Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
3
Heatand
Heat and
Temperature
Temperature
Imagine a world where people had not learned how to warm or cool
anything. Without furnaces or air conditioners, homes and schools would
get uncomfortably hot or dangerously cold. No one would ever enjoy a
hot meal (no stoves) or an ice-cream treat (no freezers). Almost nothing
would be made of metal or glass because these materials require intense
heat for shaping. Automobiles, trucks, buses, and even bicycles would
not exist. Most of the comforts and conveniences we now enjoy would
not exist.
There is no question that devices that use heat and control
temperature make our homes more comfortable and our lives more
convenient. However, what happens to heat when you open the
refrigerator door and stand gazing inside, wondering what to eat?
How many hours in a month or a year is your refrigerator
door open? How does that affect the amount of energy it
uses? If you decide what you want to eat before opening
the refrigerator door, will that make a difference? What if
your whole class or your whole school decides to limit the
amount of time their refrigerator doors stay open? What
would be the impact of such an action? In this unit you will
investigate some scientific principles that will help you make
knowledgeable decisions about energy use.
184
Unit Contents
TOPIC 1
Using Energy
from Heat 188
TOPIC 2
Measuring
Temperature 192
TOPIC 3
Expansion and
Contraction 210
TOPIC 5
The Particle
Model and
Changes of State 218
TOPIC 6
Transferring
Energy 226
TOPIC 7
Sources of
Thermal Energy 238
TOPIC 8
Conserving
Our Fossil
Fuels 248
U N I T 3
Up and away! Heat technology enables hot air balloons like this
one to take off, float through the air, and come back to land. Heat
affects other substances, besides air. In Topics 4–6, you can find
out what they are and how controlling them benefits us.
pages
sue Analysis on
Read the Unit Is h energy
there be enoug
260–261. Will ime?
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your child your
H o w ca n yo u get ready for
lifetime? ways:
Here are some
issue analysis? you find
rt a So la r C en tre for material
Sta
gy.
about solar ener
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In te rn et E xp erts. Research an
Become rnet.
k so la r en ergy sites on the Inte
bookmar
t about
Sleuths. Find ou
Become Energy ing the
it “works” by do
energy and how this unit.
vestigations in
activities and in
Figure 3.1E This Inuit hunter has built an igloo shelter. When Figure 3.1F Sod houses provided protection from the weather,
he perspires inside the igloo, the moisture will condense when and the soil helped to prevent heat from escaping.
it hits the ice, sealing the igloo.
Using Energy
Use library or Internet research to try to find
out which energy source is most commonly
used in Alberta for:
(a) heating (b) cooking
As people’s ways of life, needs, and wants change, we learn new ways to
change and improve technology. As a result, we often can choose
Looking Ahead among several ways of doing a task. For example, you might sometimes
wash your hair and let it dry naturally. If you wash it before you come
Ask adults you know to school, you might need to dry it more quickly, especially in winter.
whether they feel energy
To do so, you can choose to use a hair dryer.
conservation is impor-
tant. If any can suggest
ways to conserve
energy for cooking and
home heating, add their
ideas to your Super
Saver poster.
www.mcgrawhill.ca/links/
As you work through
sciencefocus7
this unit, you will
understand how some Find out about “soddies.” Click on
of these methods work Web Links to find out where to go next.
(or why they do not Write a story about a day in the life
work!). of a “soddie” dweller.
2. Decide how to divide the tasks among What Did You Find Out? Analyzing and Interpreting
TOPIC 1 Review
1. What problems have people experienced in 2. Apply What need can you identify in your
using energy from heat?Give some examples own life that current technology does not
from the text and from your own experience meet? Share your ideas with a partner or with
of ways people have tried to resolve these your group and try to think of a new device
problems. that will benefit you and your group. Prepare a
computer graphic to describe and advertise it.
“Ooh, that wind is as cold as ice. Better stir up the campfire to get those
red-hot coals burning again. There, that feels a lot warmer. I hope my hot
chocolate hasn’t cooled down too much.”
You probably think of temperature as a number that tells you how hot
or cold something is. That is a practical, everyday definition. As you
work through this Topic and the next, you will learn more about the
scientific picture of temperature.
