sequence components.
For a balanced three phase system, with balanced operating conditions, the harmonic phase
currents and voltages have equal magnitudes and a known phase sequence, and hence only one
phase of the system needs to be solved for. If the fundamental and harmonics are balanced, then
the harmonics follow a symmetrical component rotation.
The fundamental frequency components rotate in the anti-clockwise
direction and are shifted from each other by 120 degrees. Thus they can he represented as
positive sequence components as:
Id´=Ia´< 0°
Ih´=Ia´<-120° (1)
Ic´=Ia´<+120°
The third harmonic components rotate at three times the fundamental frequency, and the phase
components are separated from each other by 3x120 degrees, or 360 degrees. This implies that
they are in phase, and thus can here presented as:
The fifth harmonic component can he represented as the negative sequence component. This can
be explained as follows. The phase components of the fifth harmonic are separated from each
other by 5x120 degrees. This implies that phase b component leads the phase a component by
120degrees and the phase c component lags the phase a component by 120 degrees.
After the fifth harmonic the cycle of the sequence component(positive, zero and negative) begins
to repeat itself for the odd harmonics, and the seventh harmonic can be represented by the
positive sequence component as:
Unbalanced system analysis
Unbalance in a power system can he caused by various factors including
unbalanced loads, unequal mutual coupling between transmission lines etc., as explained earlier.
The rules followed for balanced system analysis are no longer applicable for unbalanced
systems. In the case of an unbalanced system, the odd harmonics do not adhere to the sequence
component theory, which has been established for the representation of harmonics considering a
balanced system and balanced operating conditions. This is because the phase components of the
fundamental and the harmonics are not equal in magnitude and they are displaced from each
other by angles other than120 degrees. However symmetrical component theory can be applied
to individual harmonics. Each harmonic can be resolved into sequence components, hut similar
to the balanced case, the third harmonic component cannot be represented as the zero sequence,
the fifth harmonic cannot be modeled as the negative sequence component and the seventh
harmonic cannot in general be mode led as the positive sequence component.
With the increase in the degree of unbalance the increase in the non
characteristic harmonics and the decrease in the Characteristic harmonics can be attributed to the
corresponding increase/decrease in the respective sequence components.
The harmonics fitter connected to the AC system generally have two objectives:
a) To reduce the harmonic voltage and current in the AC system below the permitted levels.
b) To provide some of the reactive power be absorbed by the converter system.
By installing the harmonic filters, it is hoped that the harmonic pollution
and low power factor can be improved.
The odd components are contributed more harmonics as compared to even harmonics. It
also shows that the 3rd and 5th harmonics are dominant harmonics at various loads. The results
clearly show that the active power filters can reduce harmonics at various frequencies as
compared to passive filter. In contrast, a separate filter is necessary for each harmonic frequency
for passive filter. However, the harmonic of current amplitude reduction is significant by active
power filter at higher frequency compared to passive filter.