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Computers are used nowadays for different purposes. It has been recently shown that computers
have been already introduced in about 2000 spheres of human activity. One of the scholars
wittily noticed that a man in the XXI st century who cannot operate a computer is comparable
with a man of the beginning of the XX th century who could neither read nor write.
In philology (linguistics and literary criticism) computers are already used for several decades:
on the one hand, computers intensify scientific research proper, that is. they are used as the tool
of linguistic and philological trade, and, on the other hand, computers are widely used for the
purposes of linguistic didactics, that is, in language teaching.
When dealing with the use of computers in linguistic and, more widely, philological studies, we
must always bear in mind that computer techniques do not in any way trasform philology into a
constituent part of mathematics or cybernetics. From the point of view of methodology it is all-
important to clearly understand that exact mathematical methods and computer techniques
cannot replace traditional linguistic and proper philological methods. However widely and
consistenly computers may be employed, linguistics as part of philology remains what it is - the
science of natural human languages. Philologists only avail themselves of the advantages
computers present them with: storage capacity (емкость памяти) and response
(быстродействие). In general, the use of computers makes linguistic and philological studies
much more efficient and effective.
As has been said above, in philology and linguistics computers are used for different purposes.
Much has been achieved in the field of automatic (machine) lexicography. Automatic
lexicography is different from tra-
(1) automatic dictionaries for the purposes of automatic analysis and synthesis of speech, (2)
multilingual automatic dictionaries and terminological data banks (терминологические банки
данных) for translators and (3) automatic lexicography proper, that is automatic dictionaries as
variants of traditional dictionaries,
Much has already been done in so far as automatic semantic analysis is concerned. In our
country an automatic system of semantic analysis (автоматизированная система
семантического анализа) has been introduced. It has been elaborated under J. N. Karaulov's
supervision, It is based on the use of various ideographic principles and proceeds from the
assumption that meanings of words are sets of semes or "semantic multipliers", easily lending
themselves to formalization and linguistic computing. Unfortunately very little attention is given
to semantic analysis proper and the correlation-of linguistic expression and linguistic content.
Another field in which the use of computers has become traditional is machine translation.
Translation (перевод) is expressing what is said in one language by means of another. It is done
either by a man or by a machine. The former is regarded as traditional translation
(традиционный перевод, перевод вручную), .whereas the latter is called automatic translation
(aв-томатический, автоматизированный, машинный пере вод). However developed
machine translation can be, so far it still .presupposes the participation of a man when
translating a text the translator either relies upon a computer, using automatic dictionaries and
automatic grammars or participates in the process of translation done by a computer on different
stages - pre-editing (предредактирование), inter-editing (интерредактирова-ние), post-
editing (постредактирование).
The history of machine translation dates back to the 40s of the XXth century when the famous
memorandum
"Translation" was written, spread and widely discussed. From that time on machine translation is
consistently developed both in this country and abroad. So far machine translation is mainly used
for .the translation of scientific-technical texts (научно-технические тексты). It has become
customary to speak of different generations of machine translation and even different systems of
machine translation. One can mention in this connection different ^systems of machine
translation produced in our country and abroad: METEO, SYSTRAN, ФР-1, ФР-11, АМПАР,
НЕРПА, etc.
Computers are also used in linguistic statistics: lexicographic statistics (concordances and
frequency dictionaries, etc.), stylistic statistics (the use of computers in the study of the style of
language and speech), the study of poetry, the decoding of ancient manuscripts, information
retrieval within a text (определение информационной емкости текста), etc.
Computers are widely used in linguistic didactics. that is in language teaching. Computers and
teaching machines have long been regarded as part and parcel of the teaching of languages. It has
already become traditional to speak of computer assisted language learning (CALL). As has been
shown the main aim of using various teaching aids (computers and teaching machines among
them) is to make language learning more effective.
The main problem all teachers face in this connection is to be able to compute linguistic
materials for teaching purposes, that is to prepare teaching programmes. It has been made
abundantly clear that the only proper scientific basis for the preparation of teaching programmes
is the methodology of the learner-oriented foreign language teaching. Texts 1, 2, 3, given in this
section of the manual, are indissolubly connected with and fully based on the LSP (Language for
Special Purposes) approach. They are fneant for philologists. The main task is to enable students
of language and literature become proficient in the use of English as the tool of their trade.
The exercises given below are based on texts. The latter are concerned with various philological
problems The exercises help the learner not only to understand the text but also to become
proficient in the choice
of words (mainly within the limits of the three previously evolved strata: words of the general
language, general scientific vocabulary and terminology) and their arrangement in speech in
accordance with collocation, i. e. lexical-phraseological combinability of words, and colli-gation,
i. e. morphosyntactic combinability of words. Soe-cial emphasis has been laid on the step-by-
step approach: translation of words (from English into Russian and from Russian into English),
translation of word-combinations (from English into Russian and from Russian into English),
their use in longer chunks of speech' (sentences and supraphrasal unities). The attention of the
learners is consistently drawn to the intricacies of English orthography, the morphemic
composition of words in terms of item-and-arrangement, the accentual types of English words,
the use of articles, prepositions, etc.
It should be specially mentioned that all the exercises are necessarily based on the principle of
algorithm, that is they presuppose one-way solution.
История дат машинного перевода назад к 40-ым XXth столетия, когда известный
меморандум
Главная проблема все лицо преподавателей в этой связи должно быть способным
вычислить лингвистические материалы для обучения целей, который состоит в том, чтобы
готовить обучение программ. Это было сделано в изобилии ясным, что единственное
надлежащее научное основание для подготовки обучения программ является
методологией lear-ner-oriented иностранного обучения языка. Тексты 1, 2, 3, данный в этой
секции руководства, являются indissolubly, соединенным с и полностью основанные на
LSP (Язык для Специальных Целей) подход. Они - fneant для филологов. Главная задача
состоит в том, чтобы позволить студентам языка, и литература стал опытной в
использовании Английского языка как инструмент их торговли.