Everyday life is full of descriptions of temperature; that is, how warm
or cool things are. One way to estimate temperature is just to touch
something. Some nerve endings in human skin are quite sensitive to
different temperatures, so people can learn to recognize the feeling of
The record Canadian low particular temperatures by experience. Health-care workers can recog-
temperature of −62.8°C nize dangerous body temperatures by touching a patient’s forehead
was recorded at Snag, in with the back of a hand. People who work with very hot, glowing
the Yukon Territory. The materials can estimate the temperature of the materials by the colour
Canadian record high of the light they give off. Welders and glass blowers can estimate when
temperature of 45°C was
a flame is hot enough to soften metal or glass. Astronomers judge the
recorded in Sweetgrass,
Saskatchewan. Try to
temperature of stars by the colour of the light they emit.
locate Snag and Estimating temperatures with your eyes or skin is not always safe or
Sweetgrass on a map of reliable, however. Even if glass and metal are not glowing, they can be
Canada. Then try to find hot enough to burn you badly. In the winter, when the air temperature
the record high and low rises above freezing after a cold snap, people feel warm and take off
temperatures in your area
their heavy clothing. In the summer, cool winds before a thunderstorm
and the dates they were
recorded.
can make people shiver and reach for sweaters, even though the
temperature is still far above freezing.
1. Put one hand in the bowl of cold water 2. Use your observations in this activity to
and the other hand in the bowl of hot explain how the same air temperature can
water. Hold them there for 1 min. seem warm in the winter and cool in the
summer.
2. Quickly put both hands in the bowl of
room-temperature water. Notice how each
hand feels.
Thermometers
Your senses are easily fooled,
but thermometers are more
reliable. Thermometers are
mechanical or electrical
devices for measuring temper-
ature. A thermometer similar
to the one in Figure 3.4A was
constructed by the Italian
scientist Galileo in the early
seventeenth century. One
hundred years later, the
design was improved, as
Figure 3.4B shows. However,
an important part of modern
thermometers was still
missing. Examine the Figure 3.4A Galileo invented his air Figure 3.4B More portable
thermometer around 1600. As the air in thermometers, like this liquid
photographs carefully to find
the upper bulb cooled or warmed, a thermometer invented around 1700,
out what it was. bubble of liquid moved up or down in were made by putting the liquid in the
the tube. bulb and part way up the stem.
Figure 3.6 The bottom layer of a glacier does not behave like solid ice. It acts more like a very
stiff liquid! The tremendous weight pressing down on the base of the glacier slowly squeezes the
ice crystals out of shape, causing the glacier to flow forward. High pressure also changes the
nature of ice crystals in other ways. Light shining through the lower part of the glacier appears
bluish-green even though ice itself is colourless.
The liquid level in an ice-water The liquid level in boiling water is The scale is divided into 100
bath is marked as 0°. marked as 100°. equal degrees and numbered.
Figure 3.7 Steps in
The two fixed temperatures that Celsius chose — freezing water (0°C) calibrating a Celsius
and boiling water (100°C) — can be used for calibrating thermometers. thermometer at sea level.
Study Figure 3.7 to find one way this can be done. To be accurate, this
type of calibration must be done at sea level using very pure
water. Impurities in water change its boiling and freezing
points. Salt water, for example does not freeze until it is colder body temperature 37
300 room temperature
than 0°C. 20
water freezes 0
Pressure also affects the boiling point and freezing point of
water. Extremely high pressures, such as those under a glacier 200
or a skate blade, cause ice to flow or even melt at temperatures
below 0°C (Figure 3.6). Ice skaters actually glide on a thin layer
of water! Under low pressure, water boils before it reaches 100
100°C. In Alberta, for example, the high altitude means that
the weight of the air above you is smaller than it would be at
0 absolute zero –273
sea level. As a result, water in Alberta boils at several degrees
less than 100°C. At the top of Mount Everest, water would boil Kelvin Celsius
at only 69°C.
Figure 3.8 The Kelvin
As scientists developed theories to explain the behaviour of temperature scale is used
gases at different temperatures, they realized that they needed a by scientists. Try to use the
temperature scale that started at the coldest possible temperature, or diagram to express room
“absolute zero.” This new temperature scale was named the Kelvin temperature, body
temperature, and other
scale, in honour of William Thomson (1824–1907), who was given common temperatures in
the title Lord Kelvin. Although no one has ever been able to cool Kelvins.
anything down to absolute zero, scientists predict that the temperature
is –273.15°C.
The units of temperature on the Kelvin scale are not degrees but are
simply called kelvins. For example, the freezing temperature of water
at sea level is 273.15 K (read, two hundred seventy three point one five
kelvins). When it is not necessary to be extremely precise, this tempera-
ture is usually rounded to 273 K.
coloured water
coloured water
Procedure Temperature
Description (°C)
In your notebook, make a table with three
1 temperature of lava from 4 to 10
columns labelled “Very cold,” “Everyday,”
Hawaiian volcanoes
and “Very hot.” Give your table a title.
2 temperature of ocean currents −5
Copy each description from the table on the off Canada’s east coast
right into the proper column in your table. 3 temperature of ocean currents −87
off Canada’s west coast
For each description, choose the correct 4 world record coldest air −121 to −156
temperature from the right-hand column of temperature
the table. Write the temperature beside the 5 comfortable room temperature 92
description. Discuss your answers with your 6 body temperature of a budgie 15 000 000
partner until you agree on each one. bird
7 temperature where the Space −10 to −15
Check your answers against the list your
Shuttle flies in orbit
teacher has. Correct any mistakes you made.
8 temperature of a candle flame 200
Have your partner quiz you to make sure that 9 comfortable temperature for 20 to 25
you know the common temperatures, which heat-loving bacteria
are printed in italics. 10 normal human body temperature 37
11 temperature of ice cream 40
12 oven temperature for baking 1
bread
13 temperature of food in a freezer 100
14 temperature of the interior of 6000
the Sun
15 temperature of hot tea or coffee 1150
16 temperature of boiling water at 55
sea level
17 temperature of a slush of pure 800
water and ice
18 temperature of the surface of 0
the Sun
This “Morning Glory Pool” is heated by energy from deep The descriptions in this table do not match the temperature in
within Earth. The water remains about 95˚C even with the column beside them. Your job is to work with a partner to
snow on the ground nearby. unscramble them.
pen
Figure 3.11 This recording thermometer uses a bimetallic strip to detect changes in
temperature. The end of the coil is attached to the short end of a lever. The long end of the lever
is attached to a pen that makes a permanent recording of the temperature on graph paper
attached to a rotating drum.
The photograph on the left shows an infrared image; the one on the right is a normal
photograph of the same image. What colours in the thermogram indicate the highest and lowest
temperatures? In the winter, how could you identify air leaks around doors and windows from an
infrared image? How could a building owner use this information to reduce heating costs and
conserve fuel?
Find Out
Pouring? Shaping? Filling?
Scientists use the idea of particles to explain 1. Name the state(s) in which a material
the properties that are common to all solids, (a) has a fixed shape
all liquids, and all gases. This diagram shows
(b) takes the shape of its container
how the particle model explains a solid, liquid,
and gas. (c) always fills whatever container it is in
Find Out
Detect a Connection
How does a material change when it is warmed or cooled?
How does warming or cooling affect the tiny particles of which
everything is made?
hand-held
mixer smoke
beehive pile of twigs
water and tinder
log
Procedure Analyzing and Interpreting 3. To start a fire, early people used a fire
Carefully examine each picture. Then answer drill to twirl a stick pressed against a
the following questions. piece of wood.
(a) What happened to the temperature
1. One way that bees control the temperature at the pointed end of the drill?
in their hive is by beating their wings
(b) What do you think caused the particles
vigorously. Explain what happens to
of wood to change temperature?
(a) the motion of the air particles in the hive
What Did You Find Out? Analyzing and Interpreting
(b) the air temperature in the hive
1. What common feature caused the
2. Water warms up slightly if it is stirred changes in temperature in each example
vigorously. you examined?
(a) What happens to the motion of the
water particles as they are stirred? 2. Identify at least two other situations that
are similar to the three examples in this
(b) How is the behaviour of the water par-
activity.
ticles similar to the behaviour of the air
particles in the beehive in question 1?
Figure 3.13A Fully charged batteries can Figure 3.13B A hot drink warms you Figure 3.13C Catching a heavy, fast-
power a stereo; dead batteries cannot. A more than a cold drink. Hot substances moving baseball stings more than catch-
charged battery stores more energy than have higher thermal energy than cold ing a light, slow-moving Ping-Pong™
a dead battery. materials. ball. The baseball has much more energy
of motion than the Ping-Pong™ ball.
Potters need to check the very high temperatures inside the kilns that bake and harden
their pottery. To do this, they use small ceramic pyramids called “pyrometric cones”
like the ones shown in the photograph. Sets of four cones are placed in the kiln along
with the pottery being fired. Two of the cones soften and bend over as the kiln heats
up. The third cone bends at the desired temperature. If the fourth cone bends, the kiln
has overheated and the pottery may be damaged. Potters refer to cones by code
numbers. For example, a number 022 cone bends at 585°C, a number 1 cone bends
at 1125°C, and a number 26 cone bends at 1595°C.
TOPIC 3 Review
1. List the main points of the particle model of matter that were presented
in this section. (Hint: Look back to pages 203 and 204.)
If you need to check an item, Topic numbers are provided in brackets below.
Key Terms
thermometers energy responder 5. What points in the particle model did you use
scales Celsius scale thermal energy in Topics 1–3? List them in point form. (2–3)
particle model sensor temperature
of matter signal Kelvin scale 6. In your notebook, copy and complete the
following table to explain the meaning of
Reviewing Key Terms thermal energy. Give your table a title. (3)
1. In your notebook, copy and complete the
word game to find the name of a form of Substance with a Substance with a
energy that you have studied in this unit. large amount of small amount of
thermal energy thermal energy
(a) ___ ____ Average speed of
(b) _ _______ particle motion